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Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (MD&A)

This section should be read in conjunction with the audited Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes included in Item 8 of Part II of this Report. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations contains forward-looking statements. See “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Annual Report for a discussion of the uncertainties, risks and assumptions associated with these forward-looking statements that could cause future results to differ materially from those reflected in this section.

Our discussion within MD&A is organized as follows:

•Overview. This section contains background information on our company, summary of significant themes and events during the year as well as strategic initiatives and trends in order to provide context for management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations.

•Results of operations. This section contains an analysis of our results of operations presented in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Operations by comparing the results for the year ended December 31, 2022 to the results for the year ended December 31, 2021. On June 21, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Cardtronics plc (“Cardtronics”), which is included in the Payments & Network and Self-Service Banking segment results.

•Liquidity and capital resources. This section provides an analysis of our cash flows and a discussion of our contractual obligations at December 31, 2022.

•Critical accounting estimates. This section contains a discussion of the accounting policies that we believe are important to our financial condition and results of operations and that require judgment and estimates on the part of management in their application. In addition, all of our significant accounting policies, including critical accounting policies, are summarized in Note 1, “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies”, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Report.

For management's discussion of our consolidated results for the year ended December 31, 2021 in comparison with the year ended December 31, 2020, and other financial information related to fiscal year 2020, refer to Item 7 "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations", in our 2021 Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on February 25, 2022 (“2021 Form 10-K”).

OVERVIEW

BUSINESS OVERVIEW

NCR Corporation (“NCR”, the “Company”, “we” or “us”) was originally incorporated in 1884 and is a software- and services-led enterprise technology provider that runs stores, restaurants and self-directed banking for our customers, which includes businesses of all sizes. NCR is a global company that is headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Our software platform, which runs in the cloud and includes microservices and APIs that integrate with our customers' systems, and our NCR-as-a-Service solutions bring together all of the capabilities and competencies of NCR to power the technology to run our customers’ operations. Our portfolio includes digital first software and services offerings for banking, retailers and restaurants, as well as payments processing and networks, multi-vendor connected device services, automated teller machines (“ATMs”), self-checkout (“SCO”) kiosks and related technologies, point of sale (“POS”) terminals and other self-service technologies. We also resell third-party networking products and provide related service offerings in the telecommunications and technology sector. Our solutions are designed to support our transition to becoming a software platform and payments company.

Effective January 1, 2022, the Company realigned its reportable segments to correspond with changes to its operating model, management structure and organizational responsibilities. The reportable segments effective January 1, 2022 include: Retail, Hospitality, Digital Banking, Payments & Network, and Self-Service Banking.

NCR’s reputation is founded upon over 139 years of providing quality products, services and solutions to our customers. At the heart of our customer and other business relationships is a commitment to acting responsibly, ethically and with the highest level of integrity. This commitment is reflected in NCR’s Code of Conduct, which is available on the Corporate Governance page of our website.

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SIGNIFICANT THEMES AND EVENTS

As more fully discussed in later sections of this MD&A, the following were significant themes and events for 2022.

•Revenue of $7.8 billion, up 10% compared to prior year, and up 13% excluding foreign currency impacts

◦Recurring revenue increased 16% from the prior year and comprised 62% of total consolidated revenue

•Strong performance despite numerous external macro factors, such as rising interest rates, the effects of the strong U.S. dollar, supply-chain challenges, and high component costs

•Continued strength in strategic initiatives

•Planned separation of NCR into two independent, publicly traded companies was announced on September 15, 2022

STRATEGIC INITIATIVES AND TRENDS

In order to provide long-term value to all our stakeholders, we set complementary business goals and financial strategies. NCR is continuing its transition to become a software platform and payments company with a shift to a higher level of recurring revenue. Our business goal is to be a leading enterprise technology provider that runs stores, restaurants and self-directed banking through our software platform and our NCR-as-a-Service solutions. Execution of our goals and strategy is driven by the following key pillars: (i) focus on our customers; (ii) take care of our employees; (iii) bring high-quality, innovative products to market; and (iv) leverage our brand.

As we strive to achieve our aspirational goals, we plan to capitalize on opportunities presented by the acquisitions of Cardtronics and LibertyX to accelerate our Payments & Network business as we go to market with a more robust offering in this segment. We also plan to continue to improve our execution to drive solid returns and to transform our business to enhance value for all shareholders.

On September 15, 2022, NCR announced a plan to separate into two independent, publicly traded companies – one focused on digital commerce, the other on ATMs. The digital commerce company is expected to be a growth business positioned to leverage NCR’s software-led model to continue transforming, connecting and running global retail, hospitality and digital banking. We believe it will enhance common solutions to drive innovation and boost operational efficiency. The commerce company is expected to also reinvest in the business to accelerate growth and recurring revenue.

The ATM company is expected to be a cash-generative business positioned to focus on delivering ATM-as-a-Service to a large, installed customer base across banks and retailers. We believe it will build on NCR’s leadership in self-service banking and ATM networks to meet global demand for ATM access and leverage new ATM transaction types, including digital currency solutions, to drive market growth. The ATM company is expected to also continue shifting to a highly recurring revenue model to drive stable cash flow and capital returns to shareholders.

The separation is intended to be structured in a tax-free manner. The separation transaction will follow the satisfaction of customary conditions, including effectiveness of appropriate filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and the completion of audited financial statements. The current target is to complete the separation by the end of 2023. Should alternative options become available in the future that could deliver superior value to our shareholders than the planned separation, such as a whole or partial company sale of NCR, the Board of Directors remains open to considering alternative scenarios.

Cybersecurity Risk Management

Similar to most companies, NCR and its customers are subject to more frequent and increasingly sophisticated cybersecurity attacks. The Company maintains cybersecurity risk management policies and procedures including disclosure controls, which it regularly evaluates for updates, for handling and responding to cybersecurity events. These policies and procedures include internal notifications and engagements and, as necessary, cooperation with law enforcement. Personnel involved in handling and responding to cybersecurity events periodically undertake tabletop exercises to simulate an event. Our internal notification procedures include notifying the applicable Company attorneys, which, depending on the level of severity assigned to the event, may include direct notice to, among others, the Company’s General Counsel, Ethics & Compliance Officer, and Chief Privacy Officer. Company attorneys support efforts to evaluate the materiality of any incidents, determine whether notice to third parties such as customers or vendors is required, determine whether any prohibition on insider trading is appropriate, and assess whether disclosure to stockholders or governmental filings, including with the SEC, are required. Our internal notification procedures also include notifying various NCR Information Technology Services managers, subject matter experts in the Company’s software department and Company leadership, depending on the level of severity assigned to the event.

For further information on potential risks and uncertainties see Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors”, of this Form 10-K.

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Impacts from Geopolitical, Macroeconomic, and COVID-19 Challenges

We continue to be exposed to macroeconomic pressures as a result of the lingering impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain challenges, foreign currency fluctuations, and spikes in commodity and energy prices as a result of geopolitical challenges, including the war in Eastern Europe. We continue to navigate through these challenges with a sharp focus on and goal of safeguarding our employees, helping our customers and managing impacts on our supply chain. Despite the unprecedented environment, our teams are executing at a high level and we are advancing our strategy.

The COVID-19 pandemic is complex and continues to evolve. The ultimate impact on our overall financial condition and operating results will depend on supply chain challenges and cost escalations including materials, labor and freight, as a result of the continued impacts from the pandemic, and any additional governmental and public actions taken in response.

The war in Eastern Europe and related sanctions imposed on Russia and related actors have resulted in interest rate acceleration and inflation, including, but not limited to, a significant increase in the price of energy around the world, particularly in regions such as Europe that are significantly dependent on Russia for their energy needs, and continued commodity price increases due to disruption in the mining industry in Ukraine and other factors. The war in Eastern Europe has also contributed to further disruption in logistics due to the shipping difficulties in and around the Black Sea and its ports, which have resulted in the rerouting of traffic to other ports and further logistics challenges.

We expect that these factors will continue to negatively impact our business at least in the short-term. The ultimate impact on our overall financial condition and operating results will depend on the duration and severity of these activities. We continue to evaluate the long-term impact that these may have on our business model, however, there can be no assurance that the measures we have taken or will take will completely offset the negative impact.

For further information on the risks posed to our business from the COVID-19 pandemic and other factors, refer to Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors”, of this Form 10-K. For further information on exposures to foreign exchange risk, refer to Item 7A, “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk”, in this Form 10-K.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Key Strategic Financial Metrics

The following tables show our key strategic financial metrics for the years ended December 31, the relative percentage that those amounts represent to total revenue, and the change in those amounts year-over-year.

Recurring revenue as a percentage of total revenue

Percentage of Total Revenue Increase (Decrease)

(1) Recurring revenue includes all revenue streams from contracts where there is a predictable revenue pattern that will occur at regular intervals with a relatively high degree of certainty. This includes hardware and software maintenance revenue, cloud revenue, payment processing revenue, interchange and network revenue, cryptocurrency-related revenue, and certain professional services arrangements as well as term-based software license arrangements that include customer termination rights.

Net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to NCR and Adjusted EBITDA(2) as a percentage of total revenue

Percentage of Total Revenue Increase (Decrease)

(2) Refer to our definition of Adjusted EBITDA in the section entitled "Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Use of Certain Terms" below.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Use of Certain Terms:

Constant Currency NCR presents certain financial measures, such as period-over-period revenue growth, on a constant currency basis, which excludes the effects of foreign currency translation by translating prior period results at current period monthly average exchange rates. Due to the overall variability of foreign exchange rates from period to period, NCR’s management uses constant currency measures to evaluate period-over-period operating performance on a more consistent and comparable basis. NCR’s management believes that presentation of financial measures without this result may contribute to an understanding of the Company's period-over-period operating performance and provides additional insight into historical and/or future performance, which may be helpful for investors.

Adjusted Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“Adjusted EBITDA”) NCR's management uses the non-GAAP measure Adjusted EBITDA because it provides useful information to investors as an indicator of strength and performance of the Company's ongoing business operations, including funding discretionary spending such as capital expenditures, strategic acquisitions, and other investments. NCR determines Adjusted EBITDA based on GAAP net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to NCR plus interest expense, net; plus income tax expense (benefit); plus depreciation and amortization; plus stock-based compensation expense; plus other income (expense); plus pension mark-to-market adjustments, pension settlements, pension curtailments and pension special termination benefits and other special items, including amortization of acquisition-related intangibles and transformation and restructuring charges (which includes integration, severance and other exit and disposal costs), among others. The special items are considered non-operational so are excluded from the Adjusted EBITDA metric utilized by our chief operating decision maker in evaluating segment performance and are separately delineated to reconcile back to total reported income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to NCR. This format is useful to investors because it allows analysis and comparability of operating trends. It also includes the same information that is used by NCR management to make decisions regarding the segments and to assess our financial performance. Refer to the table below for the reconciliations of net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to NCR (GAAP) to Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP).

Special Item Related to Russia The war in Eastern Europe and related sanctions imposed on Russia and related actors by the United States and other jurisdictions required us to commence the orderly wind down of our operations in Russia beginning in the first quarter of 2022. As of December 31, 2022, we have ceased operations in Russia and are in the process of dissolving our only subsidiary in Russia. As a result, for the year ending December 31, 2022, our non-GAAP presentation of the measures described above exclude the immaterial impact of our operating results in Russia, as well as the impact of impairments taken to write down the carrying value of assets and liabilities, severance charges, and the assessment of collectability on revenue recognition. We consider this to be a non-recurring special item and management has reviewed the results of its business segments excluding these impacts. We have not adjusted the presentation of the prior year periods due to the immaterial impact of Russia to revenue and income from continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

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NCR's definitions and calculations of these non-GAAP measures may differ from similarly-titled measures reported by other companies and cannot, therefore, be compared with similarly-titled measures of other companies. These non-GAAP measures should not be considered as substitutes for, or superior to, results determined in accordance with GAAP.

