Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Some of the statements contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “might,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “target,” “would,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements, although not all forward-looking statements contain these identifying words. We have based these forward-looking statements on our current expectations and projections about future events. The following information and any forward-looking statements should be considered in light of factors

discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly including those risks identified in Part I-Item 1A “Risk Factors” and our other filings with the SEC.

Our actual results and timing of certain events may differ materially from the results discussed, projected, anticipated, or indicated in any forward-looking statements. We caution you that forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and that our actual results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate may differ materially from the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Statements made herein are as of the date of the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K with the SEC and should not be relied upon as of any subsequent date. Even if our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity, and the development of the industry in which we operate are consistent with the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, they may not be predictive of results or developments in future periods. We disclaim any obligation, except as specifically required by law and the rules of the SEC, to publicly update or revise any such statements to reflect any change in our expectations or in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements may be based, or that may affect the likelihood that actual results will differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements.

We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements made by us, which speak only as of the date they are made.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of the investigational therapy Haduvio (nalbuphine ER) to treat serious neurologically mediated conditions. We are developing Haduvio for the treatment of chronic pruritus associated with prurigo nodularis and chronic cough in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, or IPF.

We are conducting a Phase 2b/3 clinical trial of Haduvio, which we refer to as the Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial, in patients with severe pruritus associated with prurigo nodularis. The Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, two-arm treatment study that is designed to evaluate the safety and anti-pruritic efficacy of Haduvio in patients in the United States and Europe. In accordance with the protocol for the Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial, we conducted a sample size re-estimation, or SSRE, analysis in July 2020, following such time as approximately 45% of the initial targeted number of subjects in the trial were evaluable for the primary endpoint. Based on the analysis, the independent Data Monitoring Committee, or DMC, recommended that the Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial should continue and that the trial size should increase from an initial enrollment target of 240 to 360 subjects, which maintains the statistical power for the primary endpoint. Based on the DMC’s recommendation, we increased the planned trial size to 360 subjects. We completed enrollment in the trial on January 31, 2022. We expect to report top-line data in the second quarter of 2022. If the Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial is successful, we expect that we will use the Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial and an additional Phase 3 clinical trial that we believe we will need to conduct to support the submission of a new drug application, or NDA, to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, a marketing authorization application, or MAA, to the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, and an MAA to the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency in the United Kingdom, or MHRA, for Haduvio for the treatment of pruritus associated with prurigo nodularis.

We are also conducting a Phase 2 clinical trial of Haduvio for chronic cough in patients with IPF, which we refer to as the Phase 2 CANAL trial. The Phase 2 CANAL trial is a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled, two-treatment, two-period, crossover study that is designed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, tolerability and dosing of Haduvio for chronic cough in patients with IPF. This trial is designed to enroll approximately 60 subjects with a goal to have 44 study completers. We are conducting the trial at multiple sites in the United Kingdom. In February 2022, we conducted an interim statistical analysis for this trial. The interim analysis (N=26) was statistically significant on the primary efficacy endpoint demonstrating a 52% placebo-adjusted reduction in the geometric mean percent change in daytime cough events (p<0.0001, conditional power 100%) for Haduvio. P-value is a conventional statistical method for measuring the statistical significance of clinical results. A p-value of less than 0.05 is generally considered to represent statistical significance, meaning that there is a less than five percent likelihood that the observed results occurred by chance. The interim analysis was conducted by an independent statistical team according to the pre-specified endpoint in the protocol. In March 2022, we concluded enrollment early for our Phase 2 CANAL trial following the statistically significant efficacy results from the interim analysis. Because the trial achieved statistical significance in the interim analysis, sites were notified that they could enroll eligible subjects already in screening but that no additional recruitment was required. Approximately 40 subjects in total were enrolled in the study. We expect to report efficacy and safety data for the full set of subjects for this trial in the third quarter of 2022.

We are currently focusing our financial and operational resources on completing the Phase 2b/3 PRISM and the Phase 2 CANAL trials. After we receive top-line data from both of these trials we will evaluate additional indications for which we may choose to pursue the development of Haduvio.

Since commencing operations in 2011, we have devoted substantially all of our efforts and financial resources to the clinical development of Haduvio. We have not generated any revenue from product sales and, as a result, we have never been profitable and have incurred net losses in each year since commencement of our operations. As of December 31, 2021, we had an accumulated deficit of $180.9 million, primarily as a result of research and development and general and

administrative expenses. We do not expect to generate product revenue unless and until we obtain marketing approval for and commercialize Haduvio for the treatment of pruritus associated with prurigo nodularis or chronic cough in patients with IPF and we can provide no assurance that we will ever generate significant revenue or profits.

In May 2019, we issued and sold 5,500,000 shares of common stock in our IPO, and 1,500,000 shares of common stock in a concurrent private placement, in each case at an offering price of $10.00 per share, for combined net proceeds of $62.1 million after deducting aggregate underwriting discounts and commissions and private placement agent fees of $4.9 million and other offering expenses of $3.0 million. Upon the closing of the IPO, our preferred stock then outstanding converted into an aggregate of 10,381,234 shares of common stock.

In June 2020, we entered into a sales agreement with SVB Leerink LLC, or SVB Leerink, which we refer to as the ATM Sales Agreement, under which we may issue and sell shares of common stock, from time to time, having an aggregate offering price of up to $12.0 million. Sales of common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement may be made by any method that is deemed an “at-the-market” offering as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. We are not obligated to make any sales of our common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement. We began making sales pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement in July 2020, and as of December 31, 2021 we had issued and sold an aggregate of 3,583,394 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of $11.0 million, before deducting estimated commissions and allocated fees of $0.8 million.

In August 2020, we entered into a loan and security agreement, or the SVB Loan Agreement, with Silicon Valley Bank, or SVB pursuant to which SVB provided a term loan, or the SVB Term Loan, to us in the original principal amount of $14.0 million. On the first business day of each month commencing on March 1, 2022, we are required to repay the SVB Term Loan in 24 consecutive installments of principal plus monthly payments of accrued interest. All outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the SVB Term Loan and all other outstanding obligations with respect to the SVB Term Loan are due and payable in full on February 1, 2024. The SVB Loan Agreement permits voluntary prepayment of all, but not less than all, of the SVB Term Loan, subject to a prepayment premium. In July 2021, we entered into an amendment to the SVB Loan Agreement with SVB, which we refer to as the Loan Amendment, that modified the conditions under which we will be required to cash collateralize the outstanding amounts owed to them under the SVB Loan Agreement. For further discussion of the SVB Term Loan and the Loan Amendment, see “—Liquidity and Capital Resources”.

On October 5, 2021 and October 18, 2021, we issued and sold in two private placements, or the October 2021 Private Placements, in the aggregate (i) 4,225,053 shares of our common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 8,450,106 shares of our common stock, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 4,926,069 shares of our common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 9,852,138 shares of our common stock. Each share of our common stock and accompanying common stock warrants were sold together at a combined price of $1.62, and each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common stock warrants were sold together at a combined price of $1.619, for gross proceeds of approximately $14.8 million. Each pre-funded warrant had an exercise price of $0.001 per share, became exercisable immediately upon issuance and continued to be exercisable until exercised in full. As of February 10, 2022, all of the pre-funded warrants had been exercised. Of the accompanying common stock warrants, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 9,151,122 shares will expire in April 2025 and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 9,151,122 shares will expire in October 2028. The accompanying common stock warrants have an exercise price of $1.37 per share and became exercisable immediately upon issuance.

As of December 31, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $36.8 million.We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will not enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for 12 months from the date of issuance of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. After considering various risks and uncertainties as prescribed by Accounting Standards Update No. 2014-15, Disclosures of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40), we concluded that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern as of the date of issuance of the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K without additional capital. We have based our estimate as to how long we expect our existing cash and cash equivalents to continue to fund our operations on assumptions that may prove to be wrong and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we expect. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.” Our future viability beyond that point is dependent on our ability to raise additional capital to finance our operations.

We expect to incur substantial expenditures in the foreseeable future as we advance Haduvio through clinical development, the regulatory approval process and, if approved, commercial launch activities. Specifically, in the near term, we expect to incur substantial expenses relating to our ongoing Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial in patients with pruritus associated with prurigo nodularis and the additional Phase 3 clinical trial we believe we will be required to conduct to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA for Haduvio for the treatment of pruritus associated with prurigo nodularis, our ongoing Phase 2 CANAL trial and the next trial we plan to conduct for Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough associated with IPF which we intend to design as a Phase 2b/3 trial. We also expect to incur substantial expenditures in the foreseeable future related to the development and validation of our commercial manufacturing process for Haduvio and other development activities. In addition, we may continue to incur additional expenses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and related clinical trial delays and interruptions.

We will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from sales of Haduvio, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity, debt financings or other capital sources, including potential collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. Adequate funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, scale back or discontinue the development and commercialization of Haduvio for one or more indications or delay our efforts to expand our product pipeline.

Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic and government measures taken in response thereto have had a significant impact, both direct and indirect, on segments of the global economy and have interrupted our clinical trial activities, disrupted our business operations and have the potential to interrupt our supply chain. We have experienced restrictions and delays at our existing clinical sites for both our Phase 2b/3 PRISM and Phase 2 CANAL trials. The COVID-19 pandemic may also adversely affect our ability to recruit and retain principal investigators and site staff who, as healthcare providers, may have heightened exposure to COVID-19, and may result in further disruptions to our clinical trials due to prioritization of hospital and medical resources toward the outbreak, restrictions on travel of patients and healthcare providers, potential unwillingness of patients to enroll in trials at this time or the inability of patients to comply with clinical trial protocols if quarantines or travel restrictions impede patient movement or interrupt healthcare services. The response to the COVID-19 pandemic may also redirect resources of regulators in a way that could adversely impact our ability to progress towards regulatory approvals and we may face impediments to regulatory meetings and approvals relating to our clinical trials due to measures intended to limit in-person interactions.

The COVID-19 pandemic may also affect employees of third-party contract research organizations located in affected geographies that we rely upon to carry out our clinical trials. The spread of COVID-19 or another infectious disease, could also negatively affect the operations at our third-party suppliers, which could result in delays or disruptions in the supply of drug product used in our clinical trials.

We have taken precautionary measures intended to help minimize the risk of the virus to our employees, including allowing employees to work remotely part of the week.

