TITN US Equity☆

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The following risks should be considered in conjunction with Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, including the risks and uncertainties described in the forward-looking statements, and our financial statements and the related notes appearing under Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The following is a cautionary discussion of risks, uncertainties and assumptions that we believe are material to our business. These risks may affect our operating results and, individually or in the aggregate, could cause our actual results to differ materially from past and projected future results. Some of these risks and uncertainties could affect particular revenue sources or segments, while others could affect our full business. Although risks are organized by headings, and each risk is discussed separately, many are interrelated. Except as required by applicable law, we undertake no obligation to publicly update forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise. You should, however, consult any subsequent disclosures we make from time to time in materials filed with the SEC.

Risks related to our Reliance on CNH Industrial

We are substantially dependent upon CNH Industrial, our primary supplier of equipment and parts inventory.

The substantial majority of our business involves the sale and distribution of new equipment and after-market parts supplied by CNH Industrial and the servicing of equipment manufactured by CNH Industrial. In fiscal 2023, CNH Industrial supplied approximately 76% of the new equipment sold in our Agriculture segment, 76% of the new equipment sold in our Construction segment, and 60% of the new equipment sold in our International segment, and supplied a significant portion of our parts inventory. The success of our stores, and our business as a whole, is dependent on CNH Industrial in several key respects.

First, we rely on CNH Industrial for new equipment inventory. Our ability to maintain or grow market share is dependent on CNH Industrial’s ability to design, manufacture, allocate and deliver to our stores at the right time high quality and desirable products that compare favorably to those of our principal competitors in terms of price, quality, functionality, features, connected and digital solutions, and autonomy. Supply chain issues, labor disputes such as strikes, and labor shortages could diminish the manufacturing output of CNH Industrial's plants, resulting in our stores not receiving inventories in the expected quantities and timelines necessary to satisfy customer demand. Any failure of CNH Industrial to offer competitive products, or delays in bringing strategic new products to market or delivery of ordered products to our stores could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Second, CNH Industrial supports our business by providing financial assistance and marketing support including the following:

•Floorplan payable financing for the purchase of a substantial portion of our equipment inventory;

•Retail financing used by many of our customers to purchase CNH Industrial equipment from us;

•Incentive, financing, and discount programs offered from time to time that enable us to price our products more competitively; and

•Promotional and marketing activities on national, regional and local levels.

Our financial performance is dependent on CNH Industrial's continued commitment to these offerings, at a level that allows us to be competitive in our markets.

Third, CNH Industrial provides product warranties and, in some cases, extended warranties to our customers. Our stores perform warranty work for equipment under these product warranties, and we direct bill CNH Industrial as opposed to invoicing the customer. At any particular time, we have significant receivables from CNH Industrial for warranty work performed. CNH Industrial’s commitment to its product warranties is important to both our market share success and our warranty related parts and service revenue.

CNH Industrial may be adversely impacted by global economic conditions and economic downturns, industry declines, natural disasters, labor strikes or similar disruptions, changes in interest rates, energy prices, inflation, financial performance and liquidity concerns, supply shortages or rising raw materials costs, failed strategic initiatives, or other adverse events. Our business, results of operations, and financial condition could be materially adversely affected as a result of any event that has a material adverse effect on CNH Industrial.

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Furthermore, our financial performance and future success are highly dependent on the overall reputation, brand and success of CNH Industrial in the agricultural and construction equipment manufacturing industries, including its ability to maintain a competitive position in product innovation, product quality, and product pricing.

The terms of our CNH Industrial dealer agreements subject us to restrictions that may adversely impact our business.

We have entered into CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements under which we sell CNH Industrial’s branded agricultural and construction equipment, along with after-market parts and repair services. Subject to applicable state statutes that may govern the dealer-manufacturer legal relationship, CNH Industrial may terminate our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements immediately in certain circumstances, following written notice and cure periods for certain breaches of the agreement, and for any reason under our Case Construction agreement following 120 days' prior written notice. If CNH Industrial were to terminate all or any of its CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements with us, our business would be severely harmed.

Furthermore, CNH Industrial may unilaterally change its operating practices under the terms of the CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements to, among other things, change or authorize additional dealers in our sales and service areas, change its distribution system to the detriment of its dealers like us, limit our product offerings, and change pricing or delivery terms. If CNH Industrial were to change the terms of our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements or its operating practices in a manner that adversely affects us, our business and results of operations would be harmed.

