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ITEM 7—MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) describes the matters that we consider to be important to understanding the results of our operations for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and our capital resources and liquidity as of December 31, 2023. Our discussion begins with our assessment of the condition of the North American trailer industry along with a summary of the actions we have taken to strengthen the Company. We then analyze the results of our operations for the last two years, including trends in the overall business and our operating segments, followed by a discussion of our cash flows and liquidity, capital market events, our debt obligations, and our contractual commitments. We conclude with a review of critical accounting judgments and estimates and information on recent accounting pronouncements that we adopted during the year, if any, as well as those not yet adopted that may have an impact on our financial accounting practices, if any.

For discussion of results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021, see Part II, Item 7,—”Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of our 2022 Annual Report on Form 10-K, filed with the SEC on February 23, 2023.

Executive Summary

The most recent estimates from industry forecasters ACT Research Co. (“ACT”) and FTR Associates (“FTR”) indicate total United States trailer production levels for 2023 of approximately 311,000 and 322,000, respectively, which represents an increase of approximately 0.8% and 4.4%, respectively, from 2022 production levels.

Current estimates from ACT and FTR for 2024 United States trailer production are 254,000 and 240,000, respectively, representing decreases from 2023 of approximately 18.2% and 25.5%, respectively. These estimates are generally in-line with our expectations as trailer manufacturers manage a softening of 2024 demand compared to previous years.

In addition, ACT is forecasting annual new trailer production levels for 2025, 2026, 2027, and 2028 of approximately 291,000, 296,000, 309,000, and 300,000, respectively. These estimates are generally more consistent with historical trailer industry production levels, and in some years higher than historical production levels. However, overall economic uncertainty and softening demand in the industry for certain of our products could continue to impact these estimates. This uncertainty and softening are evident in the ACT and FTR forecasts, particularly for 2024 production. However, we believe that our strategic plan and actions taken over the last several years have positioned us to remain well-suited to adapt to changes in the industry and demand environment due to our strong balance sheet, liquidity profile, and diversification.

Despite uncertainty over the past several years due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related impacts, primarily centered around supply chain disruptions and labor shortages, we have maintained a solid position from a liquidity perspective. While we are focused in the near-term on executing on demand that has fallen back to a more normalized environment, we continue to work on strategic initiatives to profitably grow the Company in the long-term. In 2023, we added 20% more dry van manufacturing capacity which we believe will allow us to go-to-market with a portfolio-based selling approach that leverages the breadth of our products. We have also created more points of connection with our customers with greater focus on Parts & Services as well as innovative offerings like Trailers as a Service that allow us to add recurring, longer-term value beyond an initial transaction. These advancements have not only deepened our customer engagement but have also enriched our collaborations with supplier and technology partners. We have solidified specific partnerships that are enabling us to grow our recurring revenue within the transportation, logistics and distribution ecosystem. Our Wabash Parts joint venture rapidly established significant distribution capabilities that allow our dealer network efficient access to our comprehensive portfolio of aftermarket parts. Fernweh Group is now playing a crucial role in advancing our digital capabilities, which aim to revolutionize the online experience for our dealers, traditional and non-traditional suppliers of both parts and services and a broad set of customers spanning across the vast transportation and logistics landscape.

The Company’s record operating performance throughout 2023 highlights the success of our adaptability, balanced growth, and diversification, all of which are driven by our long-term strategic plan to transform the Company into the visionary leader of connected solutions for the transportation, logistics, and distribution industries. In December 2023, Wabash was named to Forbes list of America’s Most Successful Small-Cap Companies 2024. Operating income in 2023 totaled a Wabash record $311.9 million and operating margin was 12.3%, both of which are significant increases from 2022 driven in part by record sales and strong demand for our products. Additional discussion related to financial results are included in the “Results of Operations” section below.

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In addition to our commitment to sustain profitable growth within each of our existing reporting segments, our long-term strategic initiatives include a focus on diversification efforts, both organic and strategic, to continue to transform Wabash into a lean, visionary leader of connected solutions with a higher growth and margin profile to successfully deliver a greater value to our shareholders. Our strategy is centered around our ability to scale core competencies by growing in and around core markets with known customers—this strategy is evidenced by our multi-year order agreement with J.B. Hunt Transport Inc., which we announced in January 2023.

Key strategic initiatives include, but are not limited to, cold chain, recurrent revenue, and logistics network efficiency. Our ability to generate solid margins and cash flows and a healthy balance sheet should position the Company with ample resources to (1) fund our internal capital needs to support both organic growth and productivity improvements, (2) optimize our debt leverage and other financial ratios, (3) return capital to shareholders, and (4) selectively pursue strategic acquisitions. We will continue our internal effort to strategically identify potential acquisition or partnership targets that we believe can create shareholder value and accelerate our growth and diversification efforts, while leveraging our strong competencies in manufacturing execution, sourcing and innovative engineering leadership to assure strong value creation. Organically, our focus is on profitably growing and diversifying our operations through leveraging our existing assets, capabilities, and technology into higher margin products and markets and thereby providing value-added customer solutions.

Throughout 2023, we demonstrated our commitment to be responsible stewards of the business by maintaining a balanced approach to capital allocation. Our operational performance, healthy backlog, industry outlook, and financial position provided us the opportunity to take specific actions as part of the ongoing commitment to prudently manage the overall financial risks of the Company, returning capital to our shareholders, and deleveraging our balance sheet. These actions included repurchasing $66.6 million (inclusive of excise tax) of common stock under the share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors and paying dividends of $15.9 million. In addition, as further described in the “Liquidity and Capital Resources” section below, in September 2022 we amended our Revolving Credit Agreement. The amendment increased the total credit facility to $350 million, extended the maturity to September 2027, which is the nearest maturity date of our long-term debt, and as of December 31, 2023, there were no amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement. During the fourth quarter of 2023, our credit rating was upgraded by Moody’s which followed another upgrade by S&P earlier in the year. Collectively, these actions demonstrate our confidence in the financial outlook of the Company and our ability to generate cash flow, both near and long term, and reinforce our overall commitment to deliver shareholder value while maintaining the flexibility to continue to execute our strategic plan for profitable growth and diversification.

In addition to overall industry risks, there are downside risks relating to issues with both the domestic and global economies, including the housing, energy, and construction-related markets in the U.S. Other potential risks as we proceed into 2024 primarily relate to the fact that we rely on a limited number of suppliers for certain key components and raw materials in the manufacturing of our products, including tires, landing gear, axles, suspensions, aluminum extrusions, chassis and specialty steel coil. While we have taken actions to mitigate certain of these risks, which include our previously announced supply agreements with Hydro, Ryerson and Rockland Flooring, at current and expected demand levels, there may be additional or increased shortages of supplies of raw materials or components which would have an adverse impact on our ability to meet demand for our products. Despite these risks, we believe we are well positioned to capitalize on a historically normalized overall demand level while maintaining or growing margins through improvements in product pricing as well as productivity and other operational excellence initiatives.

As we enter 2024, we will continue to adjust to changes in the current environment, preserve the strength of our balance sheet, prioritize the safety of our employees, and ensure the liquidity and financial well-being of the Company. We believe we remain well-positioned for both near-term and long-term success in the transportation, logistics, and distribution industries because: (1) our core customers are among the major participants in these industries; (2) our technology and innovation provides value-added solutions for our customers by reducing operating costs, improving revenue opportunities, and solving unique transportation problems; (3) our Wabash Management System (“WMS”) principles and processes and enterprise-wide lean efforts drive focus on the interconnected processes that are critical for success across our business; (4) our significant brand recognition, presence throughout North America, and the utilization of our extensive dealer network to market and sell our products; and (5) our One Wabash approach to create a consistent, superior experience for all customers who seek our connected solutions in the transportation, logistics, and distribution markets. By continuing to be an innovation leader in the transportation, logistics, and distribution industries we expect to leverage our existing assets and capabilities into higher margin products and markets by delivering connected value-added customer solutions.

Operating Performance

We generally measure our operating performance in five key areas – Safety/Morale, Quality, Delivery, Cost Reduction, and Environment. We maintain a continuous improvement mindset in each of these key performance areas.

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Safety/Morale. The safety of our employees is our number one priority. We demonstrate this core value by working on innovations to protect the people who operate our equipment and partnering with others to promote higher standards in transportation and manufacturing. We continually focus on reducing the severity and frequency of workplace injuries to create a safe environment for our employees and minimize workers compensation costs. We believe that our improved environmental, health, and safety management translates into higher labor productivity and lower costs as a result of less time away from work and improved system management. See the “Human Capital Resources and Management” section in Part I, Item 1, "Business" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional detail on our commitment to safety and human capital.

Quality. Our commitment to quality and safety is backed by a robust concern reporting system and associated processes. Any Wabash employee can report a potential safety-related concern that could cause unreasonable risk of harm to our customers. Potential or reported safety concerns are routed to a cross-functional Product Safety Team that includes members from Quality, Warranty, Engineering, Sales and Strategic Sourcing. The Product Safety Team investigates submissions and serves as an initial filter of potential safety issues. Issues that need to be escalated are sent to the Product Safety Council, which consists of executive team members who will coach and give final direction to the Product Safety Team. We monitor product quality on a continual basis through a number of means for both internal and external performance as follows:

▪Internal performance. Key process indicators for our quality measurement include both First Time Quality (“FTQ”) and Defects Per Unit (“DPU”). FTQ is a performance metric that measures the impact of all aspects of the business on our ability to ship our products at the end of the production process and DPU is a measurement of defects found at the end of the production process. As with previous years, the expectations of the highest quality product continue to increase while maintaining FTQ performance and reducing rework. In addition, we currently maintain ISO 9001 registrations at our Lafayette, Indiana (since 2012) and Cadiz, Kentucky facilities (since 2014).

▪External performance. We actively track our warranty claims and costs to identify and drive improvement opportunities in quality and reliability. Early life-cycle warranty claims for our van trailers are trended for performance monitoring. Using a unit-based warranty reporting process to track performance and document failure rates, early life-cycle warranty units per 100 van trailers shipped averaged approximately 1.8, 1.5, and 1.9 units in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Continued low claim rates have been driven by our successful execution of continuous improvement programs centered on process variation reduction and responding to the input from our customers. We expect that these activities will continue to drive down our total warranty cost profile.

In addition to managing a robust quality management system for Wabash’s operations for internal and external performance, we expect all direct and indirect suppliers to meet certain standards of quality, engineering, delivery, and management. Our supplier audit process is a comprehensive assessment performed at the supplier’s facility focusing on their system capabilities and how they measure to Wabash’s established requirements. Based on a supplier’s overall rating, action plans are developed to identify improvement opportunities, corrective actions, and timelines to ensure proper closure.

Delivery/Productivity. We measure productivity on many fronts. Some key indicators include production line throughput, labor hours per trailer or truck body, labor cost as a percentage of revenue, scrap rates, and inventory levels. Improvements over the last several years in these areas have translated into significant improvements in our ability to better manage inventory flow, control costs, and analyze material and contribution margins.

▪During the past several years, we have focused on productivity enhancements across all of our product lines within manufacturing assembly and sub-assembly areas through developing the capability for mixed model production.

▪Through deployment of the Wabash Management System (“WMS”), all of our business reporting segments have focused on increasing velocity at all our manufacturing locations. We have engaged in extensive lean training and over the last three years have deployed purposeful capital to accelerate our productivity initiatives.

▪Our manufacturing leadership teams have developed competencies to isolate process constraints, and then address those constraints through multiple avenues that drive additional throughput and cost reductions.

Cost Reduction and our Operating System. The WMS allows us to develop and scale high standards of excellence across the organization. We believe in our One Wabash approach and standardized processes to drive and monitor performance inside our manufacturing facilities. Continuous improvement is a fundamental component of our operational excellence focus. Our focus on leveraging One Wabash and the WMS mindset across the Company, for example, has allowed us to make strides in all areas of manufacturing including safety, quality, on-time delivery, cost reduction, employee morale, and environment. We continue to maintain focus on continuous improvement. In the past several years, we made adjustments throughout our processes to align variable and fixed costs with capacity and created leaner internal processes in multiple areas. In addition, we continued to invest capital in our processes to reduce variable cost, lowered inherent safety risk in our processes, improved overall consistency in our manufacturing processes, and maintained our assets to capitalize on any economic and/or industry upswings.

