Timberland Bancorp Inc TSBK US Equity☆

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF

FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

General

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is intended to assist in understanding the consolidated financial condition and results of operations of the Company. The information contained in this

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section should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes thereto included in Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

Timberland Bancorp, Inc., a Washington corporation, is the holding company for Timberland Bank. The Bank opened for business in 1915 and serves consumers and businesses across Grays Harbor, Thurston, Pierce, King, Kitsap and Lewis counties, Washington with a full range of lending and deposit services through its 23 branches (including its main office in Hoquiam). At September 30, 2022, the Company had total assets of $1.86 billion, net loans receivable of $1.13 billion, total deposits of $1.63 billion and total shareholders’ equity of $218.57 million. The Company’s business activities generally are limited to passive investment activities and oversight of its investment in the Bank. Accordingly, the information set forth in this report relates primarily to the Bank’s operations.

The Bank is a community-oriented bank which has traditionally offered a variety of savings products to its retail and business customers while concentrating its lending activities on real estate secured loans. Lending activities have been focused primarily on the origination of loans secured by real estate, including residential construction loans, one- to four-family residential loans, multi-family loans and commercial real estate loans. The Bank originates adjustable-rate residential mortgage loans, some of which do not qualify for sale in the secondary market. The Bank also originates commercial business loans and other consumer loans.

The profitability of the Company’s operations depends primarily on its net interest income after provision for (recapture of) loan losses. Net interest income is the difference between interest income, which is the income that the Company earns on interest-earning assets, which are primarily loans and investments, and interest expense, which is the amount that the Company pays on its interest-bearing liabilities, which are primarily deposits and borrowings (as needed). Net interest income is affected by changes in the volume and mix of interest-earning assets, the interest earned on those assets, the volume and mix of interest-bearing liabilities and the interest paid on those interest-bearing liabilities. Management attempts to maintain a net interest margin placing it within the top quartile of its Washington State peers.

Changes in market interest rates, the slope of the yield curve, and interest we earn on interest earning assets or pay on interest bearing liabilities, as well as the volume and types of interest earning assets, interest bearing and non-interest bearing liabilities and shareholders’ equity, usually have the largest impact on changes in our net interest spread, net interest margin and net interest income during a reporting period. Since March 2022, in response to inflation, the FOMC of the Federal Reserve has increased the target range for the federal funds rate by 300 basis points, including 150 basis points during the third calendar calendar quarter of 2022, to a range of 3.00% to 3.25% as of September 30, 2022. In November 2022, the FOMC increased the target range for the federal funds rate another 75 basis points to a range of 3.75% to 4.00%. We believe our balance sheet is structured to enhance our average yield on interest-earning assets as the lagging benefit of variable rate interest-earnings assets beginning to reprice occurs as well as a higher net interest margin if the FOMC continues to raise the targeted federal funds rate in an effort to curb inflation, which appears likely based on recent Federal Reserve communications and interest rate forecasts.

The provision for (recapture of) loan losses is dependent on changes in the loan portfolio and management’s assessment of the collectability of the loan portfolio as well as prevailing economic and market conditions. The allowance for loan losses reflects the amount that the Company believes is adequate to cover probable credit losses inherent in its loan portfolio. The Company recorded a provision for loan losses of $270,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022, primarily due to increased loan portfolio growth. The Company did not record a provision for loan losses for the year ended September 30, 2021, primarily reflecting the improving economy and the resulting decline in forecasted probable loan losses from COVID-19 during that fiscal year.

Net income is also affected by non-interest income and non-interest expense. For the year ended September 30, 2022, non-interest income consisted primarily of service charges on deposit accounts, gain on sales of loans, ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, an increase in the cash surrender value of BOLI, escrow fees and other operating income. Non-interest income is also increased by net recoveries on investment securities and reduced by net OTTI losses on investment securities, if any. Non-interest income is also decreased by valuation allowances on loan servicing rights and increased by recoveries of valuation allowances on loan servicing rights, if any. Non-interest expense consisted primarily of salaries and employee benefits, premises and equipment, advertising, ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, postage and courier expenses, amortization of CDI, state and local taxes, professional fees, FDIC insurance premiums, loan administration and foreclosure expenses, data processing and telecommunications expenses, deposit operation expenses and other non-interest expenses. Non-interest expense in certain periods are reduced by gains on the sale of premises and equipment and by gains on the sale of OREO. Non-interest income and non-interest expense are affected by the growth of the Company's operations and growth in the number and balances of loan and deposit accounts.

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Results of operations may be affected significantly by general and local economic and competitive conditions, changes in market interest rates, governmental policies and actions of regulatory authorities.

Operating Strategy

The Company is a bank holding company which operates primarily through its subsidiary, the Bank. The Company's primary objective is to operate the Bank as a well capitalized, profitable, independent, community-oriented financial institution, serving customers in its primary market area of Grays Harbor, Pierce, Thurston, Kitsap, King and Lewis counties. The Company's strategy is to provide products and superior service to small businesses and individuals located in its primary market area.

The Company's goal is to deliver returns to shareholders by focusing on the origination of higher-yielding assets (in particular, commercial real estate, construction, and commercial business loans), increasing core deposit balances, managing problem assets, efficiently managing expenses, and seeking expansion opportunities. The Company seeks to achieve these results by focusing on the following objectives:

Expand our presence within our existing market areas by capturing opportunities resulting from changes in the competitive environment. We currently conduct our business primarily in western Washington. We have a community bank strategy that emphasizes responsive and personalized service to our customers. As a result of the consolidation of banks in our market areas, we believe that there is an opportunity for a community and customer focused bank to expand its customer base. By offering timely decision making, delivering appropriate banking products and services, and providing customer access to our senior managers, we believe that community banks, such as Timberland Bank, can distinguish themselves from larger banks operating in our market areas. We believe that we have a significant opportunity to attract additional borrowers and depositors and expand our market presence and market share within our extensive branch footprint.

Portfolio diversification. In recent years, we have limited the origination of speculative construction loans and land development loans in favor of loans that possess credit profiles representing less risk to the Bank. We continue originating owner/builder and custom construction loans, multi-family loans, commercial business loans and commercial real estate loans which offer higher risk adjusted returns, shorter maturities and more sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations than fixed-rate one-to four-family loans. We anticipate capturing more of each customer's banking relationship by cross selling our loan and deposit products and offering additional services to our customers.

Increase core deposits and other retail deposit products. We focus on establishing a total banking relationship with our customers with the intent of internally funding our loan portfolio. We anticipate that the continued focus on customer relationships will increase our level of core deposits. In addition to our retail branches, we maintain technology based products such as business cash management and a business remote deposit product that enable us to compete effectively with banks of all sizes.

Managing exposure to fluctuating interest rates. For many years, the majority of the loans the Bank has retained in its portfolio have generally possessed periodic interest rate adjustment features or have been relatively short-term in nature. Loans originated for portfolio retention have generally included ARM loans, short-term construction loans, and, to a lesser extent, commercial business loans with interest rates tied to a market index such as the Prime Rate. Longer term fixed-rate mortgage loans have generally been originated for sale into the secondary market, although from time to time, the Bank may retain a portion of its fixed-rate mortgage loan originations and extend the initial fixed-rate period of its hybrid ARM commercial real estate loans for asset/liability purposes.

Continue generating revenues through mortgage banking operations. The majority of the fixed-rate residential mortgage loans we originate have historically been sold into the secondary market with servicing retained. This strategy produces gains on the sale of such loans and reduces the interest rate and credit risk associated with fixed-rate residential lending. We continue to originate custom construction and owner/builder construction loans for sale into the secondary market upon the completion of construction.

Maintaining strong asset quality. We believe that strong asset quality is a key to our long-term financial success. The percentage of non-performing loans to loans receivable, net was 0.18% and 0.29% at September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The Company's percentage of non-performing assets to total assets at September 30, 2022 was 0.12% compared to 0.18% at September 30, 2021. Non-performing assets have decreased to $2.17 million at September 30, 2022 from $3.17 million at September 30, 2021. We continue to seek to reduce the level of non-performing assets through collections, write-downs, modifications and sales of OREO. We also take proactive steps to resolve our non-performing loans, including negotiating payment plans, forbearances, loan modifications and loan extensions and accepting short payoffs on delinquent loans when such actions have been deemed appropriate. Although the Company plans to continue to place emphasis on certain

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lending products, such as commercial real estate loans, construction loans, and commercial business loans, the Company expects to continue to manage its credit exposures through the use of experienced bankers and an overall conservative approach to lending.

Selected Financial Data

The following table sets forth certain information concerning the consolidated financial position and results of operations of the Company and its subsidiary at and for the dates indicated. The consolidated data is derived in part from, and should be read in conjunction with, the Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company and its subsidiary presented herein.

At September 30,

(In thousands)

SELECTED FINANCIAL CONDITION DATA:

Year Ended September 30,

(In thousands, except per share data)

SELECTED OPERATING DATA:

Provision for loan losses 270 — 3,700 — —

Net income per common share:

______________

(1)Cash dividends to common shareholders divided by net income to common shareholders.

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At September 30,

OTHER DATA:

At or For the Year Ended September 30,

KEY FINANCIAL RATIOS:

Performance Ratios:

Asset Quality Ratios:

Capital Ratios:

__________________

(1)Net income divided by average total assets.

(2)Net income divided by average total equity.

(3)Difference between weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.

(4)Net interest income before provision for (recapture of) loan losses as a percentage of average interest-earning assets.

(5)Non-interest expenses divided by the sum of net interest income and non-interest income.

(6)Non-performing assets include non-accrual loans, loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing, non-accrual investment securities, OREO and other repossessed assets.

(7)Loans receivable is before the allowance for loan losses.

(8)Non-performing loans include non-accrual loans and loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing. TDRs that are on accrual status are not included.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The Company has established various accounting policies that govern the application of GAAP in the preparation of the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company has identified six policies that, as a result of judgments,

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estimates and assumptions inherent in those policies, are critical to an understanding of the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements. These policies relate to the methodology for the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the determination of any OTTI in the fair value of investment securities, the valuation of loan servicing rights, the valuation of OREO, the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in acquisitions and the valuation of goodwill for potential impairment. Management believes that the judgments, estimates and assumptions used in the preparation of the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements are appropriate given the factual circumstances at the time. However, given the sensitivity of the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements to these critical policies, the use of other judgments, estimates and assumptions could result in material differences in the Company's results of operations or financial condition.

Further, subsequent changes in economic or market conditions could have a material impact on these estimates and our financial condition and operating results in future periods. There have been no significant changes in our application of accounting policies since September 30, 2022. For additional information concerning critical accounting policies, see Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." and the following:

Provision and Allowance for Loan Losses

The methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses is considered a critical accounting policy by management because of the high degree of judgment involved, the subjectivity of the assumptions used, and the potential for changes in the economic environment that could result in changes to the amount of the recorded allowance for loan losses. The provision for loan losses reflects the amount required to maintain the allowance for loan losses at an appropriate level based upon management’s evaluation of the adequacy of general and specific loss reserves. Determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses involves a high degree of judgment. Among the material estimates required to establish the allowance for loan losses are: overall economic conditions; value of collateral; strength of guarantors; loss exposure at default; the amount and timing of future cash flows on impaired loans; and determination of loss factors to be applied to the various elements of the portfolio. All of these estimates are susceptible to significant change. We have established systematic methodologies for the determination of the adequacy of our allowance for loan losses. The methodologies are set forth in a formal policy and take into consideration the need for an overall general valuation allowance as well as specific allowances that are tied to individual problem loans. We increase our allowance for loan losses by charging provisions for probable loan losses against our income.