Our CNH IndustrialDealer Agreements impose obligations and restrictions on us.

Under our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements, we are obligated to actively promote the sale of CNH Industrial equipment within our designated geographic areas of responsibility, fulfill the product warranty obligations of CNH Industrial (subject to CNH Industrial’s payment to us of the agreed upon reimbursement), maintain adequate facilities and workforce to service the needs of our customers, maintain equipment and parts inventories at the level deemed necessary by CNH Industrial to meet sales goals as stated in the annual business plan mutually agreed upon by us and CNH Industrial, maintain adequate working capital, and maintain stores only in authorized locations.

Consent of CNH Industrial is required for certain material changes in our ownership, governance or business structure, including the acquisition by any person or group of persons of 30% or more of our outstanding stock or 20% or more of our outstanding stock if the acquiring person or group is a competitor of CNH Industrial. This requirement may have the effect of discouraging a sale or other change in control of the Company, including transactions that may be in the best interests of our stockholders.

The acquisition of additional CNH Industrial geographic areas of responsibility and store locations in our Agriculture, Construction and International segments requires the consent of CNH Industrial under our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements. CNH Industrial may decline, in its sole discretion, to consent to any acquisition of an additional CNH Industrial store location we may pursue. If CNH Industrial is unwilling to consent to any future proposed acquisition of additional dealerships, our ability to execute on our acquisition strategy and to grow our business may be impaired.

Our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreements require us to operate any material business activities not related to sales of CNH Industrial products or services to customers in agricultural, construction, industrial or similar markets separately from our CNH Industrial dealership business. In addition, our CNH Industrial Dealer Agreement for Case Construction equipment prohibits us from carrying other suppliers' products (new equipment and parts) at our Case Construction stores that are competitive with CNH Industrial's products. These restrictions may discourage or prevent us from pursuing activities that we believe will grow our business.

Risks Related to Economic Conditions Affecting our Customers' Demand for our Products and Services

Our agriculture equipment sales are significantly affected by net farm income, which is influenced by factors over which we have no control.

Farmers' capital expenditures often follow a cyclical pattern, with increased equipment purchases typically occurring during boom cycles spurred by high net farm income and strong farmer balance sheets. Net farm income is influenced by factors such as:

•the price of agricultural commodities and the ability to competitively export agricultural commodities;

•the cost of farm inputs including value of land, seed, fertilizer, fuel, labor and other inputs;

•the demand for food products and products made with farm commodities such as bio fuels;

▪the availability of stocks from previous harvests; and

•agricultural policies, including aid and subsidies to agricultural enterprises provided by governments, policies impacting commodity prices or limiting the export or import of commodities, and alternative fuel mandates.

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In addition to macroeconomic drivers of net farm income, local growing conditions also influence farmers’ buying sentiment. Therefore, droughts, excess rain, hail, and other unfavorable climatic conditions affecting certain geographic regions will adversely impact the local farmers’ buying sentiment.

The nature of the agricultural industry is such that a downturn in equipment demand can occur suddenly, resulting in negative impacts on dealers in the form of declining revenues, reduced or negative profit margins, excess new and used equipment inventories, lower inventory turns, and increased floorplan interest expenses. These downturns may be prolonged, and during these periods, our revenues and profitability could be harmed, including severely.

Demand for our parts and repair services, although not as cyclical as equipment purchases, also can be negatively affected in agricultural industry downturns and in regions affected by adverse weather or growing conditions which result in fewer acres planted or harvested.

Our construction equipment sales are affected by several market factors over which we have no control.

Our construction equipment customers primarily operate in the natural resource, construction, transportation, agriculture, manufacturing, industrial processing and utilities industries. The construction equipment market is influenced by factors such as:

•the amount and timing of public infrastructure spending;

•the level of new residential and non-residential construction; and

•the amount of capital spending in oil and gas, forestry, agricultural and mining.

The construction industry in many of our geographical areas has experienced periodic, and sometimes prolonged, economic down cycles. During these downturns, our revenues and profitability could be adversely impacted.

Inflationary increases to cost of equipment combined with higher interest rates may negatively impact our customers' equipment purchasing decisions.