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Environment. We have been on a sustainability journey since the Company’s inception. Uniquely incentivized to improve product designs by utilizing new composite materials to reduce the weight and improve the durability of our products, we are a leader in creating value for customers by facilitating improved fuel efficiency and ensuring the quality and longevity of our equipment. We commit to our employees, customers and shareholders to manage all of our business activities in a responsible manner with respect for the environment through pollution prevention and with our highest priority being the health and safety of our employees. Energy conservation efforts are another critical part of our commitment to continuous improvement and environmental stewardship, and we require energy conservation efforts across all of our facilities. This policy includes improving operational efficiency as well as upgrading to energy-conserving equipment where possible.

We demonstrate our commitment to sustainability by maintaining ISO 14001 registration of our Environmental Management System at our Lafayette, Indiana; Cadiz, Kentucky; San José Iturbide, Mexico; and Harrison, Arkansas locations. In 2005, our Lafayette, Indiana facility was one of the first trailer manufacturing operations in the world to be ISO 14001 registered. Being ISO 14001 registered requires us to demonstrate quantifiable and third-party verified environmental improvements. In addition, our San José Iturbide, Mexico facility was recognized with Clean Industry certification from Mexico’s Federal Agency of Environmental Protection for adhering to environmental care in its manufacturing processes.

During 2022, our recycling programs and use of recycled materials saved 346,000 cubic yards of landfill space (an increase of 49,000, or 17%, from 2021), 85,700,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity (an increase of 21,400,000, or 33%, from 2021), 83,000 metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions (an increase of 26,300, or 46%, from 2021), and 38,000 mature trees (an increase of 6,800, or 22%, from 2021). In addition, in December 2023 we were recognized among Newsweek’s America’s Most Responsible Companies 2024.

Additionally, Wabash views remanufacturing as an opportunity to help customers extend the useful life of their equipment, which reduces the amount of raw materials needed to produce new machinery. In 2022, revenue from remanufacturing totaled approximately $10.4 million.

In addition, manufacturers across multiple industries choose our proprietary DuraPlate® composite technology for its versatility and strength. Each DuraPlate® panel and product contains between 15% and 30% post-consumer resin (“PCR”). By using PCR in the manufacture of DuraPlate®, Wabash has diverted more than 1.7 billion plastic bottles from landfills including 130 million bottles in 2022. Furthermore, at the end of the product lifespan, DuraPlate® is 100% recyclable.

Our annual Corporate Responsibility Report is available on our website (ir.onewabash.com) and references the ongoing environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) initiatives that demonstrate our commitment to sustainability and social responsibility. The content on any website referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K unless expressly noted.

Industry Trends

Trucking in the U.S., according to the American Trucking Association (“ATA”), was estimated to be a $940.8 billion industry in 2022, representing approximately 81% of the total U.S. transportation industry revenue. From a financial (e.g., value) industry perspective, this represents an increase of approximately 7.5% from ATA’s 2021 estimate and is consistent with the prior year as a percentage of the total U.S. transportation industry revenue (81% in both 2022 and 2021). Furthermore, ATA estimates that approximately 72.6% of all domestic freight tonnage in 2022 was carried by trucks, and 327.5 billion miles were traveled by registered trucks in 2021. Trailer demand is a direct function of the amount of freight to be transported. To monitor the state of the industry, we evaluate a number of indicators related to trailer manufacturing and the transportation industry. Recent trends we have observed include the following:

Transportation / Trailer Cycle. The trailer industry generally follows the transportation industry cycles. Data related to new trailer shipments over the last nine years is shown below.

The most recent estimates from industry forecasters ACT Research Co. (“ACT”) and FTR Associates (“FTR”) indicate total United States trailer production levels for 2023 of approximately 311,000 and 322,000, respectively, which each represent an increase of approximately 0.8% and 4.4%, respectively, from 2022 production levels.

Current estimates from ACT and FTR for 2024 United States trailer production are 254,000 and 240,000, respectively, representing a decrease from 2023 of approximately 18.2% and 25.5%, respectively. These estimates are generally in-line with our expectations as trailer manufacturers manage a softening 2024 demand compared to previous years.

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Transportation Regulations and Legislation. There are several different areas within both federal and state government regulations and legislation that are expected to have an impact on trailer demand, including:

▪On July 15, 2022, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (“NHTSA”) issued the final rule to upgrade Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (“FMVSS”) No. 223, ‘‘Rear impact guards,’’ and FMVSS No. 224, ‘‘Rear impact protection,’’ which together provide protection for occupants of passenger vehicles in crashes into the rear of trailers. This final rule adopts requirements of Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (“CMVSS”) No. 223, ‘‘Rear impact guards’’ for energy absorption, loadings, and the definition for rear extremity. Additionally, it defines an acceptable elimination of load path during the energy absorption test. The final rule became effective on January 11, 2023, with a compliance date of July 15, 2024. The majority of our trailer products comply with the final rule, while certain tank trailer configurations are being validated to ensure compliance by July 2024 when the rule becomes effective.

▪On May 14, 2022, the Canadian Department of the Environment announced an interim order delaying the trailer portions of Canada’s greenhouse gas regulations (“GHG2”) until mid-2024 at the earliest, essentially following the California Air Resource Board (“CARB”) who will provide at least a six-month notice prior to commencement of enforcing GHG2. This rule mirrored the EPA GHG2 regulations and would only apply to Wabash trailers registered in Canada.

▪In December 2017, the CARB unveiled its own proposal for new greenhouse gas standards for medium- and heavy-duty trucks and trailers that operate in California. On September 27, 2018, CARB approved for adoption the California Phase 2 GHG regulation. That regulation largely aligns California’s GHG emission standards and test procedures with the federal Phase 2 GHG emission standards and test procedures, however it would remain applicable to Wabash trailers registered in the state of California. The CARB requirements to be met for model years 2021, 2024, and 2027 become progressively more stringent and are driven by tire rolling resistance and pressure monitoring, aerodynamic drag, and weight—all of which effect CO2 emissions.

▪On December 3, 2019, CARB issued an official advisory notifying trailer manufacturers that CARB will be suspending enforcement of GHG2 trailer requirements and will provide at least a six-month written notice prior to commencement of enforcing GHG2. CARB continues to process and approve voluntary applications during the suspension period. If we were to receive CARB’s six-month advance notice of enforcement, more stringent van trailer standards would become effective in model year 2024 and model year 2027—requiring more advanced fuel efficiency technologies, such as rear boat tails and higher percentage improvement side skirts and tires. (While CARB’s 2021 requirements remain intact, they are not enforced—however, if we were to receive the six-month advance notice of enforcement prior to 2024, the 2021 objectives would become the requirement.) CARB continues to suspend enforcement as a six-month written notice has not been issued. We will continue preparations to become compliant if and when official notice has been received for commencement of the regulation.

▪CARB Advanced Clean Fleet (“ACF”) legislation sets requirements for organizations to reduce the overall emissions of the vehicle fleets they operate. These standards apply to fleets owned and operated by Wabash at the Moreno Valley and Perris, California facilities. ACF also affects many Wabash customers who own and operate fleets in California and is expected to increase demand for electric vehicles over the next 10 years as the requirements are ramped up.

▪CARB’s Advanced Clean Truck regulations impact the truck body chassis manufacturers that supply to Wabash by setting an annual zero emission sales requirement. This regulation is expected to drive larger market penetration of electric commercial trucks over the next 10 years as requirements are ramped up.

▪In 2024, CARB zero-emissions Transport Refrigeration Unit (“TRU”) rules become effective. Like ACF, these requirements impact Wabash customers and will drive greater demand for electric TRUs that are installed on Wabash vehicles.

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▪EPA’s American Innovation and Manufacturing Act (“AIM”) continues to phase-down the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (“HFCs”) in the United States. The AIM Act currently mandates that EPA provide Wabash with application-specific allowances to manufacture EcoNexTM Technology products. Such allowances operate to increase certainty that HFCs are made available to Wabash during the time that the application-specific provisions are active.

▪Updates to the proposed CARB 2024 Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Omnibus regulation provided greater flexibility to chassis manufacturers for 2024–2026 engine model years. While this should help OEMs as they develop near-term engine updates, OEMs will be required to comply with 2027 emission regulations in the long-term. While the number of chassis manufacturers registering EVs continued to grow (albeit largely in the traditional OEM space), hydrogen fuel cell manufacturers also started to register. While the numbers were small (primarily testing and over-the-road applications), this was a positive sign for the future of work trucks.

Other Developments. Other developments and potential impacts on the industry include:

▪While EPA and NHTSA are unable to regulate trailers due to a previous ruling, which reduces the risk to trailer manufacturers in the near term, CARB continues to seek additional states to join their position in attempting to drive regulation at the state level.

▪While we believe the need for trailer equipment will be positively impacted by the legislative and regulatory changes addressed above, these demand drivers could be offset by factors that contribute to the increased concentration and density of loads.

▪Trucking company profitability, which can be influenced by factors such as fuel prices, freight tonnage volumes, and government regulations, is highly correlated with the overall economy of the U.S.; carrier profitability significantly impacts demand for, and the financial ability to, purchase new trailers.

▪We expect that the majority of freight in our industry will continue to be moved by truck and, according to ATA, total freight transportation revenue is expected to increase from an estimated $1.04 trillion in 2022 to $1.51 trillion in 2034.

▪The expected transition from diesel tractors (and their coolant systems) to electric or fuel cell vehicles changes how heated or cooled trailers can regulate temperature. This creates a market need for alternate heating and cooling solutions.

▪The impacts of the continued near-shoring trend should be positive for trucking. It will continue to impact current supply chain routes, with possible movement of logistics hubs.

▪Oversupply of refrigerated trailers in 2022-2023 has led to a surplus of inventory in the market, which will put downward pressure on supply for the majority of 2024. The long-term outlook of the market still remains strong, and there is expected to be a return to normal levels by the end of 2024.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth certain operating data as a percentage of net sales for the periods indicated:

Years Ended December 31,

General and administrative expenses 5.8 % 4.5 % 4.9 %

Selling expenses 1.0 % 1.1 % 1.3 %

Amortization of intangibles 0.5 % 0.6 % 1.3 %

Impairment and other, net — % — % 1.5 %

Income from operations 12.3 % 6.7 % 1.9 %

Interest expense (0.8) % (0.8) % (1.3) %

Other, net 0.1 % — % (0.5) %

Other expense, net (0.6) % (0.8) % (1.8) %

Loss from unconsolidated entity — % — % — %

Income before income taxes 11.6 % 5.9 % 0.1 %

Income tax expense 2.5 % 1.3 % — %

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2023 Compared to 2022

Net Sales

Net sales in 2023 increased $34.4 million, or 1.4%, compared to 2022. By business segment, net sales prior to intersegment eliminations and related trailer units sold were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, Change

(prior to elimination of intersegment sales)

Sales by Segment

New Units Shipped (units)

Used Units Shipped (units)

TS segment sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, were $2,338.6 million in 2023, an increase of $17.7 million, or 0.8%, compared to 2022. The increase in sales was primarily due to higher revenue per trailer unit along with an increase in truck body shipments. Trailers shipped in 2023 decreased 14.9% as 44,450 trailers were shipped in 2023 compared to 52,210 trailer shipments in 2022. New truck bodies shipped during 2023 totaled 16,070 compared to 14,800 truck bodies in prior year, an increase of 8.6% primarily due to strong demand. The decrease in trailer shipments was primarily driven by our previously announced intentional ramp-down of manufacturing conventional refrigerated van trailers and fewer dry van shipments. While new trailer shipments decreased from the prior year period, higher revenue per new trailer unit along with the increase in truck body shipments and truck body revenue per unit resulted in an overall increase in new trailer and truck body revenue. The increases were primarily due to increased pricing to account for inflation, our curated customer portfolio, and improved pricing processes.

