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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion in conjunction with the sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K entitled “Risk Factors”, “Forward-Looking Statements”, “Business” and our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements reflecting current expectations that involve risks and uncertainties. Actual results and the timing of events may differ materially from those contained in these forward-looking statements due to a number of factors, including those discussed in the section entitled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Overview

We acquire, own and operate industrial real estate in six major coastal U.S. markets: New York City/Northern New Jersey, Los Angeles, Miami, San Francisco Bay Area, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. We invest in several types of industrial real estate, including warehouse/distribution (approximately 79.7% of our total annualized base rent as of December 31, 2024), flex (including light industrial and research and development, or R&D) (approximately 3.4%), transshipment (approximately 6.0%) and improved land (approximately 10.9%). We target functional properties in infill locations that may be shared by multiple tenants and that cater to customer demand within the various submarkets in which we operate. Infill locations are geographic locations surrounded by high concentrations of already developed land and existing buildings. As of December 31, 2024, we owned a total of 299 buildings (including one building held for sale) aggregating approximately 19.3 million square feet, 47 improved land parcels consisting of approximately 150.6 acres, six properties under development or redevelopment and approximately 22.4 acres of land entitled for future development. As of December 31, 2024, our buildings and improved land parcels were approximately 97.4% and 95.1% leased, respectively, to 670 customers, the largest of which accounted for approximately 5.5% of our total annualized base rent.

We are an internally managed Maryland corporation and elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2010.

Our Investment Strategy

We selected our target markets by drawing upon the experience of our executive management investing and operating in over 50 global industrial markets located in North America, Europe and Asia, the fundamentals of supply and demand, and in anticipation of trends in logistics patterns resulting from population changes, regulatory, geopolitical and physical constraints, changes in technology, e-commerce, the economic and environmental benefits of reducing vehicle miles traveled and other factors. We believe that our target markets have attractive long term investment attributes. We target assets with characteristics that include, but are not limited to, the following:

•Located in high population coastal markets;

•Close proximity to transportation infrastructure (such as sea ports, airports, highways and railways);

•Situated in supply-constrained submarkets with barriers to new industrial development, as a result of physical and/or regulatory constraints;

•Functional and flexible layout that can be modified to accommodate single and multiple tenants;

•Acquisition price at a discount to the replacement cost of the property;

•Potential for enhanced return through re-tenanting or operational and physical improvements; and

•Opportunity for higher and better use of the property over time.

In general, we prefer to utilize local third-party property managers for day-to-day property management and as a source of acquisition opportunities. We believe outsourcing property management is cost effective and provides us with operational flexibility. We may directly manage properties in the future if we determine such direct property management is in our best interest.

We have no current intention to acquire undeveloped or unimproved industrial land or to pursue greenfield ground up development. Nevertheless, we pursue development, redevelopment, renovation and expansion opportunities of properties that we own, acquire properties and improved land parcels with the intent to redevelop in the near-term, and acquire adjacent land to expand our existing facilities.

We expect that we will continue to acquire the significant majority of our investments as equity interests in individual properties or portfolios of properties. We may acquire industrial properties through the acquisition of other corporations or entities that own industrial real estate. We will opportunistically make investments in debt secured by industrial real estate that would otherwise meet our investment criteria with the intention of ultimately acquiring the underlying real estate. We currently do not intend to target specific percentages of holdings of particular types of industrial properties. This expectation is based upon prevailing market conditions and may change over time in response to different prevailing market conditions.

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The properties we acquire may be stabilized (fully leased) or unstabilized (have near term lease expirations, be partially or fully vacant and may require physical repositioning).

We sell properties from time to time when we believe the prospective total return from a property is particularly low relative to its market value and/or the market value of the property is significantly greater than its estimated replacement cost. Capital from such sales is reinvested into properties that are expected to provide better prospective returns or returned to shareholders. We have disposed of 37 properties since inception in 2010 for an aggregate sales price of approximately $727.6 million and a total gain of approximately $332.3 million.

2024 Developments

Acquisition Activity

During 2024, we acquired eight industrial properties and one portfolio of industrial properties for a total purchase price of approximately $884.5 million. The properties were acquired from unrelated third parties using existing cash on hand, net proceeds from dispositions, net proceeds from the issuance of common stock, debt, and net of an assumed mortgage loan payable. The following table sets forth the industrial properties we acquired during 2024:

1Excludes intangible liabilities and unamortized mortgage fair value adjustments, if any. The total aggregate initial investment was approximately $937.9 million, including $11.2 million in capitalized closing costs and acquisition costs and $49.5 million in assumed intangible liabilities, $3.7 million in assumed unamortized fair value adjustment and $3.6 million in other credits related to near term capital expenditures, free rent and tenant improvements at multiple properties.

2Stabilized capitalization rates, referred to herein as stabilized cap rates, are calculated, at the time of acquisition, as annualized cash basis net operating income for the property stabilized to market occupancy (generally 95%) divided by the total acquisition cost for the property. Total acquisition cost basis for the property includes the initial purchase price, the effects of marking assumed debt to market, buyer’s due diligence and closing costs, estimated near-term capital expenditures and leasing costs necessary to achieve stabilization. We define cash basis net operating income for the property as net operating income excluding straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. These stabilized cap rates are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties, and factors that are beyond our control, including risks related to our ability to meet our estimated forecasts related to stabilized cap rates and those risk factors contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other public filings.

3280 Richards Street is encumbered by a mortgage loan payable with a total contractual principal amount of approximately $72.9 million which bears interest at a contractual fixed interest rate of 3.9% and matures in March 2028. The mortgage was assumed in an acquisition and was recorded at fair value in the amount of $69.2 million using an effective interest rate of 5.6%. The unamortized fair value adjustment as of December 31, 2024 was approximately $3.6 million.

4Includes 28 properties, including 12 buildings located in New York City aggregating approximately 481,500 square feet, 6 buildings located in Northern New Jersey aggregating approximately 343,200 square feet, 3 buildings located in

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the San Francisco Bay Area aggregating approximately 237,900 square feet and 7 buildings located in Los Angeles aggregating approximately 175,000 square feet.

Development and Redevelopment Activity

As of December 31, 2024, we had six properties under development or redevelopment that, upon completion, will consist of nine buildings aggregating approximately 0.9 million square feet. Additionally, we owned approximately 22.4 acres of land entitled for future development that, upon completion, will consist of two buildings aggregating approximately 0.4 million square feet. The following table summarizes certain information with respect to the properties under development or redevelopment and the land entitled for future development as of December 31, 2024:

Properties under development or redevelopment:

Countyline Phase IV4

Land entitled for future development:

Countyline Phase IV4

1Excludes below-market lease adjustments recorded at acquisition. Total expected investment for the properties includes the initial purchase price, buyer’s due diligence and closing costs, estimated near-term redevelopment expenditures, capitalized interest and leasing costs necessary to achieve stabilization.

2Excludes below-market lease adjustments recorded at acquisition.

3Estimated stabilized cap rates are calculated as estimated annualized cash basis net operating income for the properties stabilized to market occupancy (generally 95%) divided by the total acquisition cost for the property. We define cash basis net operating income for the property as net operating income excluding straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. These estimated stabilized cap rates are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties, and factors that are beyond our control, including risks related to our ability to meet our estimated forecasts related to stabilized cap rates and those risk factors contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other public filings.

4“Countyline Phase IV” is a 121-acre project entitled for 2.2 million square feet of industrial distribution buildings located in Miami’s Countyline Corporate Park (“Countyline”), immediately adjacent to our seven buildings within Countyline. Countyline Phase IV, a landfill redevelopment adjacent to Florida’s Turnpike and the southern terminus of I-75, is expected to contain ten LEED-certified industrial distribution buildings at completion.

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5This redevelopment property was initially acquired in 2017 for a total initial investment, including closing costs and acquisition costs, of approximately $39.9 million. The property was in the operating portfolio until January 2024 when redevelopment commenced. The amount spent to date includes the total initial investment and capital expenditures incurred prior to redevelopment and excludes accumulated depreciation recorded since acquisition. The Company expects a total incremental investment of approximately $64.0 million.

During 2024, we completed development and redevelopment of six properties. The following table summarizes certain information with respect to the completed development and redevelopment properties during the year ended December 31, 2024:

1Total investment for the properties includes the initial purchase price, buyer’s due diligence and closing costs, redevelopment expenditures, capitalized interest and leasing costs necessary to achieve stabilization.

2Estimated stabilized cap rates are calculated as estimated annualized cash basis net operating income for the properties stabilized to market occupancy (generally 95%) divided by the total acquisition cost for the property. We define cash basis net operating income for the property as net operating income excluding straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. These stabilized cap rates are subject to risks, uncertainties, and assumptions and are not guarantees of future performance, which may be affected by known and unknown risks, trends, uncertainties, and factors that are beyond our control, including risks related to our ability to meet our estimated forecasts related to stabilized cap rates and those risk factors contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and in our other public filings.

We capitalized interest associated with development, redevelopment and expansion activities of approximately $11.0 million, $8.5 million and $2.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Disposition Activity

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we sold four properties for a total aggregate sales price of approximately $74.4 million, resulting in a total aggregate gain of approximately $45.4 million. The following table sets forth the markets in which the industrial properties were sold during 2024:

Market Number of Properties Total Sales Price Total Gain

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The following summarizes the condensed results of operations of the properties sold during the year ended December 31, 2024 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

For the Year Ended December 31,

Depreciation and amortization (494) (616) (645)

Public Equity Offering

On March 27, 2024, we completed a public offering of 6,325,000 shares of common stock at a price per share of $62.00, which included the underwriters’ full exercise of their option to purchase an additional 825,000 shares. The net proceeds of the offering were approximately $387.1 million after deducting the underwriting discount and offering costs of approximately $5.0 million. We used the net proceeds for acquisitions.

Credit Facility

On September 24, 2024, we entered into the Third Amendment to the Sixth Amended and Restated Senior Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Amended Facility”) in order to, among other things, (i) increase the borrowing capacity of the revolving credit facility by $200.0 million to $600.0 million and (ii) extend the maturity date of the revolving credit facility from August 2025 to January 2029. See “Note 6 - Debt” in our notes to consolidated financial statements for more information regarding the Amended Facility.

Senior Unsecured Notes

In July 2024, we repaid the $100.0 million tranche of our 7-year senior unsecured notes using existing cash on hand. The notes bore interest at 3.8% and had an original maturity date of July 14, 2024.