Many of our customers finance their equipment purchases. The ability to obtain affordable financing is an important part of a customer's decision to purchase agricultural or construction equipment. Periods of elevated inflation and increased interest rates will increase financing costs and installment payment obligations of our customers, which may make equipment purchases less affordable for customers and impact purchasing decisions and, as a result, our revenue and profitability may decrease.

Risks Related to the Competitive Conditions of the Equipment Distribution Industry

The equipment distribution market is subject to sudden supply-demand imbalances arising from factors over which we have no control, which can affect our equipment sales and margins.

Over-production of equipment by one or more manufacturers, or a sudden reduction in demand for equipment, can dramatically disrupt the equipment market and cause downward pressure on our equipment profit margins. Customer leasing arrangements in the agriculture and construction equipment industries may also impact the level of industry-wide equipment inventory supplies. When leased equipment comes off lease, there may be an increase in the availability of late-model used equipment, which can create an inventory over-supply condition and put pressure on our equipment sales and margins, and have an adverse effect on values of our used equipment inventory and rental fleet equipment. Similarly, rental house companies engage in regular sales of rental fleet units, which can further disrupt the supply-demand balance. We have no control over or ability to significantly influence any of the foregoing factors affecting the equipment distribution markets.

Our industry is highly competitive.

The agricultural and construction equipment distribution (including parts and service) and rental industries are highly competitive and fragmented, with large numbers of companies operating on a regional or local basis. Historically, our competitors have competed aggressively on the basis of pricing or inventory availability, resulting in decreased margins on our sales to the extent we choose to match our competitors' pricing. To the extent we choose not to match or remain within a reasonable range of our competitors' pricing, we may lose sales and market share. In addition, to the extent CNH Industrial's equipment manufacturer competitors (such as Deere, Caterpillar, Komatsu, Volvo, and AGCO) provide their dealers with more innovative or higher quality products, lower cost products, better customer financing, or have more effective marketing programs, or the CNH Industrial reputation is tarnished in the marketplace or with our customers, our ability to compete and our results of operations could be adversely affected. In addition, e-commerce companies selling parts have negatively impacted dealers' parts sales and margins, and we expect that this competitive pressure will continue to increase in the future.

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The recent agreements of equipment manufacturers, including CNH Industrial, to provide farmers and independent repair shops access to diagnostic tools, combined with an enactment of proposed right to repair legislation, could negatively impact our repair services business.

Proposed state and federal legislation has been introduced, including in states in our footprint, that generally would require the manufacturers of products to provide the purchaser and/or independent repair technicians with documents, diagnostic software, and other information that would allow the equipment to be repaired without having it returned to the dealer for repair. Separately, the American Farm Bureau Federation and CNH Industrial brands, Case IH and New Holland, signed a memorandum of understanding in March 2023 that allows farmers and independent repair shops to access CNH Industrial's brand manuals, tools, product guides and information to self-diagnose and self-repair machines, as well as provides support from CNH Industrial brands for farmers and independent repair shops to directly purchase diagnostic tools. The Memorandum of Understanding follows a similar format as agreed to by John Deere earlier this year which, in turn, follows the auto industry format. It is difficult to predict the impact that right to repair legislation, if enacted in any our states of operation, or the CNH Memorandum of Understanding, will have on our repair services business.

Risks Related to Supply Chain

Our business has been adversely impacted by supply chain distributions.

Our suppliers have experienced continuing supply chain disruptions, including country of origin production and port delays. Additionally, trucker, dockworker, and labor shortages, a surge of consumer demand, and other factors have led to industry-wide delays and inflationary trends, which have also impacted the Company. Our suppliers' challenges directly affect us through price increases, which we may be unable to pass along to our customers, and disruptions and delays on delivery of certain products, which may cause us to lose business or delay our ability to recognize revenue.

Risks of International Operations

Our international operations expose us to risks and uncertainties.

We currently operate dealership locations in Bulgaria, Germany, Romania, and Ukraine. In fiscal 2023, total International segment revenues were 13.5% of our consolidated total revenue. As of January 31, 2023, total International segment assets were 14.4% of our consolidated total assets.