P&S segment sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, were $220.9 million in 2023, an increase of $27.4 million, or 14.2%, compared to 2022. The overall increase in sales was primarily attributable to a $16.6 million increase in our upfitting solutions and services businesses based on strong demand for these offerings. There was also an increase in sales within our Engineered Products business of approximately $10.8 million, which was largely due to product mix and higher revenue per unit. In addition, the Wabash Parts LLC parts and distribution entity had higher sales in the current year period of approximately $7.9 million, which was primarily attributable to the fact that the entity was established with our partner during the second quarter of 2022 as further described in Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales was $2,038.3 million in 2023, a decrease of $141.1 million, or 6.5%, compared to 2022. Cost of sales is comprised of material costs, a variable expense, and other manufacturing costs, comprised of both fixed and variable expenses, including direct and indirect labor, outbound freight, overhead expenses, and depreciation.

TS segment cost of sales was $1,898.7 million in 2023, a decrease of $144.3 million, or 7.1%, compared to 2022. The decrease in cost of sales, which was primarily driven by lower shipment volumes, was due to a decrease in materials costs of $160.8 million, or 11.0%, along with a decrease in certain other manufacturing costs. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in labor and employee-related costs of approximately $15.0 million as well as an increase in operating supplies and maintenance and repairs costs totaling approximately $13.3 million.

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P&S segment cost of sales, prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, was $162.6 million in 2023, an increase of $13.9 million, or 9.4%, compared to 2022. The increase in cost of sales for this segment was due in part to an increase in materials costs of approximately $4.4 million, or 3.9%. In addition, there was an increase in labor and employee-related costs of approximately $5.1 million, and an increase in outside services, freight, and lease/rent costs of approximately $2.4 million in the aggregate.

Gross Profit

Gross profit was $498.2 million in 2023, an increase of $175.5 million, or 54.4% from 2022. Gross profit as a percentage of sales, or gross margin, was 19.6% in 2023 as compared to 12.9% in 2022. Gross profit by segment was as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31, Change

Gross Profit by Segment

Corporate and Eliminations — — —

TS segment gross profit was $439.9 million in 2023 compared to $277.8 million in 2022, an increase of $162.0 million. Gross profit, as a percentage of net sales prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, was 18.8% in 2023 as compared to 12.0% in 2022, an increase of 6.8%. The overall increase in gross profit from the prior year period was primarily driven by an increase in our dry van products of approximately $95.2 million. In addition, our truck bodies, tank trailers, and platforms had increases from the prior year period. Each of these increases, as well as the increase in gross profit as a percentage of net sales, was primarily attributable to higher revenue per new trailer unit and truck body due to increased pricing to account for inflation, our curated customer portfolio, and improved pricing processes.

P&S segment gross profit was $58.3 million in 2023 compared to $44.8 million in 2022. Gross profit, as a percentage of net sales prior to the elimination of intersegment sales, was 26.4% in 2023 compared to 23.2% in 2022, an increase of 3.2%. The overall increase in gross profit was primarily related to an increase within our Engineered Products business of approximately $6.1 million. In addition, our upfitting solutions and services businesses increased approximately $4.7 million from the prior year period on strong demand for these offerings. Finally, our Composites business, which focuses on the use of DuraPlate® composite panels beyond the semi-trailer market, increased approximately $2.4 million compared to the prior year period due in part to increased pricing.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses were $146.7 million in 2023, an increase of $33.6 million, or 29.7%, compared to 2022. The increase from the prior year period was due in part to an increase of approximately $18.3 million in professional fees and outside services costs, which includes the estimated liability for the Matters, as defined and further described in Note 14 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. There was also an increase in general and administrative employee-related costs, including benefits and incentive programs, of approximately $12.0 million. In addition, maintenance and repairs expense and lease/rental costs increased in total by approximately $2.7 million. As a percentage of sales, general and administrative expenses were 5.8% for the 2023 period as compared to 4.5% for the same period of 2022. The overall increase in general and administrative expenses as a percentage of net sales was primarily attributable to the increase in professional and outside services costs and employee-related costs, which outpaced the increase in sales.

Selling Expenses

Selling expenses were $26.5 million in 2023, a decrease of $0.5 million, or 2.0%, compared to 2022. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in advertising and promotional expense of approximately $1.6 million, which is due in part to expenses incurred during the 2022 period related to our Ignite Conference. In addition, there was a decrease in professional fees and outside services costs of approximately $1.4 million. These decreases were partially offset by an increase in sales employee-related costs, including benefits and incentive programs, of approximately $1.6 million. There was also an increase in our reserve for expected credit losses and travel-related expenses totaling approximately $0.8 million. As a percentage of net sales, selling expenses were 1.0% in 2023 compared to 1.1% in 2022. The overall decrease in selling expenses as a percentage of net sales was primarily attributable to the increase in sales and the decrease in advertising and promotional expense and professional fees and outside services costs.

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Amortization of Intangibles

Amortization of intangibles was $12.8 million in 2023 compared to $15.2 million in 2022. Amortization of intangibles was the result of expenses recognized for intangible assets recorded from previous acquisitions. The decrease from the prior year period is related to certain of the intangible assets that became fully amortized during the second quarter of 2022.

Impairment and Other, Net

Impairment and other, net was a net loss of $0.2 million during 2023 and a net loss of $0.7 million during 2022. Activity during the prior year period primarily related to the impairment of $1.0 million of construction-in-progress projects that were no longer expected to be completed and the write-off of certain property, plant, and equipment and IT-related assets. These items were partially offset by the sale of a building (and the related land) as further described in Note 21 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, which resulted in a gain of approximately $0.7 million.

Other Income

Interest expense in 2023 totaled $19.9 million compared to $20.5 million in 2022. Interest expense relates to interest and non-cash accretion charges on our Senior Notes due 2028 and Revolving Credit Agreement. Interest expense in the current year period was lower than in the 2022 period due to lower average outstanding balances under the Revolving Credit Facility.

Other, net for 2023 represented income of $3.4 million as compared to income of $0.3 million for 2022. Income for both the current and prior year period primarily relates to interest income.

Income Taxes

We recognized income tax expense of $62.8 million in 2023 compared to income tax expense of $33.7 million in 2022. The effective tax rate for 2023 was 21.3% compared to 23.0% for 2022. The effective tax rate for both 2023 and 2022 differs from the U.S. Federal statutory rate of 21% primarily due to the impact of state and local taxes and discrete items, including stock-based compensation. Net cash paid for income taxes in 2023 was $82.6 million compared to net cash paid during 2022 of $18.3 million.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Capital Structure

Our capital structure is comprised of a mix of debt and equity. As of December 31, 2023, our debt-to-equity ratio was approximately 0.7:1.0. Our long-term objective is to generate operating cash flows sufficient to support the growth within our businesses and increase shareholder value. This objective will be achieved through a balanced capital allocation strategy of sustaining strong liquidity, maintaining healthy leverage ratios, investing in the business, both organically and strategically, and returning capital to our shareholders. Our Board of Directors designated a Finance Committee for the primary purpose of assisting the Board in its oversight of the Company’s capital structure, financing, investment, and other financial matters of importance to the Company.

Throughout 2023, and in keeping to this balanced approach, we repurchased $66.6 million (inclusive of excise tax) of common stock under the share repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors and paid dividends of $15.9 million. Also, as further described below in the “Debt Agreements and Related Amendments” section below, in September 2022 we amended our Revolving Credit Agreement. The amendment increased the total revolving commitments to $350 million and extended the maturity to September 2027, which is the nearest maturity date of our long-term debt. As of December 31, 2023, there were no amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement. During the fourth quarter of 2023, our credit rating was upgraded by Moody’s which followed another upgrade by S&P earlier in the year. Collectively, these actions demonstrate our confidence in the financial outlook of the Company and our ability to generate cash flow, both near and long term, and reinforce our overall commitment to deliver shareholder value while maintaining the flexibility to continue to execute our strategic plan for profitable growth and diversification.

Our liquidity position, defined as cash on hand and available borrowing capacity on the Revolving Credit Facility, amounted to $516.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and $401.2 million as of December 31, 2022, an increase of 29%. The increase from the prior year is primarily attributable to a higher cash balance at December 31, 2023 due to positive cash flow from operating activities. For 2024, we expect to continue our commitment to fund our working capital requirements and capital expenditures from net cash provided by operations or available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Agreement (as needed). Along with these investments, we will also maintain our assets to react to any economic and/or industry changes, while also responsibly returning capital to our shareholders. We will continue to move rapidly to adjust to the current environment to preserve the strength of our balance sheet, while prioritizing the safety of our employees and ensuring the liquidity and financial well-being of the Company.

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Debt Agreements and Related Amendments

Senior Notes due 2028

On October 6, 2021, we closed on an offering of $400 million in aggregate principal amount of our 4.50% unsecured Senior Notes due 2028 (the “New Senior Notes”). The New Senior Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture dated as of October 6, 2021, by and among us, certain subsidiary guarantors named therein (the “Guarantors”) and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (the “Indenture”). The New Senior Notes bear interest at the rate of 4.50% and pay interest semi-annually in cash in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year. The New Senior Notes will mature on October 15, 2028. At any time prior to October 15, 2024, we may redeem some or all of the New Senior Notes for cash at a redemption price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the New Senior Notes being redeemed plus an applicable make-whole premium set forth in the Indenture and accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date.

Prior to October 15, 2024, we may redeem up to 40% of the New Senior Notes at a redemption price of 104.500% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date, with the proceeds of certain equity offerings so long as if, after any such redemption occurs, at least 60% of the aggregate principal amount of the New Senior Notes remain outstanding. On and after October 15, 2024, we may redeem some or all of the New Senior Notes at redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) equal to 102.250% for the twelve-month period beginning on October 15, 2024, 101.125% for the twelve-month period beginning October 15, 2025 and 100.000% beginning on October 15, 2026, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date. Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the Indenture), unless we have exercised our optional redemption right in respect of the New Senior Notes, the holders of the New Senior Notes will have the right to require us to repurchase all or a portion of the New Senior Notes at a price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the New Senior Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase.

The New Senior Notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by all direct and indirect existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries, subject to certain restrictions. The New Senior Notes and related guarantees are our and the Guarantors’ general unsecured senior obligations and will be subordinated to all of our and the Guarantors’ existing and future secured debt to the extent of the assets securing that secured obligation. In addition, the New Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to any existing and future debt of any of our subsidiaries that are not Guarantors, to the extent of the assets of those subsidiaries.

Subject to a number of exceptions and qualifications, the Indenture restricts our ability and the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, our capital stock or with respect to any other interest or participation in, or measured by, our profits; (iii) make loans and certain investments; (iv) sell assets; (v) create or incur liens; (vi) enter into transactions with affiliates; and (vii) consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of our assets. These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications.

During any time when the New Senior Notes are rated investment grade by at least two of Moody’s, Fitch and Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services and no Default (as defined in the Indenture) has occurred and is continuing, many of such covenants will be suspended and we and our subsidiaries will cease to be subject to such covenants during such period.

The Indenture contains customary events of default, including payment defaults, breaches of covenants, failure to pay certain judgments and certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency and reorganization. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the principal amount of the New Senior Notes, plus accrued and unpaid interest, if any, may be declared immediately due and payable. These amounts automatically become due and payable if an event of default relating to certain events of bankruptcy, insolvency or reorganization occurs. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all covenants.

The sale of the New Senior Notes resulted in net proceeds of approximately $395 million, after deducting financing fees and other offering expenses. We used the net proceeds of the New Senior Notes and a portion of the $50 million draw from the increased capacity under the Revolving Credit Agreement to fund the redemption in full of the Senior Notes due 2025, to repay in full the $108.8 million of outstanding borrowings under the term loan credit agreement entered into on September 28, 2020 (the “New Term Loan Credit Agreement”) among us, the lenders from time to time party thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as the administrative agent, and to pay all related fees and expenses. (The New Term Loan Credit Agreement refinanced and replaced that certain Term Loan Credit Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2012 (as amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Old Term Loan Credit Agreement”), among us, the lenders party thereto and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as the administrative agent.) Debt extinguishment charges totaling $9.1 million were recorded during the fourth quarter of 2021 in connection with the redemption in full of the Senior Notes due 2025 and the repayment in full of the outstanding borrowings under the New Term Loan Credit Agreement. The loss on debt extinguishment charges is included in Other, net on our Consolidated Statements of Operations.

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Contractual coupon interest expense and accretion of fees for the New Senior Notes for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $18.0 million and $0.6 million, $18.0 million and $0.6 million, and $4.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively.