Components of Operating Results

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

All our research and development expenses consist of expenses incurred in connection with the development of Haduvio. These expenses include personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation, consulting costs, contract manufacturing costs and fees paid to clinical research organizations, or CROs, to conduct certain research and development activities on our behalf. We do not allocate all of our costs by each indication for which we are developing Haduvio, as a significant amount of our development activities broadly support all indications. In addition, several of our departments support our Haduvio drug candidate development program and we do not identify internal costs for each potential indication.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase over the next few years as we pursue our development program, pursue regulatory approval of Haduvio in the U.S., Europe and other jurisdictions outside the U.S. and prepare for a possible commercial launch of Haduvio. Predicting the timing or the cost to conduct our Haduvio development program and prepare for a possible commercial launch of Haduvio is difficult and delays may occur because of many factors including factors outside of our control. For example, if the FDA or other regulatory authorities were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our clinical trials, whether as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic or otherwise, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on our development program. Furthermore, we are unable to predict when or if, Haduvio will receive regulatory approval in the U.S. or elsewhere with any certainty.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist principally of personnel-related costs, including stock-based compensation for personnel in executive, finance, commercial and other administrative functions; professional fees for legal, consulting and accounting services; as well as rent and other general operating expenses not otherwise classified as research and development expenses.

We anticipate that our general and administrative expenses will increase as a result of increased personnel costs, including stock-based compensation and expanded infrastructure.

Other (Expense) Income, Net

Change in Fair Value of Term Loan Derivative Liability

In connection with the SVB Term Loan, upon the occurrence of the Phase 3 Event, as described below, the interest rate on the SVB Term Loan will increase by 2.00%. Thiscontingent interest rate increase represents a free-standing financial instrument. Accordingly, we accounted for the contingent interest rate increase as a derivative under Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, 815, Derivatives and Hedging, and therefore, we recorded a term loan derivative liability for the contingent interest rate increase at its fair value.We adjust this liability to fair value at each reporting date it remains outstanding. We recognized changes in the fair value of this term loan derivative in our statements of operations as a component of other income (expense), net.

Other Expense

Other expense consists of the value of the shares of our common stock that we issued to Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, or Lincoln Park, as a commitment fee as consideration for Lincoln Park’s commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under the common stock purchase agreement, or the LPC Purchase Agreement, we entered into with Lincoln Park in June 2021.

Interest Income

Interest income consists of interest earned from money market funds on our cash and cash equivalents.

Interest Expense

In August 2020, we entered into the SVB Loan Agreement under which we borrowed $14.0 million under a term loan or the SVB Term Loan. In connection with the SVB Term Loan, we recognize interest expense which includes amortization of deferred financing charges, accretion of loan discount-financing costs, accrual of the final payment fee, amortization of the term loan discount-interest and the stated interest on the SVB Term Loan. The SVB Term Loan bears interest at a floating rate per annum equal to the greater of (A) the prime rate plus 1.00% and (B) 4.25%. If SVB receives evidence satisfactory to it that we have (i) received positive data for the Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial sufficient to advance Haduvio into a second Phase 3 clinical trial for chronic pruritus associated with prurigo nodularis and (ii) raised sufficient financing to fund such Phase 3 clinical trial and our operations, which we refer to together as the Phase 3 Event, the interest rate under the SVB Term Loan will be adjusted to a floating rate equal to the greater of (A) the prime rate plus 3.00% and (B) 6.25%. The SVB Term Loan required interest-only payments until March 2022. Commencing on March 1, 2022, we are required to repay the SVB Term Loan in 24 consecutive installments of principal plus monthly payments of accrued interest. All outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the SVB Term Loan and all other outstanding obligations with respect to the SVB Term Loan are due and payable in full on February 1, 2024.

Results of Operations

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Operating expenses:

Other (expense) income:

Change in fair value of term loan derivative liability 82 (9 ) 91

Income tax benefit 21 18 3

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the periods indicated (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Consulting expenses and professional fees 1,761 1,310 451

Other research and development expenses 277 138 139

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased $0.7 million, or 2.9%, to $23.0 million from $22.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020, primarily due to an increase in personnel-related expenses as a result of an increase in our employee headcount, including an increase in stock-based compensation associated with the increase in employee headcount. Costs associated with our clinical trials also increased along with consulting and professional fees. These increases were partially offset by decreased purchases of clinical trial supplies. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, all of our research and development expenses related to our development activity for Haduvio.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2021 decreased $0.7 million, or 6.6%, to $9.5 million from $10.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The decrease was primarily due to decreased market research costs as well as lower stock-based compensation expense as a result of employee turnover, which were partially offset by higher legal and other professional fees.

Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2021 increased to $1.5 million from other expense, net of $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This change was primarily due to a $0.7 million increase in interest expense due to a full twelve months of recognition of interest expense on the SVB Term Loan as the SVB Term Loan was entered into in August 2020, as well as an increase of $0.4 million related to the value of the shares of our common stock that we issued to Lincoln Park as consideration for Lincoln Park’s commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under the LPC Purchase Agreement. Also contributing to the change was a decrease in interest income of $0.2 million, primarily due to lower market interest rates and lower average cash balances. These changes in interest expense and interest income were partially offset by an increase in income of $0.1 million attributable to income being recognized in the year ended December 31, 2021 for the change in fair value of the term loan derivative liability.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since our inception, we have not generated any revenue and have incurred significant operating losses and negative cash flows from our operations. Prior to the completion of our initial public offering, or the IPO, and concurrent private placement in May 2019, we financed our operations primarily through private placements of our preferred stock and convertible notes as well as borrowings under our prior term loan. From inception to our IPO, we raised an aggregate of $102.2 million in gross proceeds from sales of our preferred stock and convertible notes and borrowed $15.0 million under our prior term loan.

In May 2019, we issued and sold 5,500,000 shares of common stock in our IPO and 1,500,000 shares of common stock in a concurrent private placement, in each case at an offering price of $10.00 per share, for combined net proceeds of $62.1 million after deducting aggregate underwriting discounts and commissions and private placement agent fees of $4.9 million and other offering expenses of $3.0 million.

In June 2020, we entered into the ATM Sales Agreement, under which we may issue and sell shares of common stock, from time to time, having an aggregate offering price of up to $12.0 million. Sales of common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement may be made by any method that is deemed an “at-the-market” offering as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. We are not obligated to make any sales of our common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement. We began making sales pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement in July 2020, and as of December 31, 2021, we had issued and sold an aggregate of 3,583,394 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of $11.0 million, before deducting estimated commissions and allocated fees of $0.8 million.

SVB Loan Agreement

In August 2020, we entered into the SVB Loan Agreement with SVB, pursuant to which SVB provided the SVB Term Loan in the original principal amount of $14.0 million. The proceeds from the SVB Term Loan may be used by us for working capital and general corporate purposes. The SVB Term Loan bears interest at a floating rate per annum equal to the

greater of (A) the prime rate plus 1.00% and (B) 4.25%. If SVB receives evidence satisfactory to it that we have (i) received positive data for the Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial, sufficient to advance Haduvio into a second Phase 3 clinical trial for prurigo nodularis and (ii) raised sufficient financing to fund such Phase 3 clinical trial and our operations, the interest rate under the SVB Term Loan will be adjusted to a floating rate equal to the greater of (A) the prime rate plus 3.00% and (B) 6.25%. On the first business day of each month commencing on March 1, 2022, we are required to repay the SVB Term Loan in 24 consecutive installments of principal plus monthly payments of accrued interest. All outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the SVB Term Loan and all other outstanding obligations with respect to the SVB Term Loan are due and payable in full on February 1, 2024. The SVB Loan Agreement permits voluntary prepayment of all, but not less than all, of the SVB Term Loan, subject to a prepayment premium. Such prepayment premium would be 3.00% of the principal amount of the SVB Term Loan if prepaid prior to the first anniversary of the date on which we entered into the SVB Term Loan or the Effective Date, 2.00% of the principal amount of the SVB Term Loan if prepaid on or after the first anniversary of the Effective Date, but prior to the second anniversary of the Effective Date and 1.00% of the principal amount of the SVB Term Loan if prepaid on or after the second anniversary of the Effective Date but prior to February 1, 2024. Upon repayment in full of the SVB Term Loan, we will be required to pay a final payment fee equal to $1.2 million. The SVB Term Loan and related obligations under the SVB Loan Agreement are secured by substantially all of our properties, rights and assets, except for our intellectual property (which is subject to a negative pledge under the SVB Loan Agreement). The SVB Loan Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, events of default and covenants. The occurrence and continuation of an event of default could cause interest to be charged at the rate that is otherwise applicable plus 5.00% (unless SVB elects to impose a smaller increase) and would provide SVB with the right to accelerate all obligations under the SVB Loan Agreement and exercise remedies against us and the collateral securing the SVB Term Loan and other obligations under the SVB Loan Agreement, including foreclosure against assets securing the SVB Term Loan and other obligations under the SVB Loan Agreement, including our cash.

On July 6, 2021, we and SVB entered into the Loan Amendment. The Loan Amendment modifies the conditions under which we are required to cash collateralize outstanding amounts owed to SVB under the SVB Loan Agreement. Under the Loan Amendment, if we fail to receive positive data in our Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial or, prior to June 30, 2022, fail to raise sufficient net proceeds from the sale of equity securities to finance our planned second Phase 3 clinical trial of Haduvio for prurigo nodularis and our ongoing operations, each of which we refer to as a Milestone Condition, we will be required to deposit unrestricted and unencumbered cash equal to 100% of the principal amount of the SVB Term Loan then outstanding in a cash collateral account with SVB, which can be used by SVB to prepay the SVB Term Loan at any time. In addition, the Loan Amendment provides that if we fail to maintain at least $20.0 million in unrestricted and unencumbered cash in our accounts with SVB at any time prior to the satisfaction of all the Milestone Conditions, we will be required to cash collateralize all outstanding amounts owed to SVB under the SVB Loan Agreement. We would also have been required to cash collateralize all outstanding amounts owed to SVB under the SVB Loan Agreement if we did not raise at least $15.0 million in net proceeds from the sale of equity securities during the period from June 1, 2021 through October 31, 2021. We satisfied this equity funding condition through a combination of equity issuances under our ATM Sales Agreement and the proceeds from the October 2021 Private Placements.

Private Placements

On October 5, 2021 and October 18, 2021, we issued and sold in two private placements in the aggregate (i) 4,225,053 shares of our common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 8,450,106 shares of our common stock, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 4,926,069 shares of our common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 9,852,138 shares of our common stock. Each share of our common stock and accompanying common stock warrants were sold together at a combined price of $1.62, and each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common stock warrants were sold together at a combined price of $1.619, for gross proceeds of approximately $14.8 million. Each pre-funded warrant had an exercise price of $0.001 per share, became exercisable immediately upon issuance and was exercisable until exercised in full. As of February 10, 2022, all of the pre-funded warrants had been exercised. Of the accompanying common stock warrants, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 9,151,122 shares will expire in April 2025 and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 9,151,122 shares will expire in October 2028. The accompanying common stock warrants have an exercise price of $1.37 per share and became exercisable immediately upon issuance.