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for probable losses based on evaluating known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio and upon our continuing analysis of the factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include, among others, changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency rates, actual loan loss experience, current and economic conditions, detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectability may not be assured, and determination of the existence and realizable value of the collateral and guarantees securing the loans. Realized losses related to specific assets are applied as a reduction of the carrying value of the assets and charged immediately against the allowance for loan loss reserve. Recoveries on previously charged off loans are credited to the allowance for loan losses. The reserve is based upon factors and trends identified by us at the time consolidated financial statements are prepared. Although we use the best information available, future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary due to economic, operating, regulatory and other conditions beyond our control. The adequacy of general and specific reserves is based on our continuing evaluation of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio as well as individual review of certain large balance loans. Loans are considered impaired when, based on current information and events, we determine that it is probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Factors involved in determining impairment include, but are not limited to, the financial condition of the borrower, the value of the underlying collateral less selling costs and the current status of the economy. Impaired loans are measured based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate or, as a practical expedient, at the loan’s observable market price or the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. We continue to assess the collateral of these loans and update our appraisals on large balance impaired loans on an annual basis. To the extent that the property values decline, there could be additional losses on these impaired loans, which may be material. Subsequent changes in the value of impaired loans are included within the provision for loan losses in the same manner in which impairment initially was recognized or as a reduction in the provision that would otherwise be reported. Large groups of smaller-balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Loans that are collectively evaluated for impairment include residential real estate and consumer loans and, as appropriate, smaller balance non-homogeneous loans. Larger balance non-homogeneous residential construction and land, commercial real estate, commercial business loans and unsecured loans are individually evaluated for impairment.

Our methodology for assessing the appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses consists of several key elements, which include specific allowances, an allocated formula allowance and an unallocated allowance. Losses on specific loans are provided for when the losses are probable and estimable. General loan loss reserves are established to provide for inherent loan portfolio risks not specifically provided for. The level of general reserves is based on an analysis of potential exposures

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existing in our loan portfolio including evaluation of historical trends, current market conditions and other relevant factors identified by us at the time the consolidated financial statements are prepared. The formula allowance is calculated by applying loss factors to outstanding loans, excluding those loans that are subject to individual analysis for specific allowances. Loss factors are based on our historical loss experience adjusted for significant environmental considerations, including the experience of other banking organizations, which in our judgment affect the collectability of the loan portfolio as of the evaluation date. The unallocated allowance is based upon our evaluation of various factors that are not directly measured in the determination of the formula and specific allowances. This methodology may result in actual losses or recoveries differing significantly from the allowance for loan losses in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

While we believe that the estimates and assumptions used in our determination of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses are reasonable, there can be no assurance that such estimates and assumptions will not be proven incorrect in the future, or that the actual amount of future provisions will not exceed the amount of past provisions or that any increased provisions that may be required will not adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, the determination of the amount of the Banks’ allowance for loan losses is subject to review by bank regulators as part of the routine examination process, which may result in the adjustment of reserves based upon their judgment of information available to them at the time of their examination.

Fair Value Accounting and Measurement

We use fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain financial assets and liabilities and to determine fair value disclosures. We include in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements information about the extent to which fair value is used to measure financial assets and liabilities, the valuation methodologies used and the impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, for financial instruments not recorded at fair value we disclose, where required, our estimate of their fair value. For more information regarding fair value accounting, please refer to Note 21 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Loan Servicing Rights

Loan servicing rights are recognized as separate assets when rights are acquired through purchase or through sale of loans. Generally, purchased loan servicing rights are capitalized at the cost to acquire the rights. For sales of mortgage loans, the value of the loan servicing right is estimated and capitalized. Fair value is based on market prices for comparable loan servicing contracts. The fair value of the loan servicing rights includes an estimate of the life of the underlying loans which is affected by estimated prepayment speeds. The estimate of prepayment speeds is based on current market conditions. Actual market conditions could vary significantly from current conditions which could result in the estimated life of the underlying loans being different which would change the fair value of the loan servicing right. Capitalized loan servicing rights are reported in other assets and are amortized into non-interest income in proportion to, and over the period of, the estimated future net servicing income of the underlying financial assets.

Valuation of OREO

Real estate properties acquired through foreclosure or by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure are recorded at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. Fair value is generally determined by management based on a number of factors, including third-party appraisals of fair value in an orderly sale. Accordingly, the valuation of OREO is subject to significant external and internal judgment. If the carrying value of the loan at the date a property is transferred into OREO exceeds the fair value less estimated costs to sell, the excess is charged to the allowance for loan losses. Management periodically reviews OREO values to determine whether the property continues to be carried at the lower of its recorded book value or fair value, net of estimated costs to sell. Any further decreases in the value of OREO are considered valuation adjustments and are charged to non-interest expense in the consolidated income statements. Expenses and income from the maintenance and operations and any gains or losses from the sales of OREO are included in non-interest expense.

Business Combinations

The Company applies the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations. Under the acquisition method, the acquiring entity in a business combination recognizes all of the identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their acquisition date fair values. Management utilizes prevailing valuation techniques appropriate for the asset or liability being measured in determining these fair values. Any excess of the purchase price over amounts allocated to assets acquired, including identifiable intangible assets, and liabilities assumed is recorded as goodwill. Where amounts allocated to assets acquired and liabilities assumed is greater than the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Acquisition-related costs are expensed as incurred unless they are directly attributable to the issuance of the Company's common stock in a business

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combination and the Company chooses to record these acquisition-related costs through stockholders' equity. There were no business combinations during the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase consideration paid over the fair value of the assets acquired, net of the fair values of liabilities assumed in a business combination and is not amortized but is reviewed annually, or more frequently as current circumstances and conditions warrant, for impairment. An assessment of qualitative factors is completed to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. The qualitative assessment involves judgment by management on determining whether there have been any triggering events that have occurred which would indicate potential impairment. If the qualitative analysis concludes that further analysis is required, then a quantitative impairment test would be completed. The quantitative goodwill impairment test is used to identify the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss and compares the reporting unit's estimated fair values, including goodwill, to its carrying amount. If the fair value exceeds the carry amount, then goodwill is not considered impaired. If the carrying amount exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss would be recognized equal to the amount of excess, limited to the amount of total goodwill allocated to the reporting unit. The impairment loss would be recognized as a charge to earnings.

Market Risk and Asset and Liability Management

General. Market risk is the risk of loss from adverse changes in market prices and rates. The Bank's market risk arises primarily from interest rate risk inherent in its lending, investment, deposit and borrowing activities. The Bank, like other financial institutions, is subject to interest rate risk to the extent that its interest-earning assets reprice differently than its interest-bearing liabilities. Management actively monitors and manages its interest rate risk exposure. Although the Bank manages other risks, such as credit quality and liquidity risk, in the normal course of business, management considers interest rate risk to be its most significant market risk that could potentially have the largest material effect on the Bank's financial condition and results of operations. The Bank does not maintain a trading account for any class of financial instruments nor does it engage in hedging activities. Furthermore, the Bank is not subject to foreign currency exchange rate risk or commodity price risk.

Qualitative Aspects of Market Risk. The Bank's principal financial objective is to achieve long-term profitability while reducing its exposure to fluctuating market interest rates. The Bank has sought to reduce the exposure of its earnings to changes in market interest rates by attempting to manage the difference between asset and liability maturities and interest rates. The principal element in achieving this objective is to increase the interest rate sensitivity of the Bank's interest-earning assets by retaining in its portfolio, short-term loans and loans with interest rates subject to periodic adjustments. The Bank relies on retail deposits as its primary source of funds. As part of its interest rate risk management strategy, the Bank promotes transaction accounts and certificates of deposit with terms of up to five years.

The Bank has adopted a strategy that is designed to substantially match the interest rate sensitivity of assets relative to its liabilities. The primary elements of this strategy involve originating ARM loans for its portfolio, maintaining residential construction loans as a portion of total net loans receivable because of their generally shorter terms and higher yields than other one- to four-family residential mortgage loans, matching asset and liability maturities, investing in short-term securities, and originating fixed-rate loans for retention or sale in the secondary market while retaining the related loan servicing rights.

Sharp increases or decreases in interest rates may adversely affect the Bank's earnings. Management of the Bank monitors the Bank's interest rate sensitivity through the use of a model provided by NXTsoft Data Analytics, LLC (“NXTsoft”), a company that specializes in providing interest rate risk and balance sheet management services to the financial services industry. Based on a rate shock analysis prepared by NXTsoft using data at September 30, 2022, an immediate increase in interest rates of 100 basis points would increase the Bank’s projected net interest income by approximately 3.19%, primarily because a larger portion of the Bank's interest rate sensitive assets than interest rate sensitive liabilities would reprice within a one-year period. Conversely, an immediate decrease in interest rates of 100 basis points would decrease the Bank's projected net interest income by approximately 6.28%. See “Quantitative Aspects of Market Risk” below for additional information. Management has sought to sustain the match between asset and liability maturities and rates, while maintaining an acceptable interest rate spread. Pursuant to this strategy, the Bank actively originates adjustable-rate loans for retention in its loan portfolio. Fixed-rate mortgage loans with maturities greater than seven years generally are originated for the immediate or future resale in the secondary mortgage market. Although the Bank has sought to originate ARM loans, the ability to originate such loans depends to a great extent on market interest rates and borrowers' preferences. In lower interest rate environments, borrowers often prefer fixed-rate loans.

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Consumer, commercial business and construction loans typically have shorter terms and higher yields than permanent residential mortgage loans and, accordingly, reduce the Bank’s exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. At September 30, 2022, the consumer, commercial business and construction loan portfolios amounted to $37.32 million, $126.04 million and $255.62 million, respectively or 3.0%, 10.1% and 20.4%, respectively of total loans receivable.

Quantitative Aspects of Market Risk. The model provided for the Bank by NXTsoft estimates the changes in the economic value of equity ("EVE") and net interest income in response to a range of assumed changes in market interest rates. The model first estimates the level of the Bank's EVE (market value of assets, less market value of liabilities, plus or minus the market value of any off-balance sheet items) under the current rate environment. In general, market values are estimated by discounting the estimated cash flows of each instrument by appropriate discount rates. The model then recalculates the Bank's EVE under different interest rate scenarios. The change in EVE under the different interest rate scenarios provides a measure of the Bank's exposure to interest rate risk. The following table is provided by NXTsoft based on data at September 30, 2022:

Hypothetical Net Interest Income (1)(2) Economic Value of Equity

Interest Rate $ Change % Change $ Change % Change

Scenario (3) from Base from Base from Base from Base

(Basis Points) (Dollars in thousands)

BASE — — — —

___________

(1)Does not include loan fees.

(2)Includes BOLI income, which is included in non-interest income in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

(3)No rates in the model are allowed to go below zero.

Computations of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, including relative levels of market interest rates, loan repayments and deposit decay, and should not be relied upon as indicative of actual results. Furthermore, the computations do not reflect any actions management may undertake in response to changes in interest rates.

In the event of a 100 basis point decrease in interest rates, the Bank would be expected to experience a 4.56% decrease in EVE and a 6.28% decrease in net interest income. In the event of a 100 basis point increase in interest rates, a 1.92% increase in EVE and a 3.19% increase in net interest income would be expected. Based upon the modeling described above, the Bank's asset and liability structure generally results in increases in net interest income and EVE in a rising interest rate scenario and decreases in net interest income and EVE in a declining interest rate scenario.

As with any method of measuring interest rate risk, certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the foregoing table. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in market rates. Additionally, certain assets have features which restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Further, in the event of a change in interest rates, expected rates of prepayments on loans and early withdrawals from certificates of deposit could possibly deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the table.