Our operations in international markets, subject us to risks and uncertainties arising from the differing legal, political, social and regulatory environments and economic conditions in the countries in which we operate. These risks include:

•difficulties in implementing our business model in foreign markets;

•costs and diversion of domestic management attention related to oversight of international operations;

•unexpected adverse changes in export duties, currency or payment controls that impact our ability to repatriate funds from the county, quotas and tariffs and difficulties in obtaining import licenses;

•cyclicality of demand in European Union member states for agricultural equipment, based on availability of European Union government subsidy programs and tax incentives;

•unexpected adverse changes in foreign laws or regulatory requirements;

•compliance with a variety of tax regulations, foreign laws and regulations;

•compliance with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other U.S. laws that apply to the international operations of U.S. companies which may be difficult and costly to implement and monitor, can create competitive disadvantages if our competitors are not subject to such laws, and which, if violated, may result in substantial financial and reputational harm;

•fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates to which we are exposed may adversely affect the results of our operations, the value of our foreign assets and liabilities and our cash flows;

•the laws of the European countries in which we operate, unlike U.S. states, do not include specific dealer protection laws and, therefore, we may be more susceptible to actions of suppliers that are adverse to our interests such as termination of our dealer agreements for any reason or installing additional dealers in our designated territories; and

•geopolitical or economic instability in the regions in which we operate, including the impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

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The Russian-Ukraine conflict has presented significant challenges and risks for our Ukraine operations.

The Russian military occupation of Ukraine has significantly disrupted our Ukrainian operations and resulted in the temporary shut-down of our 9 Ukrainian stores during early fiscal 2023, all locations have since reopened. The outcome of the Russian military operation remains unclear and we cannot predict the impact this conflict will have on our Ukrainian operations. In fiscal 2023, revenues of our Ukrainian subsidiary declined 40.5% from fiscal 2022 and the conflict could continue to negatively impact revenues in fiscal 2024. The military conflict and related political instability, if it intensifies, may make it impossible for us to effectively operate our Ukraine dealerships, which may result in our decision to cease operations in Ukraine. This would result in asset write-offs and a loss in revenues and profits. See additional information in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements at Item 8. Even if we are able to continue operations, we expect that the military conflict has significantly impacted, and we expect will continue to impact our customers' liquidity and their purchasing decisions for our products and services. If no crops are planted or the upcoming growing season is negatively impacted, it will limit our ability to generate cash and repay outstanding debt, and as a result of imposed currency exchange controls and other restrictions, restrict our ability to manage our cash held in Ukraine and our investment in our Ukrainian business. The military intervention has disrupted our Ukrainian work force, with certain employees being called to active military duty and other employees leaving the country and working remotely. Additional risks related to our operations in Ukraine, likely made more acute by the impact of the military conflict, include further devaluation of the local currency, increased interest rates and increased inflation.

These factors, in addition to others, have negatively impacted our financial condition and results of operations in 2022 and may continue to impact our business in Ukraine in future periods, including on a more acute basis.

Risks Related to Financial Matters

Our financial performance is dependent on our ability to effectively manage our inventory.

Our dealership network requires substantial inventories of equipment and parts to be maintained at each store and Company-wide to facilitate sales to customers on a timely basis. Our equipment inventory has traditionally represented a significant portion of our total assets. We need to maintain a proper balance of new and used equipment to assure satisfactory inventory turnover and to minimize floorplan financing costs.

Our orders for the purchase of new equipment and parts are based primarily on projected demand. If actual sales are materially less than our forecasts, for example because of a significant drop in net farm income, weather disruptions to the agricultural growing regions, or a construction industry recession, we would experience an over-supply of new equipment inventory. An over-supply of new equipment inventory will generally cause downward pressure on our product sale prices and margins, decrease our inventory turns, and increase our floorplan financing expenses.

Our used equipment is generally acquired as trade-ins from customers in connection with equipment sales to those customers. Equipment inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Adjustments to market value of inventory are recognized as a cost of sales, negatively impacting earnings, in the periods in which they occur. Our estimates of net realizable value for our used equipment, as determined at the time of the trade-in or in connection with an acquisition of a new dealership, may prove to be inaccurate, given the potential for sudden changes in market conditions and other factors beyond our control. Moving from our normal retail marketing channel to more aggressive marketing channels for specific pieces or categories of equipment inventory, particularly as equipment inventory ages, will generally result in lower sales prices. Pricing and other terms of sale of used equipment can be significantly adversely affected by the limited market for certain types of used equipment.

Our level of indebtedness could limit our financial and operational flexibility.