Equity Purchase Agreement

On June 18, 2021, we entered into the LPC Purchase Agreement with Lincoln Park for an equity line financing. The LPC Purchase Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions set forth therein, we have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Lincoln Park and Lincoln Park is obligated to purchase up to $15.0 million of shares of common stock at our sole discretion, over a 24-month period commencing on July 23, 2021. We filed a registration statement on Form S-1 covering the resale of shares of common stock that are issued to Lincoln Park under the LPC Purchase Agreement, which was declared effective on July 14, 2021. As part of the LPC Purchase Agreement, we issued 170,088 shares of our common

stock to Lincoln Park as consideration for its commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under the LPC Purchase Agreement. Under the terms of the October 2021 Private Placements, we agreed to not issue or sell additional shares under the LPC Purchase Agreement on or prior to April 6, 2023.

Cash Flows

As of December 31, 2021, we had cash and cash equivalents of $36.8 million. Our cash and cash equivalents are primarily held in money market accounts. The following table summarizes our cash flows for each of the periods presented below (in thousands):

Twelve Months Ended December 31,

Net cash used in operating activities $ (28,946 ) $ (29,000 ) $ 54

Net cash used in investing activities — (32 ) 32

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents $ (8,171 ) $ (12,312 ) $ 4,141

Operating Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2021, operating activities used $28.9 million of net cash, resulting from our net loss of $33.9 million, partially offset by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $1.5 million and non-cash charges of $3.5 million. Changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2021 consisted of a $0.3 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets, a $0.8 million increase in accounts payable and a $0.3 million decrease in accrued expenses. The decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets was primarily due to the return of a deposit associated with the completion for one of our clinical trials. The increase in accounts payable was primarily due to timing of vendor invoices. The decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities was primarily due to decreased accruals related to non-income-based taxes and accrued consulting and professional fees partially offset by increased accruals for research, development and clinical trial work performed by our CROs. The non-cash charges for the year ended December 31, 2021 consisted primarily of stock-based compensation expense of $2.5 million, $0.6 million of accretion/accrual of term loan discounts and debt issuance costsand $0.4 million of other expense associated with the value of the shares of our common stock that we issued to Lincoln Park as consideration for Lincoln Park’s commitment to purchase shares of our common stock under the LPC Purchase Agreement.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, operating activities used $29.0 million of cash, resulting from our net loss of $32.8 million, partially offset by changes in our operating assets and liabilities of $1.1 million and non-cash charges of $2.7 million. Changes in our operating assets and liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2020 consisted of a $0.7 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets, a $0.4 million increase in accounts payable and a $0.1 million decrease in accrued expenses. The decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets was due to a refund of prepayments made to one of our vendors, which we received in the first quarter of 2020 and the application of such prepaid amounts to clinical trial activity in 2020 offset by additional prepayments made to one of our vendors, which were paid back to us in the first quarter of 2021. The increase in accounts payable was primarily due to timing of vendor invoices. The non-cash charges for the year ended December 31, 2020 consisted primarily of stock-based compensation expense of $2.4 million and $0.2 million of accretion/accrual of term loan discounts and debt issuance costs.

Investing Activities

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we used an insignificant amount of cash in investing activities, consisting of purchases of property and equipment.

Financing Activities

During the year ended December 31, 2021, net cash provided by financing activities was $20.8 million, primarily consisting of net cash proceeds from our October 2021 Private Placements of $13.7 million and cash proceeds of $7.5 million, net of commissions, from sales of our common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement, partially offset by payments of offering costs of $0.4 million and payments of financing costs of $0.1 million associated with the First Amendment to the SVB Loan Agreement.

During the year ended December 31, 2020, net cash provided by financing activities was $16.7 million, primarily consisting of cash proceeds from the SVB Term Loan of $14.0 million and cash proceeds of $3.1 million, net of commissions, from sales of our common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement.

Funding Requirements

we expect to incur substantial expenses relating to our ongoing Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial, the additional Phase 3 clinical trial we believe we will need to conduct to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA and MAAs to the EMA and MHRA for Haduvio for the treatment of pruritus associated with prurigo nodularis, our ongoing Phase 2 CANAL trial and our next clinical trial that we intend to design to be a Phase 2b/3 trial as well as any additional clinical trials required to support the submission of an NDA to the FDA and MAAs to the EMA and MHRA for Haduvio for the treatment of chronic cough associated with IPF. Generally, regulatory authorities require two adequate and well-controlled studies for approval. We also expect to incur substantial expenditures in the foreseeable future related to the costs of commercialization activities, including manufacturing capabilities, for Haduvio and other development activities. In addition, we have incurred and may continue to incur additional expenses as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting clinical trial delays and interruptions. Furthermore, we expect to continue to incur additional costs associated with operating as a public company, including significant legal, accounting, investor relations and other expenses.

We will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from sales of Haduvio, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations and licensing arrangements or other sources to achieve our business objectives. Adequate additional financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. Our future funding requirements, both short-term and long-term, will depend on many factors, including:

• the effect of competing technologies and market developments;

• the costs of operating as a public company;

• our ability to continue as a going concern; and

We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, including the proceeds from our October 2021 Private Placements, will enable us to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements into the fourth quarter of 2022, without giving effect to the rights of SVB under the SVB Loan Agreement if we fail to achieve either of the Milestone Conditions or fail to maintain at least $20.0 million in unrestricted and unencumbered cash in our accounts with SVB at any time prior to the satisfaction of the Milestone Conditions. If we fail to achieve any of the Milestone Conditions or to maintain the minimum cash requirement and SVB cash collateralizes the amounts then owed to SVB under the SVB Loan Agreement or uses such amounts to prepay the SVB Term Loan, the period for which we will be able to fund our operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements will be significantly shorter.

We have based our estimates as to how long we expect we will be able to fund our operations on assumptions that may prove to be wrong and we could use our available capital resources sooner than we currently expect, in which case we would be required to obtain additional financing and financing may not be available to us on acceptable terms, on a timely basis or at all. Our failure to raise capital as and when needed would have a negative impact on our financial condition and our ability to pursue our business strategy.

Wedo not have any committed external source of funds.Accordingly, we will be required to obtain further funding through public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, licensing arrangements or other sources to complete the clinical development and commercialization of Haduvio for the treatment of pruritus associated with prurigo nodularis or for the treatment of chronic cough in patients with IPF or any other indication. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity securities, our stockholders may experience dilution. Any debt financing into which we enter would result in fixed payment obligations and may involve agreements that include grants of security interests on our assets and restrictive covenants that limit our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures, granting liens over our assets, redeeming stock or declaring dividends, that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. For example, in connection with the SVB Term Loan, we granted a security interest on all of our assets, excluding our intellectual property, agreed to a negative pledge on our intellectual property, agreed to restrictive covenants including, subject to certain exceptions, covenants that prohibit us from transferring all or any part of our business or property, changing our business, liquidating or dissolving, merging with or acquiring another entity, entering into a transaction that will result in a change in control, incurring additional indebtedness, creating any lien on our property, paying dividends or redeeming stock, making payments on subordinated debt or entering into material transactions with affiliates and agreed to cash collateralize the SVB Term Loan in certain circumstances. Future debt securities or other financing arrangements could contain similar or more restrictive negative covenants. We are also bound by certain contractual terms and obligations that may limit or otherwise impact our ability to raise additional funding in the near-term including, but not limited to, provisions in the October 2021 Private Placements prohibiting us from obtaining additional financing through a variable rate transaction such as an equity line of credit. In addition, securing financing could require a substantial amount of time and attention from our management and may divert a disproportionate amount of their attention away from day-to-day activities, which may adversely affect our management’s ability to oversee the development of our product candidates. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms that could adversely affect our common stockholders.

If we are unable to raise sufficient capital as and when needed, we may be required to delay, reduce or abandon our product development programs or commercialization efforts. If we raise additional funds through collaborations or marketing, distribution or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish valuable rights to future revenue streams or product candidates or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in the Notes to our financial statements, we believe that the following critical accounting policies are most important to understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are deferred and capitalized and recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed.

We have entered into agreements with CROs, contract manufacturing organizations and other companies that provide services in connection with our research and development activities. Our research and development accruals are estimated based on the level of services performed, progress of the studies, including the phase or completion of events, and contracted costs. The estimated costs of research and development provided, but not yet invoiced, are included in accrued expenses on our consolidated balance sheet. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the original estimates, we will adjust the accrual accordingly. Payments made to CROs, contract manufacturing organizations and other companies under these arrangements in advance of the performance of the related services are recorded as prepaid expenses.

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

We account for stock-based compensation arrangements with employees and non-employees for consultancy services in accordance with ASC 718, Stock Compensation, or ASC 718. ASC 718 requires the recognition of compensation expense, using a fair value-based method, for costs related to all stock-based payments, including stock options. Our determination of the fair value of stock options on the date of grant utilizes the Black-Scholes option pricing model for stock options with time-based vesting and is impacted by our common stock price as well as changes in assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables. These variables include the expected term that options will remain outstanding, expected common stock price volatility over the term of the option awards, risk-free interest rates and expected dividends.

The fair value of an option award is recognized over the period during which the optionee is required to provide services in exchange for the option award, known as the requisite service period (usually the vesting period) on a straight-line basis. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

Estimating the fair value of equity-settled awards as of the grant date using valuation models, such as the Black-Scholes option pricing model, is affected by assumptions regarding a number of complex variables. Changes in the assumptions can materially affect the fair value and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These inputs are subjective and generally require analysis and judgment to develop.

Expected Term—The expected term assumption represents the weighted average period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. We have elected to use the “simplified method” for estimating the expected term of the options, whereby the expected term equals the arithmetic average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the option.

Expected Volatility—For all stock options granted to date, the volatility data was estimated based on a study of publicly traded industry peer companies. For purposes of identifying these peer companies, we considered the industry, stage of development, size and financial leverage of potential comparable companies.

Expected Dividend—The Black-Scholes valuation model calls for a single expected dividend yield as an input. We currently have no history or expectation of paying cash dividends on our common stock.

Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues similar in duration to the expected term of the equity-settled award.

We will continue to use judgment in evaluating the expected volatility, expected terms and interest rates utilized for our stock-based compensation expense calculations on a prospective basis.

