ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Overview
FMC Corporation is a global agricultural sciences company dedicated to helping growers produce food, feed, fiber and fuel for an expanding world population while adapting to a changing environment. We operate in a single distinct business segment. We develop, market and sell all three major classes of crop protection chemicals (insecticides, herbicides and fungicides) as well as biologicals, crop nutrition, and seed treatment products, which we group as plant health. FMC’s innovative crop protection solutions enable growers, crop advisers and turf and pest management professionals to address their toughest challenges economically without compromising safety or the environment. FMC is committed to discovering new insecticide, herbicide, and fungicide active ingredients, product formulations and pioneering technologies that are consistently better for the planet.
FORWARD-LOOKING INFORMATION
Statement under the Safe Harbor Provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995: FMC and its representatives may from time to time make written or oral statements that are "forward-looking" and provide other than historical information, including statements contained herein, in FMC’s other filings with the SEC, and in reports or letters to FMC stockholders.
In some cases, FMC has identified forward-looking statements by such words or phrases as "will likely result," "is confident that," "expect," "expects," "should," "could," "may," "will continue to," "believe," "believes," "anticipates," "predicts," "forecasts," "estimates," "projects," "potential," "intends" or similar expressions identifying "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, including the negative of those words and phrases. Such forward-looking statements are based on management’s current views and assumptions regarding future events, future business conditions and the outlook for the company based on currently available information. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to be materially different from any results, levels of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by any forward-looking statement. With respect to forward-looking statements made in connection with our acquisition of BioPhero ApS, such factors include that (1) BioPhero is
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still in its early stages of development or growth and it may be affected by risks inherent in operating a business of its nature., and (2) that the products and technologies of BioPhero have not yet been implemented at large commercial scale, and thus our statements regarding the future, including potential revenue opportunities, are subject to uncertainties related to development, registration, production and commercialization of pheromones through use of the BioPhero production technology. Additional factors include, among other things, the risk factors and other cautionary statements filed with the SEC included within this Form 10-K as well as other SEC filings and public communications. FMC cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date made. Forward-looking statements are qualified in their entirety by the above cautionary statement. FMC undertakes no obligation, and specifically disclaims any duty, to update or revise any forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances arising after the date on which they were made, except as otherwise required by law.
Russia's Invasion of Ukraine
In mid-April of 2022, we announced the decision to discontinue our operations and business in Russia. Our values as a company did not allow us to operate and grow our business in Russia. We recorded exit charges of approximately $76.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. See Note 9 for more information. We are closely monitoring any potential impacts on our raw material and supply chain costs arising out of Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
Inflation
Current global inflationary pressures have affected our business, primarily due to higher than normal input costs, primarily raw materials, resulting in pressure on our operating margins. Costs impacted by inflation include labor and overhead costs, costs of certain raw materials, freight and logistics costs, tolling services, and equipment costs. We have partially mitigated inflation headwinds through pricing actions, cost saving initiatives, and alternate sourcing options. Costs overall are anticipated to remain a headwind throughout 2023; however, we are seeing deceleration of input cost inflation. We believe input costs could become a tailwind in the second half of 2023.
COVID-19 Pandemic
As an agricultural sciences company, we are considered an "essential" industry in the countries in which we operate; we have avoided significant plant closures and all our manufacturing facilities and distribution warehouses remain operational and properly staffed. Our research laboratories and greenhouses also have continued to operate throughout the pandemic. Although we have averted any material disruptions throughout the pandemic, we are aware of the potential for disruptions or constraints on the availability of critical materials. The extent to which COVID will continue to impact us will depend on future developments, many of which remain uncertain and cannot be predicted with confidence, including the duration of the pandemic, further actions to be taken to contain the pandemic or mitigate its impact, and the extent of the direct and indirect economic effects of the pandemic and containment measures, among others. We will continue to monitor the economic environment related to the pandemic on an ongoing basis and assess the impacts on our business.
2022 Highlights
The following are the more significant developments in our businesses during the year ended December 31, 2022:
•Revenue of $5,802.3 million in 2022 increased $757.1 million or approximately 15 percent versus last year. A more detailed review of revenues is included under the section entitled "Results of Operations". On a regional basis, sales in North America increased 29 percent, driven by strong volume growth and price increases, sales in Latin America increased by 28 percent driven by strong volume growth and price increases, sales in Europe, Middle East and Africa remained flat with strong volume growth and price increases entirely offset by unfavorable currency headwinds, and sales in Asia decreased 1 percent, with growth from launches and pricing actions more than offset by unfavorable currency headwinds and a decrease in volume due to weather challenges. Approximately $600 million in revenues came from products launched in the last five years, of which $100 million in sales came from products launched in 2022. Additionally, diamides grew in the mid-to-high single digit range for the year.
•Our gross margin of $2,326.8 million increased $165.5 million or approximately 8 percent versus last year. The increase in gross margin was primarily driven by top line revenue growth which was partially offset by higher costs due to rising input costs from inflationary pressures, as well as foreign currency headwinds. Gross margin as a percent of revenue of 40 percent decreased from 43 percent in the prior year period, due to higher input costs and unfavorable currency headwinds.
•Selling, general and administrative expenses increased from $714.1 million to $775.2 million, or approximately 9 percent. Spending increased globally as a result of our revenue growth, inflation from labor costs and third party spend, and market access expansion.
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•Research and development expenses of $314.2 million increased $9.5 million or 3 percent. The increase in research and development expenditures is related to continued investment in our new active ingredient pipeline as well as inflation and labor cost increases.
•Net income (loss) attributable to FMC stockholders of $736.5 million decreased $3.1 million from $739.6 million in the prior year period. The higher revenue and gross profit discussed above were partially offset by higher selling, general and administrative expenses and the provision for income taxes. The provision for income taxes was higher by $52.7 million, primarily due to the geographic mix of earnings among our global subsidiaries as well as changes in various tax reserves. Additionally, interest expense, net increased $20.7 million compared to the prior year due to higher outstanding debt balances and the rising interest rates. Adjusted after-tax earnings from continuing operations attributable to FMC stockholders of $938.4 million increased $51.7 million or approximately 6 percent. See the disclosure of our adjusted earnings Non-GAAP financial measurement under the section titled "Results of Operations".
Other 2022 Highlights
On June 29, 2022, we announced a definitive agreement to acquire BioPhero ApS ("BioPhero"), a Denmark-based pheromone research and production company. The acquisition adds state-of-the-art biologically produced pheromone insect control technology to our product portfolio and R&D pipeline, underscoring our role as a leader in delivering innovative and sustainable crop protection solutions. We expect pheromones and pheromone-based products to contribute approximately $1 billion in revenue at above company-average EBITDA margin by 2030. The purchase price of approximately $193 million was primarily paid at closing on July 19, 2022. See Note 5 for additional information.
During the third quarter of 2022, we made certain accounting policy changes for inventory costing and net periodic pension plan cost. The effects of these changes in accounting principle have been retrospectively applied to all periods presented and as such certain prior period amounts have been adjusted. Impacts to our Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) were not material. See Note 1 for further information.
2023 Outlook
We expect 2023 revenue will be in the range of approximately $6.08 billion to $6.22 billion, up approximately 6 percent at the midpoint versus 2022. New launches and market access initiatives are expected to help drive volume growth with mid-single digit pricing expected for the full year. Foreign currency is expected to be a moderate headwind to topline results. We expect adjusted EBITDA(1) of $1.48 billion to $1.56 billion, up 8 percent at the midpoint versus 2022 results. Price is anticipated to be the primary driver of EBITDA growth in the year with cost headwinds expected to be significantly lower than those experienced last year. Increases in the input cost portion of cost headwinds are anticipated to decelerate as the year progresses and become a year-over-year tailwind in the second half. 2023 adjusted earnings are expected to be in the range of $7.20 to $8.00 per diluted share(1), up approximately 3 percent at the midpoint versus 2022, negatively impacted by higher interest and tax rates. The estimate for adjusted earnings excludes any impact from potential share repurchases in 2023. For cash flow outlook, refer to the liquidity and capital resources section below.
(1)Although we provide forecasts for adjusted earnings per share and adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP financial measures), we are not able to forecast the most directly comparable measures calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Certain elements of the composition of the U.S. GAAP amounts are not predictable, making it impractical for us to forecast. Such elements include, but are not limited to, restructuring, acquisition charges, and discontinued operations. As a result, no U.S. GAAP outlook is provided.
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Results of Operations — 2022, 2021 and 2020
Overview
The following charts provide a reconciliation of adjusted EBITDA, adjusted earnings and organic revenue growth, all of which are Non-GAAP financial measures, from the most directly comparable GAAP measure. Adjusted EBITDA and organic revenue are provided to assist the readers of our financial statements with useful information regarding our operating results. Our operating results are presented based on how we assess operating performance and internally report financial information. For management purposes, we report operating performance based on earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization, discontinued operations, and corporate special charges. Our adjusted earnings measure excludes corporate special charges, net of income taxes, discontinued operations attributable to FMC stockholders, net of income taxes, and certain Non-GAAP tax adjustments. These are excluded by us in the measure we use to evaluate business performance and determine certain performance-based compensation. These items are discussed in detail within the "Other Results of Operations" section that follows. Organic revenue growth excludes the impacts of foreign currency changes, which we believe is a meaningful metric to evaluate our revenue changes. In addition to providing useful information about our operating results to investors, we also believe that excluding the effect of corporate special charges, net of income taxes, and certain Non-GAAP tax adjustments from operating results and discontinued operations allows management and investors to compare more easily the financial performance of our underlying business from period to period. These measures should not be considered as substitutes for net income (loss) or other measures of performance or liquidity reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
(in Millions) Year Ended December 31,
Costs and Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses 775.2 714.1 729.7
Restructuring and other charges (income) 93.1 108.0 132.2
Non-operating pension and postretirement charges (income) 8.6 5.6 14.7
Interest income — — (0.1)
Income from continuing operations before income taxes $ 983.9 $ 897.8 $ 731.0
Income (loss) from continuing operations $ 838.7 $ 805.3 $ 579.8
Discontinued operations, net of income taxes (97.2) (68.2) (28.3)
Adjustments to arrive at Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP):
Corporate special charges (income):
Restructuring and other charges (income) (3) $ 93.1 $ 108.0 $ 132.2
Non-operating pension and postretirement charges (income) (4) 8.6 5.6 14.7
Transaction-related charges (5) — 0.4 53.3
Discontinued operations, net of income taxes 97.2 68.2 28.3
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(1)Referred to as operating profit.
(2)Adjusted EBITDA is defined as operating profit excluding corporate special charges (income) and depreciation and amortization expense.
(3)See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for details of restructuring and other charges (income).
(4)Our non-operating pension and postretirement charges (income) are defined as those costs (benefits) related to interest, expected return on plan assets, amortized actuarial gains and losses and the impacts of any plan curtailments or settlements. These are excluded from our operating results and are primarily related to changes in pension plan assets and liabilities which are tied to financial market performance and we consider these costs to be outside our operational performance. We continue to include the service cost and amortization of prior service cost in our operating results noted above. These elements reflect the current year operating costs to our business for the employment benefits provided to active employees.
(5)Charges relate to transaction costs, costs for transitional employees, other acquired employee related costs, integration related legal and professional third-party fees. We completed the integration of the DuPont Crop Protection Business in 2020, other than the completion of certain in-flight initiatives associated with the finalization of our worldwide ERP system in early 2021. Any related restructuring charges associated with the DuPont program are complete as of December 31, 2022 and any future charges are not expected to be material.