Pension mark-to-market adjustments 8 (118) 34

Transformation and restructuring costs 123 66 234

Acquisition-related amortization of intangibles 172 132 81

Acquisition-related (gains) costs 10 98 (6)

Separation costs 3 — —

Loss on debt extinguishment — 42 20

Interest income (13) (8) (8)

Income tax expense (benefit) 148 186 (53)

Russia 22 — —

Consolidated Results

The following table shows our results for the years December 31, the relative percentage that those amounts represent to revenue, and the change in those amounts year-over-year. The operations of Cardtronics have been included in the consolidated results from the acquisition close date, June 21, 2021.

Percentage of Revenue (1) Increase (Decrease)

(1) The percentage of revenue is calculated for each line item divided by total revenue, except for product gross margin, service gross margin and total gross margin, which are divided by the related component of revenue.

Revenue

Percentage of Total Revenue Increase (Decrease)

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Product revenue includes our hardware and software license revenue streams as well as cryptocurrency-related revenues. Service revenue includes hardware and software maintenance revenue, implementation services revenue, cloud revenue, payments processing revenue, interchange and network revenue, as well as professional services revenue.

Total revenue increased 10% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021. Product revenue increased 7% due to growth in POS and SCO revenue as well as the addition of cryptocurrency-related revenue following the acquisition of LibertyX in January 2022, partially offset by a slight decline in ATM revenue. Service revenue increased 11% due primarily to growth in payments processing, which includes the results of Cardtronics, software maintenance, and managed services, partially offset by a decline in hardware maintenance revenue. Foreign currency fluctuations had an unfavorable impact of 3% on the revenue comparison, primarily in hardware maintenance and hardware product sales.

Gross Margin

Percentage of Revenue (1) Increase (Decrease)

(1) The percentage of revenue is calculated for each line item divided by the related component of revenue.

Gross margin as a percentage of revenue was 23.7% in 2022 compared to 26.5% in 2021. Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2022 included $37 million related to transformation and restructuring costs and $100 million related to amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets, $1 million of acquisition-related costs, and $10 million related to operating losses, impairments and other actions taken with respect to our operations in Russia. Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2021 included $39 million related to transformation and restructuring costs and $60 million related to amortization of acquisition-related intangible assets. Excluding these items, gross margin as a percentage of revenue decreased from 27.8% to 25.6% due to increases in fuel costs, component parts, and increased interest rates driving higher cost on vault cash agreements as well as other supply chain challenges that negatively impacted our costs. The impact of these cost increases was partially offset by cost mitigation actions implemented and an increase in the favorable higher margin software and services revenue.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Percentage of Total Revenue Increase (Decrease)

Selling, general, and administrative expenses were $1,152 million in 2022, flat with 2021. As a percentage of revenue, selling, general and administrative expenses were 14.7% in 2022 and 16.1% in 2021. In 2022, selling, general and administrative expenses included $64 million of transformation and restructuring costs, $72 million of acquisition-related amortization of intangibles, $9 million of acquisition-related costs, $6 million of costs related to actions taken with respect to our operations in Russia, and $3 million in consulting, legal and other costs related to the Company's planned separation into two independent companies. In 2021, selling, general and administrative expenses included $20 million of transformation and restructuring costs, $72 million of acquisition-related amortization of intangibles and $84 million of acquisition-related costs. Excluding these items, selling, general and administrative expenses decreased as a percentage of revenue from 13.6% in 2021 to 12.7% in 2022, primarily due to cost mitigation actions implemented, including labor cost reductions and changes in employee benefit programs.

Research and Development Expenses

Percentage of Total Revenue Increase (Decrease)

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Research and development expenses were $217 million in 2022, down from $268 million in 2021. As a percentage of revenue, these costs were 2.8% in 2022 and 3.7% in 2021. In 2022, research and development expenses included $12 million of costs related to our transformation and restructuring initiatives. In 2021, research and development expenses included $1 million of transformation and restructuring costs. After considering this item, research and development expenses decreased as a percentage of revenue from 3.7% in 2021 to 2.6% in 2022 due to an increase in development related to our strategic initiatives in 2022 as well as cost-mitigation actions that were implemented.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

Increase (Decrease)

Loss on extinguishment of debt $ — $ 42 $ 20 (100) % 110 %

Loss on extinguishment of debt was $42 million in 2021 related to the premium paid for early redemption of $400 million aggregate principal amount of 8.125% senior secured notes due 2025, which includes the write-off of deferred financing fees of $5 million and a cash redemption premium of $37 million. Refer to Note 5, “Debt Obligations”, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the 2021 Form 10-K for additional discussion on the financing transactions.

Interest Expense

Increase (Decrease)

Interest expense was $285 million in 2022 compared to $238 million in 2021. Interest expense is primarily related to the Company's senior unsecured notes and borrowings under the Company's Senior Secured Credit Facility. The main driver of the increase in interest expense from 2021 to 2022 was the increase in total outstanding debt as a result of the closing of the acquisition of Cardtronics in the second quarter of 2021, combined with an increase in variable interest rates on the Senior Secured Credit Facility.

Other Income (Expense), net

Other income (expense), net was income of $7 million in 2022, income of $90 million in 2021 and expense of $42 million in 2020, with the components reflected in the following table:

Interest income $ 13 $ 8 $ 8

Foreign currency fluctuations and foreign exchange contracts (17) (22) (14)

Bank-related fees (9) (27) (5)

Impairment of an equity investment — — (7)

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition — — 7

Other, net (13) — —

Other income (expense), net $ 7 $ 90 $ (42)

Employee benefit plans within other income (expense) net includes the components of pension, postemployment and postretirement expense, other than service cost, as well as actuarial gains and losses from the annual pension mark-to-market adjustment. In 2022, there was an actuarial loss of $8 million compared to an actuarial gain of $118 million in 2021. The net actuarial loss in 2022 was primarily due to the impact of economic downturns on the value of plan assets, partially offset by an increase in discount rates in measuring the benefit obligation. The actuarial gain in 2021 was primarily due to an increase in discount rates as well as a favorable impact from an update to the mortality tables.

In 2022, Other, net includes a $9 million loss recognized on the divestiture of a non-strategic business.

In 2021, the Company incurred bank-related fees of $19 million related to certain structuring and commitment fees as a result of the financing transactions entered into during the first quarter of 2021 related to the transaction with Cardtronics.

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Income Taxes

Increase (Decrease)

Our effective tax rate was 70% in 2022, 65% in 2021, and 90% in 2020. During 2022, our tax rate was impacted by a $94 million expense from recording a valuation allowance against deferred tax assets in the United Kingdom and other foreign jurisdictions. During 2021, significant matters impacting our tax rate include a $36 million expense from recording a valuation allowance against interest expense deduction carryforwards in the United States, a $14 million benefit from the deferred tax impact of a tax law change in the United Kingdom and a $40 million non-cash expense resulting from an internal entity restructuring.

While we are subject to numerous federal, state and foreign tax audits, we believe that appropriate reserves exist for issues that might arise from these audits. Should these audits be settled, the resulting tax effect could impact the tax provision and cash flows in future periods. During 2023, the Company expects to resolve certain tax matters related to U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. These resolutions could have a material impact on the effective tax rate in 2023.

Loss from Discontinued Operations, net of tax

Increase (Decrease)

In 2022, the loss from discontinued operations was $4 million, net of tax, primarily driven by updates in estimates and assumptions for the Kalamazoo River and Fox River environmental reserves partially offset by insurance recoveries.

In 2020, the loss from discontinued operations was $72 million, net of tax, primarily related to updates in estimates and assumptions for the Fox River and Kalamazoo River environmental reserves.

Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA by Segment

The Company manages and reports its businesses in the following segments: Retail, Hospitality, Digital Banking, Payments & Network, and Self-Service Banking. Segments are measured for profitability by the Company’s chief operating decision maker based on revenue and segment Adjusted EBITDA. Refer to the section above entitled "Non-GAAP Financial Measures and Use of Certain Terms" for our definition of Adjusted EBITDA and the reconciliation of net income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to NCR (GAAP) to Adjusted EBITDA (non-GAAP).

Corporate and Other includes income and expenses related to corporate functions that are not specifically attributable to an individual reportable segment along with any immaterial operating segment(s).

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The following table shows our segment revenue and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, the relative percentage that those amounts represent to revenue, and the change in those amounts year-over-year. The Payments & Network and Self-Service Banking revenue and Adjusted EBITDA metrics below include the results of operations of Cardtronics from the date of acquisition, June 21, 2021.

Percentage of Revenue (1) Increase (Decrease)

Revenue

Other adjustment (3) 9 — —

Adjusted EBITDA by segment

(1) The percentage of revenue is calculated for each line item divided by total revenue, except for Adjusted EBITDA, which are divided by the related component of revenue.

(2) Eliminations include revenues from contracts with customers and the related costs that are reported in the Payments & Network segment as well as in the Retail or Hospitality segments, including merchant acquiring services that are monetized via payments.

(3) Other adjustment reflects the revenue attributable to the Company's operations in Russia that were excluded from management's measure of revenue due to our announcement to suspend sales to Russia and anticipated orderly wind down of our operations in Russia. The revenue attributable to the Russian operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 of $48 million and $41 million, respectively, is included in the respective segments.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of segment and total revenue percentage growth (GAAP) to revenue percentage growth constant currency (non-GAAP) for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021.

Digital Banking 6 % — % 6 % 9 % — % 9 %

Self-Service Banking — % (4) % 4 % 1 % — % 1 %

Corporate and Other (18) % (4) % (14) % (14) % 1 % (15) %

Total segment revenue 9 % (4) % 13 % 15 % 1 % 14 %

Segment Revenue

For the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021

Retail revenue increased 1% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period. Foreign currency fluctuations had an unfavorable impact of 4% on the revenue comparison. The increase in revenue compared to the prior period is due to an increase in self-checkout and point-of-sale hardware revenue and an increase in point-of-sale solutions revenue partially offset by a decrease in software license and hardware maintenance revenue.

Hospitality revenue increased 9% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to the prior year period driven primarily by an increase in point-of-sale hardware, as well as increases in hardware maintenance and software revenues, including growth in payment processing.

Digital Banking revenue increased 6% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period due to an increase in software license and cloud services revenues.

Payments & Network revenue increased 91% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period. Foreign currency fluctuations had an unfavorable impact of 5% on the revenue comparison. The increase is primarily due to additional payments processing revenue from the acquisition of Cardtronics, which occurred on June 21, 2021. Additionally, the year endedDecember 31, 2022 includes revenue from cryptocurrency-related transactions following the acquisition of LibertyX in January 2022.

Self-Service Banking revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 was flat in comparison to the prior year period. Foreign currency fluctuations had an unfavorable impact of 4% in the revenue comparisons. Revenue compared to prior year period was driven by an increase in services revenues, including hardware maintenance and ATM-as-a-Service, offset by a decline in ATM hardware sales. Software and services revenue as a percent of total Self-Service Banking segment revenue was 68% in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

For the operations grouped as Other, revenue decreased 18% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period, primarily due to a decrease in hardware maintenance revenue in the telecommunications and technology business.

For the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020

Retail revenue increased 10% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period due to higher point-of-sale and self-checkout solutions revenue.

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Hospitality revenue increased 24% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period driven primarily by an increase in point-of-sale solutions revenue.

Digital Banking revenue increased 9% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period due to an increase in software license and cloud services revenues.

Payments & Network revenue increased significantly for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period due to additional payments processing revenue from the acquisition of Cardtronics, which occurred on June 21, 2021.

Self-Service Banking revenue increased 1% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period due primarily due to higher software and services revenue, including software and hardware maintenance as well as ATM-as-a-Service revenue from the acquisition of Cardtronics, which occurred on June 21, 2021, partially offset by a decline in ATM hardware revenue.

For the operations grouped as Other, revenue decreased 14% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period driven by a decrease in services revenue in the telecommunications and technology business.

Segment Adjusted EBITDA

For the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021

Retail Adjusted EBITDA decreased 6% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period. The decline in Adjusted EBITDA compared to the prior year period is primarily driven by product cost and mix, increased labor costs, and other supply chain challenges.