Contractual coupon interest expense and accretion of discount and fees for the Senior Notes due 2025, which were redeemed in full during the fourth quarter of 2021 as described above, for the year ended December 31, 2021, was $13.3 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

Contractual coupon interest expense and accretion of discount and fees are included in Interest expense on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revolving Credit Agreement

On September 23, 2022, we entered into the Third Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement among us, certain of our subsidiaries as borrowers (together with us, the “Borrowers”), certain of our subsidiaries as guarantors, the lenders party thereto, and Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as the administrative agent (the “Agent”), which amended our existing Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2018 (as amended from time to time, the “Revolving Credit Agreement”).

Under the Revolving Credit Agreement, the lenders agree to make available a $350 million revolving credit facility to the Borrowers with a scheduled maturity date of September 23, 2027. We have the option to increase the total commitments under the facility by up to an additional $175 million, subject to certain conditions, including obtaining agreements from one or more lenders, whether or not party to the Revolving Credit Agreement, to provide such additional commitments. Availability under the Revolving Credit Agreement is based upon quarterly (or more frequent under certain circumstances) borrowing base certifications of the Borrowers’ eligible inventory, eligible leasing inventory and eligible accounts receivable, and is reduced by certain reserves in effect from time to time.

Subject to availability, the Revolving Credit Agreement provides for a letter of credit subfacility in the amount of $25 million and allows for swingline loans in the amount of $35 million. Outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement bear interest at an annual rate, at the Borrowers’ election, equal to (i) adjusted term Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 1.75% or (ii) a base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.25% to 0.75%, in each case depending upon the monthly average excess availability under the Revolving Credit Agreement. The Borrowers are required to pay a monthly unused line fee equal to 0.20% times the average daily unused availability along with other customary fees and expenses of the Agent and the lenders.

The Revolving Credit Agreement is guaranteed by certain of our subsidiaries (the “Guarantors”) and is secured by substantially all personal property of the Borrowers and the Guarantors.

The Revolving Credit Agreement contains customary covenants limiting our ability and certain of our subsidiaries to, among other things, pay cash dividends, incur debt or liens, redeem or repurchase stock, enter into transactions with affiliates, merge, dissolve, repay subordinated indebtedness, make investments and dispose of assets. In addition, we will be required to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.0 to 1.0 as of the end of any period of 12 fiscal months when excess availability under the Revolving Credit Agreement is less than the greater of (a) 10% of the lesser of (i) the total revolving commitments and (ii) the borrowing base (such lesser amount, the “Line Cap”) and (b) $25 million. As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with all covenants.

If availability under the Revolving Credit Agreement is less than the greater of (i) 10% of the Line Cap and (ii) $25 million for three consecutive business days, or if there exists an event of default, amounts in any of the Borrowers’ and the Guarantors’ deposit accounts (other than certain excluded accounts) will be transferred daily into a blocked account held by the Agent and applied to reduce the outstanding amounts under the facility.

The Revolving Credit Agreement contains customary events of default. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the lenders may, among other things, require the immediate payment of all amounts outstanding and foreclose on collateral. In addition, in the case of an event of default arising from certain events of bankruptcy or insolvency, the lenders’ obligations under the Revolving Credit Agreement would automatically terminate, and all amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Agreement would automatically become due and payable.

Our liquidity position, defined as cash on hand and available borrowing capacity on the Revolving Credit Agreement, amounted to $516.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and $401.2 million as of December 31, 2022, an increase of $114.9 million (or 29%). The increase from the prior year is primarily attributable to a higher cash balance due to favorable cash flow from operations.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we had payments of principal of $104.2 million and borrowings of principal of $104.2 million under the Revolving Credit Agreement, and as of December 31, 2023, there were no amounts outstanding.

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During the year ended December 31, 2022, we had net payments of principal of $130.6 million and net borrowings of principal of $97.6 million under the Revolving Credit Agreement, and as of December 31, 2022, there were no amounts outstanding.

Interest expense under the Revolving Credit Agreement for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, was approximately $0.9 million, $1.7 million, and $0.6 million, respectively. Interest expense under the Revolving Credit Agreement is included in Interest expense on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.

New and Old Term Loan Credit Agreements

As described above, in October 2021, we used the net proceeds of the New Senior Notes and a portion of the $50 million draw from the increased capacity under the Revolving Credit Agreement to repay in full the $108.8 million of outstanding borrowings under the New Term Loan Credit Agreement. In addition to the full repayment during the fourth quarter, during the second quarter of 2021, we made principal payments totaling $30.0 million and recognized loss on debt extinguishment charges of approximately $0.5 million. The extinguishment charges are included in Other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, under the New Term Loan Credit Agreement we paid interest of $3.9 million. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred charges of $0.2 million for amortization of fees and original issuance discount, which are included in Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Cash Flow

2023 Compared to 2022

Cash provided by operating activities for 2023totaled $319.6 million, compared to cash provided by operating activities of $124.1 million in 2022. The cash provided by operations during the current year was the result of net income adjusted for various non-cash activities, including depreciation, amortization, deferred taxes, stock-based compensation, and a $42.1 million decrease in our working capital. Changes in key working capital accounts for 2023 and 2022 are summarized below (in thousands):

Source (Use) of cash:

Accounts receivable decreased $72.6 million in 2023 and increased $79.1 million in 2022. Days sales outstanding, a measure of working capital efficiency that measures the amount of time a receivable is outstanding, was approximately 28 days and 35 days for the year-ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in accounts receivable in 2023 was primarily due to the decrease in shipments during the second half of 2023 compared to 2022 as well as the timing of shipments and receipt of customer payments. Inventories increased in 2023 by $23.8 million compared to an increase in 2022 of $6.2 million. The overall increase in inventory for 2023 was primarily attributable to higher finished goods inventory compared to prior year. Our inventory turns, a commonly used measure of working capital efficiency that measures how quickly inventory turns per year, was approximately 6 times in 2023 and 7 times 2022. Accounts payable and accrued liabilities increased $5.8 million in 2023 compared to an increase of $46.1 million for 2022. Days payable outstanding, a measure of working capital efficiency that measures the amount of time a payable is outstanding, was 29 days in 2023 and 30 days in 2022.

Investing activities used $106.0 million during 2023 compared to $55.3 million used in 2022. Investing activities for 2023 included capital expenditures for property, plant, and equipment of $98.1 million, which was an increase compared to $57.1 million during 2022. In addition, expenditures related to revenue generating assets totaled approximately $5.7 million and expenditures related to investment in Linq Venture Holdings, LLC totaled approximately $2.5 million, which is further detailed in Note 6 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Cash used in investing activities in 2023 and 2022 was primarily related to capital expenditures to support growth and improvement initiatives at our facilities. In 2023, investing activities included $0.2 million proceeds from the sale of assets compared to approximately $1.8 million in 2022.

Financing activities used $92.5 million during 2023 as compared to using $82.3 million during 2022. Net cash used in 2023 primarily relates to common stock repurchases of $76.2 million and cash dividend payments to our shareholders of $15.9 million. Borrowings under our Revolving Credit Agreement totaled $104.2 million which were fully offset by principal, interest, and unused fee payments made under our Revolving Credit Agreement of $104.2 million. Net cash used in financing activities in 2022 due in part to net payments on our Revolving Credit Agreement of $33.0 million. We also repurchased common stock of $34.3 million and paid cash dividends to our shareholders of $16.0 million in 2022.

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For 2024 and forward, we expect to continue our commitment to fund our working capital requirements and capital expenditures from net cash provided by operations or available borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Agreement (as needed). Along with these investments, we will also maintain our assets to capitalize on any economic and/or industry upswings, while also responsibly returning capital to our shareholders. We will continue to move rapidly to adjust to the current environment to preserve the strength of our balance sheet, while prioritizing the safety of our employees and ensuring the liquidity and financial well-being of the Company.

Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments

A summary of our contractual obligations and commercial commitments, both on and off-balance sheet, as of December 31, 2023 are as follows (in thousands):

Debt:

Revolving Credit Agreement (due 2027) $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —

Other:

Other Commercial Commitments:

Raw Material Purchase Commitments 35,700 — — — — — 35,700

Chassis Agreements and Programs 28,212 — — — — — 28,212

Total Other Commercial Commitments 69,914 — — — — — 69,914

1 Future interest payments on variable rate long-term debt (if any) are estimated based on the rate in effect as of December 31, 2023, and only include interest payments (not unused line fees). However, as of December 31, 2023, there was no variable rate debt (Revolving Credit Agreement) outstanding.

Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement bear interest at a variable rate based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) or a base rate determined by the lender’s prime rate plus an applicable margin, as defined in the agreement. Any outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement bear interest at a rate, at our election, equal to (i) adjusted term SOFR plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 1.75% or (ii) a base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.25% to 0.75%, in each case depending upon the monthly average excess availability under the Revolving Credit Agreement. We are required to pay a monthly unused line fee equal to 0.20% times the average daily unused availability along with other customary fees and expenses of our agent and lenders. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we had payments of principal of $104.2 million and borrowings of principal of $104.2 million under the Revolving Credit Agreement, and as of December 31, 2023, there were no amounts outstanding.

The Senior Notes due 2028 bear interest at the rate of 4.5% per annum from the date of issuance, payable semi-annually on April 15 and October 15.

Operating leases represent the total future minimum lease payments for leases that have commenced. As of December 31, 2023, obligations related to operating leases that we have executed but have not yet commenced were nominal.

We have standby letters of credit totaling $6.0 million issued in connection with workers compensation claims and surety bonds.

We have $35.7 million in purchase commitments through December 2024 for various raw material commodities, including aluminum, steel, polyethylene, and nickel, as well as other raw material components which are within normal production requirements.

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We obtain vehicle chassis for our specialized vehicle products directly from the chassis manufacturers under converter pool agreements. Chassis are obtained from the manufacturers based on orders from customers, and to a lesser extent, for unallocated orders. Although each manufacturer’s agreement has different terms and conditions, the agreements generally state that the manufacturer will provide a supply of chassis to be maintained from time to time at our various facilities with the condition that we will store such chassis and will not move, sell, or otherwise dispose of such chassis except under the terms of the agreement. The manufacturer transfers the chassis to us on a “restricted basis” retaining the sole authority to authorize commencement of work on the chassis and to make certain other decisions with respect to the chassis including the terms and pricing of sales of the chassis to the manufacturer’s dealers. The manufacturer also does not transfer the certificate of origin to us nor permit us to sell or transfer the chassis to anyone other than the manufacturer (for ultimate resale to a dealer). Although we are party to related finance agreements with manufacturers, we have not historically settled, nor do we expect to in the future settle, any related obligations in cash. Instead, the obligation is settled by the manufacturer upon reassignment of the chassis to an accepted dealer, and the dealer is invoiced for the chassis by the manufacturer. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2023, our outstanding chassis converter pool with the manufacturer totaled $27.3 million and has included this financing agreement on our Consolidated Balance Sheets within Prepaid expenses and other and Other accrued liabilities. All other chassis programs are handled as consigned inventory belonging to the manufacturer and totaled approximately $0.9 million. Under these agreements, if the chassis is not delivered to a customer within a specified time frame, we are required to pay a finance or storage charge on the chassis. Additionally, we receive finance support funds from manufacturers when the chassis are assigned into our chassis pool. Typically, chassis are converted and delivered to customers within 90 days of our receipt of the chassis.

The total amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions, including positions impacting only the timing of tax benefits, was $4.8 million at December 31, 2023. Payment of these obligations would result from settlements with taxing authorities. Due to the difficulty in determining the timing of settlements, these obligations are not included in the table above. We do not expect to make a tax payment related to these obligations within the next year that would significantly impact liquidity.

Significant Accounting Policies and Critical Accounting Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States. Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Certain of our accounting policies require the application of significant judgment by management in selecting the appropriate assumptions for calculating financial estimates. By their nature, these judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. These judgments are based on our historical experience, terms of existing contracts, evaluation of trends in the industry, information provided by our customers, and information available from other outside sources, as appropriate.