Income Taxes

We provide for income taxes under the asset and liability method. Current income tax expense or benefit represents the amount of income taxes expected to be payable or refundable for the current year. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial statement reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and net operating loss and credit carryforwards and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when such items are expected to reverse. Deferred income tax assets are reduced, as necessary, by a valuation allowance when management determines it is more likely than not that some or all of the tax benefits will not be realized.

We account for uncertain tax positions in accordance with ASC 740, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, or ASC 740. We assess all material positions taken in any income tax return, including all significant uncertain positions, in all tax years that are still subject to assessment or challenge by relevant taxing authorities. Assessing an uncertain tax position begins with the initial determination of the position’s sustainability and is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. As of each balance sheet date,

unresolved uncertain tax positions must be reassessed, and we will determine whether (i) the factors underlying the sustainability assertion have changed and (ii) the amount of the recognized tax benefit is still appropriate. The recognition and measurement of tax benefits requires significant judgment. Judgments concerning the recognition and measurement of a tax benefit might change as new information becomes available.

Warrants

We determine the accounting classification of warrants that are issued, as either liability or equity, by first assessing whether the warrants meet liability classification in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and then in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging, depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreement. Under ASC 480, warrants are considered liability classified if the warrants are mandatorily redeemable, obligate the issuer to settle the warrants or the underlying shares by paying cash or other assets, or must or may require settlement by issuing a variable number of shares.

If warrants do not meet liability classification under ASC 480, we assess the requirements under ASC 815, which states that contracts that require or may require the issuer to settle the contract for cash are liabilities recorded at fair value, irrespective of the likelihood of the transaction occurring that triggers the net cash settlement feature. If the warrants do not require liability classification under ASC 815, in order to conclude equity classification, we assess whether the warrants are indexed to our common stock and whether the warrants are classified as equity under ASC 815 or other applicable GAAP. After all relevant assessments are made, we conclude whether the warrants are classified as liability or equity. Liability classified warrants are required to be accounted for at fair value both on the date of issuance and on subsequent accounting period ending dates, with all changes in fair value after the issuance date recorded in the statements of operations as a gain or loss. For equity classified warrants, no changes in fair value are recognized after the issuance date.

Fair Value Measurements

Our financial instruments have consisted of cash and cash equivalents, tax credit and other receivables, accounts payable, accrued expenses, term loans, term loan derivative liability and warrants to acquire our common stock. Fair value estimates of these instruments are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, tax credit and other receivables, accounts payable and accrued expenses are generally considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments. The carrying amount of the term loan approximates its fair value due to its floating market-based interest rate. The fair value of the term loan derivative liability is estimated utilizing a probability-weighted cash flow approach.

Current accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, and requires certain disclosures about fair value measurements. The valuation techniques included in the guidance are based on observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect readily obtainable data from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions and are classified into the following fair value hierarchy:

JOBS Act Accounting Election

The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, as amended, or JOBS Act, permits emerging growth companies such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

On January 1, 2021, we adopted Accounting Standards Update No. 2019-12 Income Taxes (Topic 740), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes. The adoption of the new guidance did not materially affect our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

There have been no new pronouncements issued during the year ended December 31, 2021, which could be expected to materially impact our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The financial statements required to be filed pursuant to this Item 8 are appended to this report. An index of those financial statements is found in Item 15 of Part IV of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, as of December 31, 2021. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures, and is recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Our management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and our management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls and procedures can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected.Based on the evaluation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2021, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with general accepted accounting principles. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the 2013 framework in Internal Control–Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on our evaluation under that framework, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2021.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting due to an exemption established by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 for emerging growth companies.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the three months ended December 31, 2021 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

None.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not Applicable.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The information required by this Item 10 will be included in our Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The information required by this Item 11 will be included in our Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this Item 12 will be included in our Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this Item 13 will be included in our Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

The information required by this Item 14 will be included in our Definitive Proxy Statement to be filed with the SEC with respect to our 2022 Annual Meeting of Stockholders and is incorporated herein by reference.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

(1) Financial Statements

The following documents are included on pages F-1 through F-21 attached hereto and are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 00042) F-2

Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Balance Sheets F-3

Consolidated Statements of Operations F-4

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity F-5

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows F-6

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-7

(2) Financial Statement Schedules:

All financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable, not required or the information required is shown in the financial statements or the notes thereto.

(3) Exhibits.

The following is a list of exhibits filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Exhibit Number Description

10.7* Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy

101.INS* XBRL Instance Document

101.SCH* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE* XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

* Filed herewith.

+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

TREVI THERAPEUTICS, INC.

Date: March 17, 2022 By: /s/ Jennifer Good

Jennifer Good

President and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name Title Date

/s/ Jennifer Good President and Chief Executive Officer, Director March 17, 2022

Jennifer Good (Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Lisa Delfini Chief Financial Officer March 17, 2022

Lisa Delfini (Principal Financial Officer)

/s/ Christopher Galletta Controller March 17, 2022

Christopher Galletta (Principal Accounting Officer)

/s/ David Meeker, M.D. Chairman of the Board March 17, 2022

David Meeker, M.D.

/s/ James V. Cassella, Ph.D. Director March 17, 2022

James V. Cassella, Ph.D. /s/ Dominick Colangelo Director March 17, 2022

Dominick Colangelo

/s/ Michael Heffernan Director March 17, 2022

Michael Heffernan

/s/ Edward Mathers Director March 17, 2022

Edward Mathers

/s/ Anne VanLent Director March 17, 2022

Anne VanLent

Trevi Therapeutics, Inc.

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

Years Ended December 31, 2021 and 2020

Contents

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F-2

Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Balance Sheets F-3

Consolidated Statements of Operations F-4

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity F-5

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows F-6

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-7

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Trevi Therapeutics, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Trevi Therapeutics, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders' equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes(collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

The Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations, has negative cash flows from operations, an accumulated deficit, and has stated that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management's evaluation of the events and conditions and management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2013.

Hartford, Connecticut

March 17, 2022

F-2

Trevi Therapeutics, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Assets

Current assets:

Other non-current assets 334 532

Operating lease right-of-use asset 131 227

Property, equipment and leasehold improvements, net 53 103

Liabilities and stockholders’ equity

Current liabilities:

Term loan derivative liability 114 —

Operating lease liability 120 113

Term loan derivative liability — 196

Operating lease liability 24 144

Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)

Stockholders’ equity:

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 38,475 $ 47,131

See accompanying notes.

F-3

Trevi Therapeutics, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Year Ended December 31,

Operating expenses:

Other (expense) income:

Change in fair value of term loan derivative liability 82 (9 )

Other expense (375 ) —

Total other expense, net (1,485 ) (287 )

Income tax benefit 21 18

Basic and diluted net loss per common share outstanding $ (1.49 ) $ (1.81 )

See accompanying notes.

F-4

Trevi Therapeutics, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(Amounts in thousands, except share amounts)

Common Stock Additional Paid- Accumulated Total Stockholders’

Shares Amount in Capital Deficit Equity

Stock-based compensation — — 2,417 — 2,417

Issuance of common stock from exercise of stock options 18,343 — 34 — 34

Issuance of common stock from employee stock purchase plan 5,997 — 12 — 12

Stock-based compensation — — 2,543 — 2,543

Issuance of common stock from employee stock purchase plan 42,290 — 39 — 39

Issuance of common stock from warrant exercise 2,626,069 3 — — 3

See accompanying notes.

F-5

Trevi Therapeutics, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(Amounts in thousands)

Year Ended December 31,

Operating activities:

Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

Change in fair value of term loan derivative liability (82 ) 9

Accretion/accrual of term loan discounts and debt issuance costs 599 227

Other expense related to transaction with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC 375 —

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Prepaid expenses and other current assets 342 742

Accrued expenses and other liabilities 336 (101 )

Net cash used in operating activities (28,946 ) (29,000 )

Investing activities:

Purchases of property, equipment and leasehold improvements — (32 )

Net cash used in investing activities — (32 )

Financing activities:

Proceeds from term loan — 14,000

Payments of financing costs of term loan (68 ) (84 )

Proceeds from at-the-market sales, net of commissions 7,505 3,135

Proceeds from exercises of stock options — 34

Proceeds from employee stock purchase plan 39 12

Proceeds from exercises of warrants 3 —

Payments of offering costs (382 ) (377 )

Net cash provided by financing activities 20,775 16,720

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (8,171 ) (12,312 )

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 45,001 57,313

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 36,830 $ 45,001

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

State research tax credits exchanged for cash $ 18 $ 18

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash financing activities:

Offering costs included in accrued expenses $ 41 $ 11

See accompanying notes.

F-6

Trevi Therapeutics, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share amounts)

1. Nature of the Business

Trevi Therapeutics, Inc. (“Trevi” or the “Company”) is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development and commercialization of the investigational therapy Haduvio (nalbuphine ER) to treat serious neurologically mediated conditions. The Company is currently developing Haduvio for the treatment of chronic pruritus associated with prurigo nodularis and chronic cough in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (“IPF”). These conditions share a common pathophysiology that is mediated through opioid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Due to nalbuphine’s mechanism of action as a modulator of opioid receptors, the Company believes Haduvio has the potential to be effective in treating each of these conditions.

Haduvio is an oral extended-release formulation of nalbuphine. Nalbuphine is a mixed κ-opioid receptor agonist and μ-opioid receptor antagonist that has been approved and marketed as an injectable for pain indications for more than 20 years in the United States (“U.S.”) and Europe. The κ- and μ-opioid receptors are known to be critical mediators of itch, cough and certain movement disorders. Nalbuphine’s mechanism of action also mitigates the risk of abuse associated with μ-opioid agonists because it antagonizes or blocks, the μ-opioid receptor. Parenteral nalbuphine is not classified as a controlled substance in the U.S. and most of Europe.

Liquidity

In accordance with Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-15, Disclosures of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40) (“ASU No. 2014-15”), management must evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. This evaluation initially does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date the financial statements are issued. When substantial doubt exists under this methodology, management evaluates whether the mitigating effect of its plans sufficiently alleviates substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The mitigating effect of management’s plans, however, is only considered if both (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant conditions or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. Generally, to be considered probable of being effectively implemented, the plans must have been approved before the date that the financial statements are issued.

The Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the continuity of operations, realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities and commitments in the ordinary course of business. Since inception, the Company has financed its operations primarily through private placements of convertible preferred stock and convertible notes prior to its initial public offering (“IPO”), borrowings under its prior term loan facility, proceeds from its IPO and concurrent private placement completed in May 2019, sales of its common stock pursuant to the at-the-market Sales Agreement (the “ATM Sales Agreement”) (Note 7) with SVB Leerink LLC that the Company entered into in June 2020, the term loan facility with Silicon Valley Bank (“SVB”) that the Company entered into in August 2020 (Note 6) and theprivate placements completed in October 2021 (Note 7).