Hospitality Adjusted EBITDA increased 22% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period primarily driven by an increase in revenue driven by subscription and payments processing. These improvements were partially offset by supply chain challenges and increased fuel costs which drove up component and other costs, particularly in transaction services and hardware.

Digital Banking Adjusted EBITDA increased 6% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period driven by an increase in recurring revenue.

Payments & Network Adjusted EBITDA increased by 70% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period. This was primarily due to additional payments processing revenue from the acquisition of Cardtronics, which occurred in the second quarter of 2021. Payments & Network Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2022 has been negatively impacted by higher interest rates, which increases the cost of our vault cash rental obligations.

Self-Service Banking Adjusted EBITDA declined 3% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period primarily due to supply chain challenges and increased fuel costs which drove up component and other costs, particularly in ATM hardware, hardware maintenance and transaction services. These headwinds were partially offset by an increase in recurring revenue.

Corporate and Other Adjusted EBITDA loss increased 8% for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the prior year period primarily due to infrastructure costs of the Cardtronics business that was acquired on June 21, 2021.

For the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020

Retail, Hospitality, Payments & Network and Self-Service Banking Adjusted EBITDA increased for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020 primarily driven by higher revenue as well as benefits realized from cost reduction actions taken in the prior year.

Digital Banking Adjusted EBITDA decreased 6% for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the prior year period due to an increase in research and development spend on strategic initiatives and an increase in other operating expenses, partially offset by higher revenue.

Corporate and Other Adjusted EBITDA loss increased for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to 2020 driven by lower revenue in the telecommunications and technology business as well as infrastructure costs of the Cardtronics business that was acquired on June 21, 2021, partially offset by benefits realized from cost reduction actions taken in the prior year.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION, LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Cash provided by operating activities was $447 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to cash provided by operating activities of $1.077 billion for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease in cash provided by operating activities was driven by the unfavorable movement in net working capital accounts, partially offset by cash received upon termination of interest rate swap contracts in the first and second quarters of 2022. Additionally, cash provided by operating activities in the year ended December 31, 2021 reflects the agreement entered into during the third quarter of 2021 to sell short-term receivables from certain trade accounts to an unaffiliated financial institution, which provided a $300 million benefit to operating cash flows. Refer to Note 6, “Trade Receivables Facility”, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K for more information.

NCR’s management uses a non-GAAP measure called “free cash flow” to assess the financial performance of the Company. We define free cash flow as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities less capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment, less additions to capitalized software, plus/minus restricted cash settlement activity, plus acquisition-related items, less the impact from the initial sale of trade accounts receivables under the agreement entered into during the third quarter of 2021, and plus pension contributions and settlements. We believe free cash flow information is useful for investors because it relates the operating cash flows from the Company’s continuing and discontinued operations to the capital that is spent to continue and improve business operations. In particular, free cash flow indicates the amount of cash available after capital expenditures for, among other things, investments in the Company’s existing businesses, strategic acquisitions, repurchases of NCR stock and repayment of debt obligations. Free cash flow does not represent the residual cash flow available for discretionary expenditures, since there may be other non-discretionary expenditures that are not deducted from the measure. Free cash flow does not have a uniform definition under GAAP, and therefore NCR’s definition may differ from other companies’ definitions of this measure. This non-GAAP measure should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, cash flows from operating activities under GAAP.

The table below reconciles net cash provided by (used in) operating activities, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, to NCR’s non-GAAP measure of free cash flow for the years ended December 31:

Net cash provided by operating activities $ 447 $ 1,077 $ 641

Expenditures for property, plant and equipment (92) (106) (31)

Additions to capitalized software (285) (242) (232)

Restricted cash settlement activity 27 (41) —

Transaction costs — 55 —

Initial sale of trade account receivables — (300) —

Excluding the impact of the initial sale of trade accounts receivables in 2021, in 2022, net cash provided by operating activities decreased $330 million, which contributed to a net decrease in free cash flow of $296 million in comparison to 2021. Capital expenditures for property, plant and equipment decreased $14 million primarily due to one-time spending in 2021 that did not reoccur in 2022 related to leasehold improvements as well as strategic investment decisions in response to macroeconomic challenges. Additions to capitalized software increased $43 million as the Company continued to focus on investment in our strategic growth platforms.

Financing activities and certain other investing activities are not included in our calculation of free cash flow. Other investing activities primarily include business acquisitions, divestitures and investments. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the payments for business combinations was $13 million, net of cash acquired, for the cash consideration paid primarily related to the acquisition of the India ATM Business of FIS Payment Solutions & Services Private Limited completed in July of 2022 and the LibertyX acquisition completed in January of 2022. The LibertyX acquisition was completed via issuance of NCR common stock in exchange for the outstanding shares of LibertyX.

Our financing activities include borrowings and repayments of credit facilities and notes. Financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 also included dividends paid on the Series A preferred stock of $15 million, proceeds from employee stock plans of $31 million as well as tax withholding payments on behalf of employees for stock based awards that vested of $59 million.

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Long Term Borrowings The Senior Secured Credit Facility consists of term loan facilities in an aggregate principal amount of $2.06 billion, of which $1.88 billion was outstanding as of December 31, 2022. Additionally, the Senior Secured Credit Facility provides for a five-year Revolving Credit Facility with an aggregate principal amount of $1.3 billion, of which $523 million was outstanding as of December 31, 2022. The Revolving Credit Facility also contains a sub-facility to be used for letters of credit, and as of December 31, 2022, there were $29 million letters of credit outstanding.

As of December 31, 2022, we had outstanding $1.2 billion in aggregate principal balance of 5.125% senior unsecured notes due in 2029, $500 million in aggregate principal balance of 5.750% senior unsecured notes due in 2027, $650 million aggregate principal balance of 5.000% senior unsecured notes due in 2028, $500 million in aggregate principal balance of 6.125% senior unsecured notes due in 2029, and $450 million in aggregate principal balance of 5.250% senior unsecured notes due in 2030.

Additionally, in December 2022, the Company entered into a borrowing agreement with Banc of America Leasing & Capital, LLC to direct funds to NCR in exchange for installment repayments and for security interest in ATM equipment in corresponding ATM-as-a-Service ("ATMaaS") contracts. The total amount available under the financing program is $20 million with repayment terms up to four years. As of December 31, 2022, total debt outstanding under the financing program was $12 million with a weighted average interest rate of 7.21% and a weighted average term of 3.7 years.

See Note 5, “Debt Obligations”, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Report for further information on the Senior Secured Credit Facility.

Employee Benefit Plans In 2023, we expect to make contributions of $20 million to our international pension plans, $75 million to our postemployment plan and $2 million to our postretirement plan. See Note 9, “Employee Benefit Plans”, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Report for additional discussion on our pension, postemployment and postretirement plans.

Series A Convertible Preferred Stock In 2015, NCR issued 820,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2022, there were approximately 300,000 shares that remained issued and outstanding with a redemption value of approximately $276 million. Holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are entitled to a cumulative dividend at the rate of 5.5% per annum, which was payable quarterly in arrears and payable in-kind for the first sixteen dividend payments, after which, beginning in the first quarter of 2020, are payable in cash or in-kind at the option of the Company. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company paid cash dividends of $15 million. The holders also have certain redemption rights or put rights, including the right to require us to repurchase all or any portion of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock on any date during the three months commencing on and immediately following March 16, 2024 and the three months commencing on and immediately following every third anniversary of such date, at 100% of the liquidation preference plus all accrued but unpaid dividends.

Additionally, the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock is convertible at the option of the holders at any time into shares of common stock at a conversion price of $30.00 per share, or a conversion rate of 33.333 shares of common stock per share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the maximum number of common shares that could be required to be issued upon conversion of the outstanding shares of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock was 9.2 million shares which would represent approximately 6% of our outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2022 including the preferred shares on an as-converted basis.

Cash and Cash Equivalents Held by Foreign Subsidiaries Cash and cash equivalents held by the Company's foreign subsidiaries were $419 million and $412 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Under current tax laws and regulations, if cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments held outside the U.S. are distributed to the U.S. in the form of dividends or otherwise, we may be subject to additional U.S. income taxes and foreign withholding taxes, which could be significant.

Summary As of December 31, 2022, our cash and cash equivalents totaled $505 million and our total debt was $5.71 billion. Our borrowing capacity under our senior secured credit facility was $748 million at December 31, 2022. Our ability to generate positive cash flows from operations is dependent on general economic conditions, and the competitive environment in our industry, and is subject to the business and other risk factors described in Item 1A of Part I of this Report. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows from operations, or otherwise comply with the terms of our credit facilities, we may be required to seek additional financing alternatives.

We believe that we have sufficient liquidity based on our current cash position, cash flows from operations and existing financing to meet our expected pension, postemployment, and postretirement plan contributions, remediation payments related to environmental

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matters, debt servicing obligations, payments related to transformation and restructuring initiatives, and our operating requirements for the next twelve months, and in the long-term (i.e., beyond December 31, 2023) to meet our material cash requirements.

Material Cash Requirements from Contractual and Other Obligations In the normal course of business, we enter into various contractual obligations that impact, or could impact, the liquidity of our operations. The following table and discussion outlines our material obligations as of December 31, 2022 on an undiscounted basis, with projected cash payments in the years shown:

Estimated environmental liability payments 104 21 33 17 33

For purposes of this table, we used interest rates as of December 31, 2022 to estimate the future interest on debt obligations outstanding as of December 31, 2022 and have assumed no voluntary prepayments of existing debt. See Note 5, “Debt Obligations” of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Report for additional disclosure related to our debt obligations and the related interest rate terms.

The estimated environmental liability payments included in the table of material cash requirements shown above are related primarily to the Kalamazoo River and Ebina environmental matters. As of December 31, 2022, all of the Company's remedial obligations for the Fox River matter have been completed. For the Kalamazoo River and Ebina matters, the amounts shown are our expected payments, net of the payment obligations of co-obligors and an estimate for payments to be received from indemnification parties. For additional information, refer to Note 10, “Commitments and Contingencies”, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Report.

Our lease obligations are primarily for future rental amounts for our world headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, as well as for certain sales and manufacturing facilities in various domestic and international locations and leases related to equipment and vehicles.

Purchase obligations represent committed purchase orders and other contractual commitments for goods or services. The purchase obligation amounts were determined through information in our procurement systems and payment schedules for significant contracts. Included in the amounts are committed payments in relation to the long-term service agreement with Accenture under which NCR’s transaction processing activities and functions are performed.

We have a liability related to our uncertain tax positions. Due to the nature of the underlying liabilities and the extended time often needed to resolve income tax uncertainties, we cannot make reliable estimates of the amount or timing of cash payments that may be required to settle these liabilities. For additional information, refer to Note 7, “Income Taxes”, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Report.

Our U.S. and international employee benefit plans, which are described in Note 9, “Employee Benefit Plans”, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Report, could require significant future cash payments. In 2022, we made a $50 million discretionary contribution to our U.S. pension plan. We do not expect mandatory contributions until 2026 based on current funding requirements and assuming the Company does not complete any further actions, including, but not limited to, a further pre-fund or de-risking action. The funded status of NCR’s U.S. pension plan is an underfunded position of $407 million as of December 31, 2022 compared to an underfunded position of $503 million as of December 31, 2021. Our international retirement plans were in an underfunded position of $8 million as of December 31, 2022, as compared to a funded position of $1 million as of December 31, 2021. The improvement in the underfunded position of the U.S. pension plan is due to the $50 million discretionary contribution made in 2022 and the impact of an increase in discount rates in measuring the benefit obligation, partially offset by the impact of economic downturns on the value of plan assets. The increase in our underfunded position of international plans is primarily attributable to the impact of economic downturns on the value of plan assets, partially offset by an increase in discount rates in measuring the benefit obligation. Contributions to international pension plans are expected to be approximately $20 million in 2023.

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We also have product warranties that may affect future cash flows. These items are not included in the table of obligations shown above, but are described in detail in Note 10, “Commitments and Contingencies”, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of Part II of this Report.