We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if it requires us to make assumptions about matters that were uncertain at the time we were making the estimate or changes in the estimate or different estimates that we could have selected would have had a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Legal and Other Contingencies. The outcomes of legal proceedings and claims brought against us and other loss contingencies are subject to significant uncertainty. We establish legal contingency reserves when we determine that it is probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. In determining the appropriate accounting for loss contingencies, we consider the likelihood of loss or the incurrence of a liability, as well as our ability to reasonably estimate the amount of loss. We regularly evaluate current information available to us to determine whether an accrual should be established or adjusted. Estimating the probability that a loss will occur and estimating the amount of a loss or a range of loss involves significant judgment and such matters are unpredictable. We could incur judgments or enter into settlements for current or future claims that could materially impact our results of operations.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Definite-Lived Intangible Assets. We review, on at least a quarterly basis, the financial performance of each business unit for indicators of impairment. In reviewing for impairment indicators, we also consider events or changes in circumstances such as business prospects, customer retention, market trends, potential product obsolescence, competitive activities, and other economic factors. An impairment loss is recognized when the carrying value of an asset group exceeds the future net undiscounted cash flows expected to be generated by that asset group. The impairment loss recognized is the amount by which the carrying value of the asset group exceeds its fair value.

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Impairment of Trade Name and Trademark Intangible Assets (2021)

As further described in Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K, on January 10, 2022, we completed our review and approval of our plan for rebranding as Wabash®. As part of the planning process, we assessed our usage of trade names and brand names in connection with the long-term growth strategy as One Wabash. Under the plan as approved, we no longer use certain trade names or brand names, and predominantly use Wabash (or variations thereof) to refer to the Company. The decision resulted in non-cash impairment charges of approximately $28.3 million during the fourth quarter of 2021 related to trade name and trademark intangible assets due to the significant reduction in the related useful lives of these assets.

Goodwill. We assess goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level on an annual basis as of October 1st, after the annual planning process is complete. More frequent evaluations may be required if we experience changes in our business climate or as a result of other triggering events that may take place. If the carrying value exceeds fair value, the asset is considered impaired and is reduced to its fair value.

In assessing goodwill for impairment, we may choose to initially evaluate qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If the qualitative assessment is not conclusive, then an impairment analysis for goodwill is performed at the reporting unit level using a quantitative approach. The quantitative test is a comparison of the fair value of the reporting unit, determined using a combination of the income and market approaches, to its recorded amount. If the recorded amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment is recorded to reduce the carrying amount to fair value, but will not exceed the amount of goodwill that is recorded.

The process of evaluating goodwill for impairment is subjective and requires significant judgment at many points during the analysis. If we elect to perform an optional qualitative analysis, we consider many factors including, but not limited to, general economic conditions, industry and market conditions, financial performance and key business drivers, long-term operating plans, and potential changes to significant assumptions used in the most recent fair value analysis for the reporting unit. When performing a quantitative goodwill impairment test, we generally determine fair value using a combination of an income-based approach and a market-based approach. The fair value determination consists primarily of using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) under the fair value measurement standards. We believe the most critical assumptions and estimates in determining the estimated fair value of our reporting units include, but are not limited to, the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows which is largely dependent on expected EBITDA margins, the discount rate applied to those cash flows, and terminal growth rates. The assumptions used in determining our expected future cash flows consider various factors such as historical operating trends and long-term operating strategies and initiatives. The discount rate used by each reporting unit is based on our assumption of a prudent investor’s required rate of return assuming the risk of investing in a particular company. The terminal growth rate reflects the sustainable operating income a reporting unit could generate in a perpetual state as a function of revenue growth, inflation, and future margin expectations.

Annual Goodwill Impairment Test

As of December 31, 2023, goodwill allocated to our TS and P&S segments was approximately $120.5 million and $67.9 million, respectively. For the 2023 annual goodwill impairment test conducted as of October 1st, 2023, the Company chose to evaluate qualitative factors to determine if it was more likely than not that the fair value of the TS and P&S reporting units were less than their respective carrying amounts. In accordance with the relevant accounting guidance, in order to perform the qualitative assessment, the Company considered many factors including, but not limited to, general economic conditions, industry and market conditions, financial performance and key business drivers, future operating plans, and potential changes to significant assumptions used in the most recent quantitative fair value analysis for each reporting unit (which was conducted in connection with the Company’s segment realignment beginning in September 2021 as further described below). Based on the analysis of the factors and considerations described above, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit continued to be greater than the respective carrying value. Therefore, no impairment charges were recorded and a quantitative analysis was not performed.

During the fourth quarters of 2022 and 2021, the Company completed its annual goodwill impairment test using the qualitative assessment. Based on all assessments performed, the Company believed it was more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting units were greater than their carrying amount and no additional impairment of goodwill was recognized.

In connection with the Company’s segment realignment beginning in September 2021 described in greater detail below, the Company performed a quantitative assessment for each reporting unit utilizing a combination of the income and market approaches, the results of which were weighted evenly. No impairment was indicated in either annual test as the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded its respective carrying value.

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2021 Segment Realignment

As further described in Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K, beginning in September 2021 we realigned our operating and reportable segments. Based on these changes, we established two operating and reportable segments: Transportation Solutions (“TS”) and Parts & Services (“P&S”). These operating and reportable segments were also determined to be the applicable reporting units for purposes of goodwill assignment and evaluation. In accordance with the relevant accounting guidance, we performed a quantitative impairment assessment of goodwill immediately prior to and subsequently following the change in segments and reporting units. The quantitative analyses did not result in any impairment charges as the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded the carrying value. In addition, as part of the change in segment structure, we reassigned goodwill from the historical Commercial Trailer Products (“CTP”), Diversified Products (“DPG”), and Final Mile Products (“FMP”) reporting units to the TS and P&S reporting units using a relative fair value allocation approach as required by the relevant accounting guidance.

Goodwill Allocation for Extract Technology® (“Extract”)

As further described in Note 21 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K, during the second quarter of 2021, we sold our Extract business that manufactured stainless steel isolators and downflow booths, as well as custom-fabricated equipment, including workstations and drum booths for the pharmaceutical, fine chemical, biotech, and nuclear end markets. Prior to the divestiture, Extract was an operating unit within the historical Process Systems reporting unit (which was within the historical DPG segment). In accordance with the relevant accounting guidance, as part of the sale we allocated $11.1 million of goodwill based upon the relative fair value of the Extract operating unit compared to the historical DPG reporting unit as a whole. This goodwill was included in the carrying value of the disposed assets and the resulting net gain recognized in connection with the sale. Prior to and subsequent to the divestiture, we performed an impairment assessment for the historical DPG reporting unit and concluded the fair value of the reporting unit continued to exceed the carrying value.

Other

Inflation

Inflation impacts prices paid for labor, materials and supplies. Significant increases in the costs of production or certain commodities, raw materials, and components could have an adverse impact on our results of operations. As has been our practice, we will endeavor to offset the impact of inflation through selective price increases, productivity improvements, and hedging activities. Our ability to mitigate the impact of inflation through selective price increases may be limited by our backlog in cases of orders without inflation-based price adjustment provisions.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For information related to new accounting standards, see Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

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ITEM 7A–QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

In addition to the risks inherent in our operations, we have exposure to financial and market risk resulting from volatility in commodity prices, interest rates, and foreign exchange rates. The following discussion provides additional detail regarding our exposure to these risks.

Commodity Price Risks

We are exposed to fluctuation in commodity prices through the purchase of various raw materials that are processed from commodities such as aluminum, steel, lumber, nickel, copper, and polyethylene. Given the historical volatility of certain commodity prices, this exposure can significantly impact product costs. We manage some of our commodity price changes by entering into fixed price contracts with our suppliers and through financial derivatives. To the extent that we are unable to offset the increased commodity costs in our product prices, our results would be materially and adversely affected. As of December 31, 2023, we had $35.7 million in raw material purchase commitments through December 2024 for materials that will be used in the production process, as compared to $59.2 million as of December 31, 2022. The decrease from the prior year is primarily attributable to lower backlog. As of December 31, 2023, a hypothetical ten percent change in commodity prices based on our raw material purchase commitments through December 2024 would result in a corresponding change in cost of goods sold over a one-year period of approximately $3.6 million. This sensitivity analysis does not account for the change in the competitive environment indirectly related to the change in commodity prices and the potential managerial action taken in response to these changes.

Interest Rates

As of December 31, 2023, we had no floating rate debt outstanding under our Revolving Facility. The only other outstanding debt on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 were the New Senior Notes, which carry a fixed interest rate of 4.50%. Based on the current borrowings under our Revolving Facility, a hypothetical 100 basis-point change in the floating interest rate would result in no corresponding change in interest expense over a one-year period. This sensitivity analysis does not account for the change in the competitive environment indirectly related to the change in interest rates and the potential managerial action taken in response to these changes.

Foreign Exchange Rates

We are subject to fluctuations in the Mexican peso exchange rates that impact transactions with our foreign subsidiaries, as well as U.S. denominated transactions between these foreign subsidiaries and unrelated parties. A ten percent change in the Mexican peso exchange rates would have an immaterial impact on our results of operations. We do not hold or issue derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes.

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ITEM 8—FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) 54

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 56

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 61

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Wabash National Corporation

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Wabash National Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 22, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.

Valuation of Goodwill

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/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.

Indianapolis, Indiana

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WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Dollars in thousands)

December 31,

Assets

Current assets:

Investment in unconsolidated entity 1,647 —

Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity

Current liabilities:

Current portion of long-term debt $ — $ —

Commitments and contingencies

Noncontrolling interest 603 512

Wabash National Corporation Stockholders' equity:

Accumulated other comprehensive loss (428) (882)

Total Wabash National Corporation stockholders' equity 549,496 397,613

Total liabilities, noncontrolling interest, and equity $ 1,362,814 $ 1,203,523

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Statements.

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WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

Year Ended December 31,

Other income (expense):

Loss from unconsolidated entity (803) — —

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest 603 512 —

Net income attributable to common stockholders per share:

Weighted average common shares outstanding (in thousands):

Dividends declared per share $ 0.32 $ 0.32 $ 0.32

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Statements.

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WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(Dollars in thousands)

Year Ended December 31,

Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax:

Foreign currency translation adjustment 975 198 193

Unrealized loss on derivative instruments (521) (1,939) (6,967)

Total other comprehensive income (loss) 454 (1,741) (6,774)

Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interest — — —

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Statements.

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WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Dollars in thousands)

Shares Amount

Foreign currency translation 193 193

Unrealized loss on derivative instruments, net of tax (6,967) (6,967)

Common stock issued in connection with:

Net income attributable to common stockholders for the year 112,258 112,258

Foreign currency translation 198 198

Unrealized loss on derivative instruments, net of tax (1,939) (1,939)

Common stock issued in connection with:

Net income attributable to common stockholders for the year 231,252 231,252

Foreign currency translation 975 975

Unrealized loss on derivative instruments, net of tax (521) (521)

Common stock issued in connection with:

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Statements.

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WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Dollars in thousands)

Year Ended December 31,

Cash flows from operating activities:

Loss on debt extinguishment — — 9,504

Equity in loss of unconsolidated entity 803 — —

Cash flows from investing activities:

Expenditures for revenue generating assets (5,650) — —

Proceeds from sale of assets and business divestiture 154 1,781 22,029

Investment in unconsolidated entity (2,450) — —

Cash flows from financing activities:

Principal payments under finance lease obligations — (59) (319)

Borrowings under new senior notes — — 400,000

Principal payments against old senior notes — — (315,000)

Principal payments under term loan credit facility — — (138,835)

Distribution to noncontrolling interest (512) — —

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash:

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:

Net cash paid (refunds received) for income taxes $ 82,589 $ 18,333 $ (467)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Statements.

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WABASH NATIONAL CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. DESCRIPTION OF THE BUSINESS

Wabash National Corporation (the “Company,” “Wabash,” “we,” “our,” or “us”) was founded in 1985 and incorporated as a corporation in Delaware in 1991, with its principal executive offices in Lafayette, Indiana. The Company was founded as a dry van trailer manufacturer—today, the Company enables customers to thrive by providing insight into tomorrow and delivering pragmatic solutions today to move everything from first to final mile. Wabash designs, manufactures, and services a diverse range of products, including dry freight and refrigerated trailers, platform trailers, tank trailers, dry and refrigerated truck bodies, structural composite panels and products, trailer aerodynamic solutions, and specialty food grade processing equipment. This diversification has been achieved through acquisitions, organic growth, and product innovation.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Consolidation.The consolidated financial statements reflect the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany profits, transactions, and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassifications.Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Use of Estimates.The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions that directly affect the amounts reported in its consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents include all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase.