Year Ended December 31,
DuPont Crop Protection Business Acquisition (1)
Legal and professional fees (2) $ — $ 0.4 $ 53.3
Total transaction-related charges $ — $ 0.4 $ 53.3
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(1)As previously disclosed, in November 2017, we acquired certain assets relating to the crop protection business of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, and the related research and development organization (the "DuPont Crop Protection Business").
(2)Represents transaction costs, costs for transitional employees, other acquired employees related costs, and transactional-related costs such as legal and professional third-party fees. These charges are recorded as a component of "Selling, general and administrative expense" on the consolidated statements of income (loss).
ADJUSTED EARNINGS RECONCILIATION
(in Millions) Year Ended December 31,
Corporate special charges (income), net of income taxes $ 103.2 $ 93.7 $ 177.8
Non-GAAP tax adjustments (3) (5.3) (14.8) 46.3
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(1)Represents restructuring and other charges (income), non-operating pension and postretirement charges (income) and transaction-related charges.
(2)The income tax expense (benefit) on Corporate special charges (income) is determined using the applicable rates in the taxing jurisdictions in which the Corporate special charge or income occurred and includes both current and deferred income tax expense (benefit) based on the nature of the non-GAAP performance measure.
(3)We exclude the GAAP tax provision, including discrete items, from the Non-GAAP measure of income, and instead include a Non-GAAP tax provision based upon the annual Non-GAAP effective tax rate. The GAAP tax provision includes certain discrete tax items including, but not limited to: income tax expenses or benefits that are not related to current year ongoing business operations; tax adjustments associated with fluctuations in foreign currency remeasurement of certain foreign operations; certain changes in estimates of tax matters related to prior fiscal years; certain changes in the realizability of deferred tax assets; and changes in tax law. Management believes excluding these discrete tax items assists investors and securities analysts in understanding the tax provision and the effective tax rate related to ongoing operations thereby providing investors with useful supplemental information about FMC's operational performance.
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ORGANIC REVENUE GROWTH RECONCILIATION
Total Revenue Change (GAAP) 15 %
Less: Foreign Currency Impact 3 %
Organic Revenue Change (Non-GAAP) 18 %
Results of Operations
In the discussion below, all comparisons are between the periods unless otherwise noted.
Revenue
2022 vs. 2021
Revenue of $5,802.3 million increased $757.1 million, or approximately 15 percent versus the prior year period. The increase was driven by higher volumes, which accounted for an approximate 11 percent increase, as well as favorable pricing which accounted for an approximate 7 percent increase. Volume growth was primarily driven by Latin America and North America. Foreign currency tailwinds had an unfavorable impact of approximately 3 percent on revenue. Excluding foreign currency impacts, revenue increased approximately 18 percent.
2021 vs. 2020
Revenue of $5,045.2 million increased $403.1 million, or approximately 9 percent versus the prior year period. The increase was driven by higher volumes, which accounted for an approximate 7 percent increase, as well as favorable pricing which accounted for an approximate 1 percent increase. Growth in volumes was broad-based across synthetic and biological portfolios, with North America, Latin America and Asia delivering strong results. Foreign currency tailwinds had a favorable impact of approximately 1 percent on revenue. Excluding foreign currency impacts, revenue increased approximately 8 percent.
See below for a discussion of revenue by region.
Total Revenue by Region
Year Ended December 31,
2022 vs. 2021
North America: Revenue increased approximately 29 percent in the year ended December 31, 2022, driven by strong volumes and pricing actions. In the US, growth was driven by sales of herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides. In Canada our results were driven by low channel inventory of insecticides, strength in selective herbicides, and the successful launch of Coragen® MaX insecticide.
Latin America: Revenue increased approximately 28 percent, or approximately 25 percent excluding foreign currency tailwinds, for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period, driven by strong volumes and price increases. Growth in the region was primarily driven by Brazil and Argentina. Double digit gains across all segments were driven by commodity price and acreage increases. Our investments in market access also contributed to growth in the region.
EMEA: Revenue remained flat versus the prior year period; however, revenue increased approximately 12 percent excluding foreign currency headwinds. The lack of growth from prior year was largely impacted by foreign currency headwinds as well as weather in Southern Europe and the absence of Russian sales. Results were driven by strong pricing actions as well as volume growth, led by Northern Europe, Germany, and Turkey, demand for selective herbicides on cereals and other crops, and demand for our diamides on fruits and vegetables.
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Asia: Revenue decreased approximately 1 percent versus the prior year period, however revenue increased approximately 5 percent excluding foreign currency headwinds. The change in revenue from prior year was primarily impacted by foreign currency headwinds, a reduction in rice acres in India, and weather conditions, particularly in India and Pakistan. These impacts were partially offset by price actions and strong performance in Australia.
For 2023, full-year revenue is expected to be in the range of approximately $6.08 billion to $6.22 billion, which represents an increase of approximately 6 percent at the midpoint versus 2022.
2021 vs. 2020
North America: Revenue increased approximately 8 percent in the year ended December 31, 2021, driven by sales growth for herbicides and diamides, and strong product launches of XywayTM fungicide and VantacorTM insect control. The increase was partially offset by a shift of diamide partner sales from North America to other regions.
Latin America: Revenue increased approximately 12 percent, or approximately 14 percent excluding foreign currency headwinds, for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period due to strong volume growth across all countries and pricing actions. Growth was broad-based across segments with insecticides, fungicides and biologicals increasing double digits.
EMEA: Revenue decreased approximately 1 percent versus the prior year period, or approximately 4 percent excluding foreign currency tailwinds, driven by a shift of diamide partner sales from EMEA to other regions. Volume and price contributed to the region’s revenue driven by diamides, herbicides, biologicals and fungicides.
Asia: Revenue increased approximately 13 percent versus the prior year period, or approximately 10 percent excluding foreign currency tailwinds, primarily driven by growth in Australia, India, ASEAN zone and Korea. We had strong sales for our new Overwatch® herbicide and VantacorTM insect control. Sales of our diamides were robust across the region despite erratic rainfall in several countries.
Gross margin
2022 vs. 2021
Gross margin of $2,326.8 million increased by $165.5 million, or approximately 8 percent versus the prior year period. The increase was primarily due to top line revenue growth which was partially offset by higher costs due to rising input costs from inflationary pressures and foreign currency headwinds.
Gross margin percent of approximately 40 percent decreased from 43 percent in the prior year period, driven by significant cost headwinds, primarily due to input cost inflation, and foreign currency headwinds.
2021 vs. 2020
Gross margin of $2,161.3 million increased by $114.6 million, or approximately 6 percent versus the prior year period. The increase was primarily due to higher revenues driven by increased volumes, partially offset by higher cost of goods sold.
Gross margin percent of approximately 43 percent slightly decreased from approximately 44 percent in the prior year period, driven by higher costs primarily increases in raw materials, packaging, and logistics.
Selling, general and administrative expenses
2022 vs. 2021
Selling, general and administrative expenses of $775.2 million increased by $61.1 million, or approximately 9 percent versus the prior year period. Spending increased globally to support our revenue growth. Additionally, spending was driven by inflation from labor costs and third party spend, as well as market access expansion.
2021 vs. 2020
Selling, general and administrative expenses of $714.1 million decreased by $15.6 million, or approximately 2 percent versus the prior year period due to lower transaction-related charges resulting from the finalization of our worldwide ERP system in the first quarter 2021. Selling, general and administrative expenses, excluding transaction-related charges, increased $37.3 million, or approximately 6 percent, versus the prior year driven by resuming normal spending following cost-saving measures taken in the prior year due to the pandemic.
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Research and development expenses
2022 vs. 2021
Research and development expenses of $314.2 million increased by $9.5 million, or approximately 3 percent versus the prior year period. The increase in research and development expenditures is related to continued investment in our new active ingredient pipeline as well as inflation and labor cost increases.
2021 vs. 2020
Research and development expenses of $304.7 million increased by $16.8 million, or approximately 6 percent versus the prior year period. During 2020, we phased some research and development projects differently to allow for lower costs in response to the pandemic without fundamentally impacting long-term timelines. In 2021, we resumed research and development expenses related to these projects.
Other Results of Operations
Depreciation and amortization
2022 vs. 2021
Depreciation and amortization of $169.4 million decreased $1.5 million, or approximately 1 percent, as compared to 2021 of $170.9 million.
2021 vs. 2020
Depreciation and amortization of $170.9 million increased $8.2 million, or approximately 5 percent, as compared to 2020 of $162.7 million. The increase was mostly driven by the impacts of the amortization effects of the completion of various phases of our ERP implementation which increased amortization expense by approximately $5 million.
Interest expense, net
2022 vs. 2021
Interest expense, net of $151.8 million increased by $20.7 million, or approximately 16 percent, compared to $131.1 million in 2021. The increase was driven by higher interest rates and higher debt balances which increased interest expense by approximately $28 million for domestic debt and $7 million for foreign debt, partially offset by the benefits of the refinancing activity completed in the fourth quarter of 2021 which decreased interest expense by approximately $12 million.
2021 vs. 2020
Interest expense, net of $131.1 million decreased by $20.1 million, or approximately 13 percent, compared to $151.2 million in 2020. The decrease was driven by lower foreign debt balances and rates which decreased interest expense by approximately $9 million and, lower short term interest rates which decreased interest expense by approximately $10 million.
Corporate special charges (income)
Restructuring and other charges (income)
Our restructuring and other charges (income) are comprised of restructuring, assets disposals and other charges (income) as described below:
Year Ended December 31,
Total restructuring and other charges (income) (1) $ 93.1 $ 108.0 $ 132.2
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(1) See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K for more information.
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2022
Restructuring and other charges (income) is primarily comprised of a gain of $50.5 million recognized on the disposition of land related to a closed manufacturing facility. Restructuring and other charges (income) is also comprised of charges of $5.9 million of severance and employee separation costs, $11.2 million related to fixed asset charges, and $7.3 million of other restructuring related charges incurred as part of various restructuring initiatives disclosed in previous periods.
Other charges (income) is primarily comprised of $76.8 million in exit charges related to our decision to cease operations and business in Russia. Additional charges of $42.4 million relate primarily to environmental charges, which were impacted by higher inflation rates.
2021
Restructuring charges in 2021 primarily consisted of $16.7 million of charges associated with the integration of the DuPont Crop Protection Business which was completed in 2020 except for certain in-flight initiatives. These charges primarily reflect non-cash charges and to a lesser extent remaining severance. Restructuring charges associated with the DuPont program were largely complete. There were other restructuring charges of $13.4 million related to various actions to improve organizational structure as well as regional alignment activities which primarily included the move of our European headquarters. Types of costs primarily relate to facility-related shut down costs including asset impairments as well as employee-related costs.
Other charges (income), net in 2021 includes $33.5 million of charges related to the establishment of reserves for certain historical India indirect tax matters that were triggered during the period of which approximately half are non-cash charges. See Note 20 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for further information regarding this matter. Additional charges of $27.1 million consists of charges of environmental sites.
2020
Restructuring charges in 2020 primarily consisted of $40.2 million of charges associated with the integration of the DuPont Crop Protection Business which was completed in 2020 except for certain in-flight initiatives. These charges included severance, accelerated depreciation on certain fixed assets, and other costs (benefits). There were other miscellaneous restructuring charges $2.4 million.