ATM Program

We have an at-the-market equity offering program (the "$500 Million ATM Program") pursuant to which we may issue and sell shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $500.0 million (approximately $438.3 million remaining as of December 31, 2024) in amounts and at times as we determine from time to time. Prior to the implementation of the $500 Million ATM Program, we had a previous at-the-market equity offering program (the "Previous $500 Million ATM Program"), which was substantially utilized as of August 27, 2024 and which is no longer active. We intend to use the net proceeds from the offering of the shares under the $500 Million ATM Program, if any, for general corporate purposes, which may include future acquisitions, developments and redevelopments and repayment of indebtedness, including borrowings under our revolving credit facility. During the three months ended December 31, 2024, we did not issue any common stock under the $500 Million ATM Program. During the year ended December 31, 2024, we issued an aggregate of 5,329,544 shares of common stock at a weighted average offering price of $66.62 per share under the $500 Million ATM Program and Previous $500 Million ATM Program, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $349.9 million and paying total compensation to the applicable sales agents of approximately $5.1 million.

Share Repurchase Program

We have a share repurchase program authorizing us to repurchase up to 3,000,000 shares of our outstanding common stock from time to time through December 31, 2026. Purchases made pursuant to this program, if any, will be made in either the open market or in privately negotiated transactions as permitted by federal securities laws and other legal requirements. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases will be determined by us in our discretion and will be subject to economic and market conditions, stock price, applicable legal requirements and other factors. The program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. As of December 31, 2024, we had not repurchased any shares of our common stock pursuant to our share repurchase program.

Dividend and Distribution Activity

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On February 4, 2025, our board of directors declared a cash dividend in the amount of $0.49 per share of our common stock payable on April 4, 2025 to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 27, 2025.

The following table sets forth the cash dividends paid or payable per share during the year ended December 31, 2024:

Contractual Commitments

As of February 4, 2025, we had no outstanding contracts or non-binding letters of intent to acquire industrial properties as described under the heading “Material Cash Commitments” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Outlook

Current operating conditions in our six markets for our business have slowed over the last two years yet there are reasons for optimism within our submarkets. We believe that on average, the rental rates we are likely to achieve on new or renewed leases for our 2025 expirations will be above the rates currently paid for the same space. Notwithstanding, new speculative development continues which will slow potential rent growth from what it would be without such new development.

We see attractive acquisition opportunities. Nevertheless, our acquisition volume will be dependent on both the quality and pricing of the opportunity set and the price of our stock relative to net asset value (“NAV”). Those conditions, not knowable in advance, will determine our results. We will continue to sell assets and redeploy the capital to enhance NAV per share growth or return the capital to shareholders. We entered 2025 with our balance sheet exceedingly well positioned for growth as we have $82.0 million outstanding on our $600.0 million revolving credit facility and a cash balance of approximately $18.1 million.

Within our six markets we have increasingly focused on urban infill locations. While our net growth will remain limited to a size where we can make directly informed operational decisions, we feel more strongly today than we did fifteen years ago about the long-term investment merits of our strategy and the growth opportunities ahead. We are mindful, always, that it is per share rather than aggregate results that matter.

We believe in the long-term prospects of our functional, extremely infill coastal assets. We believe in sound balance sheet management. We believe in the benefits of our market-leading corporate governance and exceptionally aligned executive management compensation. As a result, we are enthusiastic about the future and our ability to produce superior results for our shareholders over time.

Our outlook is subject to the risks set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the risks set form in “Item 1A - Risk Factors”.

Inflation

The U.S. economy experienced a significant increase in inflation rates in recent years. While inflation levels began to decrease in 2024, they remain elevated relative to the years preceding 2021. A wide variety of industries and sectors have been, and will continue to be, affected by recently increasing commodity prices. Elevated inflation has, and may continue to, result in increased construction costs, including tenant improvements and capital projects, goods and labor, and operating costs. Most of our leases require the tenants to pay their share of operating expenses, including common area maintenance, real estate taxes and insurance, thereby reducing our exposure to increases in costs and operating expenses resulting from inflation. In addition, leases with respect to approximately 71.6% of our total rentable square feet and improved land acerage expire within five years which enables us to seek to replace existing leases with new leases at the then-existing market rate.

Financial Condition and Results of Operations

We derive substantially all of our revenues from rents received from tenants under existing leases on each of our properties. These revenues include fixed base rents and recoveries of certain property operating expenses that we have incurred

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and that we pass through to the individual tenants. Approximately 97.3% of our leased space includes fixed rental increases or Consumer Price Index-based rental increases. Lease terms typically range from three to ten years.

Our primary cash expenses consist of our property operating expenses, which include: real estate taxes, repairs and maintenance, management expenses, insurance, utilities, general and administrative expenses, which include compensation costs, office expenses, professional fees and other administrative expenses, acquisition costs, which include third-party costs paid to brokers and consultants, and interest expense, primarily on our revolving credit facility, term loans, mortgage loan and senior unsecured notes.

Our consolidated results of operations often are not comparable from period to period due to the impact of property acquisitions at various times during the course of such periods. The results of operations of any acquired property are included in our financial statements as of the date of its acquisition.

The analysis of our results below for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 includes the changes attributable to same store properties. The same store pool for the comparison of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 includes all properties that were owned and in operation as of December 31, 2024 and since January 1, 2023 and excludes properties that were either disposed of prior to, held for sale to a third party or in development or redevelopment as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the same store pool consisted of 242 buildings aggregating approximately 14.5 million square feet representing approximately 75.5% of our total square feet owned and 44 improved land parcels consisting of approximately 139.5 acres representing approximately 92.6% of our total acreage owned. As of December 31, 2024, the non-same store properties, which we acquired, developed or redeveloped, or sold during 2024 and 2023 or were held for sale or in development or redevelopment as of December 31, 2024, consisted of 57 buildings (including one building held for sale) aggregating approximately 4.7 million square feet, three improved land parcels consisting of approximately 11.1 acres, six properties under development or redevelopment and approximately 22.4 acres of land for future development. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our consolidated same store pool occupancy was approximately 98.3% and 98.5%, respectively.

Our future financial condition and results of operations, including rental revenues, straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles, may be impacted by the acquisitions of additional properties, and expenses may vary materially from historical results.

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Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2024 to the Year Ended December 31, 2023:

For the Year Ended December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

Rental revenues 1

Tenant expense reimbursements 1

Property operating expenses

Net operating income 3

Other costs and expenses

Other income (expense)

1Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), Targeted Improvements, allows us to elect not to separate lease and non-lease rental income. All rental income earned pursuant to tenant leases is reflected as one line, “Rental revenues and tenant expense reimbursements” on our accompanying consolidated statements of operations. We believe that the above presentation of rental revenues and tenant expense reimbursements is not, and is not intended to be, a presentation in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). We believe this information is frequently used by management, investors, and other interested parties to evaluate our performance. See “Note 2 - Significant Accounting Policies” in our notes to consolidated financial statements for more information regarding our adoption of this standard.

2Includes 2024 and 2023 acquisitions and dispositions, three improved land parcels, six properties under development or redevelopment, approximately 22.4 acres of land entitled for future development and one building held for sale as of December 31, 2024.

3Includes straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a definition and reconciliation of net operating income and same store net operating income from net income and a discussion of why we believe net operating income and same store net operating income are useful supplemental measures of our operating performance.

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Revenues. Total revenues increased approximately $59.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year due primarily to increased revenue on new and renewed leases and property acquisitions during 2024 and 2023. Cash rents on new and renewed leases totaling approximately 2.3 million square feet and 22.5 acres commencing during the year ended December 31, 2024 increased approximately 36.5% compared to the previous rental rates for that same space in the prior year. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately $8.3 million and $7.7 million, respectively, was recorded in straight-line rental revenues related to contractual rent abatements given to certain tenants and approximately $0.7 million and $0.6 million, respectively, was recorded in lease termination revenue. The increase in total revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 was partially offset by a decrease in occupancy for the operating portfolio, as a result of acquired vacancy. Additionally, total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were partially offset by approximately $2.8 million and $1.1 million, respectively, of bad debt expense.

Property operating expenses. Total property operating expenses increased approximately $19.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. The increase in total property operating expenses was primarily due to increases in insurance premiums and real estate taxes.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased approximately $20.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year primarily due to property acquisitions during 2024 and 2023.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses increased approximately $4.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year primarily due to increased compensation expenses including increased restricted stock amortization, LTIP expense and bonus expense, and an increase in the number of employees and salaries compared to the prior year as well as expenses related to our New York City office which opened in 2024.

Interest and other income. Interest and other income increased approximately $7.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year primarily due to higher cash and cash equivalent balances throughout 2024.

Interest expense, including amortization. Interest expense decreased approximately $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. This was primarily due to an increase in capitalized interest for the development and redevelopment properties, and lower outstanding debt due to the repayment of the $100 million tranche of 7-year Senior Unsecured Notes during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Gain on sales of real estate investments. Gain on sales of real estate investments increased approximately $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. We recognized an aggregate gain of approximately $45.4 million from the sale of four properties during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to an aggregate gain of approximately $38.2 million from the sale of four properties during the prior year.

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2023 to the Year Ended December 31, 2022:

Discussion of the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 was included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 on page 38 under Part II, Item 7, “Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, which was filed with the SEC on February 7, 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The primary objective of our financing strategy is to maintain financial flexibility with a conservative capital structure using retained cash flows, proceeds from dispositions of properties, long-term debt and the issuance of common and perpetual preferred stock to finance our growth. Over the long-term, we intend to:

•limit the sum of the outstanding principal amount of our consolidated indebtedness and the liquidation preference of any outstanding perpetual preferred stock to less than 35% of our total enterprise value;

•maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio in excess of 2.0x;

•maintain a net debt-to-adjusted EBITDA ratio below 5.0x;

•limit the principal amount of our outstanding floating rate debt to less than 20% of our total consolidated indebtedness; and

•have staggered debt maturities that are aligned to our expected average lease term (five to seven years), positioning us to re-price parts of our capital structure as our rental rates change with market conditions.

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We intend to preserve a flexible capital structure with a long-term goal to maintain our investment grade rating and be in a position to issue additional unsecured debt and perpetual preferred stock. Fitch Ratings assigned us an issuer rating of BBB+ with a stable outlook. A security rating is not a recommendation to buy, sell or hold securities and may be subject to revision or withdrawal at any time by the assigning credit agency. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our current credit rating. Our credit rating can affect the amount and type of capital we can access, as well as the terms of any financings we may obtain. In the event our current credit rating is downgraded, it may become difficult or expensive to obtain additional financing or refinance existing obligations and commitments. We intend to primarily utilize senior unsecured notes, term loans, credit facilities, dispositions of properties, and proceeds from the issuance of common stock and perpetual preferred stock. We may also assume debt in connection with property acquisitions which may have a higher loan-to-value ratio.

We expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements generally through net cash provided by operations, existing cash balances and, if necessary, short-term borrowings under our revolving credit facility. We believe that our net cash provided by operations will be adequate to fund operating requirements, pay interest on any borrowings and fund distributions in accordance with the REIT requirements of the federal income tax laws. In the near-term, we intend to fund future investments in properties, property developments and redevelopments and scheduled debt maturities with cash on hand, term loans, senior unsecured notes, borrowings under our revolving credit facility, perpetual preferred and common stock issuances and, from time to time, property dispositions. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements, including with respect to other investments in industrial properties, property acquisitions, property developments and redevelopments, renovations and expansions and scheduled debt maturities, through borrowings under our revolving credit facility, periodic issuances of common stock, perpetual preferred stock, and long-term unsecured and secured debt, and, from time to time, with proceeds from the disposition of properties. The success of our acquisition strategy may depend, in part, on our ability to obtain and borrow under our revolving credit facility and to access additional capital through issuances of equity and debt securities.

We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

Equity Sources of Liquidity

The following sets forth certain information regarding our current at-the-market common stock offering program as of December 31, 2024:

The table below sets forth the activity under our at-the-market common stock offering programs during theyears ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Debt Sources of Liquidity

As of December 31, 2024, we had $50.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in July 2026, $50.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in October 2027, $100.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in July 2028, $100.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in December 2029, $125.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in August 2030, and $50.0 million of senior unsecured notes that mature in July 2031 (collectively, the “Senior Unsecured Notes”).

In July 2024, we repaid the $100.0 million tranche of 7-year Senior Unsecured Notes using existing cash on hand. The notes bore interest at 3.8% and had an original maturity date of July 14, 2024.

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On September 24, 2024, we entered into the Third Amendment to the Amended Facility in order to, among other things, (i) increase the borrowing capacity of the revolving credit facility by $200.0 million to $600.0 million and (ii) extend the maturity date of the revolving credit facility from August 2025 to January 2029.

The Amended Facility consists of a $600.0 million revolving credit facility that matures in January 2029, a $100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2027 and a $100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2028. As of December 31, 2024, there were $82.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility and $200.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the term loans. As of December 31, 2023, there were no borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility and $200.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the term loans.

The aggregate amount of the Amended Facility may be increased by up to an additional $450.0 million to a maximum aggregate amount not to exceed $1.25 billion, subject to the approval of the administrative agent and the identification of lenders willing to make available additional amounts. Outstanding borrowings under the Amended Facility are limited to the lesser of (i) the sum of the $600.0 million revolving credit facility, the $100.0 million term loan maturing in January 2027 and the $100.0 million term loan maturing in January 2028, or (ii) 60.0% of the value of the unencumbered properties. Interest on the Amended Facility, including the term loans, is generally to be paid based upon, at our option, either (i) the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus the applicable SOFR margin or (ii) the applicable base rate, which is the greatest of the administrative agent’s prime rate, 0.50% above the federal funds effective rate, thirty-day SOFR plus the applicable SOFR margin for SOFR rate loans under the Amended Facility plus 1.25%, or 1.25% per annum. The applicable SOFR margin will range from 1.10% to 1.55% (1.10% as of December 31, 2024) for the revolving credit facility and 1.25% to 1.75% (1.25% as of December 31, 2024) for the term loans, depending on the ratio of our outstanding consolidated indebtedness to the value of our consolidated gross asset value and includes a 10 basis points SOFR credit adjustment. The Amended Facility requires quarterly payments of an annual facility fee in an amount ranging from 0.15% to 0.30%, depending on the ratio of our outstanding consolidated indebtedness to the value of our consolidated gross asset value.

The Amended Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes are guaranteed by us and by substantially all of the current and to-be-formed subsidiaries of the borrower that own an unencumbered property. The Amended Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes are not secured by our properties or by interests in the subsidiaries that hold such properties. The Amended Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes include a series of financial and other covenants with which we must comply. We were in compliance with the covenants under the Amended Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

As of December 31, 2024, we had a mortgage loan payable with a total contractual principal amount of approximately $72.9 million which bears interest at a contractual fixed interest rate of 3.9% and matures in March 2028. The mortgage was assumed in an acquisition and was recorded at fair value in the amount of $69.2 million using an effective interest rate of 5.6%. The unamortized fair value adjustment as of December 31, 2024 was approximately $3.6 million.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we held cash and cash equivalents totaling approximately $18.1 million and $165.4 million, respectively.

The following tables summarize our debt maturities and principal payments as of December 31, 2024, and market capitalization, capitalization ratios, Adjusted EBITDA, interest coverage, fixed charge coverage and debt ratios as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

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CreditFacility Term Loan SeniorUnsecuredNotes MortgageLoanPayable Total Debt

2025 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —

Unamortized fair value adjustment — — — (3,590) (3,590)

Weighted average interest rate 5.4% 5.7% 3.0% 3.9% 4.0%

Equity

Common Stock

Total Debt-to-Total Investments in Properties 3 16.1% 19.1%

Total Debt-to-Total Market Capitalization 4 12.3% 12.3%

Floating Rate Debt as a % of Total Debt 5 34.2% 25.8%

Interest Coverage 7 12.9 x 9.1 x

Fixed Charge Coverage 8 8.4 x 6.8 x

Net Debt-to-Adjusted EBITDA 9 2.8 x 2.6 x

Weighted Average Maturity of Total Debt (years) 3.8 4.3

1Includes 426,388 and 419,057 shares of unvested restricted stock outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Also includes 497,190 and 508,663 shares held in the Deferred Compensation Plan as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

2Closing price of a share of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on December 31, 2024 and December 29, 2023, respectively, in dollars per share.

3Total debt-to-total investments in properties is calculated as total debt, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total investments in properties, including one property consisting of one building held for sale as of December 31, 2024.

4Total debt-to-total market capitalization is calculated as total debt, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total market capitalization.

5Floating rate debt as a percentage of total debt is calculated as floating rate debt, net of deferred financing costs, divided by total debt, net of deferred financing costs.

6Earnings before interest, taxes, gains (losses) from sales of property, depreciation and amortization, acquisition costs and stock-based compensation (“Adjusted EBITDA”) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a definition and reconciliation of

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Adjusted EBITDA from net income and a discussion of why we believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful supplemental measure of our operating performance.

7Interest coverage is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by interest expense, including amortization. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a definition and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from net income and a discussion of why we believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful supplemental measure of our operating performance.

8Fixed charge coverage is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by interest expense, including amortization plus capitalized interest. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a definition and reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from net income and a discussion of why we believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful supplemental measure of our operating performance.

9Net debt-to-Adjusted EBITDA is calculated as net debt divided by annualized Adjusted EBITDA. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the definitions of Adjusted EBITDA and net debt, a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA from net income and a discussion of why we believe Adjusted EBITDA and net debt are useful supplemental measures of our operating performance.

The following tables set forth the cash dividends paid or payable per share during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Sources and Uses of Cash

Our principal sources of cash are cash from operations, borrowings under loans payable, draws on our Amended Facility, common and preferred stock issuances, proceeds from property dispositions and issuances of unsecured notes. Our principal uses of cash are asset acquisitions, developments and redevelopments, debt service, capital expenditures, operating costs, corporate overhead costs and common stock dividends.

Cash From Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities totaled approximately $232.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to approximately $179.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase in cash provided by operating activities is primarily attributable to additional cash flows generated from the properties acquired during 2024 and 2023 and increased rents on new and renewed leases at our same store properties.

Cash From Investing Activities. Net cash used in investing activities was approximately $915.5 million and $570.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, which consisted primarily of cash paid for property acquisitions of approximately $814.5 million and $466.8 million, respectively, additions to capital improvements of approximately $172.9 million and $176.6 million, respectively, and was partially offset by proceeds from sales of real estate investments of approximately $71.9 million and $73.1 million, respectively.

Cash From Financing Activities. Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $534.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, which consisted primarily of approximately $737.0 million in net proceeds from the issuance of common stock, and $110.0 million in revolving credit facility borrowings, partially offset by approximately $175.0 million in equity dividend payments, repayment of a $100.0 million tranche of the Senior Unsecured Notes, and repayment of $28.0 million of borrowings on the revolving credit facility. Net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $528.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which consisted primarily of approximately $666.3 million in net proceeds from the issuance of common stock, partially offset by approximately $135.9 million in equity dividend payments.

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Critical Accounting Policies And Estimates

Below is a discussion of the accounting policies that we believe are critical. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Capitalization of Costs. We capitalize costs directly related to the development, redevelopment, renovation and expansion of our investment in real estate. Costs associated with such projects are capitalized as incurred. If the project is abandoned, these costs are expensed during the period in which the development, redevelopment or expansion project is abandoned. Costs considered for capitalization include, but are not limited to, construction costs, interest, real estate taxes and insurance, if appropriate. These costs are capitalized only during the period in which activities necessary to ready an asset for its intended use are in progress. In the event that the activities to ready the asset for its intended use are suspended, the capitalization period will cease until such activities are resumed. Costs incurred for maintaining and repairing properties, which do not extend their useful lives, are expensed as incurred.

Interest is capitalized based on actual capital expenditures from the period when development, redevelopment, renovation or expansion commences until the asset is ready for its intended use, at the weighted average borrowing rate during the period.

Property Acquisitions.Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business requires that when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the integrated set of assets and activities is not considered a business. To be a business, the set of acquired activities and assets must include inputs and one or more substantive processes that together contribute to the ability to create outputs. We have determined that our real estate property acquisitions will generally be accounted for as asset acquisitions under the clarified definition. Upon acquisition of a property we estimate the fair value of acquired tangible assets (consisting generally of land, buildings and improvements) and intangible assets and liabilities (consisting generally of the above and below-market leases and the origination value of all in-place leases). We determine fair values using Level 3 inputs such as replacement cost, estimated cash flow projections and other valuation techniques and applying appropriate discount and capitalization rates based on available market information. Mortgage loans assumed in connection with acquisitions are recorded at their fair value using current market interest rates for similar debt at the date of acquisition. Acquisition-related costs associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized to individual tangible and intangible assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis and acquisition-related costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred.