Comparison of Financial Condition at September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021

The Company's total assets increased by $68.33 million, or 3.8%, to $1.86 billion at September 30, 2022 from $1.79 billion at September 30, 2021. The increase in assets was primarily due to an increase in held to maturity investment securities

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and an increase in net loans receivable. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in total cash and cash equivalents. The increase in total assets was funded primarily by an increase in total deposits.

Net loans receivable increased by $163.97 million, or 16.9%, to $1.13 billion at September 30, 2022 from $968.45 million at September 30, 2021, primarily due to increases in commercial real estate loans, one- to four-family loans, commercial business loans and smaller increases in several other loan categories. These increases to net loans receivable were partially offset by decreases in SBA PPP loans and an increase in the undisbursed portion of construction loans in process.

Total deposits increased by $61.62 million, or 3.9%, to $1.63 billion at September 30, 2022 from $1.57 billion at September 30, 2021, primarily due to increases in NOW checking account balances, money market account balances, and savings account balances. These increases were partially offset by decreases in certificates of deposit account balances and non-interest bearing demand account balances.

Shareholders' equity increased by $11.67 million, or 5.6%, to $218.57 million at September 30, 2022 from $206.90 million at September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to net income for the year ended September 30, 2022 of $23.60 million which was partially offset by $7.23 million in dividends paid to shareholders and the repurchase of 170,237 shares of common stock for $4.58 million.

A more detailed explanation of the changes in significant balance sheet categories follows:

Cash and Cash Equivalents and CDs Held for Investment: Cash and cash equivalents and CDs held for investment decreased by $269.03 million, or 44.2%, to $339.65 million at September 30, 2022 from $608.68 million at September 30, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the purchase of additional held to maturity investment securities and the funding of loan portfolio growth.

Investment Securities: Investment securities (including investments in equity securities) increased by $175.63 million, or 131.8%, to $308.86 million at September 30, 2022 from $133.23 million at September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to the purchase of additional held to maturity U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency investment securities, U.S. government agency mortgage-backed investment securities and private label mortgage-backed investment securities, as the Company placed a portion of its excess overnight liquidity into higher-earning investment securities during the year ended September 30, 2022. These increases were partially offset by maturities, prepayments and scheduled amortization of other investment securities. For additional details on investment securities, see "Item 1. Business - Investment Activities" and Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

FHLB Stock: FHLB stock increased by $91,000 or 4.3%, to $2.19 million at September 30, 2022 from $2.10 million at September 30, 2021, due to purchases required by the FHLB as a result of the increase in total assets.

Other Investments: Other investments consist solely of the Company's investment in the Solomon Hess SBA Loan Fund LLC, which was unchanged at both September 30, 2022 and 2021. This investment is utilized to help satisfy compliance with the Company's Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") investment test requirements.

Loans Held for Sale: Loans held for sale decreased by $2.47 million, or 76.8%, to $748,000 at September 30, 2022 from $3.22 million at September 30, 2021, primarily due to the timing and volume of mortgage banking loan sales. The Company generally sells longer-term fixed-rate residential loans and the guaranteed portion of SBA commercial business loans for asset-liability management purposes and to generate non-interest income. The Company sold $73.50 million in loans during the year ended September 30, 2022 compared to $150.20 million for the year ended September 30, 2021. Sales of loans over the past year has decreased, primarily due to decreased refinance activity for one- to four-family loans due to the increase in mortgage interest rates.

Loans Receivable, Net of Allowance for Loan Losses: Net loans receivable increased by $163.97 million, or 16.9%, to $1.13 billion at September 30, 2022 from $968.45 million at September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $66.00 million increase in commercial real estate loans, a $56.18 million increase in one- to four-family mortgage loans, a $50.46 million increase in commercial business loans and smaller increases in several other loan categories. These increases were partially offset by a $39.92 million decrease in SBA PPP loans, and smaller decreases in several other loan categories. The SBA PPP loan balances decreased primarily due to borrowers applying for forgiveness from the SBA and the loans being subsequently paid off by the SBA.

Loan originations (excluding SBA PPP loans) increased by $35.01 million, or 6.5%, to $572.46 million for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $537.45 million for the year ended September 30, 2021. The increase in loan originations was primarily due to increases in commercial real estate, construction and commercial business loans. These increases were

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partially offset by a decrease in originations of one- to four-family loans and SBA PPP loans. For additional information on loans, see "Item 1. Business - Lending Activities" and Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Premises and Equipment, Net: Premises and equipment decreased by $469,000, or 2.1%, to $21.90 million at September 30, 2022 from $22.37 million at September 30, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to normal depreciation. For additional information on premises and equipment, see "Item 2. Properties" and Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

OREO and Other Repossessed Assets: OREO and other repossessed assets decreased by $157,000, or 100.0%, to $0 at September 30, 2022 from $157,000 at September 30, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the sales of $157,000 in OREO properties. For additional information on OREO and other repossessed assets, see "Item 1. Business - Lending Activities - Other Real Estate Owned and Other Repossessed Assets" and Note 6 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Bank Owned Life Insurance ("BOLI"): BOLI increased by $613,000, or 2.8%, to $22.81 million at September 30, 2022 from $22.19 million at September 30, 2021. The increase was due to net BOLI earnings, representing the increase in cash surrender value of the BOLI policies.

Goodwill: The recorded amount of goodwill remained unchanged at $15.13 million at both September 30, 2022 and September 30, 2021. The Company performed its annual review of goodwill during the quarter ended June 30, 2022 and determined that there was no impairment. As of September 30, 2022, management believes that there had been no subsequent events or changes in circumstances that would indicate a potential impairment of goodwill. For additional information on goodwill, see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

CDI: CDI decreased by $316,000, or 25.0% to $948,000 at September 30, 2022 from $1.26 million at September 30, 2021 due to scheduled amortization. For additional information on CDI, see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Loan Servicing Rights, Net: Loan servicing rights decreased by $459,000, or 13.2%, to $3.02 million at September 30, 2022 from $3.48 million at September 30, 2021, primarily due to the amortization of servicing rights, partially offset by additional capitalized Freddie Mac servicing rights for loans being sold with servicing retained, and a $119,000 valuation recovery reflecting decreased prepayment speeds due to rising market interest rates. The principal amount of loans serviced for Freddie Mac and the SBA decreased by $16.15 million to $410.29 million at September 30, 2022 from $426.44 million at September 30, 2021. For additional information on loan servicing rights, see Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Operating Lease Right-of-Use Assets: Operating lease ROU assets decreased by $303,000, or 13.3%, to $1.98 million at September 30, 2022 from $2.28 million at September 30, 2021, primarily due to the amortization of the ROU assets. The operating lease ROU assets at September 30, 2022 represented the present value of two operating leases on branch facilities. For additional information on leases, see Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Other Assets: Other assets increased by $491,000, or 17.1%, to $3.36 million at September 30, 2022 from $2.87 million at September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to increases in miscellaneous receivables (including income tax receivables) and prepaid expenses.

Deposits: Deposits increased by $61.62 million, or 3.9%, to $1.63 billion at September 30, 2022 from $1.57 billion at September 30, 2021. The increase consisted of a $38.11 million increase in money market account balances, a $22.53 million increase in savings account balances, and a $17.68 million increase in NOW checking account balances. These increases were partially offset by a $11.55 million decrease in certificates of deposit account balances and a $5.15 million decrease in non-interest checking account balances. The increase in deposits was primarily driven by organic growth in customer relationships. For additional information on deposits, see "Item 1. Business - Deposit Activities and Other Sources of Funds" and Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

FHLB Borrowings: The Company has short- and long-term borrowing lines with the FHLB with total credit available on the lines equal to 45% of the Bank's total assets, limited by available collateral. At September 30, 2022, the Company had a borrowing capacity of $492.29 million. The Company had no FHLB borrowings at September 30, 2022 compared to $5.00 million at September 30, 2021. At September 30, 2021, FHLB borrowings consisted of a single $5.00

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million borrowing, with a scheduled maturity in March 2025. Due to favorable repayments terms, the Company repaid this borrowing in January 2022. For additional information on FHLB borrowings, see Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data".

Operating Lease Liabilities: Operating lease liabilities decreased by $293,000, or 12.4%, to $2.07 million at September 30, 2022 from $2.36 million at September 30, 2021, primarily due to required annual lease payments. The operating lease liability at September 30, 2022 represented the present value of two operating leases on branch facilities. For additional information on leases, see Note 9 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Other Liabilities and Accrued Expenses: Other liabilities and accrued expenses increased by $330,000, or 4.48%, to $7.70 million at September 30, 2022 from $7.37 million at September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to timing differences in the normal course of business.

Shareholders' Equity: Total shareholders' equity increased by $11.67 million, or 5.6%, to $218.57 million at September 30, 2022 from $206.90 million at September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to net income of $23.60 million for the year ended September 30, 2022, which was partially offset by the payment of $7.23 million in dividends to common shareholders and the repurchase of 170,237 shares of the Company's common stock for $4.58 million during the year ended September 30, 2022. In addition, shareholder’s equity was adversely impacted by unrealized losses on available for sale securities reflecting the increase in market interest rates during the year, resulting in a $717,000 accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of tax at September 30, 2022. For additional information on shareholders' equity, see the Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended September 30, 2022 and 2021

Net income for the year ended September 30, 2022 decreased by $3.98 million, or 14.4%, to $23.60 million from $27.58 million for the year ended September 30, 2021. Net income per diluted common share decreased by $0.45, or 13.8%, to $2.82 for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $3.27 for the year ended September 30, 2021. The decrease in net income was primarily due to a $4.54 million decrease in non-interest income and a $4.04 million increase in non-interest expense, partially offset by a $3.98 million increase in net interest income and an $883,000 decrease in the provision for income taxes.

A more detailed explanation of the income statement categories is presented below.

Net Interest Income: Net interest income increased by $3.98 million, or 7.7%, to $55.83 million for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $51.86 million for the year ended September 30, 2021. The increase in net interest income was primarily due to increases in the average balances of investment securities and loans receivable and in the average yield on interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs, and a decline in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities. This increase was partially offset by a decrease in the average yield on loans receivable due to a significant decrease in SBA PPP loan origination fees recognized as the volume of forgiven SBA PPP loans declined between the years.

Total interest and dividend income increased by $3.55 million, or 6.5%, to $58.51 million for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $54.96 million for the year ended September 30, 2021, primarily due to an increase in the average balance of interest-earning assets. The average yield on interest-earning assets decreased to 3.31% for the year ended September 30, 2022 from 3.45% for the year ended September 30, 2021. Average total interest-earning assets increased by $173.46 million, or 10.87%, to $1.77 billion for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $1.60 billion for the year ended September 30, 2021. Interest income on loans receivable and loans held for sale decreased by $1.22 million, or 2.3%, to $51.32 million for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $52.54 million for the year ended September 30, 2021, primarily due to a decrease in the average yield on loans receivable to 4.86% for the year ended September 30, 2022 from 5.12% for the year ended September 30, 2021. This decrease was partially offset by a $28.89 million increase in the average balance of loans receivable during the current year.

During the year ended September 30, 2022, the accretion of the purchase accounting fair value discount on loans acquired in the South Sound Acquisition increased interest income on loans by $182,000 compared to $340,000 for the year ended September 30, 2021. The accretion of the net fair value discount on acquired loans increased the average yield on loans by two basis points for the year ended September 30, 2022 and three basis points for the year ended September 30, 2021. The incremental accretion and the impact on loan yield will change during any period based on the volume of prepayments, but it is expected to decrease over time as the balance of the net discount declines. The remaining net discount on these acquired loans was $267,000 at September 30, 2022. During the year ended September 30, 2022, a total of $629,000 in non-accrual interest, pre-payment penalties and late fees was collected compared to $942,000 for the year ended September 30, 2021.