Accounts Receivable.Accounts receivable are shown net of expected losses and primarily include trade receivables. The Company records expected losses for customers based upon a variety of factors including the Company’s historical collection experience, the length of time the account has been outstanding, and the financial condition of the customer. If the circumstances related to specific customers were to change, the Company’s estimates of expected losses with respect to the collectability of the related accounts could be further adjusted. The Company’s policy is to write-off receivables when they are determined to be uncollectible. Expected losses are charged to General and administrative expenses and Selling expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.The following table presents the changes in expected losses (in thousands):

Years ended December 31,

Balance at beginning of year $ 428 $ 429 $ 536

Write-offs, net of recoveries — (180) (117)

Inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost, determined on either the first-in, first-out or average cost method, or net realizable value. The cost of manufactured inventory includes raw material, labor and overhead.

Prepaid Expenses and Other. Prepaid expenses and other as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 consists of the following (in thousands):

December 31,

Chassis converter pool agreements $ 27,312 $ 20,345

Insurance premiums & maintenance/subscription agreements 5,899 3,949

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Chassis converter pool agreements represent chassis transferred to the Company on a restricted basis by the manufacturer, who retains the sole authority to authorize commencement of work on the chassis and to make certain other decisions with respect to the chassis including the terms and pricing of sales to the manufacturer’s dealers. As further described in Note 11, commodity swap contracts relate to our hedging activities (that are in an asset position) to mitigate the risks associated with fluctuations in commodity prices. Insurance premiums and maintenance/subscription agreements are charged to expense over the contractual life, which is generally one year or less. Other items primarily consist of investments held by the Company’s captive insurance subsidiary and other various prepaid and other assets. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, there was no restricted cash included in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

Property, Plant, and Equipment.Property, plant, and equipment are recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, while expenditures that extend the useful life of an asset are capitalized. Depreciation is recorded using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the depreciable assets. The estimated useful lives are up to 33 years for buildings and building improvements and range from three to ten years for machinery and equipment.

Goodwill.Goodwill represents the excess purchase price over fair value of the net assets acquired. The Company determines its reporting units at the individual operating segment level, or one level below, when there is discrete financial information available that is regularly reviewed by segment management for evaluating operating results. The Company reviews goodwill for impairment, at the reporting unit level, annually on October 1 and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate its carrying value may not be recoverable. In accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, goodwill is reviewed for impairment utilizing either a qualitative assessment or a quantitative process.

The Company has the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. An entity has an unconditional option to bypass the qualitative assessment in any period and proceed directly to performing the quantitative impairment test, which is the option the Company has historically chosen.

For reporting units in which the Company performs the quantitative analysis, the Company compares the carrying value, including goodwill, of each reporting unit with its estimated fair value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, the goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying value is greater than the fair value, the difference is recognized as an impairment loss charged to the reporting unit. After an impairment loss is recognized, the adjusted carrying amount of goodwill shall be its new accounting basis.

As of December 31, 2023, goodwill allocated to the Transportation Solutions (“TS”) and Parts & Services (“P&S”) segments was approximately $120.5 million and $67.9 million, respectively.

For the 2023 annual goodwill impairment test conducted as of October 1st, 2023, the Company chose to evaluate qualitative factors to determine if it was more likely than not that the fair value of the TS and P&S reporting units were less than their respective carrying amounts. In accordance with the relevant accounting guidance, in order to perform the qualitative assessment, the Company considered many factors including, but not limited to, general economic conditions, industry and market conditions, financial performance and key business drivers, future operating plans, and potential changes to significant assumptions used in the most recent quantitative fair value analysis for each reporting unit (which was conducted in connection with the Company’s segment realignment beginning in September 2021 as further described below). Based on the analysis of the factors and considerations described above, the Company concluded that it was more likely than not that the fair value of each reporting unit continued to be greater than the respective carrying value. Therefore, no impairment charges were recorded and a quantitative analysis was not performed.

Long-Lived Assets.Long-lived assets, consisting primarily of intangible assets and property, plant, and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Specifically, this process involves comparing an asset’s carrying value to the estimated undiscounted future cash flows the asset is expected to generate over its remaining life. If this process were to result in the conclusion that the carrying value of a long-lived asset would not be recoverable, a write-down of the asset to fair value would be recorded through a charge to operations. Fair value is determined based upon discounted cash flows or appraisals as appropriate.

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During the first quarter of 2022, the Company impaired approximately $1.0 million of construction-in-progress projects that were no longer expected to be completed.

As further described in Note 5, in connection with the Company’s rebranding initiative the Company recorded non-cash impairment charges of approximately $28.3 million during the fourth quarter of 2021 related to trade name and trademark intangible assets due to the significant reduction in the related useful lives of these assets. Net intangible assets of approximately $1.3 million were written-off during the second quarter of 2021 in connection with the Extract® Technology divestiture.

Other Assets.The Company capitalizes the cost of computer software developed or obtained for internal use. Capitalized software is amortized using the straight-line method over three to seven years. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had software costs, net of amortization, of $8.0 million and $3.3 million, respectively. Amortization expense for 2023, 2022, and 2021 was $1.9 million, $1.8 million, and $1.7 million, respectively.

Warranties.The Company offers a limited warranty for its products with a coverage period that ranges between one and five years, except that the coverage period for DuraPlate® trailer panels is ten years. The Company passes through component manufacturers’ warranties to our customers. The Company’s policy is to accrue the estimated cost of warranty coverage at the time of the sale.

The following table presents the changes in the product warranty accrual included in Other accrued liabilities (in thousands):

Provision and revisions to estimates 3,716 2,806

Self-Insured Liabilities.The Company is self-insured up to specified limits for medical and workers’ compensation coverage. The self-insurance reserves have been recorded to reflect the undiscounted estimated liabilities, including claims incurred but not reported, as well as catastrophic claims as appropriate.

The following table presents the changes in the self-insurance accrual included in Other accrued liabilities (in thousands):

Income Taxes. The Company determines its provision or benefit for income taxes under the asset and liability method. The asset and liability method measures the expected tax impact at current enacted rates of future taxable income or deductions resulting from differences in the tax and financial reporting basis of assets and liabilities reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Future tax benefits of tax losses and credit carryforwards are recognized as deferred tax assets. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance to the extent management determines that it is more-likely-than-not the Company would not realize the value of these assets.

The Company accounts for income tax contingencies by prescribing a “more-likely-than-not” recognition threshold that a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements.

Used Trailer Trade Commitments.The Company may accept trade-in of used trailers when a customer enters into a contract to purchase a new trailer. However, in the contracts for the sale of the new trailers, there is no commitment to repurchase that trailer or a similar trailer in the future. The Company had $0.5 million and no outstanding trade commitments as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively. On occasion, the amount of the trade allowance provided for in the used trailer commitments, or cost, may exceed the net realizable value of the underlying used trailer. In these instances, the Company’s policy is to recognize the loss related to these commitments at the time the new trailer revenue is recognized. Net realizable value of used trailers is measured considering market sales data for comparable types of trailers.

Concentration of Credit Risk. Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash, cash equivalents, and customer receivables. We place our cash and cash equivalents with high quality financial institutions. Generally, we do not require collateral or other security to support customer receivables.

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Research and Development.Research and development expenses are charged to Cost of sales and General and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations as incurred and were $7.5 million, $5.3 million, and $13.6 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively.

3. NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures,” which is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses, allowing financial statement users to better understand the components of a segment's profit or loss to assess potential future cash flows for each reportable segment and the entity as a whole. The amendments expand a public entity's segment disclosures by requiring disclosure of significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), clarifying when an entity may report one or more additional measures to assess segment performance, requiring enhanced interim disclosures, providing new disclosure requirements for entities with a single reportable segment, and requiring other new disclosures. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption is permitted. Although the ASU only requires additional disclosures about the Company's operating segments, the Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures,” which is intended to enhance the transparency, decision usefulness and effectiveness of income tax disclosures. The amendments in this ASU require a public entity to disclose a tabular tax rate reconciliation, using both percentages and currency, with specific categories. A public entity is also required to provide a qualitative description of the states and local jurisdictions that make up the majority of the effect of the state and local income tax category and the net amount of income taxes paid, disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes and also disaggregated by individual jurisdictions. The amendments also remove certain disclosures that are no longer considered cost beneficial. The amendments are effective prospectively for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024, and early adoption and retrospective application are permitted. Although the ASU only modifies the Company's required income tax disclosures, the Company is currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance on the consolidated financial statements.

4. REVENUE RECOGNITION

The Company recognizes revenue from the sale of its products when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customers are satisfied; this occurs with the transfer of control of our products and replacement parts or throughout the completion of service work. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring promised goods or services to a customer and excludes all taxes collected from the customer. Shipping and handling fees are included in Net sales and the associated costs are included in Cost of sales in the Consolidated Statements of Operations. For shipping and handling costs that take place after the transfer of control, the Company applies the practical expedient and treats it as a fulfillment cost. Incidental items that are immaterial in the context of the contract are recognized as expense. For performance obligations satisfied over time, which includes service work whereby the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits provided, and also included certain equipment-related sales within our Parts & Services reportable segment prior to the sale of our Extract Technology® business during the second quarter of 2021 that had no alternative use and contained an enforceable right to payment, the Company recognizes revenue on the basis of the Company’s efforts or inputs to the satisfaction of these performance obligations, measured by actual total cost incurred to the total estimated costs for each project. Total revenue recognized over time was not material to the consolidated financial statements for all periods presented.

The Company has identified three separate and distinct performance obligations: (1) the sale of a trailer or equipment, (2) the sale of replacement parts, and (3) service work. For trailer, truck body, equipment, and replacement part sales, control is transferred and revenue is recognized from the sale upon shipment to or pick up by the customer in accordance with the contract terms. The Company does not have any material extended payment terms as payment is received shortly after the point of sale. Accounts receivable are recorded when the right to consideration becomes unconditional. The Company does have customers who pay for the product prior to the transfer of control, which is recorded as customer deposits in Other accrued liabilities as shown in Note 9. Customer deposits are recognized as revenue when the Company performs its obligations under the contract and transfers control of the product.

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5. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS

Goodwill and Related Annual Impairment Assessments

As of December 31, 2023, goodwill allocated to the Transportation Solutions (“TS”) and Parts & Services (“P&S”) segments was approximately $120.5 million and $67.9 million, respectively.

2021 Segment Realignment

As further described in Note 20, beginning in September 2021 the Company realigned its operating and reportable segments. Based on these changes, the Company established two operating and reportable segments: Transportation Solutions (“TS”) and Parts & Services (“P&S”). These operating and reportable segments were also determined to be the applicable reporting units for purposes of goodwill assignment and evaluation. In accordance with the relevant accounting guidance, the Company performed a quantitative impairment assessment of goodwill immediately prior to and subsequently following the change in segments and reporting units. The quantitative analyses did not result in any impairment charges as the fair value of each reporting unit exceeded the carrying value. In addition, as part of the change in segment structure, the Company reassigned goodwill from the historical Commercial Trailer Products (“CTP”), Diversified Products (“DPG”), and Final Mile Products (“FMP”) reporting units to the TS and P&S reporting units using a relative fair value allocation approach as required by the relevant accounting guidance.

2021 Goodwill Allocation for Extract Technology®

As further described in Note 21, during the second quarter of 2021, the Company sold its Extract Technology® (“Extract”) business that manufactured stainless steel isolators and downflow booths, as well as custom-fabricated equipment, including workstations and drum booths for the pharmaceutical, fine chemical, biotech, and nuclear end markets. Prior to the divestiture, Extract was an operating unit within the historical DPG reporting unit. In accordance with the relevant accounting guidance, as part of the sale the Company allocated $11.1 million of goodwill based upon the relative fair value of the Extract operating unit compared to the historical DPG reporting unit as a whole. This goodwill was included in the carrying value of the disposed assets and the resulting net gain recognized in connection with the sale. Prior to and subsequent to the divestiture, the Company performed an impairment assessment for the historical DPG reporting unit and concluded the fair value of the reporting unit continued to exceed the carrying value.