Other charges (income), net in 2020 includes $65.6 million of charges related to our acquisition of the remaining rights for Fluindapyr active ingredient assets from Isagro. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for further information regarding this matter. Additional charges of $24.9 million consists of charges of environmental sites.
Non-operating pension and postretirement charges (income)
2022 vs. 2021
The charge for 2022 was $8.6 million compared to $5.6 million in 2021. The increase is primarily due to rising interest rates during 2022 compared to 2021 partially offset by higher expected return on plan assets.
2021 vs. 2020
The charge for 2021 was $5.6 million compared to $14.7 million in 2020. Comparing 2020 and 2021 expense, the difference is because of lower interest rates in 2021 compared to 2020, partially offset by a lower expected return on assets.
As previously disclosed, we changed our method of accounting to the fair value approach for our liability hedging asset class, which does not involve deferring the impact of excess plan asset gains or losses in the determination of these two components of net periodic benefit cost. This class of assets is comprised solely of fixed income securities and therefore, provides a natural hedge (liability hedging assets) against the changes in the recorded amount of net periodic pension cost. No change is being made to the accounting principle for the other classes of pension assets; however our U.S. qualified pension plan reached fully funded status during 2018 and since that point the portfolio has been invested 100 percent in fixed income securities and cash. As a result of this change, we do not expect significant volatility in this line item going forward.
Transaction-related charges
A detailed description of the transaction related charges is included in Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K. Transaction related charges, which consisted entirely of those for the DuPont Crop acquisition, ended in early 2021.
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Provision for income taxes
Provision for income taxes for 2022 was expense of $145.2 million resulting in an effective tax rate of 14.8 percent. Provision for income taxes for 2021 was expense of $92.5 million resulting in an effective tax rate of 10.3 percent. Provision for income taxes for 2020 was expense of $151.2 million resulting in an effective tax rate of 20.7 percent. Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K includes more details on the drivers of the GAAP effective rate and year-over-year changes. We believe showing the reconciliation below of our GAAP to Non-GAAP effective tax rate provides investors with useful supplemental information about our tax rate on the core underlying business.
Year Ended December 31,
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(1)Primarily our decision to cease operations and business in Russia in 2022. As a result, we recorded a pre-tax charge of $76.8 million with minimal tax benefit.
(2)Tax adjustments in 2021 and 2020 are materially attributable to the effects of certain changes in various tax reserves. See Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K.
The primary drivers for the fluctuations in the effective tax rate for each period are provided in the table above. Excluding the items in the table above, the changes in the non-GAAP effective tax rate were primarily due to the impact of geographic mix of earnings among our global subsidiaries. See Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for additional details related to the provisions for income taxes on continuing operations, as well as items that significantly impact our effective tax rate.
Discontinued operations, net of income taxes
Our discontinued operations primarily reflect adjustments to retained liabilities from previously discontinued operations and include environmental liabilities, other postretirement benefit liabilities, self-insurance, long-term obligations related to legal proceedings and historical restructuring activities. See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for additional details on our discontinued operations.
2022 vs. 2021
Discontinued operations, net of income taxes represented a loss of $97.2 million in 2022 compared to a loss of $68.2 million in 2021. The loss during both periods was primarily due to adjustments related to the retained liabilities from our previously discontinued operations. Higher inflation rates negatively impacted adjustments to our environmental and other retained liabilities in 2022. Offsetting the losses in 2021 was the gain on sales of land in our discontinued sites of $15 million, net of taxes.
2021 vs. 2020
Discontinued operations, net of income taxes represented a loss of $68.2 million in 2021 compared to a loss of $28.3 million in 2020. The loss during both periods was primarily due to adjustments related to the retained liabilities from our previously discontinued operations. Offsetting the losses in 2021 and 2020 were the gain on sales of land in our discontinued sites of $15 million and $24 million, net of taxes, respectively.
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Net income (loss)
2022 vs. 2021
Net income increased to $741.5 million from $737.1 million. The higher results were driven by higher revenues and margins. However, these increases were mainly offset by higher selling, general and administrative costs, interest expense, income taxes, and discontinued operations expenses.
The only difference between Net income (loss) and Net income (loss) attributable to FMC stockholders is noncontrolling interest. The 2022 noncontrolling interest includes the portion of the $50.5 million gain on the land disposition (see Corporate special charges (income) section above) attributable to the other partner.
2021 vs. 2020
Net income increased to $737.1 million from $551.5 million. The higher results were driven by higher revenues and margins as well as lower selling, general and administrative costs primarily resulting from lower transaction-related charges. Additionally, we had lower restructuring and other charges of $24.2 million, interest expense, net of $20.1 million, and tax expense of $58.7 million. These reductions were offset by higher discontinued operations charges of $39.9 million resulting from higher adjustments to retained liabilities and lower gains from real estate sales.
The only difference between Net income (loss) and Net income (loss) attributable to FMC stockholders is noncontrolling interest, which period over period is immaterial.
Adjusted EBITDA (Non-GAAP)
2022 vs. 2021
Adjusted EBITDA of $1,406.8 million increased $93.0 million, or approximately 7 percent versus the prior year period. The increase was due to higher pricing and higher volume which accounted for approximately 28 percent and 20 percent increases respectively. These factors more than offset significant cost increases, primarily attributable to raw materials, which had an unfavorable impact of approximately 35 percent and foreign currency fluctuations which had an unfavorable impact of approximately 6 percent on adjusted EBITDA.
2021 vs. 2020
Adjusted EBITDA of $1,313.8 million increased $68.7 million, or approximately 6 percent versus the prior year period. The increase was due to higher volumes and higher pricing which accounted for approximately 20 percent and 3 percent increases respectively. These factors more than offset cost increases in raw materials, packaging, and logistics costs, and to a lesser extent the reversal of some temporary cost savings in the prior year, which had an unfavorable impact of approximately 15 percent and foreign currency fluctuations which had an unfavorable impact of approximately 2 percent on adjusted EBITDA.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
As a global agricultural sciences company, we require cash primarily for seasonal working capital needs, capital expenditures, and return of capital to shareholders. We plan to meet these liquidity needs through available cash, cash generated from operations, commercial paper issuances and borrowings under our committed revolving credit facility as well as other liquidity facilities, and in certain instances access to debt capital markets. We believe our strong financial standing and credit ratings will ensure adequate access to the debt capital markets on favorable conditions. Information involving our material cash requirements is detailed below.
Cash
Cash and cash equivalents at December 31, 2022 and 2021, were $572.0 million and $516.8 million, respectively. Of the cash and cash equivalents balance at December 31, 2022, $551.1 million was held by our foreign subsidiaries. We have established plans to repatriate cash from certain foreign subsidiaries with minimal tax on a go forward basis. Other cash held by foreign subsidiaries is generally used to finance subsidiaries’ operating activities and future foreign investments. See Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for more information on our indefinite reinvestment assertion.
Outstanding debt
At December 31, 2022, we had total debt of $3,274.0 million as compared to $3,172.5 million at December 31, 2021. Total debt included $2,733.2 million and $2,731.7 million of long-term debt (excluding current portions of $88.5 million and $84.5 million) at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. On June 17, 2022, we amended our Revolving Credit Facility and on June 27, 2022 we amended our 2021 Term Loan Agreement. The Revolving Credit Facility Amendment primarily increased the borrowing capacity from $1.5 billion to $2 billion and extended the maturity date by an additional year to 2027. As of December 31, 2022, we were in compliance with all of our debt covenants. See Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for further details. We remain committed to solid investment grade credit metrics, and full-year average leverage was in line with this commitment in 2022.
Our short-term debt consists of foreign borrowings and borrowings under our commercial paper program. Foreign borrowings decreased from $112.2 million at December 31, 2021 to $81.8 million at December 31, 2022 while outstanding commercial paper increased from $244.1 million at December 31, 2021 to $370.5 million at December 31, 2022. We provide parent-company guarantees to lending institutions providing credit to our foreign subsidiaries.
Our total debt maturities, excluding discounts, is $3,290.8 million at December 31, 2022, with $540.8 million payable in the next 12 months. As of December 31, 2022, we had contractual interest obligations of $950.1 million outstanding, with $118.8 million payable in the next 12 months. Contractual interest is the interest we are contracted to pay on our long-term debt obligations. We had $800.0 million of long-term debt subject to variable interest rates at December 31, 2022. The rate assumed for the variable interest component of the contractual interest obligation was the rate in effect at December 31, 2022. Variable rates are determined by the market and will fluctuate over time.
Access to credit and future liquidity and funding needs
At December 31, 2022, our remaining borrowing capacity under our credit facility was $1,469.5 million. See Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for discussion of the amendments to the Revolving Credit Facility and Term Loan Agreements undertaken in the current year. Our commercial paper program allows us to borrow at rates generally more favorable than those available under our credit facility. At December 31, 2022, we had $370.5 million borrowings outstanding under the commercial paper program at an average borrowing rate of 4.9 percent. Our commercial paper balances fluctuate from year to year depending on working capital needs. Based on cash generated from operations, our existing liquidity facilities, which includes the revolving credit agreement with the option to increase capacity up to $2.75 billion, and our continued access to debt capital markets, we have adequate liquidity to meet any of the company's debt obligations in the near term.
Working Capital Initiatives
The Company works with suppliers to optimize payment terms and conditions on accounts payable to improve working capital and cash flows. The Company offers to a select group of suppliers a voluntary Supply Chain Finance (“SCF”) program with a global financial institution. The suppliers, at their sole discretion, may sell their receivables to the financial institution based on terms negotiated between them. Our obligations to our suppliers are not impacted by our suppliers’ decisions to sell under these arrangements. Agreements under these supplier financing programs are recorded within Accounts payable in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and the associated payments are included in operating activities within our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. We do not believe that changes in the availability of the supply chain finance program would have a significant impact on our liquidity.
From time to time, the Company may sell receivables on a non-recourse basis to third-party financial institutions. These sales are normally driven by specific market conditions, including, but not limited to, foreign exchange environments, customer
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credit management, as well as other factors where the receivables may lay. See Note 10 for more information on receivables factoring.
Commitments
We provide guarantees to financial institutions on behalf of certain customers, principally customers in Brazil, and to a lesser extent Asia, for their seasonal borrowing. The total of these guarantees was $156.7 million at December 31, 2022. These guarantees arise during the ordinary course of business from relationships with customers and nonconsolidated affiliates. Non-performance by the guaranteed party triggers the obligation requiring us to make payments to the beneficiary of the guarantee. Based on our experience these types of guarantees have not had a material effect on our consolidated financial position or on our liquidity. Our expectation is that future payment or performance related to the non-performance of others is considered unlikely.
In connection with certain of our property and asset sales and divestitures, we have agreed to indemnify the buyer for certain liabilities, including environmental contamination and taxes that occurred prior to the date of sale. Our indemnification obligations with respect to these liabilities may be indefinite as to duration and may or may not be subject to a deductible, minimum claim amount or cap. In cases where it is not possible for us to predict the likelihood that a claim will be made or to make a reasonable estimate of the maximum potential loss or range of loss, no specific liability has been recorded. If triggered, we may be able to recover certain of the indemnity payments from third parties. In cases where it is possible, we have recorded a specific liability within our Reserve for Discontinued Operations. Refer to Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for further details.