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Also impacting the average yield and average interest-earning asset balances during the years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021 were SBA PPP loans. These PPP loans have a prescribed interest rate of 1.00% and are also subject to loan origination fees which are accreted into interest income over the life of each loan. For the year ended September 30, 2022, average PPP loans were $11.72 million, and the Company recorded $114,000 in interest income and accreted $1.79 million in PPP loan origination fees into income compared to average PPP loans of $107.00 million, $1.06 million in interest income and $5.07 million in PPP loan origination fees for the year ended September 30, 2021. At September 30, 2022, the Company had $42,000 in PPP deferred loan origination fees, which will be accreted into interest income over the remaining life of the PPP loans.

Interest income on investment securities increased by $2.29 million, or 191.9%, to $3.49 million for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $1.20 million for the year ended September 30, 2021, primarily due to an increase in the average balance of held to maturity investment securities and an increase in the average yield on investment securities. Interest income on interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs increased by $2.46 million, or 220.1%, to $3.58 million for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $1.12 million for the year ended September 30, 2021, primarily due to an increase in the average yield to 0.74% from 0.24% due to market interest rates increasing and to a much lesser extent an increase in the average balance of interest-bearing deposits in banks and CDs.

Total interest expense decreased by $430,000, or 13.9%, to $2.67 million for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $3.10 million for the year ended September 30, 2021. The decrease in interest expense was primarily due to a decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing liabilities, primarily deposits, which was partially offset by an increase in the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities. The average cost of interest-bearing liabilities decreased to 0.24% for the year ended September 30, 2022 from 0.32% for the year ended September 30, 2021 as market interest rates for deposits decreased. Average interest-bearing deposits increased by $122.85 million, or 12.6%, to $1.10 billion for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $976.52 million for the year ended September 30, 2021 due primarily to a decline in the average cost and balance of certificates of deposit. The average balance of interest-bearing deposits increased, however, interest expense on deposits decreased by $356,000 as a result of the decrease in the average cost of interest-bearing deposits

As a result if these changes, the net interest margin decreased nine basis points to 3.16% for the year ended September 30, 2022 from 3.25% for the year ended September 30, 2021.

Provision for Loan Losses: There was a $270,000 provision for loans losses for the year ended September 30, 2022 primarily due to loan portfolio growth. There was no provision for loan losses for the year ended September 30, 2021 due primarily to improvement in forecasted probable credit losses from the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy as of that date. The Company had net charge-offs of $36,000 for the year ended September 30, 2022 and net recoveries of $55,000 for the year ended September 30, 2021. The net charge-offs (recoveries) to average outstanding loans ratio was 0.0% for the year ended September 30, 2022 and 2021. The level of delinquent loans (loans 30 or more days past due) decreased by $943,000, or 31.0%, to $2.10 million at September 30, 2022 from $3.04 million at September 30, 2021 and the level of loans graded substandard increased by $3.78 million, or 105.0%, to $7.39 million at September 30, 2022 from $3.60 million at September 30, 2021. Special mention loans decreased by $4.78 million or 95.3%, to $237,000 at September 30, 2022 from $5.01 million at September 30, 2021. Non-accrual loans decreased by $795,000, or 21.8%, to $2.06 million at September 30, 2022 from $2.85 million at September 30, 2021.

The $1.00 million balance of SBA PPP loans was omitted from the Company's normal allowance for loan losses calculation at September 30, 2022, as these loans are fully guaranteed by the SBA, and management expects that most PPP borrowers will seek full or partial forgiveness of their loan obligations from the SBA within a short time frame, which will in turn reimburse the Bank for the amount forgiven.

The Company has established a comprehensive methodology for determining the allowance for loan losses. On a quarterly basis, the Company performs an analysis that considers pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include changes in the amount and composition of the loan portfolio, historic loss experience for various loan segments, changes in economic conditions, delinquency rates, a detailed analysis of impaired loans, and other factors to determine an appropriate level of allowance for loan losses. Impaired loans are subject to an impairment analysis to determine an appropriate reserve amount to be allocated to each loan. The aggregate principal impairment amount determined at September 30, 2022 was $127,000 compared to $247,000 at September 30, 2021.

Based on the comprehensive methodology, management believes that the allowance for loan losses of $13.70 million at September 30, 2022 (1.20% of loans receivable and 665.52% of non-performing loans) was adequate to provide for probable losses based on an evaluation of known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio at that date. While the Company believes that it has established its existing allowance for loan losses in accordance with GAAP, there can be no assurance that bank regulators, in reviewing the Company's loan portfolio, will not request the Company to increase significantly its allowance for loan losses. In addition, because future events affecting borrowers and collateral cannot be predicted with certainty, there can be no

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assurance that the existing allowance for loan losses is adequate or that substantial increases will not be necessary should the quality of any loans deteriorate. A further decline in national and local economic conditions, as a result of the effects of inflation, a potential recession or slowing economic growth, and any governmental or societal responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, among other factors, could result in a material increase in the allowance for loan losses which would adversely affect the Company's financial condition and results of operations. For additional information, see "Item 1. Business - Lending Activities -- Allowance for Loan Losses."

Non-interest Income: Total non-interest income decreased by $4.54 million, or 26.4%, to $12.62 million for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $17.16 million for the year ended September 30, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to a $4.39 million reduction in gain on sales of loans and smaller decreases in other categories. These decreases were partially offset by a $126,000 increase in ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees, and smaller increases in other categories. The decrease in gain on sales of loans was primarily due to decreases in the dollar amount of fixed-rate one-to four-family loans originated and sold (as refinance activity for single family homes slowed due to higher mortgage interest rates) and in the average pricing margin compared to fiscal 2021. The increase in ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees was primarily due to an increase in the volume of debit card transactions.

Non-interest Expense: Total non-interest expense increased by $4.04 million, or 11.7%, to $38.63 million for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $34.59 million for the year ended September 30, 2021. The increase was primarily due to a $2.07 million increase in salaries and employee benefits expense, a $741,000 increase in professional fees expense, a $209,000 increase in data processing and telecommunications expense, a $144,000 increase in deposit operations expense, and smaller increases in several other expense categories. These increases were partially offset by a $193,000 decrease in premises and equipment expense primarily due to a reduction in depreciation expense. The increase in salaries and employee benefits expense was primarily due to annual salary adjustments. The increase in professional fees expense was due to higher legal and consulting fees. The increase in data processing and telecommunications expense was primarily due to the addition of several technology products and increased processing volumes. The increase in deposit operations expense was primarily due to increased fraud expense and unrecovered overdrafts. The efficiency ratio for the year ended September 30, 2022 was 56.42% compared to 50.12% for the year ended September 30, 2021.

Provision for Income Taxes: The provision for income taxes decreased by $883,000, or 12.9% to $5.96 million for the year ended September 30, 2022 from $6.85 million for the year ended September 30, 2021. The decrease in the provision for income taxes was primarily due to lower income before income taxes. The Company's effective income tax rate was 20.2% for the year ended September 30, 2022 and 19.9% for the 2021 fiscal year. For additional information on income taxes, see Note 13 of the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Average Balances, Interest and Average Yields/Cost

The earnings of the Company depend largely on the spread between the yield on interest-earning assets and the cost of interest-bearing liabilities, as well as the relative amount of the Company's interest-earning assets and interest- bearing liability portfolios.

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The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, information regarding average balances of assets and liabilities as well as the total dollar amounts of interest income from average interest-earning assets and interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities and average yields and costs. Such yields and costs for the periods indicated are derived by dividing income or expense by the average daily balance of assets or liabilities, respectively, for the periods presented.

Year Ended September 30,

(Dollars in thousands)

Interest-earning assets:

Interest-bearing liabilities:

Short-term borrowings 3 — — — — — — — —

_______________________________________________

(1)Does not include interest on loans on non-accrual status. Includes loans held for sale and interest earned on loans held for sale. Amortized net deferred loan fees, late fees, extension fees and prepayment penalties (year ended September 30, 2022 - $3,600; year ended September 30, 2021 - $6,859 and year ended September 30, 2020 - $3,196) are included with interest and dividends. Accretion of the fair value discount on loans acquired in the South Sound Acquisition for the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020 of $182, $340 and $597, respectively, is included with interest and dividends.

(2)Average balances include loans and investment securities on non-accrual status.

(3)Includes FHLB borrowings with original maturities of one year or greater.

(4)Net interest income divided by total average interest-earning assets.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table sets forth the effects of changing rates and volumes on net interest income on the Company. Information is provided with respect to the (i) effects on interest income attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate), (ii) effects on interest income attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume), and (iii) the net change (sum of the prior columns). Changes in both rate and volume have been allocated to rate and volume variances based on the absolute values of each.

Rate Volume NetChange Rate Volume NetChange

(Dollars in thousands)

Interest-earning assets:

Dividends from mutual funds, FHLB stock and other investments 8 1 9 (22) 5 (17)

Interest-bearing liabilities:

______________

(1)Excludes interest on loans on non-accrual status. Includes loans held for sale and interest earned on loans held for sale.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company's primary sources of funds are customer deposits, proceeds from principal and interest payments on loans, the sale of loans, maturing investment securities, maturing CDs held for investment and FHLB borrowings (if needed). While the maturities and the scheduled amortization of loans are a predictable source of funds, deposit flows and mortgage prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.

The Bank must maintain an adequate level of liquidity to help ensure the availability of sufficient funds to fund its operations. The Bank generally maintains sufficient cash and short-term investments to meet short-term liquidity needs. At September 30, 2022, the Bank's regulatory liquidity ratio (net cash, and short-term and marketable assets, as a percentage of net deposits and short-term liabilities) was 32.1%. At September 30, 2022, the Bank maintained an unused credit facility with the FHLB that provided for immediately available borrowings up to an aggregate amount equal to 45% of total assets, limited by available collateral, under which no balance was outstanding. The Bank had $492.29 million available for borrowings with the FHLB at September 30, 2022. The Bank maintains a short-term borrowing line with the FRB with total credit based on eligible collateral. At September 30, 2022, the Bank had no outstanding balance on this borrowing line, under which $77.09 million was available for future borrowings. The Bank also maintains a $50.00 million overnight borrowing line with PCBB. At September 30, 2022, the Bank did not have an outstanding balance on this borrowing line. Subject to market conditions, the Bank expects to utilize these borrowing facilities from time to time in the future to fund loan originations and deposit

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withdrawals, to satisfy other financial commitments, repay maturing debt and to take advantage of investment opportunities to the extent feasible.

Liquidity management is both a short and long-term responsibility of the Bank's management. The Bank adjusts its investments in liquid assets based upon management's assessment of (i) expected loan demand, (ii) projected loan sales, (iii) expected deposit flows, and (iv) yields available on interest-bearing deposits. Excess liquidity is invested generally in interest-bearing overnight deposits, CDs held for investment and short-term government and agency obligations. If the Bank requires funds beyond its ability to generate them internally, it has additional borrowing capacity with the FHLB, the FRB and PCBB.

The Bank's primary investing activity is the origination of loans and, to a lesser extent, the purchase of investment securities. During the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Bank originated $572.46 million, $602.34 million and $597.19 million of loans, respectively. At September 30, 2022, the Bank had loan commitments totaling $143.49 million and undisbursed construction loans in process totaling $103.17 million. Investment securities purchased during the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020 totaled $208.78 million, $71.75 million and $51.47 million, respectively.