Our senior secured credit facility and the indentures for our senior unsecured notes include affirmative and negative covenants that restrict or limit our ability to, among other things, incur indebtedness; create liens on assets; engage in certain fundamental corporate changes or changes to our business activities; make investments; sell or otherwise dispose of assets; engage in sale-leaseback or hedging transactions; pay dividends or make similar distributions; repay other indebtedness; engage in certain affiliate transactions; or enter into agreements that restrict our ability to create liens, pay dividends or make loan repayments. Our senior secured credit facility also includes financial covenants that require us to maintain a consolidated leverage ratio not to exceed 4.75 to 1.00 on the last day of any fiscal quarter ending on or after December 31, 2022.

The Company has the option to elect to increase the maximum permitted leverage ratio for the periods described in the foregoing clause (iii) by 0.25 in connection with the consummation of any material acquisition (as defined in the Senior Secured Credit Facility) for three fiscal quarters. At December 31, 2022, the maximum consolidated leverage ratio under the Senior Secured Credit Facility was 4.75 to 1.00.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. In connection with the preparation of these financial statements, we are required to make assumptions, estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and the related disclosure of contingent liabilities. These assumptions, estimates and judgments are based on historical experience and are believed to be reasonable at the time. However, because future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, the determination of estimates requires the exercise of judgment. Our critical accounting policies are those that require assumptions to be made about matters that are highly uncertain. Different estimates could have a material impact on our financial results. Judgments and uncertainties affecting the application of these policies and estimates may result in materially different amounts being reported under different conditions or circumstances. Our management continually reviews these assumptions, estimates and judgments to ensure that our financial statements are presented fairly and are materially correct.

In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by GAAP and does not require significant management judgment in its application. There are also areas in which management’s judgment in selecting among available alternatives would not produce a materially different result. The significant accounting policies and estimates that we believe are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results are discussed in the paragraphs below. Our senior management has reviewed these critical accounting estimates and related disclosures with our independent registered public accounting firm and the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. See Note 1, “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies”, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Report, which contains additional information regarding our accounting policies and other disclosures required by GAAP.

Revenue Recognition We enter into contracts to sell our products and services, which may be sold separately or bundled with other products and services. As a result, interpretation and judgment are sometimes required to determine the appropriate accounting for these transactions, including: (1) whether performance obligations are considered distinct that should be accounted for separately versus together, how the price should be allocated among the performance obligations, and when to recognize revenue for each performance obligation; (2) developing an estimate of the stand-alone selling price, or SSP, of each distinct performance obligation; (3) combining contracts that may impact the allocation of the transaction price between product and services; and (4) estimating and accounting for variable consideration, including rights of return, rebates, expected penalties or other price concessions as a reduction of the transaction price.

Our estimates of SSP for each performance obligation require judgment that considers multiple factors, including, but not limited to, historical discounting trends for products and services, pricing practices in different geographies and industries, gross margin objectives, and internal costs. Our estimates for rights of return and rebates are based on historical sales returns and credits, specific criteria outlined in customer contracts or rebate agreements, and other factors known at the time. Our estimates for expected penalties and other price concessions are based on historical trends and expectations regarding future occurrence.

Changes in judgments with respect to these assumptions and estimates could impact the timing or amount of revenue recognition. Additional information regarding our revenue recognition policy is included in Note 1, “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies”, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Inventory Valuation We assess the valuation of our inventory on a periodic basis and make adjustments to the value to properly provide for potential exposure due to slow-moving, excess, obsolete or unusable inventory. Inventories are written down to net realizable value based on forecasted usage of part, sales orders, technological obsolescence and inventory aging. These factors can be impacted by market conditions, technology changes, changes in strategic direction, and customer demand and require estimates and management judgment that may include elements that are uncertain. On a quarterly basis, we review the current net realizable value of inventory and adjust for any inventory exposure due to age, obsolescence, or excess of cost over net realizable value.

Goodwill Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level for impairment on an annual basis during the fourth quarter or more frequently if certain events occur indicating that the carrying value of goodwill may be impaired. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include a decline in expected cash flows, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, a decision to sell a business, unanticipated competition, or slower growth rates, among others. Consistent with the examples of such events and circumstances given in the accounting guidance, we believe that a goodwill impairment test should be performed immediately before and after a reorganization of our reporting structure when the reorganization would affect the composition of one or more of our reporting units. In this circumstance, performing the impairment test immediately before and after the reorganization would help to confirm that the reorganization is not potentially masking a goodwill impairment charge.

In the evaluation of goodwill for impairment, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. Under the qualitative assessment, an entity is not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. If under the quantitative assessment the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the amount of the impairment loss, if any, is determined based on the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value up to the total value of goodwill assigned to the reporting unit. Fair values of the reporting units are estimated using a weighted methodology considering the output from both the income and market approaches. The income approach incorporates the use of a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) analysis. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the DCF model to forecast operating cash flows, including revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins and discount rates. Several of these assumptions vary among reporting units. The cash flow forecasts are generally based on approved strategic operating plans. The market approach is performed using the Guideline Public Companies (“GPC”) method which is based on earnings multiple data. We perform a reconciliation between our market capitalization and our estimate of the aggregate fair value of the reporting units, including consideration of a control premium.

Valuation of Long-lived Assets and Amortizable Other Intangible Assets We perform impairment tests for our long-lived assets if an event or circumstance indicates that the carrying amount of our long-lived assets may not be recoverable. In response to changes in industry and market conditions, we may also strategically realign our resources and consider restructuring, disposing of, or otherwise exiting businesses. Such activities could result in impairment of our long-lived assets or other intangible assets. We also are subject to the possibility of impairment of long-lived assets arising in the ordinary course of business. We consider the likelihood of impairment if certain events occur indicating that the carrying value of the long-lived assets may be impaired and we may recognize impairment if the carrying amount of a long-lived asset or intangible asset is not recoverable from its undiscounted cash flows. Impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset. We use both the income approach and market approach to estimate fair value. Our estimates of fair value are subject to a high degree of judgment since they include a long-term forecast of future operations. Accordingly, any value ultimately derived from our long-lived assets may differ from our estimate of fair value.

We make strategic acquisitions that may have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. We allocate the purchase price of acquired businesses to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed in the transaction at their estimated fair values. The estimates used to determine the fair value of long-lived assets, such as intangible assets, can be complex and require significant judgments. We use information available to us to make fair value determinations and engage independent valuation specialists, when necessary, to assist in the fair value determination of significant acquired long-lived assets. The determination of fair value requires estimates about cash flow forecasts, discount rates, revenue growth rates, EBITDA margin, customer attrition rate, and other future events that are judgmental in nature. While we use our best estimates and assumptions as a part of the purchase price allocation process, our estimates are inherently uncertain and subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, we may record adjustments to the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Any adjustments subsequent to the measurement period are recorded to our consolidated statements of income. We are also required to estimate the useful lives of intangible assets to determine the amount of acquisition-related intangible asset amortization expense to record in future periods. Additional information regarding our acquisitions is included in Note 2, “Business Combinations”, in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Pension, Postretirement and Postemployment Benefits We sponsor domestic and foreign defined benefit pension and postemployment plans as well as domestic postretirement plans. As a result, we have significant pension, postretirement and postemployment benefit costs, which are developed from actuarial valuations. Actuarial assumptions attempt to anticipate future events and are used in calculating the expense and liability relating to these plans. These factors include assumptions we make about interest rates, expected investment return on plan assets, involuntary turnover rates, and rates of future compensation increases. In addition, our actuarial consultants advise us about subjective factors such as withdrawal rates and mortality rates to use in our valuations. We generally review and update these assumptions on an annual basis at the end of each fiscal year. We are required to consider current market conditions, including changes in interest rates, in making these assumptions. The actuarial assumptions that we use may differ materially from actual results due to changing market and economic conditions, higher or lower withdrawal rates, or longer or shorter life spans of participants. These differences may result in a significant impact to the amount of pension, postretirement or postemployment benefits expense we have recorded or may record. Ongoing pension, postemployment and postretirement expense impacts all of our segments. Pension mark-to-market adjustments, settlements, curtailments and special termination benefits are excluded from our segment results as those items are not included in the evaluation of segment performance. See Note 4, “Segment Information and Concentrations”, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Report for a reconciliation of our segment results to income from operations.

The key assumptions used in developing our 2022 expense were discount rates of 2.7% for our U.S. pension plan and 1.9% for our postretirement plan, and an expected return on assets assumption of 5.0% for our U.S. pension plan in 2022. The U.S. plan represented 65% of the pension obligation and 100% of the postretirement plan obligation as of December 31, 2022. Holding all other assumptions constant, a 0.25% change in the discount rate used for the U.S. plan would have increased or decreased 2022 ongoing pension expense by approximately $3 million and would have had an immaterial impact on 2022 postretirement income. A 0.25% change in the expected rate of return on plan assets assumption for the U.S. pension plan would have increased or decreased 2022 ongoing pension expense by approximately $3 million. Our expected return on plan assets has historically been and will likely continue to be material to net income. For 2023, we intend to use discount rates of 5.3% and 5.2% in determining the U.S. pension and postretirement expense, respectively. We intend to use an expected rate of return on assets assumption of 7.0% for the U.S. pension plan.

We recognize additional changes in the fair value of plan assets and net actuarial gains or losses of our pension plans upon remeasurement, which occurs at least annually in the fourth quarter of each year. The remaining components of pension expense, primarily net service cost, interest cost, and the expected return on plan assets, are recorded on a quarterly basis as ongoing pension expense. While it is required that we review our actuarial assumptions each year at the measurement date, we generally do not change them between measurement dates. We use a measurement date of December 31 for all of our plans. Changes in assumptions or asset values may have a significant effect on the annual measurement of expense or income in the fourth quarter.

The most significant assumption used in developing our 2022 postemployment plan expense is the assumed rate of involuntary turnover of 3.8%. The involuntary turnover rate is based on historical trends and projections of involuntary turnover in the future. A 0.25% change in the rate of involuntary turnover would have increased or decreased 2022 expense by approximately $2 million. The sensitivity of the assumptions described above is specific to each individual plan and not to our pension, postretirement and postemployment plans in the aggregate. We intend to use an involuntary turnover assumption of 3.8% in determining the 2023 postemployment expense.

Environmental and Legal Contingencies Each quarter, we review the status of each claim and legal proceeding and assess our potential financial exposure. If the potential loss from any claim or legal proceeding would be material and is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated, we accrue a liability for the estimated loss. To the extent that the amount of such a probable loss is estimable only by reference to a range of equally likely outcomes, and no amount within the range appears to be a better estimate than any other amount, we accrue the amount at the low end of the range. Because of uncertainties related to these matters, the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments, and external factors beyond our control, accruals are based on the best information available at the time. At environmental sites, or portions of environmental sites, where liability is determined to be probable but a remedy has not yet been determined, we accrue for the costs of investigations and studies for the affected areas but not for the costs of remediation. As additional information becomes available, we reassess the potential liability related to our pending claims and litigation and may revise our estimates. Such revisions in the estimates of the potential liabilities could have a material impact on our results of operations and financial position. When insurance carriers or third parties have agreed to pay any amounts related to costs, and we believe that it is probable that we can collect such amounts, those amounts are reflected as receivables in our Consolidated Balance Sheet.

The most significant legal contingencies impacting our Company are the Fox River, Kalamazoo River, and Ebina matters, which are further described in detail in Note 10, “Commitments and Contingencies”, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item

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8 of Part II of this Report. NCR has been identified as a potentially responsible party (“PRP”) at both the Fox River and Kalamazoo River sites.

As described below and in Note 10, “Commitments and Contingencies”, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Report, while litigation activities have been concluded with respect to the Fox River matter and while the Company has engaged in cooperative regulatory compliance activities with the government of Japan with respect to the Ebina matter, the extent of our potential liabilities continues to be subject to significant uncertainties. The uncertainties related to the Kalamazoo River matter include the total cost of clean-up as well as the solvency and willingness of the co-obligors or indemnitors, and other responsible parties, to pay. As relates to Fox River, uncertainties remain with respect to the final reconciliation of the indemnitors' payment obligations. The uncertainties related to the Ebina matter include total cost of clean-up subject to approval by government agencies in Japan.