The fair value of the tangible assets is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant. Land values are derived from current comparative sales values, when available, or management’s estimates of the fair value based on market conditions and the experience of our management team. Building and improvement values are calculated as replacement cost less depreciation, or management’s estimates of the fair value of these assets using discounted cash flow analyses or similar methods. The fair value of the above and below-market leases is based on the present value of the difference between the contractual amounts to be received pursuant to the acquired leases (using a discount rate that reflects the risks associated with the acquired leases) and our estimate of the market lease rates measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the leases plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options. The above and below-market lease values are amortized to rental revenues over the remaining initial term plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options that are considered bargain renewal options of the respective leases. The origination value of in-place leases is based on costs to execute similar leases, including commissions and other related costs. The origination value of in-place leases also includes real estate taxes, insurance and an estimate of lost rental revenue at market rates during the estimated time required to lease up the property from vacant to the occupancy level at the date of acquisition.

Impairment. Carrying values for financial reporting purposes are reviewed for impairment on a property-by-property basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a property may not be fully recoverable. Examples of such events or changes in circumstances may include classifying an asset to be held for sale, changing the intended hold period or when an asset remains vacant significantly longer than expected. The intended use of an asset either held for sale or held for use can significantly impact how impairment is measured. If an asset is intended to be held for the long-term, the recoverability is based on the undiscounted future cash flows. If the asset carrying value is not supported on an undiscounted future cash flow basis, then the asset carrying value is measured against the lower of cost or the present value of expected cash flows over the expected hold period. An impairment charge to earnings is recognized for the excess of the asset’s carrying value over the lower of cost or the present values of expected cash flows over the expected hold period. If an asset is intended to be sold, impairment is determined using the estimated fair value less costs to sell. The estimation of expected future net cash flows is inherently uncertain and relies on assumptions, among other things, regarding current and future economic and market conditions and the availability of capital. We determine the estimated fair values based on its assumptions regarding rental

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rates, lease-up and holding periods, as well as sales prices. When available, current market information is used to determine capitalization and rental growth rates. If available, current comparative sales values may also be used to establish fair value. When market information is not readily available, the inputs are based on our understanding of market conditions and the experience of our management team. Actual results could differ significantly from our estimates. The discount rates used in the fair value estimates represent a rate commensurate with the indicated holding period with a premium layered on for risk.

Revenue Recognition. We record rental revenue from operating leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the leases and maintain an allowance for estimated losses that may result from the inability of our tenants to make required payments. If tenants fail to make contractual lease payments that are greater than our allowance for doubtful accounts, security deposits and letters of credit, then we may have to recognize additional doubtful account charges in future periods. We monitor the liquidity and creditworthiness of our tenants on an on-going basis by reviewing their financial condition periodically as appropriate. Each period we review our outstanding accounts receivable, including straight-line rents, for doubtful accounts and provide allowances as needed. We also record lease termination fees when a tenant has executed a definitive termination agreement with us and the payment of the termination fee is not subject to any conditions that must be met or waived before the fee is due to us. If a tenant remains in the leased space following the execution of a definitive termination agreement, the applicable termination will be deferred and recognized over the term of such tenant’s occupancy.

Tenant expense reimbursement income includes payments and amounts due from tenants pursuant to their leases for real estate taxes, insurance and other recoverable property operating expenses and is recognized as revenues during the same period the related expenses are incurred.

Material Cash Commitments

As of February 4, 2025, we had no outstanding contracts or non-binding letters of intent to acquire industrial properties. The following table summarizes our material cash commitments due by period as of December 31, 2024 (dollars in thousands):

Material construction contracts 29,155 — — — 29,155

Purchase obligations 1 — — — — —

1As of February 4, 2025.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We use the following non-GAAP financial measures that we believe are useful to investors as key supplemental measures of our operating performance: funds from operations, or FFO, Adjusted EBITDA, net operating income, or NOI, same store NOI, cash-basis same store NOI and net debt. FFO, Adjusted EBITDA, NOI, same store NOI, cash-basis same store NOI and net debt should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for measures of performance in accordance with GAAP. Further, our computation of FFO, Adjusted EBITDA, NOI, same store NOI, cash-basis same store NOI and net debt may not be comparable to FFO, Adjusted EBITDA, NOI, same store NOI, cash-basis same store NOI and net debt reported by other companies.

We compute FFO in accordance with standards established by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”), which defines FFO as net income (loss) (determined in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains (losses) from sales of property and impairment write-downs of depreciable real estate, plus depreciation and amortization on real estate assets and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures (which are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis). We believe that presenting FFO provides useful information to investors regarding our operating performance because it is a measure of our operations without regard to specified non-cash items, such as real estate depreciation and amortization and gain or loss on sale of assets.

We believe that FFO is a meaningful supplemental measure of our operating performance because historical cost accounting for real estate assets in accordance with GAAP implicitly assumes that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market conditions, many industry investors

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and analysts have considered the presentation of operating results for real estate companies that use historical cost accounting alone to be insufficient. As a result, we believe that the use of FFO, together with the required GAAP presentations, provide a more complete understanding of our operating performance.

The following table reflects the calculation of FFO reconciled from net income for the three months and years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands except per share data):

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For the Three Months Ended December 31, For the Three Months Ended December 31,

For the Year Ended December 31, For the Year Ended December 31,

1To be consistent with our policies of determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities and accounting for earnings per share, the FFO per common share is adjusted for FFO distributed through declared dividends (if any) and allocated to all participating securities (weighted average common

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shares outstanding and unvested restricted shares outstanding) under the two-class method. Under this method, allocations were made to 426,670, 419,230 and 356,796 of weighted average unvested restricted shares outstanding for the three months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and 429,748, 393,059 and 322,866 of weighted average unvested restricted shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

FFO increased by approximately $12.1 million and $46.4 million for the three months and year ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods from the prior year due primarily to property acquisitions during 2023 and 2024 as well as same store NOI growth of approximately $0.6 million and $7.8 million for the three months and year ended December 31, 2024, respectively, compared to the same periods from the prior year. The FFO increase was partially offset by increased weighted average common shares outstanding and increased general and administrative expenses due to increased restricted stock amortization and other compensation expenses, including an increase in bonus expense and an increase in the number of employees and salaries for the three months and year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the same periods from the prior year.

We compute Adjusted EBITDA as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization, gain on sales of real estate investments, acquisition costs and stock-based compensation. We believe that presenting Adjusted EBITDA provides useful information to investors regarding our operating performance because it is a measure of our operations on an unleveraged basis before the effects of tax, gain (loss) on sales of real estate investments, non-cash depreciation and amortization expense, acquisition costs and stock-based compensation. By excluding interest expense, Adjusted EBITDA allows investors to measure our operating performance independent of our capital structure and indebtedness and, therefore, allows for more meaningful comparison of our operating performance between quarters and other interim periods as well as annual periods and for the comparison of our operating performance to that of other companies, both in the real estate industry and in other industries. As we are currently in a growth phase, acquisition costs are excluded from Adjusted EBITDA to allow for the comparison of our operating performance to that of stabilized companies.

The following table reflects the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA reconciled from net income for the three months and years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

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For the Three Months Ended December 31, For the Three Months Ended December 31,

For the Year Ended December 31, For the Year Ended December 31,

We compute NOI as rental revenues, including tenant expense reimbursements, less property operating expenses. We compute same store NOI as rental revenues, including tenant expense reimbursements, less property operating expenses on a same store basis. NOI excludes depreciation, amortization, general and administrative expenses, acquisition costs and interest expense, including amortization. We compute cash-basis same store NOI as same store NOI excluding straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles. The same store pool includes all properties that were owned and in operation as of December 31, 2024 and since January 1, 2023 and excludes properties that were either disposed of prior to, held for sale to a third party or in development or redevelopment as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the same store pool consisted of 242 buildings aggregating approximately 14.5 million square feet representing approximately 75.5% of our total square feet owned and 44 improved land parcels containing approximately 139.5 acres representing approximately 92.6% of our total acreage owned. The same store pool for the comparison of the three months and years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 includes all properties that were owned and in operation as of December 31, 2023 and since January 1, 2022 and excludes properties that were either disposed of prior to, held for sale to a third-party or in development or redevelopment as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, the same store pool consisted of 224 buildings aggregating approximately 13.1 million square feet representing approximately 81.5% of our total square feet owned and 36 improved land parcels containing approximately 113.7 acres representing approximately 74.6% of our total acreage owned. We believe that presenting NOI, same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI provides useful information to investors regarding the operating performance of our properties because NOI excludes certain items that are not considered to be controllable in connection with the management of the properties, such as depreciation, amortization, general and administrative expenses, acquisition costs and interest expense. By presenting same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI, the operating results on a same store basis are directly comparable from period to period.

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The following table reflects the calculation of NOI, same store NOI and cash-basis same store NOI reconciled from net income for the three months and years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 (dollars in thousands):

For the Three Months Ended December 31, For the Three Months Ended December 31,

1Includes approximately $0.2 million, $0.2 million and $0.6 million of lease termination income for the three months ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

2Includes 2024 and 2023 acquisitions and dispositions, three improved land parcels consisting of approximately 11.1 acres, six properties under development or redevelopment, approximately 22.4 acres of land for future development and one building held for sale as of December 31, 2024.

3Includes 2023 and 2022 acquisitions and dispositions, eleven improved land parcels consisting of approximately 37.3 acres and one property under redevelopment as of December 31, 2023.

4Includes $0.2 million of lease termination income for both the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

5Includes $0.2 million and $0.6 million of lease termination income for the three months ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

6Includes straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles for the same store pool only.

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For the Year Ended December 31, For the Year Ended December 31,

1Includes approximately $0.7 million, $0.6 million and $0.9 million of lease termination income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

3Includes 2023 and 2022 acquisitions and dispositions, eleven improved land parcels consisting of approximately 37.3 acres and one property under redevelopment as of December 31, 2023.

4Includes approximately $0.7 million and $0.4 million of lease termination income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

5Includes approximately $0.3 million and $0.9 million of lease termination income for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

6Includes straight-line rents and amortization of lease intangibles for the same store pool only.

Cash-basis same store NOI increased by approximately $1.8 million for the three months ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year primarily due to increased rental revenue on new and renewed leases and contractual rent increases on pre-existing leases. The increase in cash-basis same store NOI was partially offset by lower average same store occupancy for the three months ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. For the three months ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, total contractual rent abatements of approximately $1.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, were given to certain tenants in the same store pool and approximately $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in lease termination income was received from certain tenants in the same store pool. In addition, approximately $0.6 million of the increase in cash-basis same store NOI for the three months ended December 31, 2024 related to properties that were acquired vacant or with near term expirations in 2022.