The Company has incurred recurring losses since inception, including net losses of $33.9 million and $32.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. As of December 31, 2021, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $36.8 million compared to $45.0 million of cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2020. The Company has incurred losses and negative cash flows from operations and had an accumulated deficit of $180.9 million as of December 31, 2021. The Company expects to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future. As of March 17, 2022, the date of issuance of these Consolidated Financial Statements, the Company believes that its cash and cash equivalents as of December 31, 2021, will not be sufficient to fund its operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements for 12 months from the date of issuance of these Consolidated Financial Statements, even without giving effect to the potential collateralization of the outstanding SVB term loan (Note 6) and, therefore, substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The Company plans to seek to address this condition by raising additional capital to finance its operations. The future viability of the Company is dependent on its ability to raise additional capital to finance its operations. Although the Company has been successful in raising capital in the past, there is no assurance that it will be successful in obtaining such additional financing. Therefore, it is not considered probable, as defined in ASU No. 2014-15,

F-7

that the Company’s plans to raise additional capital will alleviate the substantial doubt regarding its ability to continue as a going concern.

To execute its business plans, the Company will need substantial funding to support its continuing operations and pursue its growth strategy. Until such time that the Company can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, the Company expects to finance its operations through the sale of common stock in public offerings and/or private placements, debt financings or other capital sources, including collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. The Company may not be able to obtain financing when needed on acceptable terms or at all. The terms of any financing may adversely affect the holdings or the rights of the Company’s stockholders. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, the Company could be forced to delay, reduce or abandon its product development programs or commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect its business prospects.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of Trevi Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiary Trevi Therapeutics Limited. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated.

All amounts presented are in thousands of dollars, except share and per share amounts, unless noted otherwise. Certain prior year balances have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation. Such reclassifications did not affect loss from operations or net loss. The Company has evaluated events occurring subsequent to December 31, 2021 for potential recognition or disclosure in the Consolidated Financial Statements and concluded there were no subsequent events that required recognition or disclosure other than those provided in Note 13.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the U.S. (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of the expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions reflected in these Consolidated Financial Statements include but are not limited to the recognition of research and development (“R&D”) expenses, the valuation of stock-based awards and the valuation allowance of deferred tax assets resulting from net operating losses. In addition, management’s assessment of the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern involves the estimation of the amount and timing of future cash inflows and outflows. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The inputs into the Company’s estimates also considered the economic implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Company’s estimates.

Cash Equivalents

The Company classifies short-term, highly liquid investments with an original term of three months or less at the date of purchase as cash equivalents.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company’s financial instruments have consisted of cash and cash equivalents, other current assets, accounts payable, accrued expenses, term loans, term loan derivative liability and warrants to acquire the Company’s common stock.Fair value estimates of these instruments are made at a specific point in time, based on relevant market information. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses are generally considered to be representative of their respective fair values because of the short-term nature of those instruments. The carrying amount of the term loan approximates its fair value due to its floating market-based interest rate. The fair value of the term loan derivative liability is estimated utilizing a probability-weighted cash flow approach. The warrants to acquire the Company’s common stock are not required to be accounted for at fair value.

Current accounting guidance defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, and requires certain disclosures about fair value measurements. The valuation techniques included in the guidance are based on observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect readily obtainable data from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions and are classified into the following fair value hierarchy:

Level 1—Observable inputs—quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities.

Level 2—Observable inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities—such as quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs—includes amounts derived from valuation models where one or more significant inputs are unobservable and require the company to develop relevant assumptions.

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The following table summarizes the financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, and the basis for that measurement, by level within the fair value hierarchy:

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3

Financial assets carried at fair value:

Money market funds (1) $ 35,835 $ — $ —

Financial liabilities carried at fair value:

Term loan derivative liability $ — $ — $ 114

Financial assets carried at fair value:

Money market funds(1) $ 44,095 $ — $ —

Financial liabilities carried at fair value:

Term loan derivative liability $ — $ — $ 196

(1) Included in cash and cash equivalents on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The following table represents a roll-forward of the fair value of Level 3 instruments (significant unobservable inputs):

December 31,

Financial liabilities

Balance at beginning of period $ 196 $ 187

Change in fair value of term loan derivative liability (82 ) 9

Balance at end of period $ 114 $ 196

Property, Equipment and Leasehold Improvements

Property, equipment and leasehold improvements (consisting of furniture, computer and office equipment and leasehold improvements) are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets (three years for computer equipment, five years for furniture and office equipment, and the shorter of the term of the lease or useful life for leasehold improvements).

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

ASC 360, Property, Plant, and Equipment, addresses the financial accounting and reporting for impairment or disposal of long-lived assets. The Company reviews the recorded values of long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset or group of assets may not be fully recoverable. There was no impairment or disposal of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Foreign Currency Transactions

The Company, at times, contracts with vendors and consultants outside of the U.S., resulting in liabilities denominated in foreign currency. The transactions are recorded in U.S. dollars on the transaction dates and any currency fluctuation through the payment date is recorded as currency gains or losses in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Deferred Offering Costs

The Company capitalizes certain legal, professional, accounting and other third-party fees that are directly associated with in-process equity financings as deferred offering costs until such financings are consummated. After consummation of an equity financing, these costs are recorded in stockholders’ equity as a reduction of additional paid-in capital generated as a result of the financings. Should the planned equity financing no longer be considered probable of being consummated, the deferred offering costs are expensed immediately as a charge to operating expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

All of the Company’s R&D expenses consist of expenses incurred in connection with the development of Haduvio. These expenses include certain payroll and personnel expenses, including stock-based compensation, consulting costs, contract manufacturing costs and fees paid to clinical research organizations (“CROs”) to conduct certain R&D activities on the Company’s behalf. The Company does not allocate its costs by each indication for which it is developing Haduvio,

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as a significant amount of the Company’s development activities broadly support all indications. In addition, several of the Company’s departments support the Company’s Haduvio drug candidate development program and the Company does not identify internal costs for each potential indication. The Company expenses both internal and external R&D expenses as they are incurred.

Accrued Research and Development Expenses

The Company has entered into agreements with CROs, contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) and other companies that provide services in connection with the Company’s R&D activities. The Company’s R&D accruals are estimated based on the level of services performed, progress of the studies, including the phase or completion of events and contracted costs. The estimated costs of R&D provided, but not yet invoiced, are included in accrued expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the original estimates, the Company will adjust the accrual accordingly. Payments made to CROs, CMOs and other companies under these arrangements in advance of the performance of the related services are recorded as prepaid expenses or as other non-current assets, as applicable, and are recognized as expenses as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed.

Patent Costs

All patent-related costs in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are expensed to general and administrative expense as incurred, as recoverability of such expenditures is uncertain.

Warrants

The Company determines the accounting classification of warrants that are issued, as either liability or equity, by first assessing whether the warrants meet liability classification in accordance with ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity (“ASC 480”), and then in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging (“ASC 815”), depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreement. Under ASC 480, warrants are considered liability classified if the warrants are mandatorily redeemable, obligate the issuer to settle the warrants or the underlying shares by paying cash or other assets, or must or may require settlement by issuing variable number of shares.

If warrants do not meet liability classification under ASC 480, the Company assesses the requirements under ASC 815, which states that contracts that require or may require the issuer to settle the contract for cash are liabilities recorded at fair value, irrespective of the likelihood of the transaction occurring that triggers the net cash settlement feature. If the warrants do not require liability classification under ASC 815, in order to conclude equity classification, the Company assesses whether the warrants are indexed to its common stock and whether the warrants are classified as equity under ASC 815 or other applicable GAAP. After all relevant assessments are made, the Company concludes whether the warrants are classified as liability or equity. Liability classified warrants are required to be accounted for at fair value both on the date of issuance and on subsequent accounting period ending dates, with all changes in fair value after the issuance date recorded in the statements of operations as a gain or loss. For equity classified warrants, no changes in fair value are recognized after the issuance date.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation arrangements with employees and non-employees for consultancy services in accordance with ASC 718, Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). ASC 718 requires the recognition of compensation expense, using a fair-value based method, for costs related to all stock-based awards including stock options. The Company’s determination of the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant utilizes the Black-Scholes valuation model for stock options with time-based and performance-based vesting and is impacted by the price of its common stock as well as changes in assumptions regarding a number of subjective variables. These variables include the expected term that stock options will remain outstanding, expected common stock price volatility over the term of the stock options, risk-free interest rates and expected dividends. Changes in the variables can materially affect the fair value and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These inputs are subjective and generally require analysis and judgment to develop.

Expected Term—The expected term assumption represents the weighted average period that the stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding. The Company has elected to use the “simplified method” for estimating the expected term of its stock options, whereby the expected term equals the arithmetic average of the vesting term and the original contractual term of the stock option.

Expected Volatility—For all stock options granted to date, the volatility data was estimated based on a study of publicly traded industry peer companies. For purposes of identifying these peer companies, the Company considered the industry, stage of development, size and financial leverage of potential comparable companies.

Expected Dividend—The Black-Scholes valuation model calls for a single expected dividend yield as an input. The Company currently has no history or expectation of paying cash dividends on its common stock.

Risk-Free Interest Rate—The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues similar in duration to the expected term of the stock-based award.

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The fair value is recognized over the period during which an optionee is required to provide services in exchange for the stock option, known as the requisite service period (usually the vesting period) on a straight-line basis. For performance-based vesting, the fair value is also recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period based on whether the performance conditions are probable. The Company reassesses the probability of achieving the performance conditions at each reporting date. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred income tax assets are reduced, as necessary, by a valuation allowance when management determines it is more likely than not that some or all of the tax benefits will not be realized.

The Company applies the provisions of ASC 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), which prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, measure, present and disclose in its financial statements uncertain tax positions that the company has taken or expects to take on a tax return. These Consolidated Financial Statements reflect expected future tax consequences of such positions presuming the taxing authorities possess full knowledge of the position and all relevant facts. There are no material uncertainties regarding the tax positions that the Company has taken through December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020. The Company does not have any interest or penalties accrued related to tax positions as it does not have any unrecognized tax benefits. In the event the Company determines that accrual of interest or penalties are necessary in the future, the amount will be presented as a component of interest expense.