Our net reserves for the Fox River matter, the Kalamazoo River matter and the Ebina matter, as of December 31, 2022 were approximately $22 million, $90 million, and $7 million, respectively, as further discussed in Note 10, “Commitments and Contingencies”, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Report. The Company regularly re-evaluates the assumptions used in determining the appropriate reserve for these matters as additional information becomes available and, when warranted, makes appropriate adjustments.

Income Taxes We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of assets and liabilities. The deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the enacted tax rates expected to apply in the periods in which the deferred tax assets or liabilities are anticipated to be settled or realized.

We regularly review our deferred tax assets for recoverability and establish a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The determination as to whether a deferred tax asset will be realized is made on a jurisdictional basis and is based on the evaluation of positive and negative evidence. This evidence includes historical taxable income, projected future taxable income, the expected timing of the reversal of existing temporary differences and the implementation of tax planning strategies. Projected future taxable income is based on our expected results and assumptions as to the jurisdiction in which the income will be earned. The expected timing of the reversals of existing temporary differences is based on current tax law and our tax methods of accounting. As a result of this determination, we had valuation allowances of $448 million as of December 31, 2022 and $368 million as of December 31, 2021, related to certain deferred income tax assets, primarily tax loss carryforwards, in jurisdictions where there is uncertainty as to the ultimate realization of a benefit from those tax assets.

If we are unable to generate sufficient future taxable income, or if there is a material change in the actual effective tax rates or the time period within which the underlying temporary differences become taxable or deductible, or if the tax laws change unfavorably, then we could be required to increase our valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets, resulting in an increase in our effective tax rate.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as part of the provision for income taxes and are accrued beginning in the period that such interest and penalties would be applicable under relevant tax law until such time that the related tax benefits are recognized.

During 2019, we transferred certain intangible assets among our wholly-owned subsidiaries, which resulted in the establishment of deferred tax assets of $274 million. The establishment of deferred tax assets from intra-entity transfers of intangible assets required us to make significant estimates and assumptions to determine the fair value of such intangible assets. Critical estimates in valuing the intangible assets include, but are not limited to, internal revenue and expense forecasts, and discount rates. The sustainability of our future tax benefits is dependent upon the acceptance of these valuation estimates and assumptions by the taxing authorities.

The provision for income taxes may change period-to-period based on non-recurring events, such as the settlement of income tax audits and changes in tax laws, as well as recurring factors including the geographic mix of income before taxes, state and local taxes and the effects of various global income tax strategies. We maintain certain strategic management and operational activities in overseas subsidiaries and our foreign earnings are taxed at rates that are generally lower than in the United States. As of December 31, 2022, we did not provide for U.S. federal income taxes or foreign withholding taxes on approximately $3.7 billion of undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries as such earnings are expected to be reinvested indefinitely. The amount of unrecognized deferred tax liability associated with these indefinitely reinvested earnings is approximately $152 million.

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Refer to Note 7, “Income Taxes”, in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Report for disclosures related to foreign and domestic pretax income, foreign and domestic income tax (benefit) expense and the effect foreign taxes have on our overall effective tax rate.

RECENTLY ISSUED ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

A discussion of recently issued accounting pronouncements is described in Note 1, “Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies”, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of Part II of this Report, and we incorporate by reference such discussion in this MD&A.

Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market Risk

We are exposed to market risks primarily from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. It is our policy to manage our foreign exchange exposure and debt structure in order to manage capital costs, control financial risks and maintain financial flexibility over the long term. In managing market risks, we employ derivatives according to documented policies and procedures, including foreign currency contracts and interest rate swaps. We do not use derivatives for trading or speculative purposes.

Foreign Exchange Risk

Since a substantial portion of our operations and revenue occur outside the United States, and in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, our results can be significantly impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We have exposure to approximately 45 functional currencies and are exposed to foreign currency exchange risk with respect to our sales, profits and assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. Although we use financial instruments to hedge certain foreign currency risks, we are not fully protected against foreign currency fluctuations and our reported results of operations could be affected by changes in foreign currency exchange rates. To manage our exposures and mitigate the impact of currency fluctuations on the operations of our foreign subsidiaries, we hedge our main transactional exposures through the use of foreign exchange forward and option contracts. This is primarily done through the hedging of foreign currency denominated inter-company inventory purchases by the marketing units and the foreign currency denominated inputs to our manufacturing units. All of these transactions are forecasted. If these contracts are designated as highly effective cash flow hedges, the gains or losses are deferred into accumulated other comprehensive income (“AOCI”). The gains or losses from derivative contracts that are designated as highly effective cash flow hedges related to inventory purchases are recorded in cost of products when the inventory is sold to an unrelated third party. Otherwise, the gains or losses from these contracts are recognized in earnings as exchange rates change. We also use derivatives not designated as hedging instruments consisting primarily of forward contracts to hedge foreign currency denominated balance sheet exposures. For these derivatives we recognize gains and losses in the same period as the remeasurement losses and gains of the related foreign currency-denominated exposures.

We utilize non-exchange traded financial instruments, such as foreign exchange forward and option contracts, that we purchase exclusively from highly rated financial institutions. We record these contracts on our balance sheet at fair market value based upon market price quotations from the financial institutions. We do not enter into non-exchange traded contracts that require the use of fair value estimation techniques, but if we did, they could have a material impact on our financial results.

For purposes of analyzing potential risk, we use sensitivity analysis to quantify potential impacts that market rate changes may have on the fair values of our hedge portfolio related to firmly committed or forecasted transactions. The sensitivity analysis represents the hypothetical changes in value of the hedge position and does not reflect the related gain or loss on the forecasted underlying transaction. A 10% appreciation in the value of the U.S. Dollar against foreign currencies from the prevailing market rates would have resulted in a corresponding decrease in the fair value of the hedge portfolio of $6 million as of December 31, 2022. A 10% depreciation in the value of the U.S. Dollar against foreign currencies from the prevailing market rates would have resulted in a corresponding increase in the fair value of the hedge portfolio of $6 million as of December 31, 2022. The Company expects that any increase or decrease in the fair value of the portfolio would be substantially offset by increases or decreases in the underlying exposures being hedged.

The U.S. Dollar was stronger in 2022 compared to 2021 based on comparable weighted averages for our functional currencies. This had an unfavorable revenue impact of 3% on 2022 compared to 2021. This excludes the effects of our hedging activities and, therefore, does not reflect the actual impact of fluctuations in exchange rates on our operating income.

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Interest Rate Risk

We are subject to interest rate risk principally in relation to variable-rate debt. Approximately 58% of our borrowings were on a fixed rate basis as of December 31, 2022. The increase in pre-tax interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 from a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in variable interest rates would be approximately $24 million. As of December 31, 2022, we do not have any outstanding interest rate derivative contracts related to our variable rate debt.

Additionally, as our ATM vault cash rental expense is based on market rates of interest, it is sensitive to changes in applicable interest rates in the respective countries in which we operate. We pay a monthly fee on the average outstanding vault cash balances in our ATMs under floating rate formulas based on a spread above various interbank offered rates. The increase in vault cash rental expense for the twelve months ended December 31, 2022 from a hypothetical 100 basis point increase in variable interest rates would be approximately $40 million, excluding the impact from outstanding interest rate swap agreements related to our vault cash.

We utilize interest rate swap contracts and interest rate cap agreements to add stability to interest expense and to manage exposure to interest rate movements as part of our interest rate risk management strategy. Payments and receipts related to interest rate cap agreements and interest rate swap contracts are included in cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Refer to Note 14, “Derivatives and Hedging Instruments”, for further information on our interest rate derivative contracts in effect as of December 31, 2022.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

We are potentially subject to concentrations of credit risk on accounts receivable and financial instruments, such as hedging instruments and cash and cash equivalents. Credit risk includes the risk of nonperformance by counterparties. The maximum potential loss may exceed the amount recognized on the balance sheet. Exposure to credit risk is managed through credit approvals, credit limits, selecting major international financial institutions as counterparties to hedging transactions, and monitoring procedures. Our business often involves large transactions with customers for which we do not require collateral. If one or more of those customers were to default in its obligations under applicable contractual arrangements, we could be exposed to potentially significant losses. Moreover, a prolonged downturn in the global economy could have an adverse impact on the ability of our customers to pay their obligations on a timely basis. We believe that the reserves for potential losses are adequate. As of December 31, 2022, we did not have any significant concentration of credit risk related to financial instruments.

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Index to Financial Statements and Supplemental Data

Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm [PCAOB ID 238] 56

Consolidated Statements of Operations 58

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) 59

Consolidated Balance Sheets 60

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 61

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity 62

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 63

Note 1. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies 63

Note 2. Business Combinations 75

Note 3. Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets 79

Note 4. Segment Information 81

Note 5. Debt Obligations 85

Note 6. Trade Receivable Facility 89

Note 7. Income Taxes 90

Note 8. Stock Compensation Plans 93

Note 9. Employee Benefit Plans 96

Note 10. Commitments and Contingencies 106

Note 12. Series A Preferred Stock 112

Note 13. Earnings Per Share 114

Note 14. Derivatives and Hedging Instruments 116

Note 15. Fair Value of Assets and Liabilities 120

Note 16. Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income 121

Note 17. Supplemental Financial Information 123

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Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To theBoard of Directors and Stockholders of NCR Corporation

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of NCR Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive income (loss), of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

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Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Change in Reportable Segments and Assignment of Goodwill

As described in Notes 1, 3, and 4 to the consolidated financial statements, during 2022 the Company realigned its reportable segments to correspond with changes to its operating model, management structure and organizational responsibilities. In connection with the change in reportable segments, management determined the Company’s reporting units and then reassigned the goodwill balance of $4,519 million to the new reporting units. Due to the change in reportable segments, management performed an interim goodwill impairment analysis immediately before and as of the effective date of January 1, 2022. As of January 1, 2022, goodwill assigned to each of the segments amounted to $988 million to Payments & Network, $595 million to Digital Banking, $1,534 million to Self-Service Banking, $981 million to Retail, $269 million to Hospitality, and $152 million to Other. Fair value was estimated using a weighted methodology considering the output from both the income and market approaches. The income approach incorporates the use of a discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the discounted cash flow model to forecast operating cash flows, including revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins and discount rates. The market approach is performed using the Guideline Public Companies (GPC) method which is based on earnings multiple data of peer companies.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the change in reportable segments and assignment of goodwill is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value of estimate the reporting units; (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins and discount rates; and (iii) the audit effort involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill impairment assessment, including controls over the valuation of the Company’s reporting units. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimates; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the model; and (iv) evaluating the significant assumptions used by management related to revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins and discount rates. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins involved evaluating whether the assumptions used were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting units, (ii) the consistency with external market data, and (iii) whether these assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit. Professionals with specialized skill and knowledge were used to assist in evaluating the appropriateness of the Company's discounted cash flow model, and the reasonableness of management's significant assumption related to the discount rates.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Atlanta, Georgia

February 27, 2023

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1993.