Cash-basis same store NOI increased by approximately $16.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year primarily due to increased rental revenue on new and renewed leases. The increase in cash-basis same store NOI was partially offset by a decrease in same store occupancy for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the prior year. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, total contractual rent abatements of approximately $2.2 million and $4.4 million, respectively, were given to certain tenants in the same-store pool and approximately $0.7 million and $0.4 million, respectively, in lease termination income was received from certain tenants in the same store pool. In addition, approximately $3.2 million of the increase in cash-basis same store NOI for the year ended December 31, 2024 related to properties that were acquired vacant or with near term expirations in 2023.

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We compute net debt as total debt, less deferred financing costs and cash and cash equivalents. We believe that presenting net debt provides useful information to investors regarding our ability to repay our outstanding consolidated indebtedness. See “Debt Sources of Liquidity” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a reconciliation of net debt from total debt.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Market risk includes risks that arise from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, equity prices and other market changes that affect market sensitive instruments. In pursuing our business strategies, the primary market risk which we are exposed to is interest rate risk. We are exposed to interest rate changes primarily as a result of debt used to maintain liquidity, fund capital expenditures and expand our investment portfolio and operations. We seek to limit the impact of interest rate changes on earnings and cash flows and to lower our overall borrowing costs. As described below, some of our outstanding debt bears interest at variable rates, and we expect that some of our future outstanding debt will have variable interest rates. We may use interest rate caps and/or swap agreements to manage our interest rate risks relating to our variable rate debt. We expect to replace variable rate debt on a regular basis with fixed rate, long-term debt to finance our assets and operations.

As of December 31, 2024, we had $282.0 million of borrowings outstanding under our Amended Facility, none of which were subject to interest rate caps. Amounts borrowed under our Amended Facility bear interest at a variable rate based on SOFR plus an applicable SOFR margin. The weighted average interest rate on borrowings outstanding under our Amended Facility was 5.6% as of December 31, 2024. If the SOFR rate were to fluctuate by 0.25%, interest expense would increase or decrease, depending on rate movement, future earnings and cash flows by approximately $0.7 million annually on the total of the outstanding balances on our Amended Facility as of December 31, 2024.

Item 8. Financial Statements And Supplementary Data.

See Part IV, Item 15 – “Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules” beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 9. Changes In And Disagreements With Accountants On Accounting And Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls And Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management has evaluated, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Financial Officer, the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act), and has concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to give reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the Securities and Exchange Commission’s rules and forms and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

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Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Terreno Realty Corporation’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. This internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published financial statements. All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

Terreno Realty Corporation’s management assessed the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, it used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 framework). Based on its assessment, management of Terreno Realty Corporation determined that, as of December 31, 2024, the company’s internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria. Terreno Realty Corporation’s independent auditors have issued an audit report on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting, as stated in their report included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (which expresses an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024).

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Terreno Realty Corporation

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Terreno Realty Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Terreno Realty Corporation (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 and our report dated February 5, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Seattle, Washington

February 5, 2025

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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

During the three months ended December 31, 2024, none of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted, terminated or modified a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K).

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

Part III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The Company has an insider trading policy governing the purchase, sale and other dispositions of the Company's securities that applies to all of the Company's directors, officers, employees and other covered persons. The Company believes that its insider trading policy is reasonably designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules and regulations, and listing standards applicable to the Company. It is also the policy of the Company to comply with all insider trading laws and regulations. A copy of the Company's insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The other information required by Item 10 will be contained in a definitive proxy statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we anticipate will be filed no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The information required by Item 11 will be contained in a definitive proxy statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we anticipate will be filed no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by Item 12 will be contained in a definitive proxy statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we anticipate will be filed no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by Item 13 will be contained in a definitive proxy statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we anticipate will be filed no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

The information required by Item 14 will be contained in a definitive proxy statement for our Annual Meeting of Stockholders, which we anticipate will be filed no later than 120 days after the end of our fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

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Part IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

(a)

1. and 2. Financial Statementsand Schedules

The following consolidated financial information is included as a separate section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K beginning on page F-1 as follows:

Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) 59

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 61

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 65

Schedule III – Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation 1

All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable, and therefore have been omitted, or the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.

3. Exhibits

The exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Exhibit Index at the end of this Annual Report on Form 10-K immediately preceding the signature page, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

None.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Terreno Realty Corporation

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Terreno Realty Corporation (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 the related consolidated statements of operations,equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15 (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 5, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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Valuation of acquired properties

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company‘s auditor since 2012.

Seattle, Washington

February 5, 2025

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Item 1. Financial Statements of Terreno Realty Corporation

Terreno Realty Corporation

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands – except share and per share data)

ASSETS

Investments in real estate

Accumulated depreciation and amortization (466,553) (384,480)

Properties held for sale, net 6,258 —

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

Liabilities

Credit facility $ 82,000 $ —

Mortgage loan payable, net 69,104 —

Accounts payable and other liabilities 79,216 61,783

Commitments and contingencies (Note 11)

Equity

Stockholders’ equity

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Terreno Realty Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands – except share and per share data)

For the Year Ended December 31,

REVENUES

COSTS AND EXPENSES

OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE)

Allocation to participating securities (791) (712) (854)

EARNINGS PER COMMON SHARE - BASIC AND DILUTED:

Net income available to common stockholders - basic $ 1.92 $ 1.81 $ 2.61

Net income available to common stockholders - diluted $ 1.92 $ 1.81 $ 2.61

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Terreno Realty Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Equity

(in thousands – except share data)

Number ofShares Amount Total

Forfeiture of common stock related to employee awards (29,391) — — — — — —

Issuance of restricted stock 136,903 — — — — — —

Forfeiture of common stock related to employee awards (6,989) — — — — — —

Issuance of restricted stock 132,574 — — — — — —

Forfeiture of common stock related to employee awards (16,836) — — — — — —

Issuance of restricted stock 138,380 — — — — — —

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Terreno Realty Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

For the Year Ended December 31,

CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities

Changes in assets and liabilities

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES

Issuance costs on issuance of common stock (5,704) (5,038) (1,163)

Repurchase of common stock related to employee awards (3,344) (1,513) (1,045)

Borrowings on term loans payable — — 100,000

Payment of deferred financing costs (5,805) (80) (1,498)

SUPPLEMENTAL DISCLOSURES OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION

Cash paid for interest, net of capitalized interest $ 20,898 $ 31,713 $ 25,219

Supplemental disclosures of non-cash transactions

Lease liability arising from recognition of right-of-use asset 2,264 — 1,192

Reconciliation of cash paid for property acquisitions

Assumption of mortgage loans payable (72,879) — —

Unamortized mortgage fair value adjustment 3,650 — —

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Terreno Realty Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1. Organization

Terreno Realty Corporation (“Terreno”, and together with its subsidiaries, the “Company”) acquires, owns and operates industrial real estate in six major coastal U.S. markets: New York City/Northern New Jersey, Los Angeles, Miami, San Francisco Bay Area, Seattle, and Washington, D.C. All square feet, acres, occupancy and number of properties disclosed in these notes to the consolidated financial statements are unaudited. As of December 31, 2024, the Company owned 299 buildings (including one building held for sale) aggregating approximately 19.3 million square feet, 47 improved land parcels consisting of approximately 150.6 acres, six properties under development or redevelopment and approximately 22.4 acres of land for future development.

The Company is an internally managed Maryland corporation and elected to be taxed as a real estate investment trust (“REIT”) under Sections 856 through 860 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 2010.

Note 2. Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation. The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The accompanying consolidated financial statements include all of the Company’s accounts and its subsidiaries and all intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Capitalization of Costs. The Company capitalizes costs directly related to the development, redevelopment, renovation and expansion of its investment in real estate. Costs associated with such projects are capitalized as incurred. If the project is abandoned, these costs are expensed during the period in which the development, redevelopment, renovation or expansion project is abandoned. Costs considered for capitalization include, but are not limited to, construction costs, interest, real estate taxes and insurance, if appropriate. These costs are capitalized only during the period in which activities necessary to ready an asset for its intended use are in progress. In the event that the activities to ready the asset for its intended use are suspended, the capitalization period will cease until such activities are resumed. Costs incurred for maintaining and repairing properties, which do not extend their useful lives, are expensed as incurred.

Investments in Real Estate. Investments in real estate, including tenant improvements, leasehold improvements and leasing costs, are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation, unless circumstances indicate that the cost cannot be recovered, in which case, an adjustment to the carrying value of the property is made to reduce it to its estimated fair value. The Company also reviews the impact of above and below-market leases, in-place leases and lease origination costs for acquisitions and records an intangible asset or liability accordingly.

Impairment. Carrying values for financial reporting purposes are reviewed for impairment on a property-by-property basis whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of a property may not be fully recoverable. Examples of such events or changes in circumstances may include classifying an asset to be held for sale, changing the intended hold period or when an asset remains vacant significantly longer than expected. The intended use of an asset either held for sale or held for use can significantly impact how impairment is measured. If an asset is intended to be held for the long-term, the recoverability is based on the undiscounted future cash flows. If the asset carrying value is not supported on an undiscounted future cash flow basis, then the asset carrying value is measured against the lower of cost or the present value of expected cash flows over the expected hold period. An impairment charge to earnings is recognized for the excess of the asset’s carrying value over the lower of cost or the present values of expected cash flows over the expected hold period. If an asset is intended to be sold, impairment is determined using the estimated fair value less costs to sell. The estimation of expected future net cash flows is inherently uncertain and relies on assumptions, among other things, regarding current and future economic and market conditions and the availability of capital. The Company determines the estimated fair values based on its assumptions regarding

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rental rates, lease-up and holding periods, as well as sales prices. When available, current market information is used to determine capitalization and rental growth rates. If available, current comparative sales values may also be used to establish fair value. When market information is not readily available, the inputs are based on the Company’s understanding of market conditions and the experience of the Company’s management team. Actual results could differ significantly from the Company’s estimates. The discount rates used in the fair value estimates represent a rate commensurate with the indicated holding period with a premium layered on for risk. There were no impairment charges recorded to the carrying values of the Company’s properties during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 or 2022.