The Bank’s liquidity is also affected by the volume of loans sold and loan principal payments. During the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Bank sold $73.50 million, $150.20 million and $167.24 million, respectively, in loans and loan participation interests. During the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020, the Bank received $324.23 million, $500.03 million and $287.04 million, respectively, in principal repayments.

The Bank’s liquidity has been positively impacted by increases in deposit levels. During the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020, deposits increased by $61.62 million, $212.15 million and $290.18 million, respectively. Our liquid assets in the form of cash and cash equivalents, CDs held for investment and investment securities available for sale decreased to $381.06 million at September 30, 2022 from $671.85 million at September 30, 2021 due to the purchase of higher yield investment securities during the year. CDs that are scheduled to mature in less than one year from September 30, 2022 totaled $76.31 million. Historically, the Bank has been able to retain a significant amount of its deposits as they mature.

Capital expenditures are incurred on an ongoing basis to expand and improve the Bank's product offerings, enhance and modernize technology infrastructure, and to introduce new technology-based products to compete effectively in the various markets. Capital expenditure projects are evaluated based on a variety of factors, including expected strategic impacts (such as forecasted impact on revenue growth, productivity, expenses, service levels and customer retention) and the expected return on investment. The amount of capital investment is influenced by, among other things, current and projected demand for services and products, cash flow generated by operating activities, cash required for other purposes and regulatory considerations.

Based on current objectives, there are no projects scheduled for capital investments in premises and equipment during the fiscal year ending September 30, 2023 that would materially impact liquidity. The Company currently expects to continue the current practice of paying quarterly cash dividends on common stock subject to the Board of Directors' discretion to modify or terminate this practice at any time and for any reason without prior notice. The current quarterly common stock dividend rate is $0.22 per share, as approved by the Board of Directors, which is a dividend rate per share that enables the Company to balance multiple objectives of managing and investing in the Bank, and returning a substantial portion of cash to shareholders. Assuming continued payment during fiscal year 2023 at this rate of $0.22 per share, the average total dividend paid each quarter would be approximately $1.81 million based on the number of current outstanding shares (which assumes no increases or decreases in the number of shares).

For the fiscal year ending September 30, 2023, the Bank projects that fixed commitments will include $310,000 of operating lease payments. There are no scheduled payments and maturities of FHLB borrowings during fiscal year 2023. In addition, at September 30, 2022, there were other future obligations and accrued expenses of $7.70 million. For additional information, see Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

The Bank's management believes that the liquid assets combined with the available lines of credit provide adequate liquidity to meet current financial obligations for at least the next 12 months.

Timberland Bancorp is a separate legal entity from the Bank and must provide for its own liquidity and pay its own operating expenses. Sources of capital and liquidity for Timberland Bancorp include distributions from the Bank and the issuance of debt or equity securities. At September 30, 2022, Timberland Bancorp (on an unconsolidated basis) had liquid assets of $1.71 million.

Bank holding companies and federally-insured state-chartered banks are required to maintain minimum levels of regulatory capital. At September 30, 2022, Timberland Bancorp and the Bank were in compliance with all applicable capital

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requirements. For additional details, see Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” and “Item 1. Business - Regulation of the Bank - Capital Requirements.”

New Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements and their impact on the Company, see Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data".

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The information contained under “Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Market Risk and Asset and Liability Management” of this Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

TIMBERLAND BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

Page

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 70

Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders' Equity for the

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 79

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of

Timberland Bancorp, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary (collectively, "the Company") as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders' equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2022, and the related notes (collectively, "the financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of September 30, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended September 30, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S.).

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for Loan Losses

Critical Audit Matter Description

As described in Notes 1 and 4 to the financial statements, the Company's allowance for loan losses (ALL) is a valuation account that reflects the estimated loan losses based on known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio

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to the extent that they are both probable and reasonable to estimate. The ALL was approximately $13,703,000 as of September 30, 2022, which consists of specific and general components in the amounts of $127,000 and $13,576,000, respectively.

The specific component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. The Company measures impairment and the related asset specific allowance for impaired loans based on the difference between the recorded investment of the loan and the present value of the expected future cash flows, discounted at the original effective interest rate of the loan. However, if the loan is collateral-dependent, the Company measures impairment based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral, which the Company determines based on the current fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs. Loans are identified as collateral-dependent if the Company believes that collateral is the sole source of repayment.

The general component is based on historical losses, general economic conditions, and other qualitative risk factors – both internal and external to the Company. The historical loss ratio and valuation allowance are established for each pool of similar loans and updated periodically based on actual charge-off experience and current events. The qualitative risk factors are generally determined by evaluating, among other things: (1) lending policies and procedures, including underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices; (2) national and local economic trends and conditions; (3) nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans; (4) experience, ability, and depth of lending management and staff; (5) volume and severity of past due, classified, and nonaccrual loans, as well as other loan modifications; (6) quality of the Company's loan review system; (7) existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations; (8) changes in the value of underlying collateral, and (9) other external factors such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements. The evaluation of the qualitative factor adjustments requires a significant amount of judgment by management and involves a high degree of subjectivity.

We identified the ALL as a critical audit matter, as auditing the underlying qualitative factors required significant auditor judgment given that amounts determined by management rely on analysis that is highly subjective and includes significant estimation uncertainty.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following, among others:

•We obtained an understanding of the relevant controls related to management’s establishment of the qualitative factors, assessment, and review and approval of the qualitative factors, and the data used in determining the qualitative factors.

•We obtained an understanding of how management developed the estimates and related assumptions, including:

◦Testing completeness and accuracy of key data inputs used in forming assumptions or calculations and testing the reliability of the underlying data on which these factors are based by comparing information to source documents and external information sources, as well as evaluating the estimated correlation to potential loss.

◦Evaluating the reasonableness of the qualitative factors established by management as compared to the underlying internal or external information sources.

•We obtained an understanding of the loans excluded from the general component calculation for propriety of classification as acquired or impaired loans.

/s/ Delap LLP

We have served as the Company's auditors since 2010.

Lake Oswego, Oregon

December 9, 2022

69

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

Assets

Cash and cash equivalents:

Cash and due from financial institutions $ 24,808 $ 26,316

Certificates of deposit (“CDs”) held for investment, at cost 22,894 28,482

Investment securities available for sale, at fair value 41,415 63,176

Investments in equity securities, at fair value 835 955

Federal Home Loan Bank of Des Moines (“FHLB”) stock 2,194 2,103

Other real estate owned (“OREO”) and other repossessed assets, net — 157

Core deposit intangible (“CDI”), net 948 1,264

Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets 1,980 2,283

Liabilities and shareholders’ equity

Liabilities

Deposits:

FHLB borrowings — 5,000

Other liabilities and accrued expenses 7,697 7,367

Commitments and contingencies (See Note 16)

See notes to consolidated financial statements

70

Consolidated Balance Sheets (continued)

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (717) 59

See notes to consolidated financial statements

71

Consolidated Statements of Income

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

Years Ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Interest and dividend income

Dividends from mutual funds, FHLB stock and other investments 120 111 128

Interest expense

Provision for loan losses 270 — 3,700

Non-interest income

Net recoveries on investment securities 22 20 120

ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees 5,210 5,084 4,378

Valuation recovery (allowance) on loan servicing rights, net 119 110 (221)

See notes to consolidated financial statements

72

Consolidated Statements of Income (continued)

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

Years Ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Non-interest expense

Loss (gain) on sales/dispositions of premises and equipment, net 13 — (98)

OREO and other repossessed assets, net (17) (87) 276

ATM and debit card interchange transaction fees 1,943 1,831 1,628

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") insurance 506 415 204

Loan administration and foreclosure 508 471 448

Net income per common share

See notes to consolidated financial statements

73

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(Dollars in Thousands)

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

Years Ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Comprehensive income

Other comprehensive income (loss)

Change in OTTI on investment securities held to maturity, net of income taxes:

Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of income taxes (776) (2) 11

See notes to consolidated financial statements

74

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

Years Ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Common Stock AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncome (Loss)

Number of Shares Amount RetainedEarnings Total

Other comprehensive income — — — 11 11

Common stock dividends ($0.85 per common share) — — (7,083) — (7,083)

Stock option compensation expense — 182 — — 182

Other comprehensive loss — — — (2) (2)

Common stock dividends ($1.03 per common share) — — (8,589) — (8,589)

Stock option compensation expense — 173 — — 173

See notes to consolidated financial statements

75

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity (continued)

(Dollars in Thousands, Except Per Share Amounts)

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

Years Ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Common Stock AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncome (Loss)

Number of Shares Amount RetainedEarnings Total

Other comprehensive loss — — — (776) (776)

Common stock dividends ($0.87 per common share) — — (7,232) — (7,232)

Stock option compensation expense — 246 — — 246

See notes to consolidated financial statements

76

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Dollars in Thousands)

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

Years Ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Cash flows from operating activities

Earned ESOP shares — — 31

Accretion of discount on purchased loans (182) (340) (597)

Net recoveries on investment securities (22) (20) (120)

Change in fair value of investments in equity securities 120 22 (19)

Gain on sales of OREO and other repossessed assets, net (2) (92) (35)

Amortization (accretion) of discounts and premiums on securities (39) 118 (183)

Provision for OREO losses — — 173

Loss (gain) on sales/dispositions of premises and equipment, net 13 — (98)

Provision for loan losses 270 — 3,700

Valuation adjustment on loan servicing rights, net (119) (110) 221

Increase (decrease) in deferred loan origination fees (822) (1,293) 3,637

Cash flows from investing activities

Purchase of investment securities available for sale — (18,698) (41,212)

Purchase of premises and equipment (911) (895) (1,986)

Proceeds from sales of OREO and other repossessed assets 159 985 495

Proceeds from sales/dispositions of premises and equipment — — 307

See notes to consolidated financial statements

77

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (continued)

(Dollars in Thousands)

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

Years Ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020

Cash flows from financing activities

Proceeds from (repayment of) FHLB borrowings (5,000) (5,000) 10,000

Proceeds from exercise of stock options 415 631 391

Cash and cash equivalents

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash investing activities

Operating lease liabilities arising from recording of ROU assets — — 2,889

See notes to consolidated financial statements

78

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Timberland Bancorp, Inc. (“Timberland Bancorp”); its wholly owned subsidiary, Timberland Bank (the “Bank”); and the Bank’s wholly owned subsidiary, Timberland Service Corp. (collectively, the "Company”). All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Nature of Operations

Timberland Bancorp is a bank holding company which operates primarily through its subsidiary, the Bank. The Bank was established in 1915 and, through its 23 branches located in Grays Harbor, Pierce, Thurston, Kitsap, King and Lewis counties in Washington State, attracts deposits from the general public, and uses those funds, along with other borrowings, primarily to provide residential real estate, construction, commercial real estate, commercial business and consumer loans to borrowers primarily in western Washington.

Consolidated Financial Statement Presentation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S.") (“GAAP”) and prevailing practices within the banking industry.The preparation of consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, as of the date of the consolidated balance sheets, and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting periods. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near-term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the determination of any OTTI in the fair value of investment securities, the valuation of loan servicing rights, the valuation of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in acquisitions and the valuation of goodwill for potential impairment.

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the 2022 fiscal year presentation with no change to previously reported net income or shareholders’ equity.

Segment Reporting

The Company has one reportable operating segment which is defined as community banking in western Washington under the operating name “Timberland Bank.”

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Cash Flows

The Company considers amounts included in the consolidated balance sheets’ captions “Cash and due from financial institutions” and “Interest-bearing deposits in banks,” all of which mature within ninety days, to be cash equivalents for purposes of reporting cash flows.