As of January 31, 2023, our indebtedness included floorplan payable financing, real estate mortgage financing arrangements that are secured by real estate assets and other long-term debt. In addition, we have obligations under our lease agreements for our store locations and corporate headquarters. Our level of indebtedness could have important consequences. For example, it could:

•increase our vulnerability to adverse economic and industry conditions;

•limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate; and

•limit our ability to obtain additional financing for working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions or general corporate purposes.

We expect to use cash flow from operations and borrowings under our credit facilities to fund our operations, debt service and capital expenditures. However, our cash flow and ability to borrow depends on our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business, economic and other factors, many of which may be beyond our control.

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The credit agreements governing our indebtedness restrict our ability to engage in certain corporate and financial transactions, and require us to satisfy financial covenants.

The credit agreements governing our indebtedness contain covenants that, among other things, may limit or place conditions on our ability to:

•incur more debt;

•make investments;

•create liens;

•merge, consolidate, or make certain acquisitions;

•transfer and sell assets, or divest of dealership stores;

•pay dividends or repurchase stock; and

•issue equity instruments.

Our credit facilities with CNH Industrial Capital, DLL Finance, and certain of our real estate lenders require us to satisfy a net leverage ratio and fixed charge coverage ratio on an ongoing basis, measured at the end of each fiscal quarter. Under the Bank Syndicate Agreement, if our excess availability (i.e., borrowing base capacity less outstanding loan balance and certain reserves) falls below a certain threshold, we become subject to a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio. Our ability to borrow under these credit agreements depends upon compliance with these financial covenants.

Our failure to satisfy any covenant, absent a waiver or amendment, would cause us to be in default under our credit facilities and would enable our lenders to accelerate payment of the outstanding indebtedness. Each of our credit agreements include cross-default provisions which state that certain types of defaults under any other indebtedness agreement will also constitute a default under that credit agreement. If an event of default occurred, and the lender demanded accelerated payment, we may not be able to satisfy a pay-off request, whether through internal funds or a new financing.

Our variable rate indebtedness exposes us to interest rate risk.

A substantial portion of our floorplan and working capital borrowings, including the credit facilities with CNH Industrial Capital, the Bank Syndicate, DLL Finance, and our international floorplan facilities are at variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. As such, our results of operations are sensitive to movements in interest rates. There are many economic factors outside our control that have in the past and may, in the future, impact rates of interest including publicly announced indices that underlie the interest obligations related to a certain portion of our debt. Factors that impact interest rates include governmental monetary policies, inflation, recession, changes in unemployment, the money supply, and international instability impacting domestic and foreign financial markets. Any increases in interest rates could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are in the process of implementing a new enterprise resource planning (“ERP”) system, and problems with the design or implementation of this ERP system could interfere with our business and operations.

We are engaged in the implementation of a new ERP system. The ERP system is designed to accurately maintain our books and records and provide information to management important to the operation of our business. Our ERP transition has required, and will continue to require, the investment of significant human and financial resources. We have, and may continue to experience challenges as we work toward the completion of the ERP conversion. Beyond cost and scheduling, potential flaws in the implementation of an ERP system may pose risks to the Company’s ability to operate successfully and efficiently, including our ability to prepare timely and accurate SEC filings. If we are unable to successfully implement the new ERP system as planned, our financial position, results of operations and cash flows could be negatively impacted.

Moreover, if the ERP system does not effectively collect, store, process, and report relevant data for the operation of our business (whether due to equipment malfunction or constraints, software deficiencies, cybersecurity attack, and/or human error), our ability to effectively plan, forecast, and execute our business plan and comply with applicable laws and regulations will be impaired, perhaps materially. Any such impairment could materially and adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and the timeliness with which we report our internal and external operating results.

The agricultural and construction equipment industries are highly seasonal, which can cause significant fluctuations in our results of operations and cash flow.

The agricultural and construction equipment businesses are highly seasonal, which causes our quarterly results and cash flows to fluctuate during the year. Farmers generally purchase agricultural equipment and service work in preparation for, or in conjunction with, the spring planting and fall harvesting seasons. Construction equipment customers’ purchases of equipment and service work, as well as rental of equipment, are also seasonal in our stores located in colder climates where

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construction work slows significantly in the winter months. In addition, the fourth quarter typically is a significant period for equipment sales in the United States because of our customers’ year-end tax planning considerations, the timing of dealer incentives and the increase in availability of farmers’ funds from completed harvests and construction customers' funds from completed projects. Also, numerous external factors such as credit markets, commodity prices, weather conditions, and other circumstances may disrupt normal purchasing practices and customers’ sentiment, further contributing to the seasonal fluctuations.