Taxes, Pension, Environmental, and Other Discontinued Liabilities
As of December 31, 2022, the liability for uncertain tax positions was $52.4 million. We also have a liability attributable to the transition tax on deemed repatriated foreign earnings incurred as a result of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the "Act") of $92.1 million. Our consolidated balance sheets contain accrued pension and other postretirement benefits, our environmental liabilities, and our other discontinued liabilities for which we are unable to make a reasonably reliable estimate of the amount and periods in which these liabilities might be paid beyond 2023. See our discussion under 2023 Cash Flow Outlook in the Free Cash Flow section within this Form 10-K for information on these liabilities and the related expected payments in 2023.
Derivatives
At times we can be in a derivative liability position that can require future cash obligations. As of December 31, 2022, we had derivative contract obligations of $4.6 million, with the full amount payable in the next 12 months.
Leases
We have lease arrangements for equipment and facilities, including office spaces, IT equipment, transportation equipment, and machinery equipment. As of December 31, 2022, we had fixed lease payment obligations of $180.9 million, with $27.3 million payable within 12 months.
Purchase obligations
Purchase obligations consist of agreements to purchase goods and services that are enforceable and legally binding and specify all significant terms, including fixed or minimum quantities to be purchased, price provisions and timing of the transaction. We have entered into a number of purchase obligations for the sourcing of materials and energy where take-or-pay arrangements apply. As of December our purchase obligations were $459.4 million, with $200.2 million payable in the first 12 months. The majority of the minimum obligations under these contracts are take-or-pay commitments over the life of the contract and not a year by year take-or-pay, and as such, the obligations related to these types of contacts are presented in the earliest period in which the minimum obligation could be payable under these types of contracts.
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Statement of Cash Flows
Cash provided (required) by operating activities was $660.0 million, $898.6 million and $736.8 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The table below presents the components of net cash provided (required) by operating activities of continuing operations.
(in Millions) Year ended December 31,
Change in guarantees of vendor financing (64.2) 65.6 64.8
Change in advance payments from customers (2) 52.1 283.6 (145.5)
Change in all other operating assets and liabilities (6) (10.3) (77.6) (68.2)
Restructuring and other spending (7) (35.2) (34.7) (17.9)
Environmental spending, continuing, net of recoveries (8) (26.9) (63.6) (1.9)
Pension and other postretirement benefit contributions (9) (4.5) (5.3) (4.6)
Transaction and integration costs (12) (0.5) (9.5) (63.9)
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(1)The change in trade receivables in all periods include the impacts of seasonality and the receivable build intrinsic in our business. The change in cash flows related to trade receivables in 2022 was driven by timing of collections, higher sales year over year, and the inflationary impact of price increases to offset cost headwinds. Collection timing is more pronounced in certain countries such as Brazil where there may be terms significantly longer than the rest of our business. Additionally, timing of collection is impacted as amounts for all periods include carry-over balances remaining to be collected in Latin America, where collection periods are measured in months rather than weeks. During 2022, we collected approximately $1,670 million of receivables in Brazil.
(2)Advance payments are typically received in the fourth quarter of each year, primarily in our North America operations as revenue associated with advance payments is recognized, generally in the first half of each year following the seasonality of that business, as shipments are made and title, ownership and risk of loss pass to the customer. The change in 2022 and 2021 was related to higher overall payments received primarily due to strong North America seasons in both years. The change in 2021 was related to substantially higher payments received compared to 2020.
(3)These rebates are primarily associated within North America, and to a lesser extent Brazil, and in North America generally settle in the fourth quarter of each year given the end of the respective crop cycle. The changes in 2022 compared to 2021 are mostly associated with higher North Americarevenue, primarily driven by volume and price increases, as well as with the mix in sales eligible for rebates and incentives and timing of certain rebate payments.
(4)The change in cash flows during 2022 reflect the inventory build required to meet business demand. The change in cash flows during 2021 include an inventory build to help manage supply chain volatility as well as higher input costs. Changes in inventory in 2020 are a result of significant market impacts related to supply chain constraints, reduced demand, and products held by foreign customs.
(5)The change in cash flows related to accounts payable in 2022, 2021 and 2020 is primarily due to timing of payments made to suppliers and vendors. In 2022, the change in cash flows related to accounts payable was also driven by cost inflation.
(6)Changes in all periods presented primarily represent timing of payments associated with all other operating assets and liabilities. Additionally, the 2022, 2021 and 2020 period includes the effects of the unfavorable contracts amortization of approximately $82 million, $103 million and $120 million, respectively.
(7)See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for further details.
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(8)Included in our results for each of the years presented are environmental charges for environmental remediation of $34.7 million, $27.1 million and $24.9 million, respectively. The amounts in 2022 will be spent in future years. The amounts represent environmental remediation spending which were recorded against pre-existing reserves, net of recoveries. Environmental obligations for continuing operations primarily represent obligations at shut down or abandoned facilities within businesses that do not meet the criteria for presentation as discontinued operations. Amounts in 2021 include payments of $32.2 million related to the Pocatello Tribal Litigation. Additionally, during the first quarter of 2020, we entered into a confidential insurance settlement pertaining to coverage at a legacy environmental site, which settlement resulted in a cash payment to FMC in the amount of $20.0 million. Refer to Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for more details.
(9)There were no voluntary contributions to our U.S. qualified defined benefit plan in 2022, 2021 and 2020.
(10)Interest payments were higher during 2022 largely due to higher short term interest rates and higher debt balances.
(11)Amounts shown in the chart represent net tax payments of our continuing operations. Tax payments in 2021 include the remittance of deferred income tax payments in various jurisdictions from 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.
(12)Represents payments for legal and professional fees associated with the DuPont Crop Protection Business Acquisition in addition to costs related to integrating the DuPont Crop Protection Business. We completed the integration of the DuPont Crop Protection Business in 2020, other than the completion of certain in-flight initiatives associated with the finalization of our worldwide ERP system in early 2021. Any related restructuring charges associated with the DuPont program are complete as of December 31, 2022 and any future charges are not expected to be material. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for more information.
Cash provided (required) by operating activities of discontinued operations was $(77.6) million, $(78.5) million and $(89.0) million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Cash required by operating activities of discontinued operations in 2022 is directly related to environmental spending of $47.0 million as well as $30.6 million for other postretirement benefit liabilities, self-insurance, long-term obligations related to legal proceedings, collectively. 2021 and 2020 spending were of a similar nature.
Cash provided (required) by investing activities of continuing operations was $(266.4) million, $(131.7) million and $(200.4) million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Cash required for 2022 is primarily related to capital expenditures needed for increased capacity, as well the consideration paid for the BioPhero acquisition. Capital expenditures in 2022 increased due to spending directed towards capacity expansion. This usage of cash was offset by the proceeds received on the disposition of land on a previously shutdown manufacturing facility.
Cash required in 2021 is primarily due to capital expenditures and spending related to our contract manufacturing arrangements. We completed the final stage of our SAP system implementation during the early part of 2021, therefore there was a reduction in those payments from the prior year.
Cash required in 2020 primarily due to capital expenditures and spending related to our contract manufacturing arrangements, as well as continued spending associated with the final stages of our new SAP system implementation. 2020 also includes payments of $65.6 million to acquire the remaining rights for Fluindapyr from Isagro S.p.A ("Isagro") in an asset acquisition.
Cash provided (required) by investing activities of discontinued operations was zero , $19.7 million and $31.1 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Cash provided by investing activities of discontinued operations in 2021 represents the proceeds from the sale of land of our discontinued sites. This resulted in a gain recognized within discontinued operations of approximately $15.4 million net of taxes.
Cash provided by investing activities of discontinued operations in 2020 represents the proceeds of approximately $31 million from the sale of our two parcels of land of our discontinued site in Newark, California. These sales resulted in a gain recognized within discontinued operations of approximately $24 million, net of taxes.
Cash provided (required) by financing activities was $(237.4) million, $(747.9) million and $(250.3) million in 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
The change in cash required by financing activities in 2022 is primarily driven by lower share repurchases under our publicly announced program as well as lower repayments on long term debt.
The change in cash required by financing activities in 2021 is primarily driven due to the payment of long term debt and the increase in share repurchases under our publicly announced program.
The change in cash required by financing activities in 2020 is primarily driven by the prior year proceeds from the Senior Notes and higher dividend payments offset by a reduction in the payment of long term debt and a reduction of repurchases of common stock under our publicly announced program.
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Free Cash Flow
We define free cash flow, a Non-GAAP financial measure, as all cash inflows and outflows excluding those related to financing activities (such as debt repayments, dividends, and share repurchases) and acquisition related investing activities. Free cash flow is calculated as all cash from operating activities reduced by spending for capital additions and other investing activities as well as legacy and transformation spending. Therefore, our calculation of free cash flow will almost always result in a lower amount than cash from operating activities from continuing operations, the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure. However, the free cash flow measure is consistent with management's assessment of operating cash flow performance and we believe it provides a useful basis for investors and securities analysts about the cash generated by routine business operations, including capital expenditures, in addition to assessing our ability to repay debt, fund acquisitions including cost and equity method investments, and return capital to shareholders through share repurchases and dividends.
Our use of free cash flow has limitations as an analytical tool and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for an analysis of our results under U.S. GAAP. First, free cash flow is not a substitute for cash provided (required) by operating activities of continuing operations, as it is not a measure of cash available for discretionary expenditures since we have non-discretionary obligations, primarily debt service, that are not deducted from the measure. Second, other companies may calculate free cash flow or similarly titled Non-GAAP financial measures differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of free cash flow as a tool for comparison. Additionally, the utility of free cash flow is further limited as it does not reflect our future contractual commitments and does not represent the total increase or decrease in our cash balance for a given period. Because of these and other limitations, free cash flow should be considered along with cash provided (required) by operating activities of continuing operations and other comparable financial measures prepared and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.
The table below presents a reconciliation of free cash flow from the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure.
FREE CASH FLOW RECONCILIATION
(in Millions) Year ended December 31,
Transaction and integration costs (1) 0.5 9.5 63.9
Capital additions and other investing activities $ (118.7) $ (113.8) $ (87.6)
Proceeds from land disposition (7) 50.5 — —
Transaction and integration costs (1) (0.5) (9.5) (63.9)
Investment in Enterprise Resource Planning system (3) — (12.7) (47.2)
Legacy and transformation (6) $ (27.6) $ (81.0) $ (169.0)
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(1)Represents payments for legal and professional fees associated with the DuPont Crop Protection Business Acquisition in addition to costs related to integrating the DuPont Crop Protection Business. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for more information. Cash spending is substantially complete.
(2)Adjusted cash from operations is defined as cash provided (required) by operating activities of continuing operations excluding the effects of transaction-related cash flows, which are included within Legacy and transformation.
(3)Components of cash provided (required) by investing activities of continuing operations. Refer to the below discussion for further details.
(4)Included in the amounts is cash spending associated with contract manufacturers of $6.8 million, $18.8 million and $17.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(5)Refer to the above discussion for further details.
(6)Includes our legacy liabilities such as environmental remediation and other legal matters and our discontinued investing activities that are reported in discontinued operations. It also includes business integration costs associated with the DuPont Crop Protection
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Business Acquisition and the implementation of our new SAP system. The year ended December 31, 2022 includes proceeds from a land disposition described below.