Interest-bearing deposits in banks as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 included deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco ("FRB") of $215,637,000 and $537,222,000, respectively. The Company also maintains balances in correspondent bank accounts which, at times, may exceed the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 per correspondent bank. Management believes that its risk of loss associated with such balances is minimal due to the financial strength of the FRB and the correspondent banks.

CDs Held for Investment

CDs held for investment include amounts invested with other FDIC-insured financial institutions for a stated interest rate and with a fixed maturity date. Such CDs generally have maturities of 12 to 60 months from the date of purchase by the Company. Early withdrawal penalties may apply; however, the Company intends to hold these CDs to maturity. The Company generally limits its purchases of CDs to a maximum of $250,000 (the FDIC insurance coverage limit) with any single financial institution.

79

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

Investment Securities

Investments in debt securities are classified upon acquisition as held to maturity or available for sale. Investments in debt securities that the Company has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held to maturity and reported at amortized cost. Investments in debt securities classified as available for sale are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income (loss), net of income tax effects. Premiums and discounts are amortized to interest income using the interest method over the contractual lives of the securities. Gains and losses on sales of investment securities are recognized on the trade date and determined using the specific identification method.

In estimating whether there are any OTTI losses, management considers (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost, (2) the financial condition and near-term prospects of the issuer, (3) the impact of changes in market interest rates and (4) the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

Declines in the fair value of individual debt securities available for sale that are deemed to be other than temporary are recognized in earnings when identified. The fair value of the debt security then becomes the new cost basis. For individual debt securities that are held to maturity which the Company does not intend to sell, and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the other than temporary decline in the fair value of the debt security related to: (1) credit loss is recognized in earnings and (2) market or other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income (loss). Credit loss is recorded if the present value of expected future cash flows is less than the amortized cost. For individual debt securities which the Company intends to sell or more likely than not will not recover all of its amortized cost, the OTTI is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the debt security’s cost basis and its fair value at the consolidated balance sheet date. For individual debt securities for which credit loss has been recognized in earnings, interest accruals and amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts are suspended when the credit loss is recognized. Interest received after accruals have been suspended is recognized on a cash basis.

Investments in Equity Securities

Investments in equity securities are stated at fair value. Changes in the fair value of investments in equity securities are recorded in other non-interest income.

FHLB Stock

The Bank, as a member of the FHLB, is required to maintain an investment in capital stock of the FHLB in an amount equal to 0.12% of the Bank's total assets plus 4.00% of any borrowings from the FHLB. No ready market exists for this stock, and it has no quoted market value. However, redemption of FHLB stock has historically been at par value. The Company's investment in FHLB stock is carried at cost, which approximates fair value.

The Company evaluates its FHLB stock for impairment as needed. The Company's determination of whether this investment is impaired is based on its assessment of the ultimate recoverability of cost rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value. The determination of whether a decline affects the ultimate recoverability of cost is influenced by criteria such as (1) the significance of any decline in net assets of the FHLB as compared with the capital stock amount and the length of time that any decline has persisted; (2) commitments by the FHLB to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to the operating performance of the FHLB; (3) the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on institutions and, accordingly, the customer base of the FHLB; and (4) the liquidity position of the FHLB. Based on its evaluation, the Company determined that there was no impairment of FHLB stock at September 30, 2022 and 2021.

Other Investments

The Bank invests in the Solomon Hess SBA Loan Fund LLC - a private investment fund - to help satisfy compliance with the Bank's Community Reinvestment Act ("CRA") investment test requirements. Shares in this fund are not publicly traded and, therefore, have no readily determinable fair value. The Bank's investment in the fund is recorded at cost. An investor can have its investment in the fund redeemed for the balance of its capital account at any quarter-end with a 60 day notice to the fund.

80

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

Loans Held for Sale

Mortgage loans and commercial business loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are stated in the aggregate at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation allowance by charges to income. Gains or losses on sales of loans are recognized at the time of sale. The gain or loss is the difference between the net sales proceeds and the recorded value of the loans, including any remaining unamortized deferred loan origination fees.

Loans Receivable

Loans are stated at the amount of unpaid principal, reduced by the undisbursed portion of construction loans in process, net deferred loan origination fees and the allowance for loan losses.

Interest on loans is accrued daily based on the principal amount outstanding. Generally, the accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when, in management’s opinion, the borrower may be unable to make payments as they become due or when they are past due 90 days as to either principal or interest (based on contractual terms), unless the loan is well secured and in the process of collection. In determining whether a borrower may be able to make payments as they become due, management considers circumstances such as the financial strength of the borrower, the estimated collateral value, reasons for the delays in payments, payment record, the amounts past due and the number of days past due. All interest accrued but not collected for loans that are placed on non-accrual status or charged off is reversed against interest income. Subsequent collections on a cash basis are applied proportionately to past due principal and interest, unless collectability of principal is in doubt, in which case all payments are applied to principal. Loans are returned to accrual status when the loan is deemed current, and the collectability of principal and interest is no longer doubtful, or, in the case of one- to four-family loans, when the loan is less than 90 days delinquent. The categories of non-accrual loans and impaired loans overlap, although they are not identical.

The Company charges fees for originating loans. These fees, net of certain loan origination costs, are deferred and amortized to income on the level-yield basis over the loan term. If the loan is repaid prior to maturity, the remaining unamortized deferred loan origination fee is recognized in income at the time of repayment.

Acquired Loans

Purchased loans, including loans acquired in business combinations, are recorded at their estimated fair value at the acquisition date. Credit discounts are included in the determination of fair value; therefore, an allowance for loan losses is not recorded at the acquisition date. Acquired loans are evaluated upon acquisition and classified as either purchased credit-impaired ("PCI") or purchased non-credit-impaired. PCI loans reflect credit deterioration since origination such that it is probable at acquisition that the Company will be unable to collect all contractually required payments. The excess of the cash flows expected to be collected over a PCI loan's carrying value is considered to be the accretable yield and is recognized as interest income over the estimated life of the PCI loan using the effective yield method. The excess of the undiscounted contractual balances due over the cash flows expected to be collected is considered to be the nonaccretable difference. The nonaccretable difference represents the Company's estimate of the credit losses expected to occur and would be considered in determining the estimated

fair value of the loans as of the acquisition date. Subsequent to the acquisition date, any increases in expected cash flows over those expected at the purchase date in excess of fair value are adjusted through a change to the accretable yield on a prospective basis. Any subsequent decreases in expected cash flows attributable to credit deterioration are recognized by recording an allowance for loan losses. PCI loans were insignificant as of September 30, 2022 and 2021.

For purchased non-credit-impaired loans, the difference between the fair value and unpaid principal balance of the loan at the acquisition date is amortized or accreted to interest income over the life of the loans. Any subsequent deterioration in credit quality is recognized by recording an allowance for loan losses.

Troubled Debt Restructured Loans

A troubled debt restructured loan ("TDR") is a loan for which the Company, for reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Company would not otherwise consider. Examples of such concessions include, but are not limited to: a reduction in the stated interest rate; an extension of the maturity at an interest rate below current market rates; a reduction in the face amount of the debt; a reduction in the accrued interest; or re-amortizations,

81

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

extensions, deferrals and renewals. TDRs are considered impaired and are individually evaluated for impairment. TDRs are classified as non-accrual (and considered to be non-performing) unless they have been performing in accordance with modified terms for a period of at least six months.

In March 2020, the Company announced loan modification programs to support and provide relief for its borrowers during the novel coronavirus of 2019 ("COVID-19") pandemic. The Company has followed the loan modification criteria within the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act of 2020 ("CARES Act"), which was signed into law on March 27, 2020, and interagency guidance from the federal banking agencies when determining if a borrower's modification is subject to a TDR classification. On March 22, 2020, federal banking regulators issued an interagency statement that included guidance on their approach for the accounting of loan modifications in light of the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The guidance interprets current accounting standards and indicates that a lender can conclude that a borrower is not experiencing financial difficulty if short-term modifications are made in response to COVID-19, such as payment deferrals, fee waivers, extensions of repayment terms, or other delays in payment that are insignificant related to the loans in which the borrower is less than 30 days past due on its contractual payments at the time a modification is implemented. The agencies confirmed in working with the staff of the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") that short-term modifications made on a good faith basis in response to COVID-19 to borrowers who were current prior to any relief are not troubled debt restructurings. If it is determined that the modification does not meet the criteria under the CARES Act or interagency guidance to be excluded from TDR classification, the Company evaluates the loan modifications under its existing TDR framework. Loans subject to forbearance under the COVID-19 loan modification program are not reported as past due or placed on non-accrual status during the forbearance time period, and interest income continues to be recognized over the contractual life of the loans.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio. The allowance is provided based upon management's comprehensive analysis of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. These factors include changes in the amount and composition of the loan portfolio, delinquency levels, actual loan loss experience, current economic conditions, and a detailed analysis of individual loans for which full collectability may not be assured. The detailed analysis includes methods to estimate the fair value of loan collateral and the existence of potential alternative sources of repayment. The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific component relates to loans that are deemed impaired. For loans that are classified as impaired, an allowance is established when the discounted cash flows, collateral value less selling costs (if applicable), or observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the recorded value of that loan. The general component covers non-impaired loans and is based on historical loss experience adjusted for qualitative factors. The Company's historical loss experience is determined by evaluating the average net charge-offs over the most recent economic cycle, but not to exceed six years. Qualitative factors are determined by loan type and allow management to adjust reserve levels to reflect the current general economic environment and portfolio performance trends including recent charge-off trends. Allowances are provided based on management’s continuing evaluation of the pertinent factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio, including changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio, actual loan loss experience, current economic conditions, collateral values, geographic concentrations, seasoning of the loan portfolio, specific industry conditions, the duration of the current business cycle, and regulatory requirements and expectations. When determining the appropriate historical loss and qualitative factors, management took into consideration the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on such factors as the national and state unemployment rates and related trends, the amount and timing of financial assistance provided by the government, consumer spending levels and trends, industries significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and the Company's COVID-19 loan modification program. The appropriateness of the allowance for loan losses is estimated based upon these factors and trends identified by management at the time that the consolidated financial statements are prepared.

A loan is considered impaired when it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect all amounts (principal and interest) when due according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. Smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as residential mortgage loans and consumer loans, may be collectively evaluated for impairment. When a loan has been identified as being impaired, the amount of the impairment is measured by using discounted cash flows, except when, as an alternative, the current estimated fair value of the collateral (reduced by estimated costs to sell, if applicable) or observable market price is used. The valuation of real estate collateral is subjective in nature and may be adjusted in future periods because of changes in economic conditions. Management considers third-party appraisals, as well as independent fair market value assessments from realtors or persons involved in selling real estate, in determining the estimated fair value of particular properties. In addition, as certain of these third-party appraisals and independent fair market value assessments are only updated periodically, changes in the values of specific properties may have occurred subsequent to the most recent appraisals. Accordingly, the amounts of any such

82

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

potential changes and any related adjustments are generally recorded at the time such information is received. When the estimated net realizable value of the impaired loan is less than the recorded investment in the loan (including accrued interest and net deferred loan origination fees or costs), impairment is recognized by creating or adjusting an allocation of the allowance for loan losses, and uncollected accrued interest is reversed against interest income. If the ultimate collection of principal is in doubt, all cash receipts on impaired loans are applied to reduce the principal balance.