Leases

Under ASC 842, Leases (“ASC 842”), the Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at its inception. If an operating lease has a term greater than one year, the lease is recognized in the balance sheet as a right-of-use asset and an operating lease liability at lease commencement. The Company elected the short-term lease practical expedient, therefore, if an operating lease has a term less than one year, the Company will not recognize the lease on its balance sheet. The operating right-of-use asset represents the Company’s right of use to an underlying asset for the term of the lease and the operating liability represents the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease.

Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are determined and recognized on the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of lease payments over the term of the lease. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate within the lease, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, which is updated periodically, based on information available at the commencement date of the lease to determine the present value of the lease payments.

Basic and Diluted Net Income (Loss) per Common Share

Basic and diluted net loss per common share outstanding is determined by dividing net loss by the weighted average common shares outstanding during the period. Basic shares outstanding includes the weighted average effect of the Company’s outstanding prefunded warrants, the exercise of which requires little or no consideration for the delivery of shares of common stock.

For all periods presented, shares issuable upon exercise of stock options and warrants to purchase shares of common stock have been excluded from the calculation because their effects would be anti-dilutive. Therefore, the weighted average common shares used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share are the same for each of the periods presented.

Segments

The Company has one reporting segment which is also the Company’s only operating segment. Management uses one measurement of profitability and does not segregate its business for internal reporting. All long-lived assets are maintained in the U.S.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

On January 1, 2021, the Company adopted ASU No. 2019-12 Income Taxes (Topic 740), which simplifies the accounting for income taxes. The adoption of the new guidance did not affect the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

There have been no new pronouncements issued during the year ended December 31, 2021, which could be expected to materially impact the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements.

3. Leases

Effective March 1, 2013, the Company entered into a lease for office space in New Haven, CT and commencing March 1, 2018, the Company entered into the First Amendment to the lease (collectively, the “Office Space Lease”). The leased space approximates 5,600 square feet and the Office Space Lease has a term of 60 months. The Office Space Lease

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requires monthly payments ranging from approximately $10 to $12 through February 1, 2023 and provides for two designated months of free rent.

The incremental borrowing rate used on the Office Space Lease was 13.0%. The right-of-use asset also includes any lease payments related to initial direct costs and prepayments and excludes lease incentives. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company had no new leases during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

The Office Space Lease is an operating lease and the remaining term as of December 31, 2021 is approximately 1.2 years. The Company has no financing leases. The following table summarizes the Company’s operating lease as presented on its Consolidated Balance Sheets:

Assets:

Operating lease right-of-use asset $ 131 $ 227

Liabilities:

Operating lease liabilities, current portion 120 113

Operating lease liabilities, long term portion 24 144

Total operating lease liabilities $ 144 $ 257

Future minimum lease payments from December 31, 2021 until the expiration of the operating lease are as follows:

Total lease payments 155

Less: imputed discount rate (11 )

Carrying value of operating lease liabilities $ 144

Lease expense under operating leases, including leases of office equipment, was $120 and $124 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Lease payments made were $139 and $138 in the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, with such amounts reflected in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows in operating activities.

4. Property, Equipment and Leasehold Improvements, Net

Property, equipment and leasehold improvements, net consist of the following:

December 31,

Computer, website development and office equipment $ 45 $ 45

Furniture and fixtures 60 60

Less: Accumulated depreciation (182 ) (132 )

Total property, equipment and leasehold improvements, net $ 53 $ 103

Depreciation was $50 and $47 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

5. Accrued Expenses

Accrued expenses consist of the following:

December 31,

Accrued compensation and benefits 1,250 954

Accrued consulting and professional fees 176 560

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6. Debt

Silicon Valley Bank Term Loan

On August 13, 2020 (the “Effective Date”), the Company entered into a loan and security agreement (the “SVB Loan Agreement”) with Silicon Valley Bank, as lender (“SVB”), pursuant to which SVB provided a term loan to the Company in the original principal amount of $14.0 million (the “SVB Term Loan”). The Company may use the proceeds from the SVB Term Loan for working capital and general corporate purposes. The SVB Term Loan bears interest at a floating rate per annum equal to the greater of (A) the prime rate plus 1.00% and (B) 4.25%. If SVB receives evidence satisfactory to it that the Company has (i) received positive data for the Phase 2b/3 clinical trial of Haduvio sufficient to advance Haduvio into a second Phase 3 clinical trial for prurigo nodularis, and (ii) raised sufficient financing to fund such Phase 3 clinical trial and the Company’s operations, (together, the “Phase 3 Event”), the interest rate under the SVB Term Loan will be adjusted to a floating rate equal to the greater of (A) the prime rate plus 3.00% and (B) 6.25% (see term loan derivative liability discussion below). On the first business day of each month, the Company will be required to make monthly interest payments and commencing on March 1, 2022, the Company will be required to repay the SVB Term Loan in 24 consecutive installments of principal plus monthly payments of accrued interest. All outstanding principal and accrued and unpaid interest under the SVB Term Loan and all other outstanding obligations with respect to the SVB Term Loan are due and payable in full on February 1, 2024. The SVB Loan Agreement permits voluntary prepayment of all, but not less than all, of the SVB Term Loan, subject to a prepayment premium. Such prepayment premium would be 3.00% of the principal amount of the SVB Term Loan if prepaid prior to the first anniversary of the Effective Date, 2.00% of the principal amount of the SVB Term Loan if prepaid on or after the first anniversary of the Effective Date but prior to the second anniversary of the Effective Date, and 1.00% of the principal amount of the SVB Term Loan if prepaid on or after the second anniversary of the Effective Date but prior to February 1, 2024. Upon repayment in full of the SVB Term Loan, the Company will be required to pay a final payment fee equal to $1.2 million. The SVB Term Loan and related obligations under the SVB Loan Agreement are secured by substantially all of the Company’s properties, rights and assets, except for its intellectual property (which is subject to a negative pledge under the SVB Loan Agreement).

On July 6, 2021, the Company and SVB entered into a First Amendment (the “Loan Amendment”) to the SVB Loan Agreement. The Loan Amendment modifies the conditions under which the Company is required to cash collateralize all outstanding amounts owed to SVB under the SVB Loan Agreement. Under the Loan Amendment, if the Company fails to receive positive data in its Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial or to raise by June 30, 2022 sufficient net proceeds from the sale of equity securities to finance its planned second phase 3 clinical trial of Haduvio for prurigo nodularis and its ongoing operations (each a “Milestone Condition”), the Company will be required to deposit unrestricted and unencumbered cash equal to 100% of the principal amount of the SVB Term Loan then outstanding in a cash collateral account with SVB, which can be used by SVB to prepay the SVB Term Loan at any time. In addition, the Loan Amendment provides that if the Company fails to maintain at least $20.0 million in unrestricted and unencumbered cash in its accounts with SVB at any time prior to the satisfaction of all the Milestone Conditions, the Company will be required to cash collateralize all outstanding amounts owed to SVB under the SVB Loan Agreement. The Company would also have been required to cash collateralize all outstanding amounts owed to SVB under the SVB Loan Agreement if it did not raise at least $15.0 million in net proceeds from the sale of equity securities during the period from June 1, 2021 through October 31, 2021. The Company satisfied this equity funding condition through a combination of equity issuances under the Company’s ATM Sales Agreement and two private placements, which took place in October 2021 (see Note 7).

The SVB Loan Agreement contains customary representations, warranties, events of default and covenants. The occurrence and continuation of an event of default could cause interest to be charged at the rate that is otherwise applicable plus 5.00% (unless SVB elects to impose a smaller increase) and would provide SVB with the right to accelerate all obligations under the SVB Loan Agreement and exercise remedies against the Company and the collateral securing the SVB Term Loan and other obligations under the SVB Loan Agreement, including foreclosure against assets securing the SVB Term Loan and other obligations under the SVB Loan Agreement, including the Company’s cash. The SVB Loan Agreement also restricts the payment of dividends on the Company’s common stock.

In August 2020, in connection with the SVB Term Loan, the Company paid $57 in financing costs to a third party, which were recorded as deferred charges and will be amortized over the life of the SVB Term Loan using the effective interest method. In connection with the Loan Amendment, the Company paid $68 in financing costs to a third party, which were recorded as deferred charges and will be amortized over the remaining life of the SVB Term Loan using the effective interest method. Amortization of these deferred financing charges totaled $40 and $9 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively and is included in interest expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The unamortized deferred charges totaled $76 and $48 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively and are included as a direct reduction of the carrying value of the term loan payable on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

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In August 2020, in connection with the execution of the SVB Loan Agreement, the Company paid $27 in financing costs to SVB, which were recorded as loan discounts. These loan discounts are included as a reduction in the balance of the term loan payable on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet and will be accreted over the life of the SVB Term Loan using the effective interest method. Accretion of these loan discounts totaled $11 and $4 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively and is included in interest expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the loan discount-financing costs unamortized balance was $12 and $23, respectively.

In connection with the SVB Loan Agreement, the Company is obligated to pay a final payment fee of $1.2 million upon repayment in full of the SVB Term Loan. The final payment fee is being accrued over the life of the SVB Term Loan using the effective interest method and is included as an increase in the balance of the term loan payable on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, $657 and $183 was accrued for the final payment fee, respectively.

Upon SVB receiving evidence satisfactory to it that the Company has (i) received positive data for the Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial sufficient to advance Haduvio into a second Phase 3 clinical trial for chronic pruritus associated with prurigo nodularis and (ii) raised sufficient financing to fund such Phase 3 clinical trial and the Company’s operations, the interest rate on the SVB Term Loan will increase by 2.00% (the “Contingent Interest Rate Increase”) as described above. The Contingent Interest Rate Increase represents a free-standing financial instrument. Accordingly, the Company accounted for the Contingent Interest Rate Increase as a derivative under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging and therefore, recorded a term loan derivative liability for the Contingent Interest Rate Increase at its fair value of $187 on the Effective Date of the SVB Loan Agreement. The Company adjusts this liability to fair value at each reporting date it remains outstanding, with such adjustments recorded as non-cash charges in other (expense) income, net in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. The total fair value of this liability was determined to be $114 and $196 at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. The change in fair value of the term loan derivative liability as of December 31, 2021 as compared to the fair value at December 31, 2020 was $82. The term loan derivative liability is presented as a current liability in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet as of December 31, 2021 and as a non-current liability as of December 31, 2020. Upon recording such term loan derivative liability, the Company also recorded an offsetting term loan discount – interest, to be amortized to interest expense in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations through the SVB Term Loan’s maturity date using the effective interest method. Such amortization was $74 and $29 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the balance of the term loan discount – interest was $84 and $158, respectively and is included as a reduction in the balance of the term loan payable on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Fair values of the term loan derivative liability are estimated utilizing a probability-weighted cash flow approach, including variables for the timing of the Phase 3 Event and other probability estimates. For the fair value calculations of the term loan derivative liability at December 31, 2021 and 2020, significant inputs included the Contingent Interest Rate Increase of 2.00%, a discount rate of 12.0% and the SVB Term Loan maturity date of February 1, 2024.