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NCR Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Operations

Selling, general and administrative expenses 1,152 1,151 1,069

Loss on extinguishment of debt — (42) (20)

Other income (expense), net 7 90 (42)

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes 211 284 (59)

Income tax expense (benefit) 148 186 (53)

Income (loss) from continuing operations 63 98 (6)

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax (4) — (72)

Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests (1) 1 1

Net income (loss) attributable to NCR $ 60 $ 97 $ (79)

Amounts attributable to NCR common stockholders:

Income (loss) from continuing operations $ 64 $ 97 $ (7)

Series A convertible preferred stock dividends (16) (16) (31)

Income (loss) from continuing operations attributable to NCR 48 81 (38)

Income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax (4) — (72)

Net income (loss) attributable to NCR common stockholders $ 44 $ 81 $ (110)

Income (loss) per share attributable to NCR common stockholders:

Income (loss) per common share from continuing operations

Net income (loss) per common share

Weighted average common shares outstanding

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NCR Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Net income (loss) $ 59 $ 98 $ (78)

Other comprehensive income (loss):

Currency translation adjustments

Currency translation adjustments gain (loss) (132) (30) 15

Derivatives

Unrealized gain (loss) on derivatives 152 9 (8)

Loss (gain) on derivatives arising during the period (18) 1 7

Less income tax benefit (expense) (33) (2) —

Employee benefit plans

Prior service benefit — 6 (1)

Amortization of prior service cost (2) (1) (4)

Net (loss) gain arising during the period 25 (1) (11)

Amortization of actuarial (loss) gain — (1) (3)

Less income tax benefit (expense) (4) (1) 3

Other comprehensive income (loss) (12) (20) (2)

Total comprehensive income (loss) 47 78 (80)

Less comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests:

Net income (1) 1 1

Currency translation adjustments (3) — —

Amounts attributable to noncontrolling interests (4) 1 1

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NCR Corporation

Consolidated Balance Sheets

As of December 31 (in millions except per share amounts) 2022 2021

Assets

Current assets

Cash and cash equivalents $ 505 $ 447

Prepaid and other current assets 494 421

Property, plant and equipment, net 663 703

Liabilities and stockholders’ equity

Current liabilities

Short-term borrowings $ 104 $ 57

Payroll and benefits liabilities 207 389

Other current liabilities 673 757

Pension and indemnity plan liabilities 614 789

Postretirement and postemployment benefits liabilities 91 119

Income tax accruals 97 116

Operating lease liabilities 353 388

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 10)

Stockholders’ equity

NCR stockholders’ equity

Accumulated other comprehensive loss (300) (291)

Total NCR stockholders’ equity 1,480 1,256

Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries (1) 3

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 11,507 $ 11,641

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NCR Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Operating activities

Net income (loss) $ 59 $ 98 $ (78)

Loss (income) from discontinued operations 4 — 72

Loss on debt extinguishment — 42 20

Loss on divestiture 9 — —

Impairment of other assets — 24 46

Bargain purchase gain on acquisition — — (7)

Changes in assets and liabilities:

Current payables and accrued expenses 29 255 (295)

Contract liabilities (1) (15) 2

Employee benefit plans (61) (147) (51)

Other assets and liabilities 27 40 (15)

Net cash provided by operating activities $ 447 $ 1,077 $ 641

Investing activities

Expenditures for property, plant and equipment $ (92) $ (106) $ (31)

Proceeds from sales of property, plant and equipment 10 1 7

Additions to capitalized software (285) (242) (232)

Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired (13) (2,473) (25)

Proceeds from divestiture, net (2) — —

Purchases of short-term investments — (13) (20)

Proceeds from sale of short-term investments — 14 27

Other investing activities, net (5) (7) (3)

Net cash used in investing activities $ (387) $ (2,826) $ (277)

Financing activities

Short term borrowings, net $ 1 $ — $ —

Payments on term credit facilities (63) (107) (12)

Borrowings on term credit facilities — 1,505 4

Payments on revolving credit facilities (1,192) (1,650) (1,998)

Payments of senior unsecured notes — (400) (1,300)

Proceeds from issuance of senior unsecured and other notes 12 1,200 1,500

Debt issuance costs and bridge commitment fees — (53) (21)

Call premium paid on debt extinguishment — (37) (15)

Cash paid for Series A Convertible Preferred Stock dividends (15) (15) (9)

Repurchases of common stock — — (41)

Tax withholding payments on behalf of employees (59) (50) (28)

Proceeds from employee stock plans 31 44 17

Net change in client funds obligations (28) 4 12

Repurchase of Series A Preferred shares — — (144)

Principal payments for finance lease obligations (15) (17) (13)

Other financing activities (4) (2) (1)

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities $ 1 $ 2,178 $ (514)

Cash flows from discontinued operations

Increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash (9) 343 (157)

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period 749 406 563

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period $ 740 $ 749 $ 406

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NCR Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

NCR Stockholders

in millions Shares Amount Paid-in Capital Retained Earnings Total

Comprehensive income (loss):

Net income (loss) — — — (79) — 1 (78)

Other comprehensive income (loss) — — — — (2) — (2)

Total comprehensive income (loss) — — — (79) (2) 1 (80)

Employee stock purchase and stock compensation plans 4 — 97 — — — 97

Deemed dividend from redemption of Series A preferred stock — — — (12) — — (12)

Repurchase of Company common stock (2) — (41) — — — (41)

Series A convertible preferred stock dividends — — — (19) — — (19)

Dividends paid to minority shareholder — — — — — (1) (1)

Comprehensive income (loss):

Net income (loss) — — — 97 — 1 98

Other comprehensive income (loss) — — — — (20) — (20)

Total comprehensive income (loss) — — — 97 (20) 1 78

Employee stock purchase and stock compensation plans 3 — 128 — — — 128

Series A convertible preferred stock dividends — — — (16) — — (16)

Dividends paid to minority shareholder — — — — — (1) (1)

Comprehensive income (loss):

Net income (loss) — — — 60 — (1) 59

Other comprehensive income (loss) — — — — (9) (3) (12)

Total comprehensive income (loss) — — — 60 (9) (4) 47

Employee stock purchase and stock compensation plans 5 — 121 — — — 121

Stock issued in acquisition of LibertyX 1 — 68 — — — 68

Series A convertible preferred stock dividends — — — (16) — — (16)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NCR Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Description of Business NCR Corporation (“NCR”, the “Company”, “we” or “us”) was originally incorporated in 1884 and is a software- and services-led enterprise technology provider that runs stores, restaurants and self-directed banking for our customers, which includes businesses of all sizes. Our software platform, which runs in the cloud and includes microservices and APIs that integrate with our customers' systems, and our NCR-as-a-Service solutions bring together all of the capabilities and competencies of NCR to power the technology to run our customers’ operations. Our portfolio includes digital first software and services offerings for banking, retailers and restaurants, as well as payments processing and networks, multi-vendor connected device services, automated teller machines (“ATMs”), self-checkout (“SCO”), point of sale (“POS”) terminals and other self-service technologies. We also resell third-party networking products and provide related service offerings in the telecommunications and technology sector. Our solutions are designed to support our transition to becoming a software platform and payments company.

Change in reportable segments Effective January 1, 2022, the Company realigned its reportable segments to correspond with changes to its operating model, management structure and organizational responsibilities. The reportable segments effective January 1, 2022 include: Retail, Hospitality, Digital Banking, Payments & Network, and Self-Service Banking. Additionally, effective January 1, 2022, the Company manages Corporate & Other, which includes income and expenses that are not specifically attributable to an individual reportable segment and thus will be reflected only in consolidated results, as well as our telecommunications and technology business, an immaterial operating segment. We have reclassified prior period segment disclosures to conform to current period presentation. Refer to Note 4, “Segment Information and Concentrations”, for additional information on our reportable segments.

Conflict in Eastern Europe The war in Eastern Europe and related sanctions imposed on Russia and related actors by the United States and other jurisdictions required us to commence the orderly wind down of our operations in Russia beginning in the first quarter of 2022. As of December 31, 2022, we have ceased operations in Russia and are in the process of dissolving our only subsidiary in Russia. As a result of these actions, our results for the year ended December 31, 2022 reflect the impact of the impairment and write down of the assets and liabilities of the entity, severance charges, the assessment of collectability on revenue recognition, and the residual operations of the entity. We recognized a pre-tax net loss of $22 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 related to these actions, recognized primarily in Cost of products, Cost of services and Selling, general and administrative expenses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Announcement of Planned Separation On September 15, 2022, NCR announced a plan to separate into two independent, publicly traded companies – one focused on digital commerce, the other on ATMs. The separation is intended to be structured in a tax-free manner. The separation transaction will follow the satisfaction of customary conditions, including effectiveness of appropriate filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, and the completion of audited financial statements. The current target is to complete the separation by the end of 2023. Should alternative options become available in the future that could deliver superior value to our shareholders than the planned separation, such as a whole or partial company sale of NCR, the Board of Directors remains open to considering alternative scenarios.

Use of Estimates The preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and revenue and expenses during the periods reported.

Although our estimates contemplate current and expected future conditions, as applicable, it is reasonably possible that actual conditions could differ from our expectations, which could materially affect our results of operations and financial position. In particular, a number of estimates have been and will continue to be affected by the ongoing variants of the coronavirus (“COVID-19”) pandemic, macroeconomic pressures and geopolitical challenges. The ultimate impact on our overall financial condition and operating results will depend on the duration and severity of the pandemic, supply chain challenges and cost escalations including materials, interest, labor and freight, and any additional governmental and public actions taken in response. As a result, our accounting estimates and assumptions may change over time as a consequence of the effects these external factors. Such changes could result in future impairments of goodwill, intangible assets, long-lived assets, incremental credit losses on accounts receivable and decreases in the carrying amount of our tax assets.

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Evaluation of Subsequent Events The Company evaluated subsequent events through the date that our Consolidated Financial Statements were issued. Other than the items discussed within the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, no matters were identified that required adjustment of the Consolidated Financial Statements or additional disclosure.

Basis of Consolidation The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of NCR and its majority-owned subsidiaries. Long-term investments in affiliated companies in which NCR owns between 20% and 50%, and therefore, exercises significant influence, but which it does not control, are accounted for using the equity method. Investments in which NCR does not exercise significant influence (generally, when NCR has an investment of less than 20% and no significant influence, such as representation on the investee’s board of directors) are accounted for using the cost method. All significant inter-company transactions and accounts have been eliminated. In addition, the Company is required to determine whether it is the primary beneficiary of economic income or losses that may be generated by variable interest entities in which the Company has such an interest. In circumstances where the Company determined it is the primary beneficiary, consolidation of that entity would be required. For the periods presented, no variable interest entities have been consolidated.

On June 21, 2021, we completed the acquisition of Cardtronics plc (“Cardtronics”). The December 31, 2021 year-to-date results include the operations of Cardtronics from June 21, 2021 to December 31, 2021. Refer to Note 2, “Business Combinations”, for additional disclosure.

Reclassifications Certain prior-period amounts have been reclassified in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto in order to conform to the current period presentation.

Revenue Recognition The Company records revenue, net of sales tax, when the following five steps have been completed:

•Identification of the contract(s) with a customer

•Identification of the performance obligation(s) in the contract

•Determination of the transaction price

•Allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract

•Recognition of revenue when, or as, we satisfy performance obligations

The Company records revenue when, or as, performance obligations are satisfied by transferring control of a promised good or service to the customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for products and services. The Company evaluates the transfer of control primarily from the customer’s perspective where the customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits from that good or service. The Company does not adjust the transaction price for taxes collected from customers, as those amounts are netted against amounts remitted to government authorities.

NCR enters contracts that include multiple distinct performance obligations, including hardware, software, professional consulting and managed services, payment processing services, installation services and maintenance support services. A promise to a customer is considered distinct when the product or service is both capable of being distinct, and distinct in the context of the contract. For these arrangements, the Company allocates the transaction price, at contract inception, to each distinct performance obligation on a relative standalone selling price basis. The primary method used to estimate standalone selling price is the price that the Company charges for that good or service when the Company sells it separately in similar circumstances to similar customers.

For hardware products, control is generally transferred when the customer has the ability to direct the use of and obtain substantially all of the remaining benefits of the products, which generally coincides with when the customer has assumed title and risk of loss of the goods sold. In certain instances, customer acceptance is required prior to the passage of title and risk of loss of the delivered products. In such cases, revenue is not recognized until the customer acceptance is obtained. Delivery, acceptance, and transfer of title and risk of loss generally occur in the same reporting period. NCR's customers may request that delivery and passage of title and risk of loss occur on a bill and hold basis. For the periods ending December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, the revenue recognized from bill and hold transactions approximated 1% of total revenue, respectively. Hardware products may also be included in an As-a-service package and sold in a bundle with managed services. In these packages, title to the hardware is not transferred to the customer and revenue is recognized in consideration of lease accounting standards, depending on the terms and conditions in the contract. Most hardware leases embedded in our As-a-service contracts qualify for classification as operating leases. Revenue from the hardware operating leases in an As-a-service package is recognized over the term of the contract, which is the same pattern and timing as the services in the contract.