A provision for (recapture of) loan losses is charged (credited) to operations and is added to (deducted from) the allowance for loan losses based on a quarterly comprehensive analysis of the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses is allocated to certain loan categories based on the relative risk characteristics, asset classifications and actual loss experience of the loan portfolio. While management has allocated the allowance for loan losses to various loan portfolio segments, the allowance is general in nature and is available for the loan portfolio in its entirety.

The ultimate recovery of all loans is susceptible to future market factors beyond the Company’s control. These factors may result in losses or recoveries differing significantly from those provided in the consolidated financial statements. If real estate values decline and as updated appraisals are received on collateral for impaired loans, the Company may need to increase the allowance for loan losses as appropriate. In addition, regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for loan losses and may require the Company to make additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examinations.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are recorded at cost. Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives: buildings and improvements - five to forty years and furniture and equipment - three to seven years. The cost of maintenance and repairs is charged to expense as incurred. Gains and losses on dispositions are reflected in current earnings.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Long-lived assets, consisting of premises and equipment, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the recorded amount of an asset may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the recorded amount of an asset to undiscounted future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the recorded amount of the assets exceeds the discounted recovery amount or estimated fair value of the assets. No events or changes in circumstances have occurred during the years ended September 30, 2022 or 2021 that would cause management to re-evaluate the recoverability of the Company’s long-lived assets.

OREO and Other Repossessed Assets

OREO and other repossessed assets consist of properties or assets acquired through or in lieu of foreclosure, and are recorded initially at the estimated fair value of the properties less estimated costs of disposal, establishing a new cost basis. These assets are subsequently accounted for at the lower of cost or fair value less estimated costs to sell. When the property is acquired, any excess of the loan balance over the estimated net realizable value is charged to the allowance for loan losses. The valuation of real estate is subjective in nature and may be adjusted in future periods because of changes in economic conditions. Management considers third-party appraisals, as well as independent fair market value assessments from realtors or persons involved in selling real estate, in determining the estimated fair values of particular properties. In addition, as certain of these third-party appraisals and independent fair market value assessments are only updated periodically, changes in the values of specific properties may have occurred subsequent to the most recent appraisals. Accordingly, the amounts of any such potential changes and any related adjustments are generally recorded at the time such information is received. Costs relating to development and improvement of the properties or assets are capitalized, while costs relating to holding the properties or assets are expensed.

BOLI

BOLI policies are recorded at their cash surrender value less applicable cash surrender charges. Income from BOLI is recognized when earned.

83

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

Goodwill

Goodwill is initially recorded when the purchase price paid in a business combination exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is presumed to have an indefinite useful life and is analyzed annually for impairment. The Company performs an annual review during the third quarter of each fiscal year, or more frequently if indicators of potential impairment exist, to determine if the recorded goodwill is impaired. For purposes of goodwill impairment testing, the services offered through the Bank and its subsidiary are managed as one strategic unit and represent the Company's only reporting unit.

The annual goodwill impairment test begins with a qualitative assessment of whether it is "more likely than not" that the reporting unit's fair value is less than its carrying amount. If an entity concludes that it is not "more likely than not" that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, it need not perform a two-step impairment test. If the Company's qualitative assessment concluded that it is "more likely than not" that the fair value of its reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, it must perform the two-step impairment test to identify potential goodwill impairment and measure the amount of goodwill impairment loss to be recognized, if any. The first step of the goodwill impairment test compares the estimated fair value of the reporting unit with its carrying amount, or the book value, including goodwill. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit equals or exceeds its book value, goodwill is considered not impaired, and the second step of the impairment test is unnecessary.

The second step, if necessary, measures the amount of goodwill impairment loss to be recognized. The reporting unit must determine fair value for all assets and liabilities, excluding goodwill. The net of the assigned fair value of assets and liabilities is then compared to the book value of the reporting unit, and any excess book value becomes the implied fair value of goodwill. If the carrying amount of the goodwill exceeds the newly calculated implied fair value of goodwill, an impairment loss is recognized in the amount required to write-down the goodwill to the implied fair value.

Management's qualitative assessment takes into consideration macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost or margin factors, financial performance and the share price of the Company's common stock. The Company performed its fiscal year 2022 goodwill impairment test during the quarter ended June 30, 2022. Based on this assessment, the Company determined that it is not "more likely than not" that the Company's fair value is less than its carrying amount, and, therefore, goodwill was determined not to be impaired at May 31, 2022.

A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of goodwill impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include, among others: a significant decline in expected future cash flows; a sustained, significant decline in the Company's stock price and market capitalization; a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate; adverse assessment or action by a regulator; and unanticipated competition. Any change in these indicators could have a significant negative impact on the Company's financial condition, impact the goodwill impairment analysis or cause the Company to perform a goodwill impairment analysis more frequently than once per year.

As of September 30, 2022, management believes that there were no events or changes in the circumstances since May 31, 2022 that would indicate a potential impairment of goodwill. No assurances can be given, however, that the Company will not record an impairment loss on goodwill in the future. If adverse economic conditions or decreases in the Company's stock price and market capitalization were deemed to be other than temporary, it may significantly affect the fair value of the Company's goodwill and may trigger impairment charges. Any impairment charge could have a material adverse effect on the Company's results of operation and financial condition.

CDI

CDI represents the future economic benefit of the potential cost savings from acquiring core deposits as part of a business combination compared to the cost of alternative funding sources. CDI is amortized to non-interest expense using an accelerated method based on an estimated runoff of related deposits over a period of ten years. CDI is evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that its carrying amount may not be recoverable, with any changes in estimated useful life accounted for prospectively over the revised remaining life.

84

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

Loan Servicing Rights

The Company holds rights to service (1) loans that it has originated and sold to the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”) and (2) the guaranteed portion of U.S. Small Business Administration ("SBA") loans sold in the secondary market. Loan servicing rights are capitalized at estimated fair value when acquired through the origination of loans that are subsequently sold with the servicing rights retained. Loan servicing rights are amortized to servicing income on loans sold approximately in proportion to and over the period of estimated net servicing income. The value of loan servicing rights at the date of the sale of loans is estimated based on the discounted present value of expected future cash flows using key assumptions for servicing income and costs and expected prepayment rates on the underlying loans. The estimated fair value is periodically evaluated for impairment by comparing actual cash flows and estimated future cash flows from the loan servicing assets to those estimated at the time that the loan servicing assets were originated. Fair values are estimated using expected future discounted cash flows based on current market rates of interest. For purposes of measuring impairment, the loan servicing rights must be stratified by one or more predominant risk characteristics of the underlying loans. The Company stratifies its capitalized loan servicing rights based on product type and term of the underlying loans. The amount of impairment recognized is the amount, if any, by which the amortized cost of the loan servicing rights exceeds their fair value. Impairment, if deemed temporary, is recognized through a valuation allowance to the extent that fair value is less than the recorded amount.

Operating Leases

The Company has only identified leases classified as operating leases. Operating leases are recorded as ROU assets and ROU liabilities within operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities, respectively, in the consolidated balance sheet. ROU assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and ROU liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and ROU liabilities are recognized at the lease agreement commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The lease term incorporates options to extend the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. As the Company's leases typically do not provide an implicit rate; the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the operating lease commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU assets is further reduced by any lease pre-payments made and lease incentives. The leases may contain various provisions for increases in rental rates based either on changes in the published Consumer Price Index or a predetermined escalation schedule and such variable lease payments are recognized as lease expense as they are incurred. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

The Company excludes operating leases with a term of twelve months or less from being capitalized as ROU assets and ROU liabilities.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Income Taxes

The Company files a consolidated federal and various state income tax returns. The Bank provides for income taxes separately and remits to (receives from) Timberland Bancorp amounts currently due (receivable).

Deferred income taxes result from temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. These temporary differences will result in differences between income for tax purposes and income for financial reporting purposes in future years. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes. Valuation allowances are established to reduce the net recorded amount of deferred tax assets if it is determined to be more likely than not that all or some portion of the potential deferred tax asset will not be realized.

85

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

With respect to accounting for uncertainty in incomes taxes, a tax provision is recognized as a benefit only if it is “more likely than not” that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. The Company recognizes interest and/or penalties related to income tax matters as income tax expense. The Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examination by tax authorities for years ended on or before September 30, 2018.

Advertising

Costs for advertising and marketing are expensed as incurred.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures compensation cost for all stock-based awards based on the grant-date fair value of the stock-based awards and recognizes compensation cost over the service period of stock-based awards. The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Stock option forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

Net Income Per Common Share

Basic net income per common share is computed by dividing net income to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without considering any dilutive items. Diluted net income per common share is computed by dividing net income to common shareholders by the weighted average number of common shares and common stock equivalents for items that are dilutive, net of shares assumed to be repurchased using the treasury stock method at the average share price for the Company's common stock during the period. Common stock equivalents arise from the assumed conversion of outstanding stock options.

Related Party Transactions

The Chairman of the Board of the Bank and Timberland Bancorp is a member of the law firm that provides general counsel to the Company. Legal and other fees paid to this law firm for the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020 totaled $48,000, $67,000 and $78,000, respectively.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended by ASU 2018-19, ASU 2019-04, ASU 2019-05, ASU 2019-10 and ASU 2019-11. ASU 2016-13 replaces the existing incurred losses methodology with a current expected losses methodology with respect to most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments, including trade and other receivables, loans, held to maturity investment securities and off-balance sheet commitments. In addition, ASU 2016-13 requires credit losses relating to available for sale debt securities to be recorded through an allowance for credit losses rather than as a reduction of the carrying amount. ASU 2016-13 also changes the accounting for PCI debt securities and loans. ASU 2016-13 retains many of the current disclosure requirements in GAAP and expands certain disclosure requirements. As a "smaller reporting company" filer with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, ASU 2016-13 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Upon adoption, the Company expects a change in the processes and procedures to calculate the allowance for loan losses, including changes in the assumptions and estimates to consider expected credit losses over the life of the loan versus the current accounting practice that utilizes the incurred loss model. In addition, the current policy for OTTI on investment securities available for sale will be replaced with an allowance approach. The Company is reviewing the requirements of ASU 2016-13 and has begun developing and implementing processes and procedures to help ensure that it is fully compliant with ASU 2016-13 at the adoption date. At this time, the Company anticipates that the allowance for loan losses will increase as a result of the implementation of ASU 2016-13; however, until its evaluation is complete, the magnitude of this increase will be unknown.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other: Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. This ASU simplifies the subsequent measurement of goodwill and eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test. In computing the implied fair value of goodwill under Step 2, an entity has to perform procedures to determine the fair value of its assets and liabilities (including unrecognized assets and liabilities) at the impairment testing date following the

86

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

procedure that would be required in determining the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Under ASU 2017-04, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. An entity would then recognize an impairment charge for the amount by

which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value; however, the loss recognized would not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Additionally, an entity would consider income tax effects from any tax deductible goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss, if applicable. ASU 2017-04 is effective for annual or interim goodwill impairment tests in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The adoption ASU 2017-04 is not expected to a have a material impact on the Company's future consolidated financial statements.

In December 2019, the FASB issued ASU 2019-12, Income Taxes (Topic 740), Simplifying the accounting for Income Taxes. The amendments in this ASU simplify the accounting for income taxes by removing certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740. The amendments also improve consistent application of and simplify GAAP for other areas of Topic 740 by clarifying and amending existing guidelines. ASU 2019-12 was effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2020,

including interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company adopted ASU 2019-12 effective October 1, 2021, and it did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Reference Rate Reform (Topic 848): Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting. This ASU applies to contracts, hedging relationships and other transactions that reference the London Interbank Offered Rate ("LIBOR") or other rate references expected to be discontinued because of reference rate reform. The ASU permits an entity to make necessary modifications to eligible contracts or transactions without requiring contract remeasurement or reassessment of a previous accounting determination. This ASU is effective for all entities as of March 12, 2020 through December 31, 2022. The Company has not adopted ASU 2020-04 as of September 30, 2022. The adoption of ASU 2020-04 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's future consolidated financial statements.