(7)During December 2022, we finalized a land transfer agreement with the Shanghai Municipal People's Government. We received cash proceeds of $50.5 million for the land transfer. For additional detail on this transaction, see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K.
2023 Cash Flow Outlook
Our cash needs for 2023 include operating cash requirements (which are impacted by contributions to our pension plan, as well as environmental, asset retirement obligation, and restructuring spending), capital expenditures, and legacy and transformation spending, as well as mandatory payments of debt, dividend payments, and share repurchases. We plan to meet our liquidity needs through available cash, cash generated from operations, commercial paper issuances and borrowings under our committed revolving credit facility. At December 31, 2022 our remaining borrowing capacity under our credit facility was $1,469.5 million.
We expect 2023 free cash flow (Non-GAAP) to fall within a range of approximately $530 million to $720 million. At the mid-point of the range there is an increase year over year driven by higher adjusted cash from operations primarily due to growth in adjusted EBITDA and slower growth of working capital from slower sales growth and easing input cost inflation which will be partially offset by higher cash interest and taxes. We expect a modest year over year increase in capital additions as we expand capacity to meet growing demand, especially for our new products.
Although we provide a forecast for free cash flow, a Non-GAAP financial measure, we are not able to forecast the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP, which is cash provided (required) by operating activities of continuing operations. Certain elements of the composition of the U.S. GAAP amount are not predictable, making it impractical for us to forecast. Such elements include, but are not limited to, restructuring, acquisition charges, and discontinued operations. As a result, no U.S. GAAP outlook is provided.
Cash from operating activities of continuing operations
We expect higher cash from operating activities, excluding the effects of transaction-related cash flows, to be in the range of approximately $800 million to $920 million. Transaction-related cash flows are included within Legacy and transformation, which is consistent with how we evaluate our business operations from a cash flow standpoint are substantially complete. See below for further discussion. Cash from operating activities includes cash requirements related to our pension plans, environmental sites, restructuring and asset retirement obligations, taxes and interest on borrowings.
Pension
We do not expect to make any voluntary cash contributions to our U.S. qualified defined benefit pension plan in 2023. The plan is slightly overfunded and our portfolio is comprised of 100 percent fixed income securities and cash. Our investment strategy is a liability hedging approach with an objective of maintaining the funded status of the plan such that the funded status volatility is minimized and the likelihood that we will be required to make significant contributions to the plan is limited.
Environmental
Projected 2023 spending, net of recoveries includes approximately $35 million to $45 million of net environmental remediation spending for our sites accounted for within continuing operations. Environmental obligations for continuing operations primarily represent obligations at shut down or abandoned facilities within businesses that do not meet the criteria for presentation as discontinued operations.
Projected 2023 spending, net of recoveries includes approximately $40 million to $50 million of net environmental remediation spending for our discontinued sites, which is part of legacy and transformation noted below. These projections include spending as a result of a settlement reached in the second quarter of 2019 at our Middleport, New York site. The settlement will result in spending $10 million maximum per year on average, until the remediation is complete.
Total projected 2023 environmental spending, inclusive of sites accounted for within both continuing operations and discontinued sites, is expected to be in the range of $75 million to $95 million.
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Restructuring and asset retirement obligations
We expect to make payments of approximately $25 to $35 million in 2023, of which approximately $10 million is related to exit and disposal costs as a result of our previous decision in 2019 to exit sales of all carbofuran formulations (including Furadan® insecticide/nematicide, as well as Curaterr® insecticide/nematicide and any other brands used with carbofuran products).
Capital additions and other investing activities
Projected 2023 capital expenditures and expenditures related to contract manufacturers are expected to be in the range of approximately $140 million to $180 million. The spending is mainly driven by continuing to expand capacity to meet growing demand, especially for our new products. Expenditures related to contract manufacturers are included within "other investing activities".
Legacy and transformation
Projected 2023 legacy and transformation spending are expected to be in the range of approximately $60 million to $90 million. This is primarily driven by environmental remediation spending for our discontinued sites, discussed above, and other legacy liabilities. We completed the integration of the DuPont Crop Protection Business in 2020, other than the completion of certain in-flight initiatives associated with the finalization of our worldwide ERP system in early 2021. As such, transformation spending in 2023 is not expected to be material.
Share repurchases
During the year ended December 31, 2022, 875,480 shares were repurchased under the publicly announced repurchase program for approximately $100 million. At December 31, 2022, approximately $900.0 million remained unused under our Board-authorized repurchase program. In February 2022, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1 billion of the Company's common stock. The $1 billion share repurchase program replaced in its entirety the previous authorization. This repurchase program does not include a specific timetable or price targets and may be suspended or terminated at any time. Shares may be purchased through open market or privately negotiated transactions at the discretion of management based on its evaluation of market conditions and other factors. We also reacquire shares from time to time from employees in connections with vesting, exercise and forfeiture of awards under our equity compensation plans.
We intend to repurchase, at a minimum, enough FMC shares to offset any dilution from share-based compensation.
Dividends
On January 19, 2023, we paid dividends aggregating $72.7 million to our shareholders of record as of December 31, 2022. This amount is included in "Accrued and other liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. For the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, we paid $267.5 million, $247.2 million and $228.5 million in dividends, respectively. We expect to continue to make quarterly dividend payments. Future cash dividends, as always, will depend on a variety of factors, including earnings, capital requirements, financial condition, general economic conditions and other factors considered relevant by us and is subject to final determination by our Board of Directors.
Contingencies
See Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K.
Climate Change
We are concerned about the consequences of climate change and will take prudent and cost-effective actions that reduce GHG emissions to the atmosphere.
FMC is committed to continuing to do its part to address climate change and its impacts. FMC published its first sustainability report in 2011 and has been reporting its GHG emissions and mitigation strategy to CDP (formerly Carbon Disclosure Project) since 2016. FMC detailed the business risks and opportunities we have due to climate change and its impacts in our CDP climate change reports. FMC received a "A-" in the CDP Climate Change and Water Security questionnaires in 2022, demonstrating leadership in climate disclosure. As part of FMC’s continued commitment to address climate change, in August of 2021, FMC announced its goal to achieve an expected net-zero GHG emissions by 2035 FMC. FMC committed to the Science Based Target initiative ("SBTi") Net-Zero Standard, aligned with keeping the global temperature at 1.5°C above pre-industrial times. Beyond net-zero, FMC also seeks to achieve 100% implementation of sustainable water practices at all FMC sites and 100% waste to beneficial reuse by 2035.
Even as we take action to control the release of GHGs, additional warming is anticipated. Long-term, higher average global temperatures could result in induced changes in natural resources, growing seasons, precipitation patterns, weather patterns, species distributions, water availability, sea levels, and biodiversity. These impacts could cause changes in supplies of raw
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materials used to maintain FMC’s production capacity and could lead to possible increased sourcing costs. Depending on how pervasive the climate impacts are in the different geographic locations experiencing changes in natural resources, FMC’s customers could be impacted. Demand for FMC’s products could increase if our products meet our customers’ needs to adapt to climate change impacts or decrease if our products do not meet their needs. In addition, extreme weather events attributable to climate change may result in, among other things, physical damage to our property and equipment, and interruptions to our supply chain.
Though the nature of these events makes them difficult to predict, to respond to the uncertainty and better understand our risks and opportunities as they relate to climate change, we have conducted climate related scenario analyses consistent with the recommendations provided by the Taskforce for Climate-Related Financial Disclosures ("TCFD"). As part of the TCFD scenario analysis, we have evaluated both physical and transitional risks and opportunities across multiple time horizons. In accordance with the TCFD guidance, we leveraged scenarios published by the International Energy Agency ("IEA") and the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), including a scenario below 2°C. Results of this analysis are integrated in enterprise risk management and long-term business strategy, and are used to determine where strategic capital could be deployed to address risks and opportunities. Risks identified in Item 1A are aligned with the TCFD requirements.
In our product portfolio, we see transition market opportunities for our products to address climate change and its impacts. For example, FMC's agricultural solutions can help customers increase yield, energy and water efficiency, and decrease GHG emissions. Our solutions can also help growers adapt to more unpredictable growing conditions and the effects these types of threats have on crops. FMC has committed to achieve a goal of investing 100 percent of our research and development pipeline budget to developing sustainable products and solutions for future use.
We are improving existing products and developing new platforms and technologies that help mitigate impacts of climate change. These opportunities could lead to new products and services for our existing and potential customers. Beyond our products and operations, FMC recognizes that energy consumption throughout our supply chain can impact climate change and product costs. FMC has committed to an expected target of net-zero GHG emissions across our entire value, which would include reductions across our entire supply chain. Therefore, we will actively work with our entire value chain - suppliers, contractors, and customers - to seek to improve their energy efficiencies and to reduce their GHG emissions.
We continue to follow legislative and regulatory developments regarding climate change, including climate-related disclosures. The regulation of GHGs, depending on their nature and scope, could subject some of our manufacturing operations to additional costs or limits on operations. In December 2015, 195 countries at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris reached an agreement to reduce GHGs. In November 2021, the above parties reconvened at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Glasgow to reaffirm the Paris Agreement and urged countries to reach 1.5°C level reductions by the 2030s to lessen the impacts of climate change. Although it remains to be seen how and when each of these countries will implement this agreement, FMC has echoed this commitment with our expected target of net-zero by 2035 goal which allows us to do our part in reaching 1.5°C level reductions.
Some of our foreign operations are subject to national or local energy management or climate change regulation, such as our plant in Denmark that is subject to the EU Emissions Trading Scheme. At present, that plant’s emissions are below its designated cap.
In December 2019, the European Commission approved the European Green Deal, with the goal of making the EU carbon neutral by 2050. The Green Deal includes investment plans and a roadmap to fight against climate change. FMC is closely following updates and the discussion surrounding the Green Deal. The costs of complying with possible future requirements are difficult to estimate at this time.
Future GHG regulatory requirements may result in increased costs of energy, additional capital costs for emissions control or new equipment, and/or costs associated with cap and trade or carbon taxes. We are currently monitoring regulatory developments. The costs of complying with possible future climate change requirements are difficult to estimate at this time.
FMC will actively manage climate risks and incorporate them in our decision making as indicated in our responses to the CDP Climate Change Module. FMC will also use recommendations outlined in the TCFD to evaluate potential risks and opportunities and incorporate these into our overall strategy and risk management.
See Item IA. Risk Factors for additional considerations related to risks of climate change and sustainability.
Recently Adopted and Issued Accounting Pronouncements and Regulatory Items
See Note 2 "Recently Issued and Adopted Accounting Pronouncements and Regulatory Items" to our consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K.
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Fair Value Measurements
See Note 19 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K for additional discussion surrounding our fair value measurements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("U.S. GAAP"). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. We have described our accounting policies in Note 1 "Principal Accounting Policies and Related Financial Information" to our consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K. We have reviewed these accounting policies, identifying those that we believe to be critical to the preparation and understanding of our consolidated financial statements. We have reviewed these critical accounting policies with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. Critical accounting policies are central to our presentation of results of operations and financial condition in accordance with U.S. GAAP and require management to make estimates and judgments on certain matters. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience, current conditions and other reasonable factors. Our most critical accounting estimates and assumptions, which are those that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had, or are reasonably likely to have, a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations, include: Impairments and valuation of long-lived and indefinite-lived assets, Pension and other postretirement benefits, and the Allowance for credit losses on our trade receivables. Additional critical accounting policies are included within the list below:
Revenue recognition and trade receivables
We recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy our performance obligation which is when the customer obtains control of the good or service. Rebates due to customers are accrued as a reduction of revenue in the same period that the related sales are recorded based on the contract terms. Refer to Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K for more information.