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Software products may be sold as perpetual licenses, term-based licenses, cloud-enabled and software as a service (“SaaS”). Perpetual license revenue is recognized at a point in time when control transfers to the customer and is reported within product revenue. Control is typically transferred when the customer takes possession of, or has access to, the software. Term-based license revenue is recognized at a point in time upon the commencement of the committed term of the contract, concurrent with the possession of the license, and reported within product revenue. The committed term of the contract is typically one month to one year due to customer termination rights. If the amount of consideration the Company expects to be paid in exchange for the licenses depends on customer usage, revenue is recognized when the usage occurs.

Software as a service (SaaS) primarily consists of fees to provide our customers access to our platform and cloud-based applications for a specified contract term. Revenue from SaaS contracts is recognized as variable consideration directly allocated based on customer usage or on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date that our service is made available to the customer. SaaS is reported as part of our services revenue.

The Company sells some product solutions that include a combination of cloud-enabled and on-premise term-based software licenses for a specified contract term. Significant judgment is required to determine if the products and services represent distinct promises to the customer or if they should be combined into one performance obligation. When they are combined into one performance obligation, revenue is recognized ratably over the contract term for which the service is provided.

In addition to SaaS, our services revenue includes professional consulting, payment processing revenue, managed services, installation and maintenance support. Professional consulting primarily consists of software implementation, integration, customization and optimization services. Revenue from professional consulting contracts is recognized when the services are completed or customer acceptance of the service is received, if required. For installation and maintenance, control is transferred as the services are provided or ratably over the service period, or, if applicable, after customer acceptance of the service. For recurring services that we perform over a contract term, we analyze if the services are performed evenly throughout the term for fixed consideration. If so, we ratably recognize the corresponding consideration over the committed term. Otherwise, we apply the ‘as invoiced’ practical expedient, for performance obligations satisfied over time, if the amount we may invoice corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the Company’s performance to date. This expedient permits us to recognize revenue in the amount we invoice the customer.

Payment processing revenue includes surcharge and other fees paid by cardholders and/or the cardholder’s financial institutions for the use of processing services. Surcharge revenues are recognized daily as the associated transactions are processed. In addition, relative to ATM transactions, the Company typically receives a majority of the interchange fee paid by the cardholder’s financial institution, net of the amount retained by the payment network, and recognizes the net amount received from the network as revenue. Relative to credit card processing, revenue is comprised of fees charged to the Company's customers, net of interchange fees and assessments charged by the credit card associations and payment networks, which are pass-through charges collected on behalf of the card issuers and payment networks.

Under our managed service agreements, the Company provides various forms of services, including monitoring, cash management, cash delivery, customer service, on-screen advertising, processing and other services, under one contract package. The Company typically receives a monthly service fee, fee per transaction, or fee per service provided in return for providing the agreed-upon services. The managed services fees are recognized as the related services are provided to the customers.

The Company also recognizes revenue related to branding arrangements and providing access to the Company’s surcharge-free network and equipment. Customers may be charged on a per transaction basis or a fixed monthly fee. Under these arrangements, the Company is providing a series of distinct services with similar patterns of transfer to the customer. As a result, these arrangements create performance obligations that are satisfied over-time for which the Company has a right to consideration that corresponds directly with the value of the Company’s performance completed to date. In conjunction with these arrangements, the Company recognizes revenue in the amount that it has a right to receive using the ‘as invoiced’ practical expedient described above. Revenues are generally recognized on a ratable basis over the contract term beginning on the date that our service is made available to the customer, except for transaction-based fee arrangements which are recognized daily as the transactions are processed. Any up-front fees associated with these arrangements are recognized ratably over the life of the arrangement.

The nature of our arrangements gives rise to several types of variable consideration including service level agreement credits, stock rotation rights, trade-in credits and volume-based rebates. At contract inception, we include this variable consideration in our transaction price when there is a basis to reasonably estimate the amount of the fee and it is probable there will not be a significant reversal. These estimates are generally made using the expected value method and a portfolio approach, based on

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historical experience, anticipated performance and our best judgment at the time. These estimates are reassessed at each reporting date. Because of our confidence in estimating these amounts, they are included in the transaction price of our contracts and the associated remaining performance obligations.

Payment terms with our customers are established based on industry and regional practices and generally do not exceed 30 days. We do not typically include extended payment terms in our contracts with customers. As a practical expedient, we do not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of a significant financing component when we expect, at contract inception, that the period between our transfer of a promised product or service to a customer and when the customer pays for that product or service will be one year or less. If the period between transfer of the promised product or service and payment is more than one year, the Company analyzes whether a significant financing component is present. If so, the Company adjusts the total consideration to reflect the significant financing component.

We account for shipping and handling activities related to contracts with customers as costs to fulfill our promise to transfer the associated products, rather than as a separate performance obligation. Accordingly, we record amounts billed for shipping and handling costs as a component of net product sales, and classify such costs as a component of cost of products.

In addition to the standard product warranty, the Company periodically offers extended warranties to its customers in the form of product maintenance services. For maintenance contracts that have been combined with product contracts under the revenue guidance, the Company defers revenue at an amount based on the relative standalone selling price allocation, and recognizes the deferred revenue over the service term. For non-combined maintenance contracts, NCR defers the stated amount of the separately priced service and recognizes the deferred revenue over the service term.

Remaining Performance Obligations Remaining performance obligations represent the transaction price of contracts for which products have not been delivered or services have not been performed. As of December 31, 2022, the aggregate amount of the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations was approximately $3.8 billion. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately three-quarters of the remaining performance obligations over the next 12 months, with the remainder recognized thereafter. The majority of our professional services are expected to be recognized over the next 12 months but this is contingent upon a number of factors, including customers’ needs and schedules.

The Company has made three elections which affect the value of remaining performance obligations described above. We do not disclose remaining performance obligations for contracts where variable consideration is directly allocated based on usage or when the original expected duration is one year or less. Additionally, we do not disclose remaining performance obligations for contracts where we recognize revenue from the satisfaction of the performance obligation in accordance with the ‘right to invoice’ practical expedient.

Warranty and Sales Returns Provisions for product warranties and sales returns and allowances are recorded in the period in which NCR becomes obligated to honor the related right, which generally is the period in which the related product revenue is recognized. The Company accrues warranty reserves based upon historical factors such as labor rates, average repair time, travel time, number of service calls per machine and cost of replacement parts. When a sale is consummated, a warranty reserve is recorded based upon the estimated cost to provide the service over the warranty period. The Company accrues sales returns and allowances using percentages of revenue to reflect the Company’s historical average of sales return claims.

Research and Development Costs Research and development costs primarily include payroll and benefit-related costs, contractor fees, facilities costs, infrastructure costs, and administrative expenses directly related to research and development support and are expensed as incurred, except certain software development costs are capitalized after technological feasibility of the software is established.

Advertising Advertising costs are recognized in selling, general and administrative expenses when incurred.

Stock-based Compensation Stock-based compensation represents the costs related to share-based awards granted to employees and non-employee directors. The Company’s outstanding stock-based compensation awards are classified as equity. The Company measures stock-based compensation cost at the grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award and recognizes the cost over the requisite service period. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur. See Note 8, “Stock Compensation Plans”, for further information on NCR’s stock-based compensation plans.

Income Taxes Income tax expense is provided based on income before income taxes. Deferred income taxes reflect the impact of temporary differences between assets and liabilities recognized for financial reporting purposes and such amounts recognized

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for tax purposes. These deferred taxes are determined based on the enacted tax rates expected to apply in the periods in which the deferred assets or liabilities are expected to be settled or realized. NCR records valuation allowances related to its deferred income tax assets when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized.

The Company recognizes the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the consolidated financial statements from such a position are measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than fifty percent likelihood of being sustained upon examination by authorities. Interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions are recognized as part of the provision for income taxes and are accrued beginning in the period that such interest and penalties would be applicable under relevant tax law and until such time that the related tax benefits are recognized.

Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Restricted Cash All short-term, highly liquid investments having original maturities of three months or less, including time deposits, are considered to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2022, the Company has restricted cash on deposit with a bank as collateral for letters of credit, funds held in escrow as well as cash included in settlement processing assets.

The reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows is as follows:

Cash and cash equivalents Cash and cash equivalents $ 505 $ 447 $ 338

Short term restricted cash Restricted cash 8 — —

Long term restricted cash Other assets 7 7 9

Funds held for client Restricted cash — 48 44

Cash included in settlement processing assets Restricted cash 220 247 15

Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 740 $ 749 $ 406

Supplemental cash flow information Interest paid in cash was $268 million, $215 million, and $196 million for fiscal years 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively. Income taxes paid in cash were $88 million, $84 million and $82 million for fiscal years 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

Supplemental disclosures of noncash investing and financing activities During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, we issued shares of the Company's common stock and assumed unvested outstanding option awards in the acquisition of Moon Inc., dba LibertyX, for total non-cash consideration of $68 million. In connection with the acquisition, we also assumed debt of $2 million. Refer to Note 2, “Business Combinations”, for additional information on the LibertyX acquisition.

ATM Cash Management Program Our business includes the operation of ATMs under Company-owned ATM placements, merchant-owned ATM placements, and managed services. The Company relies on arrangements with various banks to provide the cash that it uses to fill its Company-owned, and in some cases merchant-owned and managed services ATMs. The Company refers to such cash as “vault cash”. The Company pays a monthly rental fee based on the average outstanding vault cash balance, as well as fees related to the bundling and preparation of such cash prior to it being loaded in the ATMs. At all times, beneficial ownership of the cash is retained by the vault cash providers and the Company has no right or access to the cash except for the ATMs that are serviced by the Company's wholly-owned cash-in-transit operations in the United Kingdom. While the United Kingdom cash-in-transit operations have physical access to the cash loaded in the ATMs, beneficial ownership of that cash remains with the vault cash provider at all times. The Company's vault cash arrangements expire at various times through December 2027. Based on the foregoing, the ATM vault cash, and the related obligations, are not reflected in the consolidated financial statements. The average outstanding vault cash balance in the Company's ATMs for the year ended December 31, 2022 was approximately $4.1 billion.

Accounts Receivable, net Accounts receivable, net includes amounts billed and currently due from customers as well as amounts unbilled that typically result from sales under contracts where revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer and where the Company has an unconditional right to consideration. The amounts due are stated at their net estimated realizable value.

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The components of accounts receivable are summarized as follows:

Accounts receivable

Accounts receivable, gross 1,117 983

Less: allowance for credit losses (34) (24)

Total accounts receivable, net $ 1,083 $ 959

Allowance for Credit Losses on Accounts Receivable Allowances for credit losses on accounts receivable are recognized when reasonable and supportable forecasts affect the expected collectability. This requires us to make our best estimate of the current expected losses inherent in our accounts receivable at each balance sheet date. These estimates require consideration of historical loss experience, adjusted for current conditions, forward looking indicators, trends in customer payment frequency and judgments about the probable effects of relevant observable data, including present and future economic conditions and the financial health of specific customers and market sectors. This policy is applied consistently among all of our operating segments. We continue to evaluate our reserves in light of the age and quality of our outstanding accounts receivable, risks to specific industries or countries, as well as the COVID-19 pandemic, and adjust the reserves accordingly.

Our allowance for credit losses as of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021 was $34 million and $24 million, respectively. For the year ended December 31, 2022, our allowance for credit losses charged to expense was $23 million. The Company recorded $13 million of write-offs against the reserve for the year ended December 31, 2022. For the year ending, December 31, 2021 our allowance for credit losses charged to expense was $2 million and the Company recorded $29 million of write-offs against the reserve.