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For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, the changes in the carrying amounts of goodwill were as follows (in thousands):

Transportation Solutions Parts & Services Total

Effects of foreign currency (5) (4) (9)

Effects of foreign currency (16) (9) (25)

Balance as of December 31, 2023

Intangible Assets

Intangible asset amortization expense was $12.8 million, $15.2 million, and $22.9 million for 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively. Annual intangible asset amortization expense for the next 5 fiscal years is estimated to be $12.2 million in 2024; $11.2 million in 2025; $10.7 million in 2026; $10.2 million in 2027; and $9.7 million in 2028.

As further described throughout our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021, on January 10, 2022, the Company completed its review and approval of its plan for rebranding as Wabash®. As part of the planning process, the Company assessed its usage of trade names and brand names in connection with the long-term growth strategy as One Wabash. Under the plan as approved, the Company no longer uses certain trade names or brand names, and predominantly uses Wabash (or variations thereof) to refer to the Company. The decision resulted in non-cash impairment charges of approximately $28.3 million (of which approximately $25.6 million related to the TS operating segment and $2.7 million to the P&S operating segment) during the fourth quarter of 2021 related to trade name and trademark intangible assets due to the significant reduction in the related useful lives of these assets. The impairment charges are included in Impairment and other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Net intangible assets of approximately $1.3 million were written-off during the second quarter of 2021 in connection with the Extract® divestiture.

As of December 31, 2023, the balances of intangible assets, other than goodwill, were as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31, 2022, the balances of intangible assets, other than goodwill, were as follows (in thousands):

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6. NONCONTROLLING INTEREST AND VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES (“VIEs”)

VIEs & Consolidation

The Company consolidates those entities in which it has a direct or indirect controlling financial interest based on either the variable interest model (the “VIE model”) or the voting interest model (the “VOE model”).

VIEs are entities that, by design, either (i) lack sufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties, or (ii) have equity investors that do not have the ability to make significant decisions relating to the entity’s operations through voting rights, or do not have the obligation to absorb the expected losses, or do not have the right to receive the residual returns of the entity.

The primary beneficiary of a VIE is required to consolidate the assets and liabilities of the VIE. The primary beneficiary is the party that has both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE through its interest in the VIE.

To assess whether the Company has the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, the Company considers all the facts and circumstances, including its role in establishing the VIE and its ongoing rights and responsibilities. This assessment includes identifying the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and identifying which party, if any, has power over those activities. In general, the parties that make the most significant decisions affecting the VIE (typically management and representation on the board of directors as well as control of the overall strategic direction of the entity) and have the right to unilaterally remove those decision-makers are deemed to have the power to direct the activities of a VIE.

To assess whether the Company has the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE, the Company considers all of its economic interests, which primarily include the obligation to absorb losses or fund expenditures or losses (if needed), that are deemed to be variable interests in the VIE. This assessment requires the Company to apply judgment in determining whether these interests, in the aggregate, are considered potentially significant to the VIE. Factors considered in assessing the significance include: the design of the VIE, including its capitalization structure; subordination of interests; payment priority; relative share of interests held across various classes within the VIE’s capital structure; and the reasons why the interests are held by the Company.

At the VIE’s inception, the Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary and if the VIE should be consolidated based on the facts and circumstances. The Company then performs on-going reassessments of the VIE based on reconsideration events and reevaluates whether a change to the consolidation conclusion is required each reporting period. If the Company is not deemed to be the primary beneficiary in a VIE, the Company accounts for the investment or other variable interests in a VIE in accordance with the applicable GAAP.

Entities that do not qualify as a VIE are assessed for consolidation under the VOE model. Under the VOE model, the Company consolidates the entity if it determines that it, directly or indirectly, has greater than 50% of the voting shares and that other equity holders do not have substantive voting, participating or liquidation rights. The Company has no entities consolidated under the VOE model.

At each reporting period, the Company reassesses whether it remains the primary beneficiary for VIEs consolidated under the VIE model.

If the Company concludes it is not the primary beneficiary of a VIE, the Company evaluates whether it has the ability to exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the entity requiring the equity method of accounting. The Company’s judgment regarding the level of influence over an equity method investment includes, but is not limited to, considering key factors such as the Company’s ownership interest (generally represented by ownership of at least 20 percent but not more than 50 percent), representation on the board of directors, participation in policy making decisions, technological dependency, and material intercompany transactions. Generally, under the equity method, investments are recorded at cost and subsequently adjusted by the Company’s share of equity in income or losses after the date of the initial investment. Equity in income or losses is recorded according to the Company’s level of ownership; if losses accumulate, the Company records its share of losses until the investment has been fully depleted. If the Company’s investment has been fully depleted, the Company recognizes additional losses only when it is committed to provide further financial support. Dividends received from equity method investees reduce the amount of the Company’s investment when received and do not impact the Company’s earnings. The Company evaluates its equity method investments for an other-than-temporary impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may not be recoverable.

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Linq Venture Holdings LLC

During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company continued to unify and expand its parts and services capabilities and ecosystem by executing an agreement with a partner to create a new legal entity (Linq Venture Holdings LLC, “Linq”) to develop and scale a digital marketplace in and for the transportation and logistics distribution industry. Linq is intended to be the digital channel to market Wabash equipment and parts & services, as well as non-Wabash parts & services, in a digital marketplace format to end-customers as well as dealers. The Company holds 49% ownership of the membership units in Linq while its partner holds 51%. Initial capital contributions to Linq were in proportion to the respective ownership interests. The Company’s initial capital contribution was approximately $2.5 million while its partner’s contribution was approximately $2.6 million. At its formation, Linq has no debt or other financial obligations other than typical operating expenses and costs. Creditors of Linq do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company. The operating agreement requires excess cash distributions, as defined in the agreement, no later than 30 days after the end of the second and fourth quarters of each year in proportion to the respective ownership interests.

The operating agreement provides the Company’s partner with put rights that would require the Company to purchase its partner’s interest in Linq. In addition, the operating agreement provides the Company with call rights that would allow it to purchase its partner’s interest in Linq. These put and call rights vary depending upon when they may be exercised, which is generally from formation of Linq up to and including the seven-year anniversary of formation. Upon receiving notice that the Company’s partner has exercised the put right or the Company has exercised the call right, a valuation will occur as stipulated within the operating agreement. Generally, the valuation stipulated within the operating agreement is materially equivalent to a fair value calculation. Such put and call rights have not been exercised by the Company’s partner or the Company as of the current period end date.

Because Linq does not have sufficient equity at risk to permit it to carry on its activities without additional financial support, the Company concluded that Linq is a VIE. The Company has the ability to significantly influence the activities of Linq through minority representation on the Board of Directors as well as through participation in certain management and strategic decisions of Linq. The Company’s partner is responsible for the overall development and management of the digital marketplace, the primary purpose for which Linq was formed. Both the Company and its partner have a requirement to provide funding to Linq if needed.

As part of the formation of Linq, the Company executed a credit agreement with Linq whereby a $10.0 million revolving line of credit (the “Wabash Note”) with a 7% simple accrued interest rate, paid quarterly, is available to Linq. The commitment under the Wabash Note may be increased to $35.0 million subject to the approval of the Board of Directors as stipulated in the operating agreement. As of and through December 31, 2023, there were no amounts borrowed under the Wabash Note and the Company did not provide financial or other support to Linq that it was not contractually obligated to provide.

Given the facts and circumstances specific to Linq, the Company concluded that it is not the primary beneficiary of this VIE. However, the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence over the operating and financial policies of Linq. The Company’s maximum exposure to loss in this unconsolidated VIE is limited to the Company’s initial capital contribution and any amounts borrowed under the Wabash Note. The partner’s put right does not have a standalone value as it based upon a fair value calculation when exercised, as stipulated in the operating agreement.

The Company’s equity method investment in Linq is recorded in Investment in unconsolidated entity on its Consolidated Balance Sheets. Any amounts borrowed under the Wabash Note are recorded in Other assets on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets. Linq is considered operationally integral. The Company’s share of the results from its equity method investment is included in Loss from unconsolidated entity in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Amounts recorded related to Linq are as follows (in thousands):

Initial investment in unconsolidated entity $ 2,450 $ —

Loss from unconsolidated entity for the year ended (803) —

Investment in unconsolidated entity $ 1,647 $ —

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Wabash Parts LLC

During the second quarter of 2022, the Company unified and expanded its parts and distribution capabilities by executing an agreement with a partner to create a new legal entity (Wabash Parts LLC, “WP”) to operate a parts and services distribution platform. The Company holds 50% ownership in WP while its partner holds the remaining 50%. Initial capital contributions were insignificant. WP has no debt or other financial obligations other than typical operating expenses and costs. Creditors of WP do not have recourse to the general credit of the Company. The operating agreement requires excess cash distributions, as defined in the agreement, no later than 30 days after the end of the second and fourth quarters of each year in proportion to the respective ownership interests.

The operating agreement provides the Company’s partner with a put right that would require the Company to purchase its partner’s interest in WP. Upon receiving notice that the Company’s partner has exercised the put right, a valuation will occur as stipulated within the operating agreement. Such put right has not been exercised by the Company’s partner and is therefore not mandatorily redeemable as of the current period end date, however the existence of the put right that is beyond the Company’s control requires the noncontrolling interest to be presented in the temporary equity section of the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Because the entity does not have sufficient equity at risk to permit it to carry on its activities without additional financial support, the Company concluded that WP is a VIE. The Company has the power to direct the activities of WP through majority representation on the Board of Directors as well as control related to the management and overall strategic direction of the entity. In addition, the Company has the obligation to absorb the benefits and losses of WP that could potentially be significant to the entity. The Company also has a requirement to provide funding to the entity if needed. Given the facts and circumstances specific to WP, the Company concluded that it is the primary beneficiary and, as such, is required to consolidate the entity. WP’s results of operations are included in the Parts & Services operating and reportable segment. Through December 31, 2023, the Company did not provide financial or other support to this VIE that it was not contractually obligated to provide. As of December 31, 2023, the Company does not have any obligations to provide financial support to WP.

The following table presents the assets and liabilities of the WP VIE consolidated on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

Assets

Current assets:

Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,020 $ 1,379

Prepaid expenses and other 68 16

Property, plant, and equipment, net — —

Liabilities

Current liabilities:

Other accrued liabilities 26 23

Other non-current liabilities — —

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The following table is a rollforward of activities in the Company’s noncontrolling interest (in thousands):

Balance at January 1 $ 512 $ — $ —

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest 603 512 —

Other comprehensive income (loss) — — —

Distributions declared to noncontrolling interest (512) — —

7. INVENTORIES

Inventories, net of reserves, consist of the following (in thousands):

December 31,

8. PROPERTY, PLANT, AND EQUIPMENT

Depreciation expense on property, plant, and equipment, which is recorded in Cost of sales and General and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations, as appropriate, was $32.5 million, $31.8 million, and $24.3 million in 2023, 2022, and 2021, respectively, and includes depreciation of assets recorded in connection with the Company’s finance lease agreement (which ended during the first quarter of 2022, at which point the property, plant, and equipment assets were legally owned by the Company).

See Note 21 for information related to property, plant, and equipment sales and impairment charges.

Property, plant, and equipment, net consist of the following (in thousands):

December 31,

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9. OTHER ACCRUED LIABILITIES

The following table presents the major components of Other accrued liabilities (in thousands):

December 31,

10. LONG-TERM DEBT

Long-term debt consists of the following (in thousands):

Revolving Credit Agreement — —

Less: unamortized discount and fees (3,535) (4,182)

Less: current portion — —

Senior Notes due 2028

On October 6, 2021, the Company closed on an offering of $400 million in aggregate principal amount of its 4.50% unsecured Senior Notes due 2028 (the “New Senior Notes”). The New Senior Notes were issued pursuant to an indenture dated as of October 6, 2021, by and among the Company, certain subsidiary guarantors named therein (the “Guarantors”) and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as trustee (the “Indenture”). The New Senior Notes bear interest at the rate of 4.50% and pay interest semi-annually in cash in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year. The New Senior Notes will mature on October 15, 2028. At any time prior to October 15, 2024, the Company may redeem some or all of the New Senior Notes for cash at a redemption price equal to 100% of the aggregate principal amount of the New Senior Notes being redeemed plus an applicable make-whole premium set forth in the Indenture and accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date.