In March 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Troubled Debt Restructurings and Vintage Disclosures. The amendments eliminate the accounting guidance for troubled debt restructurings (“TDRs”) for creditors, require new disclosures for creditors for certain loan refinancings and restructurings when a borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, and require public business entities to include current-period gross write-offs in the vintage disclosure tables. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022, including interim periods within those fiscal years. The adoption of ASU 2022-02 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's future consolidated financial statements.

Note 2 - Restricted Assets

Federal Reserve regulations require that the Bank maintain certain minimum reserve balances on hand or on deposit with the FRB, based on a percentage of transaction account deposits. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve reduced the reserve requirement ratio to zero percent, effective March 26, 2020. Currently, the FRB has not announced plans to re-impose a reserve requirement; however, the FRB may adjust reserve requirement ratios at its sole discretion.

87

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

Note 3 - Investment Securities

Held to maturity and available for sale investment securities were as follows as of September 30, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

AmortizedCost GrossUnrealizedGains GrossUnrealizedLosses EstimatedFair Value

Held to Maturity

Mortgage-backed securities ("MBS"):

Bank issued trust preferred securities 500 — (31) 469

Available for Sale

Held to Maturity

U.S. Treasury and U.S. government agency securities $ 28,760 $ 8 $ (99) $ 28,669

MBS:

Bank issued trust preferred securities 500 5 — 505

Available for Sale

88

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

Held to maturity and available for sale investment securities with unrealized losses were as follows as of September 30, 2022 (dollars in thousands):

Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total

Held to Maturity

MBS:

Bank issued trust preferred securities 469 (31) 1 — — — 469 (31)

Available for Sale

MBS:

Held to maturity and available for sale investment securities with unrealized losses were as follows as of September 30, 2021 (dollars in thousands):

Less Than 12 Months 12 Months or Longer Total

Held to Maturity

MBS:

Available for Sale

MBS:

89

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

The Company has evaluated the investment securities in the above tables and has determined that the decline in their fair value is temporary. The unrealized losses are primarily due to changes in market interest rates and spreads in the market for mortgage-related products. The fair value of these securities is expected to recover as the securities approach their maturity dates and/or as the pricing spreads narrow on mortgage-related securities. The Company has the ability and the intent to hold the investments until the fair value of these securities recovers. Additional deterioration in market and economic conditions related to the COVID-19 pandemic may, however, have an adverse impact on credit quality in the future and result in OTTI charges.

The Company bifurcates OTTI into (1) amounts related to credit losses which are recognized through earnings and (2) amounts related to all other factors which are recognized as a component of other comprehensive income (loss).

To determine the component of the gross OTTI related to credit losses, the Company compared the amortized cost basis of the OTTI security to the present value of its revised expected cash flows, discounted using its pre-impairment yield. The revised expected cash flow estimates for individual securities are based primarily on an analysis of default rates, prepayment speeds and

third-party analytic reports. Significant judgment by management is required in this analysis that includes, but is not limited to, assumptions regarding the collectability of principal and interest, net of related expenses, on the underlying loans.

The following table presents a summary of the significant inputs utilized to measure management’s estimates of the credit loss component on OTTI securities as of September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020:

Range Weighted

Minimum Maximum Average

Loss severity rate — % 8.19 % 3.36 %

Loss severity rate — % 12.96 % 4.55 %

Loss severity rate — % 11.27 % 2.87 %

90

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

The following table presents a roll forward of the credit loss component of held to maturity and available for sale debt securities that have been written down for OTTI with the credit loss component recognized in earnings for the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in thousands):

Additions:

Subtractions:

Net realized gain (losses) previously recorded as credit losses 1 (12) (66)

Recovery of prior credit loss (18) (22) (123)

During the year ended September 30, 2022, the Company recorded a $1,000 net realized gain on sixteen held to maturity investment securities, all of which had been recognized previously as a credit loss. During the year ended September 30, 2021, the Company recorded a $12,000 net realized loss (as a result of investment securities being deemed worthless) on nineteen held to maturity investment securities, all of which had been recognized previously as a credit loss. During the year ended September 30, 2020, the Company recorded a $66,000 net realized loss (as a result of investment securities being deemed worthless) on nineteen held to maturity investment securities, all of which had been recognized previously as a credit loss.

The recorded amount of investment securities pledged as collateral for public fund deposits, federal treasury tax and loan deposits and FHLB collateral totaled $133,824,000 and $97,602,000 at September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The contractual maturities of debt securities at September 30, 2022 are as follows (dollars in thousands). Expected maturities may differ from scheduled maturities due to the prepayment of principal or call provisions.

Held to Maturity Available for Sale

AmortizedCost EstimatedFairValue AmortizedCost EstimatedFairValue

Due within one year $ 3,027 $ 2,983 $ — $ —

91

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

Note 4 - Loans Receivable and Allowance for Loan Losses

Loans receivable by portfolio segment consisted of the following at September 30, 2022 and 2021 (dollars in thousands):

Mortgage loans:

Construction – speculative one- to four-family 12,254 17,813

Consumer loans:

Commercial loans:

SBA Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") 1,001 40,922

Less:

Undisbursed portion of construction loans in process 103,168 95,224

Deferred loan origination fees, net 4,321 5,143

Loans receivable at September 30, 2022 and 2021 are reported net of unamortized discounts totaling $267,000 and $449,000, respectively.

Significant Concentrations of Credit Risk

Most of the Company’s lending activity is with customers located in the state of Washington and involves real estate. At September 30, 2022, the Company had $1,125,450,000 (including $103,168,000 of undisbursed construction loans in process) in loans secured by real estate, which represented 89.8% of total loans receivable. The real estate loan portfolio is primarily secured by one- to four-family properties, multi-family properties, land, and a variety of commercial real estate property types. At September 30, 2022, there were no concentrations of real estate loans to a specific industry or secured by a specific collateral type that equaled or exceeded 20% of the Company’s total loan portfolio, other than loans secured by one-to four-family properties. The ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the loan portfolio is susceptible to changes in economic and market conditions in the region and the impact of those changes on the real estate market. The Company typically originates real estate loans with loan-to-value ratios of no greater than 90%. Collateral and/or guarantees are required for all loans.

92

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

Related Party Loans

Certain related parties of the Company, principally Bank directors and officers, are loan customers of the Bank in the ordinary course of business. Such related party loans were performing according to their repayment terms at September 30, 2022 and 2021. Activity in related party loans during the years ended September 30, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was as follows (dollars in thousands):

Balance, beginning of year $ 466 $ 248 $ 94

Repayments and reclassifications (456) (98) (24)

Loan Segment Risk Characteristics

The Company believes that its loan classes are the same as its loan segments.

One- To Four-Family Residential Lending: The Company originates both fixed-rate and adjustable-rate loans secured by one- to four-family residences. A portion of the fixed-rate one- to four-family loans are sold in the secondary market for asset/liability management purposes and to generate non-interest income. The Company’s lending policies generally limit the maximum loan-to-value on one- to four-family loans to 90% of the lesser of the appraised value or the purchase price. However, the Company usually obtains private mortgage insurance on the portion of the principal amount that exceeds 80% of the appraised value of the property.

Multi-Family Lending: The Company originates loans secured by multi-family dwelling units (more than four units). Multi-family lending generally affords the Company an opportunity to receive interest at rates higher than those generally available from one- to four-family residential lending. However, loans secured by multi-family properties usually are greater in amount, more difficult to evaluate and monitor and, therefore, involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by multi-family properties are often dependent on the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of such loans may be affected by adverse conditions in the real estate market or economy. The Company attempts to minimize these risks by scrutinizing the financial condition of the borrower, the quality of the collateral and the management of the property securing the loan.

Commercial Mortgage Lending: The Company originates commercial real estate loans secured by properties such as office buildings, retail/wholesale facilities, motels, restaurants, mini-storage facilities and other commercial properties. Commercial real estate lending generally affords the Company an opportunity to receive interest at higher rates than those available from one- to four-family residential lending. However, loans secured by such properties usually are greater in amount, more difficult to evaluate and monitor and, therefore, involve a greater degree of risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans. Because payments on loans secured by commercial properties are often dependent on the successful operation and management of the properties, repayment of these loans may be affected by adverse conditions in the real estate market or economy. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by generally limiting the maximum loan-to-value ratio to 80% and scrutinizing the financial condition of the borrower, the quality of the collateral and the management of the property securing the loan.

Construction Lending: The Company currently originates the following types of construction loans: custom construction loans, owner/builder construction loans, speculative construction loans, commercial real estate construction loans, multi-family construction loans and land development loans.

Construction lending affords the Company the opportunity to achieve higher interest rates and fees with shorter terms to maturity than does its single-family permanent mortgage lending. Construction lending, however, is generally considered to involve a higher degree of risk than one- to four family residential lending because of the inherent difficulty in estimating both a property’s value at completion of the project and the estimated cost of the project. The nature of these loans is such that they are generally more difficult to evaluate and monitor. If the estimated cost of construction proves to be inaccurate, the Company may be required to advance funds beyond the amount originally committed to complete the project. If the estimate of value upon completion proves to be inaccurate, the Company may be confronted with a project whose value is insufficient to assure full repayment, and the Company may incur a loss. Projects may also be jeopardized by disagreements between borrowers and builders and by the failure of builders to pay subcontractors. Loans to construct homes for which no purchaser has been

93

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Timberland Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary

September 30, 2022 and 2021

identified carry more risk, because the payoff for the loan depends on the builder’s ability to sell the property prior to the time that the construction loan is due. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by adhering to its underwriting policies, disbursement procedures and monitoring practices.

Construction Lending – Custom and Owner/Builder: Custom construction and owner/builder construction loans are originated to home owners and are typically refinanced into permanent loans at the completion of construction.

Construction Lending – Speculative One- To Four-Family: Speculative one-to four-family construction loans are made to home builders and are termed “speculative”, because the home builder does not have, at the time of the loan origination, a signed contract with a home buyer who has a commitment for permanent financing with the Company or another lender for the finished home. The home buyer may be identified either during or after the construction period.

Construction Lending – Commercial: Commercial construction loans are originated to construct properties such as office buildings, hotels, retail rental space and mini-storage facilities.

Construction Lending – Multi-Family: Multi-family construction loans are originated to construct apartment buildings and condominium projects.

Construction Lending – Land Development: Land development loans are originated to real estate developers for the purpose of developing residential subdivisions. The Company is currently originating land development loans on a limited basis.

Land Lending: The Company originates loans for the acquisition of land upon which the purchaser can then build or make improvements necessary to build or to sell as improved lots. Loans secured by undeveloped land or improved lots involve greater risks than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans because these loans are more difficult to evaluate. If the estimate of value proves to be inaccurate, in the event of default or foreclosure, the Company may be confronted with a property value which is insufficient to assure full repayment. The Company attempts to minimize this risk by generally limiting the maximum loan-to-value ratio on land loans to 75%.

Consumer Lending – Home Equity and Second Mortgage: The Company originates home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans. Home equity lines of credit and second mortgage loans have a greater credit risk than one- to four-family residential mortgage loans because they are secured by mortgages subordinated to the existing first mortgage on the property, which may or may not be held by the Company. The Company attempts to mitigate these risks by adhering to its underwriting policies in evaluating the collateral and the credit-worthiness of the borrower.