Inventories Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, using the average cost method. Cost includes materials, labor and manufacturing overhead related to the purchase and production of inventories. Service parts are included in inventories and include reworkable and non-reworkable service parts. The Company regularly reviews inventory quantities on hand, future purchase commitments with suppliers and the estimated utility of inventory. If the review indicates a reduction in utility below carrying value, inventory is reduced to a new cost basis. Excess and obsolete write-offs are established based on forecasted usage, orders, technological obsolescence and inventory aging.

Contract Assets and Liabilities Contract assets include unbilled amounts where the right to payment is not solely subject to the passage of time. Amounts may not exceed their net realizable value. Contract liabilities consist of advance payments, billings in excess of revenue recognized and deferred revenue.

Our contract assets and liabilities are reported in a net position on a contract-by-contract basis at the end of each reporting period. If the net position is a contract asset, the current portion is included in Prepaid and other current assets and the non-current portion is included in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. If the net position is a contract liability, the current portion is included in Contract liabilities and the non-current portion is included in Other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of December 31, 2022, no contracts were in a net asset position.

The following table presents the net contract asset and contract liability balances:

Current portion of contract liabilities Contract liabilities $ 537 $ 516

Non-current portion of contract liabilities Other liabilities $ 49 $ 69

During the twelve months ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020 the Company recognized $403 million, $447 million, and $407 million, respectively, in revenue that was included in contract liabilities as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively.

Deferred Commissions Our incremental costs of obtaining a contract, which consist of certain sales commissions, primarily for our SaaS revenue, are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the period of expected benefit. We determined the period of expected benefit by taking into consideration customer contracts, the estimated life of the customer relationship,

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including renewals when the renewal commission is not commensurate with the initial commission, the expected life of the underlying technology and other factors. We classify deferred commissions as current or non-current based on the timing of when we expect to recognize the expense. The current and non-current portions of deferred commissions are included in Prepaid and other current assets and Other assets, respectively, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Amortization of deferred commissions is included in Selling, general and administrative expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Set-up Fees and Costs Fees for the design, configuration, implementation and installation related to the software applications that are provided as a service are recognized over the contract term, which is generally 5 years. The related costs incurred that are determined to be incremental and recoverable contract-specific costs are deferred and amortized over the period of benefit, which is generally 7 years.

Settlement Processing Assets and Obligations Funds settlement refers to the process of transferring funds for sales and credits between card issuers and merchants and, for ATM transactions, between card issuers and merchants or financial institutions. Depending on the type of transaction, either the credit card interchange system or the debit network is used to transfer the information and funds in either direction between the sponsoring bank and card issuing bank to complete the link between merchants or financial institutions and card issuers. In certain of our processing arrangements, merchant funding occurs after the sponsoring bank or the Company receives the funds from the card issuer through the card networks, creating a settlement obligation to the merchant or financial institution on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. In a limited number of other arrangements, the sponsoring bank funds the merchants before it receives the net settlement funds from the card networks, creating a settlement asset on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. Additionally, relative to credit card transactions, certain of the Company’s sponsoring banks collect the gross revenue from the merchants, pay the interchange fees and assessments to the credit card associations, collect their fees for processing and pay the Company a net residual payment representing the Company’s fees for the services. In these instances, the Company does not reflect the related settlement processing assets and obligations in its Consolidated Balance Sheet.

Settlement processing assets consist of settlement assets due from customers and receivables from merchants corresponding to the discount fee related to reimbursement of the interchange expense, our receivables from the processing bank or Electronic Funds Transfer (“EFT”) network for transactions that have occurred and have been funded to merchants or financial institutions in advance of receipt of card association funding, restricted cash balances that are not yet due to merchants or financial institutions, merchant reserves held, sponsoring bank reserves and exception items, such as customer chargeback amounts receivable from merchants. Settlement processing obligations consist primarily of merchant reserves, our liability to the processing bank or merchant for transactions for which we have received funding from the members or networks but have not funded merchants or financial institutions as well as certain exception items. Settlement processing assets other than restricted cash are recorded within Prepaid and other current assets and settlement processing liabilities are recorded within Settlement liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Cash related to settlement processing is recorded within Restricted cash in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, settlement processing assets were $275 million and $287 million, respectively, and settlement processing liabilities were $250 million and $263 million, respectively. Settlement receivables are generally collected within four business days. Settlement obligations are generally paid within three business days, regardless of when the related settlement receivables are collected.

Capitalized Software Certain direct development costs associated with internal-use software are capitalized within Other assets and amortized over the estimated useful lives of the resulting software. NCR typically amortizes capitalized internal-use software on a straight-line basis over four to seven years beginning when the asset is substantially ready for use, as this is considered to approximate the usage pattern of the software. When it becomes probable that internal-use software being developed will not be completed or placed into service, the internal-use software is reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value.

Costs incurred for the development of software that will be sold, leased or otherwise marketed are capitalized when technological feasibility has been established. These costs are included within Other assets and are amortized on a sum-of-the-years' digits or straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives ranging from three to five years, using the method that most closely approximates the sales pattern of the software. Amortization begins when the product is available for general release. Costs capitalized include direct labor and related overhead costs. Costs incurred prior to technological feasibility or after general release are expensed as incurred. NCR performs periodic reviews to ensure that unamortized program costs remain recoverable from future revenue. If future revenue does not support the unamortized program costs, the amount by which the unamortized capitalized cost of a software product exceeds the net realizable value is written off.

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The following table identifies the activity relating to total capitalized software:

Beginning balance as of January 1 $ 491 $ 442 $ 413

Impairment — (24) (32)

Capitalized software acquired and other adjustments (5) 28 —

During the year ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recorded the write-off of certain internal and external-use software capitalization projects that are no longer considered strategic and as a result, the projects have been abandoned.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets Goodwill represents the excess of purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is tested at the reporting unit level for impairment on an annual basis during the fourth quarter or more frequently if certain events occur indicating that the carrying value of goodwill may be impaired. A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include a decline in expected cash flows, a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate, a decision to sell a business, unanticipated competition, or slower growth rates, among others. Consistent with the examples of such events and circumstances given in the accounting guidance, we believe that a goodwill impairment test should be performed immediately before and after a reorganization of our reporting structure when the reorganization would affect the composition of one or more of our reporting units. In this circumstance, performing the impairment test immediately before and after the reorganization would help to confirm that the reorganization is not potentially masking a goodwill impairment charge.

In the evaluation of goodwill for impairment, we have the option to perform a qualitative assessment to determine whether further impairment testing is necessary or to perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying amount, including goodwill. Under the qualitative assessment, an entity is not required to calculate the fair value of a reporting unit unless the entity determines that it is more likely than not that its fair value is less than its carrying amount. If, under the quantitative assessment, the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then the amount of the impairment loss, if any, is determined based on the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the fair value up to the total value of goodwill assigned to the reporting unit. Fair values of the reporting units are estimated using a weighted methodology considering the output from both the income and market approaches. The income approach incorporates the use of discounted cash flow (“DCF”) analysis. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the DCF model to forecast operating cash flows, including revenue growth rates, EBITDA margins and discount rates. Several of these assumptions vary among reporting units. The cash flow forecasts are generally based on approved strategic operating plans. The market approach is performed using the Guideline Public Companies (“GPC”) method which is based on earnings multiple data. We perform a reconciliation between our market capitalization and our estimate of the aggregate fair value of the reporting units, including consideration of a control premium. Refer to Note 3, “Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets”, for further discussion.

Acquired intangible assets other than goodwill are amortized over their weighted average amortization period unless they are determined to be indefinite. Acquired intangible assets are carried at cost, less accumulated amortization. For intangible assets purchased in a business combination, the estimated fair values of the assets received are used to establish the carrying value. The fair value of acquired intangible assets is determined using common techniques, and the Company employs assumptions developed using the perspective of a market participant.

Property, Plant and Equipment Property, plant and equipment and leasehold improvements are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed over the estimated useful lives of the related assets primarily on a straight-line basis. Machinery and other equipment are depreciated over 3 to 20 years and buildings over 25 to 45 years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the life of the lease or the asset, whichever is shorter. Assets classified as held for sale are not depreciated. Upon retirement or disposition of property, plant and equipment, the related cost and accumulated depreciation or amortization are removed from the Company’s accounts, and a gain or loss is recorded. Depreciation expense related to property, plant and equipment was $193 million, $140 million, and $88 million for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020, respectively.

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Also reported in property and equipment are ATMs and the associated equipment the Company has acquired for future installation or has temporarily removed from service and plans to re-deploy. Significant refurbishment costs that extend the useful life of an asset, or enhance its functionality, are capitalized and depreciated over the estimated remaining life of the improved asset. Maintenance costs are expensed as incurred.

Valuation of Long-Lived Assets Long-lived assets such as property, plant and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable or in the period in which the held for sale criteria are met. For assets held and used, this analysis consists of comparing the asset’s carrying value to the expected future cash flows to be generated from the asset on an undiscounted basis. If the carrying amount of the asset is determined not to be recoverable, a write-down to fair value is recorded. Fair values are determined based on quoted market values, discounted cash flows, or external appraisals, as applicable. Long-lived assets are reviewed for impairment at the individual asset or the asset group level for which the lowest level of independent cash flows can be identified. Refer to Note 3, “Goodwill and Purchased Intangible Assets”, for further discussion.

Leasing The Company determines whether an arrangement is a lease at the inception of the arrangement based on the terms and conditions in the contract. A contract contains a lease if there is an identified asset and the Company has the right to control the asset.

Lessee We lease property, vehicles and equipment under operating and financing leases. For leases with terms greater than 12 months, we record the related asset and obligation at the present value of lease payments over the term. We determine the lease term by assuming the exercise of renewal options that are reasonably certain. Leases with a lease term of 12 months or less at inception are not recorded on our Consolidated Balance Sheet and are expensed on a straight-line basis over the lease term in our Consolidated Statement of Operations. Our leases may include rental escalation clauses, renewal options and/or termination options that are factored into our determination of lease payments when appropriate. When available, we use the rate implicit in the lease to discount lease payments to present value; however, most of our leases do not provide a readily determinable implicit rate. Therefore, we must estimate our incremental borrowing rate to discount the lease payments based on information available at lease commencement. Our incremental borrowing rate is based on a credit-adjusted risk-free rate at commencement date, which best approximates a secured rate over a similar term of lease. Additionally, we do not separate lease and non-lease components for any asset classes, except for those leases embedded in certain service arrangements. Fixed and in-substance fixed payments are included in the recognition of the operating and financing assets and lease liabilities, however, variable lease payments, other than those based on a rate or index, are recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations in the period in which the obligation for those payments is incurred. The Company’s variable lease payments generally relate to payments tied to various indices, non-lease components and payments above a contractual minimum fixed payment.

Lessor We have various arrangements for certain point-of-sale equipment under which we are the lessor. These leases meet the criteria for operating lease classification. Lease income associated with these leases is not material.

Pension, Postretirement and Postemployment Benefits NCR has significant pension, postretirement and postemployment benefit costs, which are developed from actuarial valuations. Actuarial assumptions are established to anticipate future events and are used in calculating the expense and liabilities relating to these plans. These factors include assumptions the Company makes about interest rates, expected investment return on plan assets, rate of increase in healthcare costs, involuntary turnover rates, and rates of future compensation increases. In addition, NCR also uses subjective factors, such as withdrawal rates and mortality rates to develop the Company’s valuations. NCR generally reviews and updates these assumptions on an annual basis. NCR is required to consider current market conditions, including changes in interest rates, in making these assumptions. The actuarial assumptions that NCR uses may differ materially from actual results due to changing market and economic conditions, higher or lower withdrawal rates, or longer or shorter life spans of participants. These differences may result in a significant impact to the amount of pension, postretirement or postemployment benefits expense, and the related assets and liabilities, the Company has recorded or may record.

VYX US Equity

VYX · 10-K · period ended 2022-12-31

Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (MD&A)

Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

VYX US Equity☆

VYX · 10-K · period ended 2022-12-31

Item 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS (MD&A)

Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

VYX US Equity