Property Acquisitions. In accordance with Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2017-01, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Clarifying the Definition of a Business, when substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired (or disposed of) is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets, the integrated set of assets and activities is not considered a business. To be a business, the set of acquired activities and assets must include inputs and one or more substantive processes that together contribute to the ability to create outputs. The Company has determined that its real estate property acquisitions will generally be accounted for as asset acquisitions under the clarified definition. Upon acquisition of a property the Company estimates the fair value of acquired tangible assets (consisting generally of land, buildings and improvements) and intangible assets and liabilities (consisting generally of the above and below-market leases and the origination value of all in-place leases). The Company determines fair values using Level 3 inputs such as replacement cost, estimated cash flow projections and other valuation techniques and applying appropriate discount and capitalization rates based on available market information. Mortgage loans assumed in connection with acquisitions are recorded at their fair value using current market interest rates for similar debt at the date of acquisition. Acquisition-related costs associated with asset acquisitions are capitalized to individual tangible and intangible assets and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis and acquisition-related costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred.

The fair value of the tangible assets is determined by valuing the property as if it were vacant. Land values are derived from current comparative sales values, when available, or management’s estimates of the fair value based on market conditions and the experience of the Company’s management team. Building and improvement values are calculated as replacement cost less depreciation, or management’s estimates of the fair value of these assets using discounted cash flow analyses or similar methods. The fair value of the above and below-market leases is based on the present value of the difference between the contractual amounts to be received pursuant to the acquired leases (using a discount rate that reflects the risks associated with the acquired leases) and the Company’s estimate of the market lease rates measured over a period equal to the remaining term of the leases plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options. The above and below-market lease values are amortized to rental revenues over the remaining initial term plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options that are considered bargain renewal options of the respective leases. The total net impact to rental revenues due to the amortization of above and below-market leases was a net increase of approximately $17.3 million, $13.9 million and $16.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The origination value of in-place leases is based on costs to execute similar leases, including commissions and other related costs. The origination value of in-place leases also includes real estate taxes, insurance and an estimate of lost rental revenue at market rates during the estimated time required to lease up the property from vacant to the occupancy level at the date of acquisition. The remaining weighted average lease term related to these intangible assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2024 was 7.0 years. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s intangible assets and liabilities, including properties held for sale (if any), consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

Gross AccumulatedAmortization Net Gross AccumulatedAmortization Net

Projected net amortization of the intangible assets and liabilities for the next five years and thereafter as of December 31, 2024 is as follows (dollars in thousands):

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Depreciation and Useful Lives of Real Estate and Intangible Assets. Depreciation and amortization are computed on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets or liabilities. The following table reflects the standard depreciable lives typically used to compute depreciation and amortization. However, such depreciable lives may be different based on the estimated useful life of such assets or liabilities.

Description Standard Depreciable Life

Land Not depreciated

Building 40 years

Building Improvements 5-40 years

Tenant Improvements Shorter of lease term or useful life

Leasing Costs Lease term

In-place Leases Lease term

Above/Below-Market Leases Lease term

Held for Sale Assets. The Company considers a property to be held for sale when it meets the criteria established under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 360, Property, Plant and Equipment (See “Note 5 - Held for Sale/Disposed Assets”). Properties held for sale are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less estimated costs to sell and are not depreciated while they are held for sale.

Cash and Cash Equivalents. Cash and cash equivalents consists of cash held in a major banking institution and other highly liquid short-term investments with original maturities of three months or less. Cash equivalents are generally invested in U.S. government securities, government agency securities or money market accounts.

Restricted Cash. Restricted cash includes cash held in escrow in connection with property acquisitions and reserves for certain capital improvements, leasing, interest and real estate tax and insurance payments as required by certain mortgage loan obligations.

The following summarizes the reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash as presented in the accompanying consolidated statements of cash flows (dollars in thousands):

For the Year Ended December 31,

Beginning

Ending

Revenue Recognition. The Company records rental revenue from operating leases on a straight-line basis over the term of the leases and maintains an allowance for estimated losses that may result from the inability of its tenants to make required payments. If tenants fail to make contractual lease payments that are greater than the Company’s allowance for doubtful

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accounts, security deposits and letters of credit, then the Company may have to recognize additional doubtful account charges in future periods. The Company monitors the liquidity and creditworthiness of its tenants on an ongoing basis by reviewing their financial condition periodically as appropriate. Each period the Company reviews its outstanding accounts receivable, including straight-line rents, for doubtful accounts and provides allowances as needed. The Company also records lease termination fees when a tenant has executed a definitive termination agreement with the Company and the payment of the termination fee is not subject to any conditions that must be met or waived before the fee is due to the Company. If a tenant remains in the leased space following the execution of a definitive termination agreement, the applicable termination will be deferred and recognized over the term of such tenant’s occupancy. Tenant expense reimbursement income includes payments and amounts due from tenants pursuant to their leases for real estate taxes, insurance and other recoverable property operating expenses and is recognized as revenues during the same period the related expenses are incurred.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately $62.9 million and $56.1 million, respectively, of straight-line rent and accounts receivable, net of allowances of approximately $3.4 million and $1.2 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, were included as a component of other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Deferred Financing Costs. Costs incurred in connection with financings are capitalized and amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the related loan. Deferred financing costs associated with the Company’s revolving credit facility are classified as an asset, as a component of other assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets, and deferred financing costs associated with debt liabilities are reported as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the debt liability in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Deferred financing costs related to the revolving credit facility and debt liabilities are carried at cost, net of deferred financing costs and net of accumulated amortization in the aggregate of approximately $15.2 million and $13.5 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Mortgage Fair Value Adjustment. Mortgage fair value adjustment represents the excess of the principal debt assumed over the fair value of debt assumed in connection with property acquisitions. The adjustment is being amortized to interest expense over the term of the related debt instrument using the effective interest method. As of December 31, 2024, the net unamortized fair value mortgage adjustment was approximately $3.6 million and were included as a component of mortgage loans payable in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Income Taxes. The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code and operates as such beginning with its taxable year ended December 31, 2010. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of its annual REIT taxable income to its stockholders (which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction or net capital gain and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal income tax to the extent it distributes qualifying dividends to its stockholders. If it fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, it will be subject to federal income tax on its taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates and generally will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification is lost unless the IRS grants it relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could materially adversely affect the Company’s net income and net cash available for distribution to stockholders. However, the Company believes it is organized and operates in such a manner as to qualify for treatment as a REIT.

ASC 740-10, Income Taxes (“ASC 740-10”), provides guidance for how uncertain tax positions should be recognized, measured, presented and disclosed in the financial statements. ASC 740-10 requires the evaluation of tax positions taken in the course of preparing the Company’s tax returns to determine whether the tax positions are “more-likely-than-not” of being sustained by the applicable tax authority. Tax benefits of positions not deemed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold are recorded as a tax expense in the current year. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits and does not believe that there will be any material changes in unrecognized tax positions over the next 12 months. The Company’s tax returns are subject to examination by federal, state and local tax jurisdictions, which as of December 31, 2024, include years 2020 to 2023 for federal purposes.

Stock-Based Compensation and Other Long-Term Incentive Compensation. The Company follows the provisions of ASC 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, to account for its stock-based compensation plan, which requires that the compensation cost relating to stock-based payment transactions be recognized in the financial statements and that the cost be measured on the fair value of the equity or liability instruments issued. The Company’s 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) provides for the grant of restricted stock awards, performance share awards, unrestricted shares or any combination of the foregoing. Stock-based compensation is recognized as a general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and measured at the fair value of the award on the date of grant. The Company estimates the forfeiture rate based on historical experience as well as expected behavior. The amount of the expense may be subject to adjustment in future periods depending on the specific characteristics of the stock-based award.

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In addition, the Company has awarded long-term incentive target awards (the “Performance Share awards”) under its Amended and Restated Long-Term Incentive Plan (as amended and restated, the “Amended LTIP”), which the Company amended and restated on January 8, 2019, to its executives that may be payable in shares of the Company’s common stock after the conclusion of each pre-established performance measurement period, which is generally three years. The amount that may be earned is variable depending on the relative total shareholder return of the Company’s common stock as compared to the total shareholder return of the MSCI U.S. REIT Index (RMS) and the FTSE Nareit Equity Industrial Index over the pre-established performance measurement period. Under the Amended LTIP, each participant’s Performance Share award granted will be expressed as a number of shares of common stock and settled in shares of common stock. The grant date fair value of the Performance Share awards will be determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model on the date of grant and recognized on a straight-line basis over the performance period.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments. ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820”) (See “Note 8 - Fair Value Measurements”), defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. ASC 820 also provides guidance for using fair value to measure financial assets and liabilities. ASC 820 requires disclosure of the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall, including measurements using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1), quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active (Level 2), and significant valuation assumptions that are not readily observable in the market (Level 3).

Segment Disclosure. ASC 280, Segment Reporting, establishes standards for reporting financial and descriptive information about an enterprise’s reportable segments. The Company has determined that it has one reportable segment, with activities related to investing in real estate. The Company acquires, owns and operates industrial real estate in six major coastal U.S. markets. The Company invests in several types of industrial real estate, including warehouse/distribution, flex, transshipment, and improved land. The Company’s assets engage in leasing activities that generate revenues and incur operating expenses. Lease terms typically range from three to ten years. As each of the Company’s assets has similar economic characteristics, the assets have been aggregated into one reportable segment.

The accounting policies for the reportable segment are the same as those described above. The Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) assesses segment performance and decides how to allocate resources based on net income, which is reported on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The measure of segment assets is reported on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as total assets.

The CODM is the CEO and President. The CODM reviews net income on an individual asset level and on a consolidated level. The CODM uses this information to monitor budget versus actual results, to evaluate returns on assets and to determine how to reinvest profits.

The revenue, costs and expenses, and net income for the reportable segment are the same as those presented on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

New Accounting Standards. In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topics 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”). ASU 2023-07 improves current segment disclosures and requires additional disclosures of segment expenses. The Company adopted the provisions of ASU 2023-07 as of December 31, 2024 which did not materially impact the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and the required segment disclosures are included above.

Note 3. Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents. The Company may maintain deposits in federally insured financial institutions in excess of federally insured limits. However, the Company’s management believes the Company is not exposed to significant credit risk due to the financial position of the depository institutions in which those deposits are held.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company owned 65 buildings aggregating approximately 3.8 million square feet and 13 improved land parcels consisting of approximately 62.3 acres located in New York City/Northern New Jersey, which accounted for a combined percentage of approximately 27.9% of its annualized base rent. Such annualized base rent is based on contractual monthly base rent per the leases, for all buildings and improved land parcels, excluding any partial or full rent abatements as of December 31, 2024, multiplied by 12.