Prior to October 15, 2024, the Company may redeem up to 40% of the New Senior Notes at a redemption price of 104.500% of the principal amount, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date, with the proceeds of certain equity offerings so long as if, after any such redemption occurs, at least 60% of the aggregate principal amount of the New Senior Notes remain outstanding. On and after October 15, 2024, the Company may redeem some or all of the New Senior Notes at redemption prices (expressed as percentages of principal amount) equal to 102.250% for the twelve-month period beginning on October 15, 2024, 101.125% for the twelve-month period beginning October 15, 2025 and 100.000% beginning on October 15, 2026, plus accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the redemption date. Upon the occurrence of a Change of Control (as defined in the Indenture), unless the Company has exercised its optional redemption right in respect of the New Senior Notes, the holders of the New Senior Notes will have the right to require the Company to repurchase all or a portion of the New Senior Notes at a price equal to 101% of the aggregate principal amount of the New Senior Notes, plus any accrued and unpaid interest to, but not including, the date of repurchase.

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The New Senior Notes are guaranteed on a senior unsecured basis by all direct and indirect existing and future domestic restricted subsidiaries, subject to certain restrictions. The New Senior Notes and related guarantees are the Company’s and the Guarantors’ general unsecured senior obligations and will be subordinated to all of the Company and the Guarantors’ existing and future secured debt to the extent of the assets securing that secured obligation. In addition, the New Senior Notes are structurally subordinated to any existing and future debt of any of the Company’s subsidiaries that are not Guarantors, to the extent of the assets of those subsidiaries.

Subject to a number of exceptions and qualifications, the Indenture restricts the Company’s ability and the ability of certain of its subsidiaries to: (i) incur additional indebtedness; (ii) pay dividends or make other distributions in respect of, or repurchase or redeem, its capital stock or with respect to any other interest or participation in, or measured by, its profits; (iii) make loans and certain investments; (iv) sell assets; (v) create or incur liens; (vi) enter into transactions with affiliates; and (vii) consolidate, merge or sell all or substantially all of its assets. These covenants are subject to a number of important exceptions and qualifications.

During any time when the New Senior Notes are rated investment grade by at least two of Moody’s, Fitch and Standard & Poor’s Ratings Services and no Default (as defined in the Indenture) has occurred and is continuing, many of such covenants will be suspended and the Company and its subsidiaries will cease to be subject to such covenants during such period.

The sale of the New Senior Notes resulted in net proceeds of approximately $395 million, after deducting financing fees and other offering expenses. The Company used the net proceeds of the New Senior Notes and a portion of the $50 million draw from the increased capacity under the Revolving Credit Agreement to fund the redemption in full of the Senior Notes due 2025, to repay in full the $108.8 million of outstanding borrowings under the term loan credit agreement entered into on September 28, 2020 (the “New Term Loan Credit Agreement”) among the Company, the lenders from time to time party thereto, and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as the administrative agent, and to pay all related fees and expenses. (The New Term Loan Credit Agreement refinanced and replaced that certain Term Loan Credit Agreement, dated as of May 8, 2012 (as amended, restated, supplemented, or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Old Term Loan Credit Agreement”), among the Company, the lenders party thereto and Morgan Stanley Senior Funding, Inc., as the administrative agent.) Debt extinguishment charges totaling $9.1 million were recorded during the fourth quarter of 2021 in connection with the redemption in full of the Senior Notes due 2025 and the repayment in full of the outstanding borrowings under the New Term Loan Credit Agreement. The loss on debt extinguishment charges is included in Other, net on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Contractual coupon interest expense and accretion of discount and fees are included in Interest expense on the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Revolving Credit Agreement

On September 23, 2022, the Company entered into the Third Amendment to the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement among the Company, certain of its subsidiaries as borrowers (together with the Company, the “Borrowers”), certain of its subsidiaries as guarantors, the lenders party thereto, and Wells Fargo Capital Finance, LLC, as the administrative agent (the “Agent”), which amended the Company’s existing Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of December 21, 2018 (as amended from time to time, the “Revolving Credit Agreement”).

Under the Revolving Credit Agreement, the lenders agree to make available a $350 million revolving credit facility to the Borrowers with a scheduled maturity date of September 23, 2027. The Company has the option to increase the total commitments under the facility by up to an additional $175 million, subject to certain conditions, including obtaining agreements from one or more lenders, whether or not party to the Revolving Credit Agreement, to provide such additional commitments. Availability under the Revolving Credit Agreement is based upon quarterly (or more frequent under certain circumstances) borrowing base certifications of the Borrowers’ eligible inventory, eligible leasing inventory and eligible accounts receivable, and is reduced by certain reserves in effect from time to time.

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Subject to availability, the Revolving Credit Agreement provides for a letter of credit subfacility in the amount of $25 million, and allows for swingline loans in the amount of $35 million. Outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Agreement bear interest at an annual rate, at the Borrowers’ election, equal to (i) adjusted term Secured Overnight Financing Rate plus a margin ranging from 1.25% to 1.75% or (ii) a base rate plus a margin ranging from 0.25% to 0.75%, in each case depending upon the monthly average excess availability under the Revolving Credit Agreement. The Borrowers are required to pay a monthly unused line fee equal to 0.20% times the average daily unused availability along with other customary fees and expenses of the Agent and the lenders.

The Revolving Credit Agreement is guaranteed by certain subsidiaries of the Company (the “Guarantors”) and is secured by substantially all personal property of the Borrowers and the Guarantors.

The Revolving Credit Agreement contains customary covenants limiting the ability of the Company and certain of its subsidiaries to, among other things, pay cash dividends, incur debt or liens, redeem or repurchase stock, enter into transactions with affiliates, merge, dissolve, repay subordinated indebtedness, make investments and dispose of assets. In addition, the Company will be required to maintain a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of not less than 1.0 to 1.0 as of the end of any period of 12 fiscal months when excess availability under the Revolving Credit Agreement is less than the greater of (a) 10% of the lesser of (i) the total revolving commitments and (ii) the borrowing base (such lesser amount, the “Line Cap”) and (b) $25 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with all covenants.

The Company’s liquidity position, defined as cash on hand and available borrowing capacity on the Revolving Credit Agreement, amounted to $516.1 million as of December 31, 2023 and $401.2 million as of December 31, 2022.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had payments of principal of $104.2 million and borrowings of principal of $104.2 million under the Revolving Credit Agreement, and as of December 31, 2023, there were no amounts outstanding.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company had net payments of principal of $130.6 million and net borrowings of principal of $97.6 million under the Revolving Credit Agreement, and as of December 31, 2022, there were no amounts outstanding.

New and Old Term Loan Credit Agreements

As described above, in October 2021, the Company used the net proceeds of the New Senior Notes and a portion of the $50 million draw from the increased capacity under the Revolving Credit Agreement to repay in full the $108.8 million of outstanding borrowings under the New Term Loan Credit Agreement. In addition to the full repayment during the fourth quarter, during the second quarter of 2021, the Company made principal payments totaling $30.0 million and recognized loss on debt extinguishment charges of approximately $0.5 million. The extinguishment charges are included in Other, net in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

For the year ended December 31, 2021, under the New Term Loan Credit Agreement the Company paid interest of $3.9 million. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company incurred charges of $0.2 million for amortization of fees and original issuance discount, which are included in Interest expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

11. FINANCIAL DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS

Commodity Pricing Risk

As of December 31, 2023, the Company was party to commodity swap contracts for specific commodities with notional amounts of approximately $35.7 million. The Company uses commodity swap contracts to mitigate the risks associated with fluctuations in commodity prices impacting its cash flows related to inventory purchases from suppliers. The Company does not hedge all commodity price risk.

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At inception, the Company designated the commodity swap contracts as cash flow hedges. The contracts mature at specified monthly settlement dates and will be recognized into earnings through November 2024. The effective portion of the hedging transaction is recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (“AOCI”) and transferred to earnings when the forecasted hedged transaction takes place or when the forecasted hedged transaction is no longer probable to occur.

Financial Statement Presentation

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the fair value carrying amount of the Company’s derivative instruments were recorded as follows (in thousands):

Asset / (Liability) Derivatives

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments

Commodity swap contracts Prepaid expenses and other $ 1,511 $ 2,674

Total derivatives designated as hedging instruments $ 466 $ 1,021

The following table summarizes the gain or loss recognized in AOCI as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 and the amounts reclassified from AOCI into earnings for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Derivatives instruments

Over the next 12 months, the Company expects to reclassify approximately $0.5 million of pretax deferred gains related to the commodity swap contracts from AOCI to cost of sales as inventory purchases are settled.

12. LEASES

Lessee Activities

The Company records a right-of-use ("ROU") asset and lease liability for substantially all leases for which it is a lessee, in accordance with ASC 842. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the balance sheet. The Company recognizes lease expense for leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. At inception of a contract, the Company considers all relevant facts and circumstances to assess whether or not the contract represents a lease by determining whether or not the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, either explicit or implicit, for a period of time in exchange for consideration.

The Company leases certain industrial spaces, office space, land, and equipment. Some leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from generally one to 5 years. The exercise of lease renewal options is at the Company’s sole discretion, and are included in the lease term only to the extent such renewal options are reasonably certain of being exercised upon lease commencement. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased property. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements are limited by the expected lease term unless there is a transfer of title or purchase option reasonably certain of exercise. Leased assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were approximately $13.4 million and $16.6 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2023, obligations related to leases that the Company has executed but have not yet commenced were insignificant.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company entered into sale-leaseback-sublease transactions. Such contracts were entered into in contemplation of each other and are thus recorded on a net basis. The net revenue from these contracts was insignificant for the year ended December 31, 2023. In addition, certain of the transactions occurred with a related party—such transactions were at market value and arm’s length.

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Leased assets and liabilities included within the Consolidated Balance Sheets consist of the following (in thousands):

Right-of-Use Assets

Finance Property, plant and equipment, net — —

Liabilities

Current

Operating Other accrued liabilities $ 9,049 $ 6,120

Finance Current portion of finance lease obligations — —

Noncurrent

Finance Finance lease obligations — —

Lease costs included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations consist of the following (in thousands):

Finance lease cost

Interest on lease liabilities Interest expense — 1

Maturity of the Company’s lease liabilities for leases that have commenced is as follows (in thousands):

Operating Leases Finance Leases Total

Less: interest 3,208 —

Present value of lease payments $ 32,219 $ —

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As most of the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. Remaining lease term and discount rates are as follows:

Weighted average remaining lease term (years)

Operating leases 3.8 4.3

Finance leases 0.0 0.0

Weighted average discount rate

Finance leases — % — %

Lease costs included in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are as follows (in thousands):

Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2023 Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2022

Cash paid for amounts included in the measurement of lease liabilities

Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 8,866 $ 5,844

Operating cash flows from finance leases $ — $ 1

Financing cash flows from finance leases $ — $ 59

Lessor and Sublessor Activities

The Company leases dry van trailers to customers under full-service lease agreements and operating lease agreements. At the inception of a contract, in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance (ASC 842, Leases) the Company considers whether the arrangement contains a lease and, as applicable, performs the required lease classification tests. The Company, as a lessor, has no sales-type or direct financing lease arrangements as of December 31, 2023.

The Company’s full-service lease agreements are an integrated service that include lease component amounts related to the use of the trailer, as well as non-lease components for preventative maintenance, certain repairs as defined in the related agreement, and ad valorem taxes. In accordance with the applicable accounting guidance (ASC 842, Leases), the Company has elected to combine lease and non-lease components when reporting revenue for the full-service underlying class of leased assets.

WNC US Equity

WNC · 10-K · period ended 2023-12-31

ITEM 7—MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

ITEM 7A–QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

ITEM 8—FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

WNC US Equity☆

WNC · 10-K · period ended 2023-12-31

ITEM 7—MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

ITEM 7A–QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

ITEM 8—FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

WNC US Equity