We record amounts billed for shipping and handling fees as revenue. Costs incurred for shipping and handling are recorded as costs of sales and services. Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue-producing transactions are presented on a net basis and excluded from sales in the consolidated income statements. We record a liability until remitted to the respective taxing authority.
We periodically enter into prepayment arrangements with customers and receive advance payments for product to be delivered in future periods. These advance payments are recorded as deferred revenue and classified as "Advance payments from customers" on the consolidated balance sheet. Revenue associated with advance payments is recognized as shipments are made and transfer of control to the customer takes place.
Trade receivables consist of amounts owed to us from customer sales and are recorded when revenue is recognized. The allowance for trade receivables represents our best estimate of the probable losses associated with potential customer defaults. In developing our allowance for trade receivables, we use a two stage process which includes calculating a general formula to develop an allowance to appropriately address the uncertainty surrounding collection risk of our entire portfolio and specific allowances for customers where the risk of collection has been reasonably identified either due to liquidity constraints or disputes over contractual terms and conditions.
Our method of calculating the general formula consists of estimating the recoverability of trade receivables based on historical experience, current collection trends, and external business factors such as economic factors, including regional bankruptcy rates, and political factors. Our analysis of trade receivable collection risk is performed quarterly, and the allowance is adjusted accordingly.
We also hold long-term receivables that represent long-term customer receivable balances related to past-due accounts which are not expected to be collected within the current year. Our policy for the review of the allowance for these receivables is consistent with the discussion in the preceding paragraph above on trade receivables. Therefore on an ongoing basis, we continue to evaluate the credit quality of our long-term receivables utilizing aging of receivables, collection experience and write-offs, as well as existing economic conditions, to determine if an additional allowance is necessary.
We believe our allowance for credit losses is a critical accounting estimate because the underlying assumptions used for the reserve can change from time to time and potentially have a material impact on our results of operations. Based on a combination of historical trends as well as current economic factors, we apply judgment to reserve for expected credit losses in the period in which the sale is recorded. A substantial change in the operating environments in any of our key locations (driven by weather conditions, industry specific events, and macroeconomic conditions) may result in actual adjustments that differ from our original assumptions.
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Environmental obligations and related recoveries
We provide for environmental-related obligations when they are probable and amounts can be reasonably estimated. Where the available information is sufficient to estimate the amount of liability, that estimate has been used. Where the information is only sufficient to establish a range of probable liability and no point within the range is more likely than any other, the lower end of the range has been used.
Estimated obligations to remediate sites that involve oversight by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), or similar government agencies, are generally accrued no later than when a Record of Decision ("ROD"), or equivalent, is issued, or upon completion of a Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study ("RI/FS"), or equivalent, that is submitted by us to the appropriate government agency or agencies. Estimates are reviewed quarterly by our environmental remediation management, as well as by financial and legal management and, if necessary, adjusted as additional information becomes available. The estimates can change substantially as additional information becomes available regarding the nature or extent of site contamination, required remediation methods, and other actions by or against governmental agencies or private parties.
Our environmental liabilities for continuing and discontinued operations are principally for costs associated with the remediation and/or study of sites at which we are alleged to have released hazardous substances into the environment. Such costs principally include, among other items, RI/FS, site remediation, costs of operation and maintenance of the remediation plan, management costs, fees to outside law firms and consultants for work related to the environmental effort, and future monitoring costs. Estimated site liabilities are determined based upon existing remediation laws and technologies, specific site consultants’ engineering studies or by extrapolating experience with environmental issues at comparable sites.
Included in our environmental liabilities are costs for the operation, maintenance and monitoring of site remediation plans ("OM&M"). Such reserves are based on our best estimates for these OM&M plans. Over time we may incur OM&M costs in excess of these reserves. However, we are unable to reasonably estimate an amount in excess of our recorded reserves because we cannot reasonably estimate the period for which such OM&M plans will need to be in place or the future annual cost of such remediation, as conditions at these environmental sites change over time. Such additional OM&M costs could be significant in total but would be incurred over an extended period of years.
Included in the environmental reserve balance, other assets balance and disclosure of reasonably possible loss contingencies are amounts from third-party insurance policies, which we believe are probable of recovery.
Provisions for environmental costs are reflected in income, net of probable and estimable recoveries from named Potentially Responsible Parties ("PRPs") or other third parties. In the fourth quarter of 2019, we increased our reserves for the Pocatello Tribal Matter by $72.8 million, which represents both the historical and discounted present value of future annual use permit fees as well as the associated legal costs. See Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for further information. All other environmental provisions incorporate inflation and are not discounted to their present value.
In calculating and evaluating the adequacy of our environmental reserves, we have taken into account the joint and several liability imposed by Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act ("CERCLA") and the analogous state laws on all PRPs and have considered the identity and financial condition of the other PRPs at each site to the extent possible. We have also considered the identity and financial condition of other third parties from whom recovery is anticipated, as well as the status of our claims against such parties. Although we are unable to forecast the ultimate contributions of PRPs and other third parties with absolute certainty, the degree of uncertainty with respect to each party is taken into account when determining the environmental reserve by adjusting the reserve to reflect the facts and circumstances on a site-by-site basis. Our liability includes our best estimate of the costs expected to be paid before the consideration of any potential recoveries from third parties. We believe that any recorded recoveries related to PRPs are realizable in all material respects. Recoveries are recorded as either an offset in "Environmental liabilities, continuing and discontinued" or as "Other assets" in our consolidated balance sheets in accordance with U.S. accounting literature.
See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for changes in estimates associated with our environmental obligations.
Impairments and valuation of long-lived and indefinite-lived assets
Our long-lived assets primarily include property, plant and equipment, goodwill and intangible assets. The assets and liabilities of acquired businesses are measured at their estimated fair values at the dates of acquisition. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the net assets acquired, including identified intangibles, is recorded as goodwill. The determination and allocation of fair value to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed is based on various assumptions and valuation methodologies requiring considerable management judgment, including estimates based on historical information, current market data and future expectations. Although the estimates were deemed reasonable by management based on information available at the dates of acquisition, those estimates are inherently uncertain.
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We test for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the net book value of our property, plant and equipment may not be recoverable from the estimated undiscounted expected future cash flows expected to result from their use and eventual disposition. In cases where the estimated undiscounted expected future cash flows are less than net book value, an impairment loss is recognized equal to the amount by which the net book value exceeds the estimated fair value of assets, which is based on discounted cash flows at the lowest level determinable. The estimated cash flows reflect our assumptions about selling prices, volumes, costs and market conditions over a reasonable period of time.
We perform an annual impairment test of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets in the third quarter of each year, or more frequently whenever an event or change in circumstances occurs that would require reassessment of the recoverability of those assets. In performing our evaluation we assess qualitative factors such as overall financial performance of our reporting units, anticipated changes in industry and market structure, competitive environments, planned capacity and cost factors such as raw material prices.
We estimate the fair value of the reporting unit using a discounted cash flow model as part of the income approach. We assess the appropriateness of projected financial information by comparing projected revenue growth rates, profit margins and tax rates to historical performance, industry data and selected guideline companies, where applicable. Our key assumptions include future cash flow projections, tax rates, terminal growth rates and discount rates.
We employ the relief from royalty method of the income approach to value our brand portfolios (indefinite-lived intangible assets). The principle behind this method is that the value of the intangible asset is equal to the present value of the after-tax royalty savings attributable to owning the intangible asset. Primary inputs and key assumptions include revenue forecasts attributable to each portfolio, royalty rates (considering both external market data and internal arrangements), tax rates, terminal growth rates and discount rates.
Estimating the fair value requires significant judgment and actual results may differ due to changes in the overall market conditions. We believe we have applied reasonable assumptions which considers both internal and external factors.
We believe that an accounting estimate relating to asset impairment is a critical accounting estimate because of the inherent uncertainty within the underlying assumptions. An adverse change in any of these assumptions could result in an impairment charge which would potentially have a material impact on our results of operations.
Based on the annual assessment, we concluded the fair value of the reporting unit substantially exceeded the carrying value. Additionally, the fair value of each indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeded its carrying value.
See Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for charges associated with long-lived asset disposal costs and the activity associated with the restructuring reserves.
Pension and other postretirement benefits
We provide qualified and nonqualified defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans, as well as postretirement health care and life insurance benefit plans to our employees and retirees. The costs (benefits) and obligations related to these benefits reflect key assumptions related to general economic conditions, including interest (discount) rates, healthcare cost trend rates, expected rates of return on plan assets and the rates of compensation increase for employees. The costs (benefits) and obligations for these benefit programs are also affected by other assumptions, such as average retirement age, mortality, employee turnover, and plan participation. To the extent our plans’ actual experience, as influenced by changing economic and financial market conditions or by changes to our own plans’ demographics, differs from these assumptions, the costs and obligations for providing these benefits, as well as the plans’ funding requirements, could increase or decrease. When actual results differ from our assumptions, the difference is typically recognized over future periods. In addition, the unrealized gains and losses related to our pension and postretirement benefit obligations may also affect periodic benefit costs (benefits) in future periods.
We use several assumptions and statistical methods to determine the asset values used to calculate both the expected rate of return on assets component of pension cost and to calculate our plans’ funding requirements. As previously disclosed, we changed our method of accounting to the fair value approach for our liability-hedging asset class, which does not involve deferring the impact of excess plan asset gains or losses in the determination of these two components of net periodic benefit cost. This class of assets is comprised solely of fixed income securities and therefore, provides a natural hedge (liability-hedging assets) against the changes in the recorded amount of net periodic benefit cost. We use an actuarial value of assets to determine our plans’ funding requirements. The actuarial value of assets must be within a certain range, high or low, of the actual market value of assets, and is adjusted accordingly.
We select the discount rate used to calculate pension and other postretirement obligations based on a review of available yields on high-quality corporate bonds as of the measurement date. In selecting a discount rate as of December 31, 2022, we placed particular emphasis on a discount rate yield-curve provided by our actuary. This yield-curve, when populated with projected cash flows that represent the expected timing and amount of our plans' benefit payments, produced an effective discount rate of
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5.16 percent for our U.S. qualified plan, 4.99 percent for our U.S. nonqualified, and 5.03 percent for our U.S. other postretirement benefit plans.
The discount rates used to determine projected benefit obligation at our December 31, 2022 and 2021 measurement dates for the U.S. qualified plan were 5.16 percent and 2.84 percent, respectively. The effect of the change in the discount rate from 2.84 percent to 5.16 percent at December 31, 2022 resulted in a $259.4 million decrease to our U.S. qualified pension benefit obligations. The effect of the change in the discount rate used to determine net annual benefit cost (income) from 2.49 percent at December 31, 2021 to 2.84 percent at December 31, 2022 resulted in a $1.9 million increase to the 2022 U.S. qualified pension expense.
The change in discount rate from 2.84 percent at December 31, 2021 to 5.16 percent at December 31, 2022 was attributable to an increase in yields on high quality corporate bonds with cash flows matching the timing and amount of our expected future benefit payments between the 2021 and 2022 measurement dates. Using the December 31, 2022 and 2021 yield curves, our U.S. qualified plan cash flows produced a single weighted-average discount rate of approximately 5.16 percent and 2.84 percent, respectively.