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Other real estate companies compete with the Company in its real estate markets. This results in competition for tenants to occupy space. The existence of competing properties could have a material impact on the Company’s ability to lease space and on the level of rent that can be achieved. The Company had no tenant that accounted for greater than 10% of the Company's annualized base rent for the years ended2024, 2023 and 2022.

Note 4. Investments in Real Estate

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company acquired eight industrial properties and one portfolio of industrial properties. This included the assumption of a mortgage loan with a total contractual principal amount of approximately $72.9 million which bears interest at a contractual fixed interest rate of 3.9% and matures in March 2028. Upon acquisition, this mortgage loan was recorded at fair value in the amount of $69.2 million using an effective interest rate of 5.6%. The unamortized fair value adjustment was approximately $3.6 million as of December 31, 2024. The mortgage loan payable is secured by a property and requires a monthly interest payment until maturity and is generally non-recourse. The total aggregate initial investment, including acquisition costs, was approximately $937.9 million, of which $523.2 million was recorded to land, $356.3 million to buildings and improvements, and $58.4 million to intangible assets. Additionally, the Company assumed $54.3 million in liabilities.

The following table sets forth the wholly-owned industrial properties the Company acquired during the year ended December 31, 2024:

2280 Richards Street is encumbered by a mortgage loan payable with a total contractual principal amount of approximately $72.9 million which bears interest at a contractual fixed interest rate of 3.9% and matures in March 2028. The mortgage was assumed in an acquisition and was recorded at fair value in the amount of $69.2 million using an effective interest rate of 5.6%. The unamortized fair value adjustment as of December 31, 2024 was approximately $3.6 million.

3Includes 28 properties, including 12 buildings located in New York City aggregating approximately 481,500 square feet, 6 buildings located in Northern New Jersey aggregating approximately 343,200 square feet, 3 buildings located in the San Francisco Bay Area aggregating approximately 237,900 square feet and 7 buildings located in Los Angeles aggregating approximately 175,000 square feet.

The Company recorded revenues and net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 of approximately $26.0 million and $8.2 million, respectively, related to the 2024 acquisitions.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company acquired seven industrial properties with a total initial investment, including acquisition costs, of approximately $512.5 million, of which $325.8 million was recorded to land, $156.6 million to buildings and improvements, and $30.1 million to intangible assets. Additionally, the Company assumed $46.3 million in liabilities.

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The following table sets forth the wholly-owned industrial properties the Company acquired during the year ended December 31, 2023:

1Excludes intangible liabilities. The total aggregate initial investment was approximately $512.5 million, including $6.1 million in capitalized closing costs and acquisition costs and $42.9 million in assumed intangible liabilities and $20.5 million in other credits related to near term capital expenditures, free rent and tenant improvements at various properties.

2Countyline Phase IV is a 121-acre project entitled for 2.2 million square feet of industrial distribution buildings located in Miami’s Countyline Corporate Park (“Countyline”), immediately adjacent to the Company’s seven buildings within Countyline. Countyline Phase IV, a landfill redevelopment adjacent to Florida’s Turnpike and the southern terminus of I-75, is expected to contain ten LEED-certified industrial distribution buildings at completion.

3East Garry Avenue is a 4.9-acre property that was placed into redevelopment upon acquisition. The property is expected to contain one approximately 92,000 square foot LEED-certified industrial distribution building at completion.

The Company recorded revenues and net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 of approximately $14.8 million and $4.9 million, respectively, related to the 2023 acquisitions.

The above assets and liabilities were recorded at fair value, which uses Level 3 inputs. The properties were acquired from unrelated third parties using existing cash on hand, proceeds from property sales, the issuance of common stock and borrowings on the revolving credit facility.

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As of December 31, 2024, the Company had six properties under development or redevelopment that, upon completion, will consist of nine buildings aggregating approximately 0.9 million square feet. Additionally, the Company owned approximately 22.4 acres of land for future development that, upon completion, will consist of two buildings aggregating approximately 0.4 million square feet. The following table summarizes certain information with respect to the properties under development or redevelopment and the land for future development as of December 31, 2024:

Properties under development or redevelopment:

Countyline Phase IV2

Land entitled for future development:

Countyline Phase IV2

1Excludes below-market lease adjustments recorded at acquisition. Total expected investment for the properties include the initial purchase price, buyer’s due diligence and closing costs, estimated near-term redevelopment expenditures, capitalized interest and leasing costs necessary to achieve stabilization.

2Collectively, “Countyline Phase IV”, a 121-acre project entitled for 2.2 million square feet of industrial distribution buildings located in Countyline, immediately adjacent to the Company’s seven buildings within Countyline. Countyline Phase IV, a landfill redevelopment adjacent to Florida’s Turnpike and the southern terminus of I-75, is expected to contain ten LEED-certified industrial distribution buildings at completion.

3This redevelopment property was initially acquired in 2017 for a total initial investment, including closing costs and acquisition costs, of approximately $39.9 million. The property was in the operating portfolio until January 2024 when redevelopment commenced. The amount spent to date includes the total initial investment and capital expenditures incurred prior to redevelopment and excludes accumulated depreciation recorded since acquisition. The Company expects a total incremental investment of approximately $64.0 million.

During 2024, the Company completed development or redevelopment of six properties. The following table summarizes certain information with respect to the completed development or redevelopment properties as of December 31, 2024:

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The Company capitalized interest associated with development, redevelopment and expansion activities of approximately $11.0 million, $8.5 million and $2.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Note 5. Held for Sale/Disposed Assets

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had entered into an agreement with a third-party purchaser to sell one building located in the San Francisco Bay Area market for a sales price of approximately $16.9 million (net book value of approximately $6.3 million). The sale of the property was subject to various closing conditions.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company sold four properties for a total aggregate sales price of approximately $74.4 million, resulting in a total aggregate gain of approximately $45.4 million. The following table sets forth the markets in which the industrial properties were sold during 2024:

Market Number of Properties Total Sales Price Total Gain

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold four properties for a total aggregate sales price of approximately $77.1 million, resulting in a total aggregate gain of approximately $38.2 million. The following table sets forth the markets in which the industrial properties were sold during 2023:

Market Number of Properties Total Sales Price Total Gain

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company sold four properties for a total aggregate sales price of approximately $168.3 million, resulting in a total aggregate gain of approximately $112.2 million. The following table sets forth the markets in which the industrial properties were sold during 2022:

Market Number of Properties Total Sales Price Total Gain

Note 6. Debt

The following table summarizes the components of the Company’s indebtedness as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

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Unsecured Debt:

Secured Debt:

Total Secured Debt 72,879 —

Less: Unamortized fair value adjustment and debt issuance costs (6,442) (3,437)

1Reflects the contractual interest rate under the terms of each loan as of December 31, 2024. Excludes the effects of unamortized debt issuance costs.

2The interest rates on these loans are comprised of the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus a SOFR margin. The SOFR margins will range from 1.10% to 1.55% (1.10% as of December 31, 2024) for the revolving credit facility and 1.25% to 1.75% (1.25% as of December 31, 2024) for the term loans, depending on the ratio of the Company’s outstanding consolidated indebtedness to the value of the Company’s consolidated gross asset value and includes a 10 basis points SOFR credit adjustment.

3Collectively, the “Senior Unsecured Notes”.

4In July 2024, the Company repaid the $100.0 million tranche of its 7-year Senior Unsecured Notes using existing cash on hand. The notes bore interest at 3.8% and had an original maturity date of July 14, 2024.

On September 24, 2024, the Company entered into the Third Amendment to the Sixth Amended and Restated Senior Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Amended Facility”) in order to, among other things, (i) increase the borrowing capacity of the revolving credit facility by $200.0 million to $600.0 million and (ii) extend the maturity date of the revolving credit facility from August 2025 to January 2029. The Amended Facility consists of a $600.0 million revolving credit facility that matures in January 2029, a $100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2027 and a $100.0 million term loan that matures in January 2028. As of December 31, 2024, there were $82.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility and $200.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the term loans. As of December 31, 2023, there were no borrowings outstanding on the revolving credit facility and $200.0 million of borrowings outstanding on the term loans.

The aggregate amount of the Amended Facility may be increased by up to an additional $450.0 million to a maximum aggregate amount not to exceed $1.25 billion, subject to the approval of the administrative agent and the identification of lenders willing to make available additional amounts. Outstanding borrowings under the Amended Facility are limited to the lesser of (i) the sum of the $600.0 million revolving credit facility, the $100.0 million term loan maturing in January 2027 and the $100.0 million term loan maturing in January 2028, or (ii) 60.0% of the value of the unencumbered properties. Interest on the Amended Facility, including the term loans, is generally to be paid based upon, at the Company’s option, either (i) SOFR plus the applicable SOFR margin or (ii) the applicable base rate, which is the greatest of the administrative agent’s prime rate, 0.50% above the federal funds effective rate, thirty-day SOFR plus the applicable SOFR margin for SOFR rate loans under the Amended Facility plus 1.25%, or 1.25% per annum. The applicable SOFR margin will range from 1.10% to 1.55% (1.10% as of December 31, 2024) for the revolving credit facility and 1.25% to 1.75% (1.25% as of December 31, 2024) for the term loans, depending on the ratio of the Company’s outstanding consolidated indebtedness to the value of the Company’s

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consolidated gross asset value and includes a 10 basis points SOFR credit adjustment. The Amended Facility requires quarterly payments of an annual facility fee in an amount ranging from 0.15% to 0.30%, depending on the ratio of the Company’s outstanding consolidated indebtedness to the value of the Company’s consolidated gross asset value.

The Amended Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes are guaranteed by the Company and by substantially all of the current and to-be-formed subsidiaries of the Company that own an unencumbered property. The Amended Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes are not secured by the Company’s properties or by interests in the subsidiaries that hold such properties. The Amended Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes include a series of financial and other covenants with which the Company must comply. The Company was in compliance with the covenants under the Amended Facility and the Senior Unsecured Notes as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company had one mortgage loan payable totaling approximately $69.1 million, net of deferred financing costs of $0.2 million and unamortized fair value adjustment of approximately $3.6 million, which bore interest at a weighted average fixed annual rate of 3.9%. The mortgage loan payable is collateralized by one property, is non-recourse and requires monthly interest payments until it matures in March 2028. As of December 31, 2024 the total gross book value of the property securing the debt was approximately $179.3 million. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had no mortgage loans.