The Company had outstanding borrowings of $14.0 million under the SVB Term Loan as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively and the term loan payable balance as presented in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2021 and 2020 was comprised as shown below.

December 31,

Principal outstanding under term loan $ 14,000 $ 14,000

Term loan discount-interest (84 ) (158 )

Term loan discount-unamortized deferred charges (76 ) (48 )

Term loan discount-financing costs, net of accretion (12 ) (23 )

Term loan-final payment fee 657 183

Less current portion 5,833 -

Term loan payable, non-current $ 8,652 $ 13,954

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Interest expense on the SVB Term Loan, which is comprised of interest payments, accretion and amortization of term loan discounts and the accrual of the final payment fee, is shown below for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the interest rate applicable to borrowings under the SVB Term Loan was 4.25%.

Year Ended December 31,

Accrual of the final payment fee 474 183

Accretion and amortization of term loan discounts 125 42

7. Stockholders’ Equity

Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2021and 2020, the Company’s restated certificate of incorporation authorized the Company to issue 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, with a par value of $0.001 per share.

Common Stock

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company’s restated certificate of incorporation authorized the Company to issue 200,000,000 shares of common stock, with a par value of $0.001 per share.

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had reserved shares of common stock for future issuance as shown in the table below:

Shares to be issued upon sales under the LPC Purchase Agreement 30,000,000 —

At-the-Market Offering

In June 2020, the Company entered into the ATM Sales Agreement with SVB Leerink LLC, under which the Company may issue and sell shares of its common stock, from time to time, having an aggregate offering price of up to $12.0 million. Sales of common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement may be made by any method that is deemed an “at-the-market” offering as defined in Rule 415(a)(4) under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The Company is not obligated to make any sales of its common stock under the ATM Sales Agreement. The Company began making sales pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement in July 2020, and as of December 31, 2021, the Company had issued and sold an aggregate of 3,583,394 shares of common stock for gross proceeds of $11.0 million, before deducting estimated commissions and allocated fees of $0.8 million. Under the terms of the October 2021 Private Placements, as described below, the Company agreed not to issue or sell additional shares under the ATM Sales Agreement on or prior to January 4, 2022.

Equity Purchase Agreement

On June 18, 2021, the Company entered into a common stock purchase agreement (“LPC Purchase Agreement”) with Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC (“Lincoln Park”). The LPC Purchase Agreement provides that, subject to the terms and conditions therein, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell, at its discretion, to Lincoln Park up to $15.0 million of shares of common stock over a 24-month period commencing on July 23, 2021. In addition, under the LPC Purchase Agreement, the Company issued 170,088 shares of common stock to Lincoln Park as consideration for Lincoln Park’s commitment to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock under the LPC Purchase Agreement. The purchase price per share of the shares sold will be based on the market prices prevailing immediately preceding the time of sale as computed under the LPC Purchase Agreement. Lincoln Park has covenanted not to cause or engage in any manner whatsoever, any direct or indirect short selling or hedging of the Company’s common stock. The agreement may be terminated by the Company at any time, at its sole discretion, without any additional cost or penalty. Under the terms of the

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October 2021 Private Placements, the Company agreed to not issue or sell additional shares under the LPC Purchase Agreement on or prior to April 6, 2023.

Private Placements

On October 5, 2021, the Company issued and sold to an initial investor in a private placement priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules, (i) 2,373,201 shares of the Company’s common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 4,746,402 shares of the Company’s common stock, and (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 4,926,069 shares of the Company’s common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 9,852,138 shares of the Company’s common stock. Each share of the Company’s common stock and accompanying common stock warrants were sold together at a combined price of $1.62, and each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common stock warrants were sold together at a combined price of $1.619, for gross proceeds of approximately $11.8 million. Each pre-funded warrant had an exercise price of $0.001 per share, became exercisable immediately upon issuance and was exercisable until exercised in full. Of the accompanying common stock warrants, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 7,299,270 shares will expire on April 5, 2025, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 7,299,270 shares will expire on October 5, 2028. The accompanying common stock warrants have an exercise price of $1.37 per share and became exercisable immediately upon issuance.

On October 18, 2021, the Company issued and sold to New Enterprise Associates 16, L.P., an existing stockholder of the Company (“NEA”) and related party, in a private placement, 1,851,852 shares of the Company’s common stock and accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 3,703,704 shares of the Company’s common stock. Each share of the Company’s common stock and accompanying common stock warrants were sold together at a combined price of $1.62 for gross proceeds of approximately $3.0 million. Of the accompanying common stock warrants, warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,851,852 shares of the Company’s common stock will expire on April 18, 2025, and warrants to purchase an aggregate of 1,851,852 shares of the Company’s common stock will expire on October 18, 2028. The accompanying common stock warrants have an exercise price of $1.37 per share and became exercisable immediately upon issuance.

Total net proceeds from the two October private placements were $13.7 million, after deducting issuance costs of $1.1 million.

Warrant activity, including activity related to the pre-funded warrants, for the year ended December 31, 2021 is shown in the table below:

(in years)

Outstanding as of December 31, 2020 — $ — —

Only pre-funded warrants were exercised in 2021. Subsequent to December 31, 2021, the remaining pre-funded warrants to purchase 2,300,000 shares of the Company’s common stock were exercised at a price of $0.001 per share. The pre-funded and common stock warrants are classified as equity in accordance with ASC 815 given that the pre-funded and common stock warrants are indexed to the Company’s own shares of common stock and meet the requirements to be classified in permanent equity.

Stock Based Awards

In April 2019, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2019 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”), which became effective on May 7, 2019. The 2019 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options, non-statutory stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units and other stock-based awards. The Company’s employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors are eligible to receive awards under the 2019 Plan. The 2019 Plan is administered by the Company’s board of directors.

The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2019 Plan and the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”) was 4,066,209 and 3,318,746 as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, of which 1,136,737 and 1,147,269 shares remained available for grant under the 2019 Plan, respectively. Awards may be made under the 2019 Plan for up to such number of shares of the Company’s common stock as is equal to the sum of: i) 1,578,947 shares; plus ii) the number of shares (up to 1,157,894 shares) equal to the number of shares of the Company’s common stock subject to outstanding awards under the 2012 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2012 Plan”) that expire, terminate or are otherwise cancelled,

F-16

forfeited or repurchased by the Company at their original issuance price pursuant to a contractual repurchase right; plus iii) an annual increase to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with 2020 and continuing through 2029, equal to the least of (a) 2,105,623 shares of common stock, (b) 4% of the number of outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock on such date, and (c) an amount determined by the Company’s board of directors.Effective January 1, 2021 and January 1, 2020, respectively, the number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2019 Plan increased, pursuant to the terms of the 2019 Plan, by an additional 741,871 shares and 713,383 shares, equal to 4% of the Company’s then-outstanding common stock.

The 2012 Plan was adopted by the Company’s board of directors and stockholders. The 2012 Plan provides for the issuance of stock-based awards to the Company’s employees, officers, directors, consultants and advisors. The Company’s board of directors administers the 2012 Plan. In April 2019, the Company’s board of directors adopted a resolution effective on May 7, 2019, that no further equity-based awards may be granted under the 2012 Plan.

Options granted under the 2019 Plan and the 2012 Plan have a maximum term of ten years. Options granted to employees, officers and non-employees generally vest over four years based on varying vesting schedules that primarily include: 25% vesting on the first anniversary date of grant and the balance ratably over the next 36 months or vesting in equal monthly or quarterly installments over four years. Options granted to directors generally vest over one to two years. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, options to purchase 2,263,752 and 1,249,653 shares of common stock were granted and outstanding, net of cancelations, under the 2019 Plan. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, options to purchase 665,720 and 921,824 shares of common stock were granted and outstanding, net of cancellations, under the 2012 Plan.

In February 2021, the compensation committee of the Company’s board of directors approved the grant of 450,875 stock options with performance-based vesting (“PSOs”) to employees of the Company. The PSOs granted in February 2021, vest based on the timing and successful results of the Company’s PRISM or CANAL clinical trials.

A summary of the Company’s combined stock option activity for the 2019 Plan and the 2012 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2021 is as follows:

(in years) (in thousands)

Exercised — $ —

The weighted average grant-date fair value per share of stock options granted was $2.28 and $3.68 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

The aggregate fair value of stock options that vested during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 was $2.4 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the stock options and the fair value of the Company’s common stock for those stock options that had exercise prices lower than the fair value of the Company’s common stock. The aggregate intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2020 was $81. No stock options were exercised during the year ended December 31, 2021.

The assumptions that the Company used to determine the fair value of the stock options granted were as follows, presented on a weighted average basis:

Year Ended December 31,

Risk-free interest rate 0.8 % 1.2 %

Expected volatility 94.0 % 81.5 %

Expected dividend yield — —

Expected life of options (in years) 6.5 6.8

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In April 2019, the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “2019 ESPP”), which became effective on May 7, 2019. The 2019 ESPP is administered by the Company’s board of directors.

The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2019 ESPP was 518,918 as of December 31, 2021, of which 470,631 shares remain available for issuance. The number of shares of the Company’s common stock that have been approved to be issued under the 2019 ESPP is equal to the sum of: i) 155,106 shares; plus ii) an annual increase to be added on the first day of each fiscal year, beginning with the fiscal year ending December 31, 2020 and continuing for each fiscal year until, and including, the fiscal year ending December 31, 2029, equal to the least of (a) 526,315 shares of common stock, (b) 1% of the number of outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock on such date, and (c) an amount determined by the Company’s board of directors. Effective January 1, 2021 and January 1, 2020, respectively, the aggregate number of shares of the Company’s common stock that may be issued under the 2019 ESPP increased, pursuant to the terms of the 2019 ESPP, by an additional 185,467 shares and 178,345 shares, equal to 1% of the Company’s then-outstanding common stock.

The following table summarizes the classifications of stock-based compensation expenses for the 2012 Plan, the 2019 Plan and the 2019 ESPP recognized in the Consolidated Statements of Operations:

Year Ended December 31,

General and administrative expense $ 1,800 $ 2,057

Research and development expense 743 360

As of December 31, 2021, total unrecognized compensation cost related to the unvested share-based awards was $3.8 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.1 years.

8. Income Taxes

During each of the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company recorded an income tax benefit related to state research and development tax credits of $21 and $18, respectively.