In developing the assumption for the long-term rate of return on assets for our U.S. Plan, we take into consideration the technical analysis performed by our outside actuaries, including historical market returns, information on the assumption for long-term real returns by asset class, inflation assumptions, and expectations for standard deviation related to these best estimates. Our long-term rate of return for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 was 2.50 percent, 2.25 percent and 3.00 percent, respectively.
For the sensitivity of our pension costs to incremental changes in assumptions see our discussion below.
Sensitivity analysis related to key pension and postretirement benefit assumptions.
A one-half percent increase in the assumed discount rate would have decreased pension and other postretirement benefit obligations by $43.5 million and $66.1 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and increased pension and other postretirement benefit costs by $0.1 million, $0.4 million and zero for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A one-half percent decrease in the assumed discount rate would have increased pension and other postretirement benefit obligations by $47 million and $72.1 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and decreased pension and other postretirement benefit costs by zero in 2022, $0.4 million in 2021, and increased costs by $0.1 million in 2020.
A one-half percent increase in the assumed expected long-term rate of return on plan assets would have decreased pension costs by $6.6 million, $6.3 million and $6.2 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. A one-half percent decrease in the assumed long-term rate of return on plan assets would have increased pension costs by $6.6 million, $6.3 million and $6.2 million for 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
Further details on our pension and other postretirement benefit obligations and net periodic benefit costs (benefits) are found in Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K.
Income taxes
We have recorded a valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets in certain jurisdictions to the amount that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. In assessing the need for this allowance, we have considered a number of factors including future taxable income, the jurisdictions in which such income is earned and our ongoing tax planning strategies. In the event that we determine that we would not be able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would be charged to income in the period such determination was made. Similarly, should we conclude that we would be able to realize certain deferred tax assets in the future in excess of the net recorded amount, an adjustment to the deferred tax assets would increase income in the period such determination was made.
Additionally, we file income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and various state and foreign jurisdictions. Certain income tax returns for FMC entities taxable in the U.S. and significant foreign jurisdictions are open for examination and adjustment. We assess our income tax positions and record a liability for all years open to examination based upon our evaluation of the facts, circumstances and information available at the reporting date. For those tax positions where it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will be sustained, we have recorded the largest amount of tax benefit with a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. We adjust these liabilities, if necessary, upon the completion of tax audits or changes in tax law.
See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for additional discussion surrounding income taxes.
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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
Our earnings, cash flows and financial position are exposed to market risks relating to fluctuations in commodity prices, interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. Our policy is to minimize exposure to our cash flow over time caused by changes in commodity, interest and currency exchange rates. To accomplish this, we have implemented a controlled program of risk management consisting of appropriate derivative contracts entered into with major financial institutions.
The analysis below presents the sensitivity of the market value of our financial instruments to selected changes in market rates and prices. The range of changes chosen reflects our view of changes that are reasonably possible over a one-year period. Market value estimates are based on the present value of projected future cash flows considering the market rates and prices chosen.
At December 31, 2022, our net financial instrument position was a net liability of $4.6 million compared to a net asset of $19.4 million at December 31, 2021. The change in the net financial instrument position was primarily due to exchange and interest rate fluctuations in our foreign exchange interest rate portfolios.
Since our risk management programs are generally highly effective, the potential loss in value for each risk management portfolio described below would be largely offset by changes in the value of the underlying exposure.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
The primary currencies for which we have exchange rate exposure are the U.S. dollar versus the Brazilian real, Chinese yuan, Indian rupee, euro, Mexican peso and Argentine peso. Foreign currency debt and foreign exchange forward contracts are used in countries where we do business, thereby reducing our net asset exposure. Foreign exchange forward contracts are also used to hedge firm and highly anticipated foreign currency cash flows.
To analyze the effects of changing foreign currency rates, we have performed a sensitivity analysis in which we assume an instantaneous 10 percent change in the foreign currency exchange rates from their levels at December 31, 2022 and 2021, with all other variables (including interest rates) held constant.
Hedged Currency vs. Functional Currency
Net asset/(liability) position at December 31, 2022 $ (17.0) $ 45.9 $ (79.7)
Interest Rate Risk
One of the strategies that we can use to manage interest rate exposure is to enter into interest rate swap agreements. In these agreements, we agree to exchange, at specified intervals, the difference between fixed and variable interest amounts calculated on an agreed-upon notional principal amount. In the quarter ended December 31, 2022, we had outstanding interest rate swap contracts in place with an aggregate notional value of $200.0 million.
To analyze the effects of changing interest rates, we have performed a sensitivity analysis in which we assume an instantaneous one percent change in the interest rates from their levels at December 31, 2022 and 2021, with all other variables held constant.
Net asset/(liability) position at December 31, 2022 $ 12.4 $ 33.4 $ (8.6)
Net asset/(liability) position at December 31, 2021 3.7 13.1 (5.6)
Our debt portfolio at December 31, 2022 is composed of 62 percent fixed-rate debt and 38 percent variable-rate debt. The variable-rate component of our debt portfolio principally consists of borrowings under our 2021 Term Loan Facility, Credit Facility, Commercial Paper program, variable-rate industrial and pollution control revenue bonds, and amounts outstanding under foreign subsidiary credit lines. Changes in interest rates affect different portions of our variable-rate debt portfolio in different ways.
Based on the variable-rate debt in our debt portfolio at December 31, 2022, a one percentage point increase in interest rates would have increased gross interest expense by $12.4 million and a one percentage point decrease in interest rates would have decreased gross interest expense by $12.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Page
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 49
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 53
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 110
Management's Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting 112
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 113
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FMC CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME (LOSS)
(in Millions, Except Per Share Data) Year Ended December 31,
Costs and Expenses
Selling, general and administrative expenses 775.2 714.1 729.7
Restructuring and other charges (income) 93.1 108.0 132.2
Non-operating pension and postretirement charges (income) 8.6 5.6 14.7
Interest income — — (0.1)
Income (loss) from continuing operations $ 838.7 $ 805.3 $ 579.8
Discontinued operations, net of income taxes (97.2) (68.2) (28.3)
Less: Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests 5.0 (2.5) (0.9)
Net income (loss) attributable to FMC stockholders $ 736.5 $ 739.6 $ 552.4
Amounts attributable to FMC stockholders:
Continuing operations, net of income taxes $ 833.7 $ 807.8 $ 580.7
Discontinued operations, net of income taxes (97.2) (68.2) (28.3)
Net income (loss) attributable to FMC stockholders $ 736.5 $ 739.6 $ 552.4
Basic earnings (loss) per common share attributable to FMC stockholders:
Net income (loss) attributable to FMC stockholders $ 5.83 $ 5.76 $ 4.26
Diluted earnings (loss) per common share attributable to FMC stockholders:
Net income (loss) attributable to FMC stockholders $ 5.81 $ 5.73 $ 4.23
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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FMC CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(in Millions) Year Ended December 31,
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency adjustments:
Reclassification of foreign currency translation (gains) losses $ 4.2 $ — $ —
Total foreign currency adjustments (1) $ (98.9) $ (87.0) $ 102.0
Derivative instruments:
Pension and other postretirement benefits:
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax $ (135.0) $ (45.3) $ 125.0
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(1)Income taxes are not provided for foreign currency translation because the related investments are essentially permanent in duration.
(2)At December 31 of each year, we remeasure our pension and postretirement plan obligations at which time we record any actuarial gains (losses) and prior service (costs) credits to other comprehensive income. See Note 15 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for further details.
(3)For more detail on the components of these reclassifications and the affected line item in the consolidated statements of income (loss) see Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for further details.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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FMC CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31,
(in Millions, Except Share and Par Value Data) 2022 2021
ASSETS
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents $ 572.0 $ 516.8
Prepaid and other current assets 343.6 431.4
Property, plant and equipment, net 849.6 817.0
Other assets including long-term receivables, net 560.5 613.8
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
Current liabilities
Short-term debt and current portion of long-term debt $ 540.8 $ 440.8
Advance payments from customers 680.5 630.7
Accrued and other liabilities 601.8 631.2
Guarantees of vendor financing 142.0 206.2
Accrued pension and other postretirement benefits, current 2.3 4.3
Long-term debt, less current portion 2,733.2 2,731.7
Accrued pension and other postretirement benefits, long-term 31.6 41.8
Environmental liabilities, continuing and discontinued 439.1 415.9
Commitments and contingent liabilities (Note 20)
Equity
Capital in excess of par value of common stock 909.2 880.4
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (459.6) (325.5)
Noncontrolling interests 23.0 19.4
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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FMC CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in Millions) Year Ended December 31,
Cash provided (required) by operating activities of continuing operations:
Discontinued operations, net of income taxes 97.2 68.2 28.3
Income (loss) from continuing operations $ 838.7 $ 805.3 $ 579.8
Restructuring and other charges (income) 93.1 108.0 132.2
Pension and other postretirement benefits 12.5 10.5 19.3
Guarantees of vendor financing (64.2) 65.6 64.8
Pension and other postretirement benefit contributions (4.5) (5.3) (4.6)
Environmental spending, continuing, net of recoveries (26.9) (63.6) (1.9)
Restructuring and other spending (1) (35.2) (34.7) (17.9)
Transaction and integration costs (0.5) (9.5) (63.9)
Change in other operating assets and liabilities, net (2) 26.2 (61.6) (30.0)
Cash provided (required) by operating activities of discontinued operations:
Other discontinued spending (30.6) (21.0) (29.9)
____________________
(1)In addition to cash payments shown in our roll forward of restructuring reserves in Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K, the restructuring and other spending amount above for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 includes spending of $10.0 million and $6.0 million, respectively, related to the Furadan® asset retirement obligations and $3.2 million and $4.4 million, respectively, for certain historical India indirect tax matters. The year ended December 31, 2022 includes $3.8 million of additional spending not included in our roll forward of restructuring reserves. For additional detail on restructuring and other charges activities, see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K.
(2)Changes in all periods represent timing of payments associated with all other operating assets and liabilities.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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FMC CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (CONTINUED)
(in Millions) Year Ended December 31,
Cash provided (required) by investing activities of continuing operations:
Investment in Enterprise Resource Planning system — (12.7) (47.2)
Acquisitions, including cost and equity method, net (3) (198.2) (5.2) (65.6)
Proceeds from land disposition (4) 50.5 — —
Cash provided (required) by investing activities of discontinued operations:
Proceeds from disposal of property, plant and equipment — 19.7 31.1
Cash provided (required) by financing activities of continuing operations:
Increase (decrease) in short-term debt $ 115.2 $ 104.9 $ 97.0
Proceeds from borrowing of long-term debt — 1,000.0 27.1
Financing fees and interest rate swap settlements 16.3 (2.4) (3.5)
Acquisitions of noncontrolling interests — — (7.4)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests — — (1.3)
Distributions to minority partners (0.5) — —
Issuances of common stock, net 9.4 7.9 24.7
Other repurchases of common stock (8.9) (8.0) (8.4)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (23.4) (12.3) 1.6
Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents $ 55.2 $ (52.1) $ 229.8
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 516.8 568.9 339.1
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 572.0 $ 516.8 $ 568.9
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(3)In 2022, the purchase price of Biophero of approximately $193 million was primarily paid at closing on July 19, 2022. For additional detail on this transaction, see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K. The acquisitions, net amount in 2020 represents payments made on October 2, 2020 to acquire the remaining rights for Fluindapyr from Isagro S.p.A ("Isagro") in an asset acquisition.