The scheduled principal payments of the Company’s debt as of December 31, 2024 were as follows (dollars in thousands):

CreditFacility Term Loan SeniorUnsecuredNotes MortgageLoanPayable Total Debt

2025 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —

Unamortized fair value adjustment — — — (3,590) (3,590)

Weighted average interest rate 5.4% 5.7% 3.0% 3.9% 4.0%

Note 7. Leasing

The following is a schedule of minimum future cash rentals on tenant operating leases in effect as of December 31, 2024. The schedule does not reflect future rental revenues from the renewal or replacement of existing leases and excludes property operating expense reimbursements (dollars in thousands):

Note 8. Fair Value Measurements

ASC 820 requires disclosure of the level within the fair value hierarchy in which the fair value measurements fall, including measurements using quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1), quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets or quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active (Level 2), and significant valuation assumptions that are not readily observable in the market (Level 3).

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Financial Instruments Disclosed at Fair Value. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair values of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable approximated their carrying values because of the short-term nature of these investments or liabilities based on Level 1 inputs. The fair values of the Company’s mortgage loan and Senior Unsecured Notes were estimated by calculating the present value of principal and interest payments, based on borrowing rates available to the Company, which are Level 2 inputs, adjusted with a credit spread, as applicable, and assuming the loans are outstanding through maturity. The fair value of the Company’s Amended Facility approximated its carrying value because the variable interest rates approximate market borrowing rates available to the Company, which are Level 2 inputs.

The following table sets forth the carrying value and the estimated fair value of the Company’s debt as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Fair Value Measurement Using

Liabilities

Debt at:

Note 9. Stockholders’ Equity

The Company’s authorized capital stock consists of 400,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.01 par value per share, and 100,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.01 par value per share. The Company has an at-the-market equity offering program (the "$500 Million ATM Program") pursuant to which the Company may issue and sell shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $500.0 million (approximately $438.3 million remaining as of December 31, 2024) in amounts and at times to be determined by the Company from time to time. Prior to the implementation of the $500 Million ATM Program, the Company had two previous at-the-market equity offering programs (the "Previous $500 Million ATM Program" and the "$300 Million ATM Program"), which were substantially utilized as of August 27, 2024 and September 5, 2023, respectively, and are no longer active. Actual sales under the $500 Million ATM Program, if any, will depend on a variety of factors to be determined by the Company from time to time, including, among others, market conditions, the trading price of the Company’s common stock, determinations by the Company of the appropriate sources of funding for the Company and potential uses of funding available to the Company. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company issued an aggregate of 5,329,544 shares of common stock at a weighted average offering price of $66.62 per share under the $500 Million ATM Program and the Previous $500 Million ATM Program, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $349.9 million and paying total compensation to the applicable sales agents of approximately $5.1 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company issued an aggregate of 5,152,279 shares of common stock at a weighted average offering price of $61.15 per share under the Previous $500 Million ATM Program and the $300 Million ATM Program, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $310.5 million and paying total compensation to the applicable sales agents of approximately $4.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued an aggregate of 1,286,125 shares of common stock at a weighted average offering price of $61.31 per share under the $300 Million ATM Program, resulting in net proceeds of approximately $77.7 million, and paying total compensation to the applicable sales agents of approximately $1.1 million.

On March 27, 2024, the Company completed a public offering of 6,325,000 shares of common stock at a price per share of $62.00, which included the underwriters’ full exercise of their option to purchase an additional 825,000 shares. The net proceeds of the offering were approximately $387.1 million after deducting the underwriting discount and offering costs of approximately $5.0 million. The Company used the net proceeds for acquisitions.

On February 13, 2023, the Company completed a public offering of 5,750,000 shares of common stock at a price per share of $62.50, which included the underwriters’ full exercise of their option to purchase an additional 750,000 shares. The net proceeds of the offering were approximately $355.9 million after deducting the underwriting discount and offering costs of approximately $3.5 million. The Company used the net proceeds for acquisitions.

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In connection with the Annual Meeting of Stockholders on May 7, 2024, the Company granted a total of 11,385 unrestricted shares of the Company's common stock to its independent directors under the 2019 Plan with a grant date fair value per share of $54.90. The grant date fair value of the common stock was determined using the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the date of the grant. The Company recognized approximately $0.6 million in compensation costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 related to this issuance.

The Company has a share repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to 3,000,000 shares of its outstanding common stock from time to time through December 31, 2026. Purchases made pursuant to the program will be made in either the open market or in privately negotiated transactions as permitted by federal securities laws and other legal requirements. The timing, manner, price and amount of any repurchases will be determined by the Company in its discretion and will be subject to economic and market conditions, stock price, applicable legal requirements and other factors. The program may be suspended or discontinued at any time. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had not repurchased any shares of common stock pursuant to its share repurchase program.

The Company has a Non-Qualified Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Deferred Compensation Plan”) maintained for the benefit of select employees and members of the Company’s Board of Directors, in which certain of their cash and equity-based compensation may be deposited. Deferred Compensation Plan assets are held in a rabbi trust, which is subject to the claims of the Company’s creditors in the event of bankruptcy or insolvency. The shares held in the Deferred Compensation Plan are classified within stockholders’ equity in a manner similar to the manner in which treasury stock is classified. Subsequent changes in the fair value of the shares are not recognized. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, 0, 96,874 and 150,867 shares of common stock, respectively, were deposited into the Deferred Compensation Plan. During the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, 11,473, 5,876 and 8,929 shares of common stock, respectively, were withdrawn from the Deferred Compensation Plan.

As of December 31, 2024, there were 1,898,961 shares of common stock authorized for issuance as restricted stock grants, unrestricted stock awards or Performance Share awards under the 2019 Plan, of which 367,561 were remaining and available for issuance. The grant date fair value per share of restricted stock awards issued during the period from February 16, 2010 (commencement of operations) to December 31, 2024 ranged from $14.20 to $78.33. The fair value of the restricted stock that was granted during the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $8.8 million and the vesting period for the restricted stock is typically between three and five years. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had approximately $14.4 million of total unrecognized compensation costs related to restricted stock issuances, which is expected to be recognized over a remaining weighted average period of approximately 3.2 years. The Company recognized compensation costs of approximately $6.8 million, $6.3 million and $4.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to the restricted stock issuances.

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The following is a summary of the total restricted shares granted to the Company’s executive officers and employees with the related weighted average grant date fair value share prices for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022:

Restricted Stock Activity:

Shares Weighted Average GrantDate Fair Value

The following is a vesting schedule of the total non-vested shares of restricted stock outstanding as of December 31, 2024:

Non-vested Shares Vesting Schedule Number of Shares

Thereafter —

Total Non-vested Shares 426,388

Long-Term Incentive Plan:

As of December 31, 2024, there were three open performance measurement periods for the Performance Share awards: January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024, January 1, 2023 to December 31, 2025, and January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2026. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company did not issue any shares of common stock related to the Performance Share awards for the performance period from January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2024.

The following table summarizes certain information with respect to the Performance Share awards granted on or after January 1, 2019 and includes the forfeiture of certain of the Performance Share awards during 2024 (dollars in thousands):

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1 Reflects the fair value on date of grant for all performance shares outstanding at December 31, 2024.

Dividends:

The following tables set forth the cash dividends paid or payable per share during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Note 10. Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Pursuant to ASC 260-10-45, Determining Whether Instruments Granted in Share-Based Payment Transactions Are Participating Securities, unvested share-based payment awards that contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends are participating securities and are included in the computation of earnings per share pursuant to the two-class method. The two-class method of computing earnings per share allocates earnings per share for common stock and any participating securities according to dividends declared (whether paid or unpaid) and participation rights in undistributed earnings. Under the two-class method, earnings per common share are computed by dividing the sum of distributed earnings to common stockholders and undistributed earnings allocated to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. The Company’s non-vested shares of restricted stock are considered participating securities since these share-based awards contain non-forfeitable rights to dividends irrespective of whether the awards ultimately vest or expire. The Company had no antidilutive securities or dilutive restricted stock awards outstanding for the three months and years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022.

In accordance with the Company’s policies of determining whether instruments granted in share-based payment transactions are participating securities and accounting for earnings per share, the net income (loss) per common share is adjusted for earnings distributed through declared dividends (if any) and allocated to all participating securities (weighted average common shares outstanding and unvested restricted shares outstanding) under the two-class method. Under this method, allocations were made429,748, 393,059 and 322,866 of weighted average unvested restricted shares outstanding for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Performance Share awards which may be payable in shares of the Company’s common stock after the conclusion of each pre-established performance measurement period are included as contingently issuable shares in the calculation of diluted weighted average common shares of stock outstanding assuming the reporting period is the end of the measurement period, and the effect is dilutive.Diluted shares related to the Performance Share awards were 317,588, 202,071 and 88,373 for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Note 11. Commitments and Contingencies

Litigation. The Company is not involved in any material litigation nor, to its knowledge, is any material litigation threatened against it. In the normal course of business, from time to time, the Company may be involved in legal actions relating to the ownership and operations of its properties. Management does not expect that the liabilities, if any, that may ultimately result from such legal actions will have a material effect on the consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows of the Company.

Contractual Commitments. As of February 4, 2025, the Company did not have any outstanding contracts or non-binding letters of intent to acquire industrial properties.

Note 12. Subsequent Events

On January 7, 2025, the Company sold one industrial property in Union City, CA, which was held for sale as of December 31, 2024, for a total sales price of approximately $16.9 million (net book value of approximately $6.3 million).

On January 16, 2025, the Company sold one industrial property in South San Francisco, CA for a total sales price of approximately $8.0 million (net book value of approximately $6.0 million).

On February 4, 2025, the Company’s board of directors declared a cash dividend in the amount of $0.49 per share of its common stock payable on April 4, 2025 to the stockholders of record as of the close of business on March 27, 2025.

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Terreno Realty Corporation

Schedule III

Real Estate Investments and Accumulated Depreciation

As of December 31, 2024

(in thousands)

Los Angeles

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New York City/Northern New Jersey

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San Francisco Bay Area

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Seattle

TRNO US Equity

TRNO · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements And Supplementary Data.

Item 9. Changes In And Disagreements With Accountants On Accounting And Financial Disclosure.

Item 9A. Controls And Procedures.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

TRNO US Equity☆

TRNO · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements And Supplementary Data.

Item 9. Changes In And Disagreements With Accountants On Accounting And Financial Disclosure.

Item 9A. Controls And Procedures.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

TRNO US Equity