The components of income tax (benefit) for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Current:

Federal $ — $ —

Deferred:

Federal — —

State — —

— —

Income tax benefit $ (21 ) $ (18 )

A reconciliation between income tax benefit and the expected tax benefit at the statutory rate for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 is as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Federal statutory income tax rate 21.0 % 21.0 %

State income tax benefit—net of federal tax 6.0 6.1

Change in valuation allowance (29.1 ) (29.1 )

Refundable tax credit 0.1 0.1

R&D tax credits 2.1 2.0

Effective income tax rate 0.1 % 0.1 %

F-18

Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

December 31,

Federal and state tax credits 4,801 4,054

Deferred tax liabilities (35 ) (61 )

Net deferred tax asset $ — $ —

For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company generated federal and state net operating losses (“NOLs”) of approximately $32.1 million and $30.8 million, respectively. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the federal and state net operating loss balances were approximately $169.7 million and $137.6 million, respectively. The operating losses generated prior to 2018 will expire in years 2031 through 2037, unless previously utilized. The operating losses generated in 2018 or later can be carried forward indefinitely, however will only offset 80% of taxable income in a carryforward year. The Company also generated federal R&D tax credits for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 of approximately $702 and $671, respectively. At December 31, 2021 and 2020, the federal R&D tax credit carryforwards were approximately $4.6 million and $3.9 million, respectively. These credits will expire in years 2032 through 2041, unless previously utilized. Due to the Series A preferred stock financing in December 2012 and the shares issued in connection with the Company’s IPO in May 2019, the Company was subject to an “ownership change” under the Code Section 382. As a result, the Company’s ability to utilize approximately $91.3 million of its NOL carryforwards and approximately $3.0 million of research tax credits is limited.

The Company also generated state research tax credits for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 of approximately $149 and $133, respectively. The Company applied to exchange a portion of these credits for cash under a state-run program. These amounts, $21 and $18 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, were recognized as current income tax benefits in the Company’s Consolidated Statements of Operations. At each of December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets reflect income tax receivables of $21 and $18 respectively, related to these credits. Because of the net operating loss and research credit carryforwards, tax years 2011 through 2020 remain open to U.S. federal and state tax examinations.

Income taxes are provided using the asset/liability method, in which deferred taxes are recognized for the tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of existing assets and liabilities. The Company reviews deferred tax assets for recoverability on a regular basis. In assessing the need for a valuation allowance, the Company considers both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realization of the deferred tax assets. The weight given to the positive and negative evidence is commensurate with the extent to which the evidence may be objectively verified. Accounting guidance states that a cumulative loss in recent years is a significant piece of negative evidence that is difficult to overcome in determining that a valuation allowance is not needed against deferred tax assets. As such, it is generally difficult for positive evidence regarding projected future taxable income exclusive of reversing taxable temporary differences to outweigh objective negative evidence of recent financial reporting losses.

The Company determined that operating losses it incurred since its inception on March 17, 2011, represented negative evidence sufficient to conclude a valuation allowance was necessary. As such, the Company has recorded a valuation allowance of $52.7 million and $42.8 million at December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, as a reserve against its net deferred tax assets. These balances reflect increases in the valuation allowance of $9.9 million and $9.5 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively, both representing an increase in net deferred tax assets.

F-19

The Company applies the provisions of ASC 740, which prescribes a comprehensive model for how a company should recognize, measure, present, and disclose in its financial statements uncertain tax positions that the Company has taken or expects to take on a tax return. The financial statements reflect expected future tax consequences of such positions presuming the taxing authorities possess full knowledge of the position and all relevant facts. As a result of the implementation of ASC 740, the Company recognized no adjustment for unrecognized income tax benefits. The Company has not, as of yet, conducted a study of R&D tax credit carryforwards. Such a study could result in an adjustment to the Company’s R&D tax credit carryforwards; however, until a study is completed and any potential adjustment is known, no amounts are being presented as an uncertain tax position. A full valuation allowance has been provided against the Company’s R&D tax credits and, if an adjustment is required in the future, this adjustment would be offset by a corresponding adjustment to the valuation allowance. For the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, the Company had no unrecognized tax benefits or related interest and penalties accrued. In the event the Company determines that accrual of interest or penalties are necessary in the future, the amount will be presented as a component of interest expense.

9. Net Loss per Share

The following table summarizes the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders of the Company:

Year Ended December 31,

Basic and diluted net loss per common share outstanding $ (1.49 ) $ (1.81 )

Basic shares outstanding includes the weighted average effect of the Company’s pre-funded warrants, the exercise of which requires little or no consideration for the delivery of shares of common stock.The Company determined the exercise price of the warrant was nominal and, as such, have considered the 4,926,069 shares underlying the pre-funded warrants to be outstanding effective on October 5, 2021, for the purposes of calculating basic EPS.

The Company’s potential dilutive securities, which include stock options and warrants, have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders whenever the effect of including them would be to reduce the net loss per share. In periods where there is a net loss, the weighted average number of common shares outstanding used to calculate both basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is the same. The following potential common shares, presented based on shares outstanding as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively, were excluded from the calculation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods indicated because including them would have had an anti-dilutive effect:

Shares as of December 31,

10. Collaborative and Licensing Agreements

The Company enters into collaborative and licensing agreements with pharmaceutical companies to in-license, develop, manufacture and/or market products that fit within its business strategy.

Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc.

In May 2011, the Company entered into an agreement with Penwest Pharmaceuticals Co., which subsequently merged into its parent, Endo Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Endo”), for an exclusive worldwide sublicensable license under certain patent rights and know-how controlled by Endo to develop and commercialize products incorporating nalbuphine hydrochloride in any formulation, including an extended-release formulation such as Haduvio, in all fields and for any use.

Under the license agreement, the Company paid Endo a non-creditable, non-refundable upfront license fee. The Company may also become obligated to make milestone payments to Endo of $0.3 million, which would become due upon the successful completion of the first Phase 3 clinical trial of a licensed product candidate, such as the Phase 2b/3 PRISM trial, and $0.8 million, which would become due upon the marketing approval of a licensed product in the U.S. and to pay mid-single-digit royalties based on net sales of the licensed products by the Company, its affiliates and sublicensees. In addition, the Company is obligated to pay Endo a low-to-mid double-digit percentage of certain income it receives from sublicensees, based on the date of the definitive agreement under which the sublicense was granted.

The Company’s royalty obligation with respect to each licensed product in each country commences upon the first commercial sale of the product in that country and extends until the later of the expiration, unenforceability or invalidation of the last valid claim of any licensed patent or application covering the licensed product in the country or the expiration of 10 years after the first commercial sale of the licensed product in the country, which period is referred to as the royalty term. Upon the expiration of the royalty term for a product in a country, the Company is thereafter obligated to pay a low single-digit know-how and trademark royalty.

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Under the agreement, the Company has granted Endo a non-exclusive, royalty-free (except for pass-through payments to third parties), sublicensable license under its relevant patent rights, to use any improvement the Company makes to Endo’s controlled release technology, for any product other than the products under which it is licensed by Endo.

Both the Company and Endo have the right to terminate the agreement if the other party materially breaches the agreement and fails to cure the breach within specified cure periods. Endo also has the right to terminate in the event the Company undergoes specified bankruptcy, insolvency or liquidation events. The Company has the right to terminate the agreement at its convenience at any time on 180 days’ notice to Endo. Additionally, if the Company or any of the Company’s sublicensees challenge the validity or enforceability of any licensed patent rights covering a licensed product and that challenge is not terminated within a specified period, the agreement will immediately terminate and all licenses granted under the agreement shall be revoked.

Upon termination of the agreement, the Company must transfer to Endo all regulatory filings and approvals relating to the development, manufacture or commercialization of the licensed products and all trademarks, other than the Company’s corporate trademarks, then being used in connection with the licensed products. If the agreement is terminated under certain specified circumstances, the Company will be deemed to have granted Endo a perpetual, royalty-free (except for pass-through payments to third parties), worldwide, exclusive, sublicensable license, under any improvements the Company made to the licensed know-how and any related patent rights the Company has, to manufacture and commercialize the licensed products.

11. Commitments and Contingencies

A significant portion of the Company’s development activities are outsourced to third parties under agreements, including with CROs and contract manufacturers in connection with the production of clinical trial materials. These arrangements may require the Company to pay termination costs to the third parties for reimbursement of costs and expenses incurred in the event of the orderly termination of contractual services.

The Company also has commitments under lease and licensing agreements (Note 3 and Note 10).

12. Retirement Plan

In March 2013, the Company adopted and became a participating employer of a multiple employer defined contribution retirement plan that complies with Section 401(k) of the Code. All eligible employees of the Company are able to immediately participate in the plan (with an entry date of the first day of any month), with no minimum service requirement. The 401(k) plan provides that the Company make non-discretionary matching contributions of 50% of the first 6% of elective contributions. Participants are immediately vested in their contributions, as well as any earnings thereon. Vesting in the employer match contribution portion of their accounts, as well as any earnings thereon, is based on years of credited service, vesting over a four-year period, with 25% vesting per completed year. The Company’s expense under the 401(k) plan, representing its employer matching contributions and additional contributions in accordance with regulatory compliance requirements, totaled $96 and $68 for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

13. Subsequent Events

On January 10, 2022, the Company received a deficiency letter from the Listing Qualifications Department (the “Staff”) of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) notifying the Company that, for the prior 30 consecutive business days, the bid price for the Company’s common stock had closed below the $1.00 per share minimum bid price requirement for continued inclusion on the Nasdaq Global Market pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1) (the “Bid Price Requirement”).

In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A) (the “Compliance Period Rule”), the Company was provided a period of 180 calendar days, or until July 11, 2022 (the “Compliance Date”), to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement. If, at any time before the Compliance Date, the bid price for the Company’s common stock closed at $1.00 or more for a minimum of 10 consecutive business days as required under the Compliance Period Rule, the Staff would provide written notification to the Company that it had regained compliance with the Bid Price Requirement, unless the Staff chose to exercise its discretion to extend this ten-day period pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(H).

On March 16, 2022, the Company received a letter from the Staff indicating that it had regained compliance with the Bid Price Requirement as of such date.

Although the Company was able to regain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement within the manner and time period prescribed by Nasdaq, there can be no assurance that the Company will be able to maintain compliance with the Bid Price Requirement or other Nasdaq continued listing requirements in the future or that the Company will be able to regain compliance with respect to any future deficiencies.

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TRVI US Equity

TRVI · 10-K · period ended 2021-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

TRVI US Equity☆

TRVI · 10-K · period ended 2021-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

TRVI US Equity