(4)During December 2022, we finalized a land transfer agreement with the Shanghai Municipal People's Government. We received cash proceeds of $50.5 million for the land transfer. For additional detail on this transaction, see Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K.
(5)Included in the above is cash spending associated with contract manufacturers was $6.8 million, $18.8 million and $17.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively.
(6)See Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K regarding our quarterly cash dividend.
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information: Cash paid for interest, net of capitalized interest was $144.0 million, $125.8 million and $141.8 million, and income taxes paid, net of refunds was $122.0 million, $139.2 million and $82.1 million in December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Accrued additions to property, plant and equipment and other assets at December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $40.4 million, $45.5 million and $14.7 million, respectively. Non-cash investing activities include a $19.3 million investment representing our beneficial interest in a trade receivables securitization program.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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FMC CORPORATION
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
FMC Stockholders’ Equity
Cumulative Effect of Accounting Changes (See Note 1) — — 97.6 6.6 — — 104.2
Stock compensation plans — 33.1 — — 10.4 — 43.5
Shares for benefit plan trust — — — — (0.4) — (0.4)
Net hedging gains (losses) and other, net of income tax — — — (6.8) — — (6.8)
Foreign currency translation adjustments — — — 101.7 — 0.3 102.0
Repurchases of common stock — — — — (58.4) — (58.4)
Acquisition of noncontrolling interests (1) — (2.6) — — — (4.8) (7.4)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests — — — — — (1.3) (1.3)
Stock compensation plans — 20.2 — — 5.5 — 25.7
Shares for benefit plan trust — — — — 1.6 — 1.6
Net hedging gains (losses) and other, net of income tax — — — 49.6 — — 49.6
Foreign currency translation adjustments — — — (86.5) — (0.5) (87.0)
Repurchases of common stock — — — — (408.0) — (408.0)
Stock compensation plans — 28.8 — — 4.7 — 33.5
Shares for benefit plan trust — — — — 0.1 — 0.1
Net hedging gains (losses) and other, net of income tax — — — (29.5) — — (29.5)
Foreign currency translation adjustments — — — (98.0) — (0.9) (98.9)
Repurchases of common stock — — — — (108.9) — (108.9)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests — — — — — (0.5) (0.5)
____________________
(1) See Note 17 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for more detail on transactions with noncontrolling interest.
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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FMC CORPORATION
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1: Principal Accounting Policies and Related Financial Information
Nature of operations. We are a global agricultural sciences company dedicated to helping growers produce food, feed, fiber and fuel for an expanding world population while adapting to a changing environment. We operate in a single distinct business segment and develop, market and sell all three major classes of crop protection chemicals: insecticides, herbicides and fungicides, as well as biologicals, crop nutrition, and seed treatment products, which we group as plant health, and digital and precision agriculture. These products are used in agriculture to enhance crop yield and quality by controlling a broad spectrum of insects, weeds and disease, as well as in non-agricultural markets for pest control.
Basis of consolidation and basis of presentation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements of FMC Corporation and its subsidiaries were prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America ("U.S. GAAP"). Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of FMC and all entities that we directly or indirectly control. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions are eliminated in consolidation.
Estimates and assumptions. In preparing the financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results are likely to differ from those estimates, but we do not believe such differences will materially affect our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.
Cash equivalents. We consider investments in all liquid debt instruments with original maturities of 3 months or less to be cash equivalents.
Trade receivables, net of allowance. Trade receivables consist of amounts owed to us from customer sales and are recorded when revenue is recognized. The allowance for trade receivables represents our best estimate of the probable losses associated with potential customer defaults. In developing our allowance for trade receivables, we use a two-stage process which includes calculating a general formula to develop an allowance to appropriately address the uncertainty surrounding collection risk of our entire portfolio and specific allowances for customers where the risk of collection has been reasonably identified either due to liquidity constraints or disputes over contractual terms and conditions. Our methodology considers current economic conditions as well as forward-looking expectations about expected credit loss.
Our method of calculating the general formula consists of estimating the recoverability of trade receivables based on historical experience, current collection trends, and external business factors such as economic factors, including regional bankruptcy rates, and political factors. Our analysis of trade receivable collection risk is performed quarterly, and the allowance is adjusted accordingly.
We also hold long-term receivables that represent long-term customer receivable balances related to past-due accounts which are not expected to be collected within the current year. Our policy for the review of the allowance for these receivables is consistent with the discussion in the preceding paragraph above on trade receivables. Therefore on an ongoing basis, we continue to evaluate the credit quality of our long-term receivables utilizing aging of receivables, collection experience and write-offs, as well as existing economic conditions, to determine if an additional allowance is necessary.
The allowance for trade receivables was $33.9 million and $37.4 million as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The allowance for long-term receivables was $44.5 million and $27.7 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The provision to the allowance for receivables charged against operations was $(0.5) million, $21.1 million and $4.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. See Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for more information.
Investments. Investments in companies in which our ownership interest is 50 percent or less and in which we exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies are accounted for using the equity method. Under the equity method, original investments are recorded at cost and adjusted by our share of undistributed earnings and losses of these investments. Majority owned investments in which our control is restricted are also accounted for using the equity method. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 we do not own any equity method investments. All other investments are carried at their fair values or at cost, as appropriate and are not material to our consolidated financial statements. In June 2020, we launched FMC Ventures, our venture capital arm targeting strategic investments in start-ups and early-stage companies that are developing and applying emerging technologies in the agricultural industry. The accounting guidance requires these nonmarketable equity securities to be recorded at cost and adjusted to fair value each reporting period. However, the guidance allows for a measurement alternative, which is to record the investment at cost, less impairment, if any, and subsequently adjust for observable price
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changes. Each reporting period, we review the portfolio for any observable price changes or potential indicators of impairment. At December 31, 2022, our investments made through FMC Ventures individually and in the aggregate are not significant to our financial results.
Inventories. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Inventory costs include those costs directly attributable to products before sale, including all manufacturing overhead but excluding distribution costs. All inventories are determined on a first-in, first-out ("FIFO") basis. Effective July 1, 2022, we changed our accounting principle for inventory valuation for inventories located in the U.S. from a last-in, first-out ("LIFO") basis to a first-in, first-out ("FIFO") basis. See more on detailed breakout of new method below within Note 1 Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information of the effect of the change. Also see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included within this Form 10-K for more information.
Property, plant and equipment. We record property, plant and equipment, including capitalized interest, at cost. We recognize acquired property, plant and equipment, from acquisitions at its estimated fair value. Depreciation is provided principally on the straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets (land improvements — 20 years, buildings and building equipment — 15 to 40 years, and machinery and equipment — 3 to 18 years). Gains and losses are reflected in income upon sale or retirement of assets. Expenditures that extend the useful lives of property, plant and equipment or increase productivity are capitalized. Ordinary repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred through operating expense.
Capitalized interest. We capitalized interest costs of $5.6 million, $3.4 million, and $3.5 million in 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. These costs were primarily associated with the construction of certain long-lived assets and have been capitalized as part of the cost of those assets. We amortize capitalized interest over the assets’ estimated useful lives.
Impairments of long-lived assets. We review the recovery of the net book value of long-lived assets whenever events and circumstances indicate that the net book value of an asset may not be recoverable from the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from its use and eventual disposition. In cases where undiscounted expected future cash flows are less than the net book value, we recognize an impairment loss equal to an amount by which the net book value exceeds the fair value of the asset. Long-lived assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.
Asset retirement obligations. We record asset retirement obligations ("AROs") at fair value at the time the liability is incurred if we can reasonably estimate the settlement date. The associated AROs are capitalized as part of the carrying amount of related long-lived assets. In future periods, the liability is accreted to its present value and the capitalized cost is depreciated over the useful life of the related asset. We also adjust the liability for changes resulting from the passage of time and/or revisions to the timing or the amount of the original estimate. Upon retirement of the long-lived asset, we either settle the obligation for its recorded amount or incur a gain or loss.
We have obligations at the majority of our manufacturing facilities in the event of permanent plant shutdown. For certain AROs not already accrued, we have calculated the fair value of these AROs and concluded that the present value of these obligations was inconsequential at December 31, 2022 and 2021.
The carrying amounts for the AROs for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 are $16.0 million and $24.2 million, respectively. These amounts are included in "Accrued and other liabilities" and "Other long-term liabilities" on the consolidated balance sheet.
Restructuring and other charges. We continually perform strategic reviews and assess the return on our business. This sometimes results in a plan to restructure the operations of our business. We record an accrual for severance and other exit costs under the provisions of the relevant accounting guidance.
Additionally, as part of these restructuring plans, write-downs of long-lived assets may occur. Two types of assets are impacted: assets to be disposed of by sale and assets to be abandoned. Assets to be disposed of by sale are measured at the lower of carrying amount or estimated net proceeds from the sale. Assets to be abandoned with no remaining future service potential are written down to amounts expected to be recovered. The useful life of assets to be abandoned that have a remaining future service potential are adjusted and depreciation is recorded over the adjusted useful life.
Capitalized software. We capitalize the costs of internal use software in accordance with accounting literature which generally requires the capitalization of certain costs incurred to develop or obtain internal use software. We assess the recoverability of capitalized software costs on an ongoing basis and record write-downs to fair value as necessary. We amortize
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capitalized software costs over expected useful lives ranging from 3 to 10 years. See Note 22 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for the net unamortized computer software balances.
Goodwill and intangible assets. Goodwill and other indefinite life intangible assets are not subject to amortization. Instead, they are subject to at least an annual assessment for impairment by applying a fair value-based test.
We test goodwill and indefinite life intangibles for impairment annually using the criteria prescribed by U.S. GAAP accounting guidance for goodwill and other intangible assets. Based upon our annual impairment assessments conducted in 2022, 2021 and 2020, we did not record any goodwill or intangible asset impairments.
Finite-lived intangible assets consist of primarily customer relationships as well as patents, brands, registration rights, industry licenses, and other intangibles and are generally being amortized over periods of approximately 3 to 20 years. See Note 6 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for additional information on goodwill and intangible assets.
Revenue recognition. We recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy our performance obligation which is when the customer obtains control of the good or service. Rebates due to customers are accrued as a reduction of revenue in the same period that the related sales are recorded based on the contract terms. Refer to Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements included within this Form 10-K for further details.
We record amounts billed for shipping and handling fees as revenue. Costs incurred for shipping and handling are recorded as costs of sales and services. Amounts billed for sales and use taxes, value-added taxes, and certain excise and other specific transactional taxes imposed on revenue-producing transactions are presented on a net basis and excluded from sales in the consolidated income statements. We record a liability until remitted to the respective taxing authority.
We periodically enter into prepayment arrangements with customers and receive advance payments for product to be delivered in future periods. These advance payments are recorded as deferred revenue and classified as "Advance payments from customers" on the consolidated balance sheet. Revenue associated with advance payments is recognized as shipments are made and transfer of control to the customer takes place.
Research and development.Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. In-process research and development acquired as part of asset acquisitions, which include license and development agreements, are expensed as incurred and included as a component of "Restructuring and other charges (income)" on the consolidated statements of income (loss).