We are exposed to customer credit risks.

We extend credit to our customers for parts and service work, rental charges, and also for some equipment sales in our domestic and international operations. If we are unable to manage these credit risk issues adequately, or if a large number of customers should have financial difficulties at the same time, our credit losses could increase above historical levels and our operating results would be adversely affected. Delinquencies and credit losses generally would be expected to increase if there was a worsening of economic conditions in any of our reporting segments.

Our rental operations subject us to risks including increased maintenance costs as our rental fleet ages, increased costs of new replacement equipment we use in our fleet, and losses upon disposition of rental fleet units.

Our rental fleet margins are materially impacted by utilization of fleet assets, which is seasonal and can fluctuate materially due to weather and economic factors. If our rental equipment ages, the costs of maintaining that equipment, if not replaced within a certain period of time, will likely increase. The cost of new equipment for use in our rental fleet could also increase due to increased material costs for our suppliers or other factors beyond our control. Furthermore, changes in customer demand could cause some of our existing equipment to become obsolete and require us to purchase new equipment at increased costs.

Upon the sale of a rental fleet unit, we include in operating income the difference between the sales price and the depreciated value of the equipment sold. The market value of any given piece of rental equipment could be less than its depreciated value at the time it is sold. The market value of used rental equipment depends on several factors, including:

•market prices for like equipment;

•hours and condition of the equipment;

•time of year that the equipment is sold;

•the supply of used equipment in the market; and

•general economic conditions.

Any significant decline in the selling prices for used rental equipment, or increased costs resulting from our rental operations, could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and cash flows.

Climate and Weather Risks

Weather conditions may negatively impact the agricultural and construction equipment markets and affect our financial results.

Weather conditions, particularly severe floods and droughts, can have a significant adverse effect on growing conditions and on regional agricultural and construction markets. Adverse weather conditions may result in fewer acres being planted or harvested by farmers and reduced crop yields on those acres that are planted, and in delays or cancellations of construction projects. This in turn could result in lower demand for our agricultural and construction equipment and services and adversely affect our results of operation. Many scientific reports predict that severe weather events can be expected to become more frequent as a result of global climate change.

New or more stringent greenhouse gas emission standards designed to address climate change could increase costs of the equipment we purchase from our suppliers and increase our customers’ costs of operations.

There is global scientific consensus that emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) continue to alter the composition of Earth’s atmosphere in ways that are affecting and are expected to continue to affect the global climate. These considerations may lead to new international, national, regional or local legislative or regulatory responses. Various stakeholders, including legislators and regulators, shareholders and non-governmental organizations, as well as companies in many business sectors are continuing to look for ways to reduce GHG emissions.

The regulation of GHG emissions from the equipment we sell could result in additional manufacturing costs to our suppliers who, in turn, will likely pass along those costs to us. We may not be successful in passing along the equipment price

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increases to our customers, which could impact our results of operation. To the extent that we attempt to pass along price increases to our customers, the increased costs of equipment may negatively affect their purchasing decisions.

Moreover, the GHG regulations could increase other input costs for our customers, such as fuel and fertilizer, and impose indirect compliance-related costs on our customers. These economic impacts could negatively impact our customers’ purchasing decisions.

Because the impact of any future GHG legislative, regulatory or product standard requirements is dependent on the timing and design of mandates or standards, we are unable to predict their potential impact at this time.

Risks of our Growth Strategy

If our acquisition plans are unsuccessful, we may not achieve our planned long-term revenue growth.

Our ability to grow through the acquisition of additional CNH Industrial geographic areas of responsibility and store locations or other businesses will be dependent upon the availability of suitable acquisition candidates at acceptable values, our ability to compete effectively for available acquisition candidates and the availability of capital to complete the acquisitions. We may not successfully identify suitable targets, or if we do, we may not be able to close the transactions, or if we close the transactions, they may not be profitable. In addition, CNH Industrial's consent is required for the acquisition of any CNH Industrial dealership, and the consent of our lenders may be required for certain acquisitions. CNH Industrial typically evaluates management, historical performance, and capitalization of a prospective acquirer in determining whether to consent to the sale of a CNH Industrial dealership. We may not obtain the consent of CNH Industrial or our lenders for certain acquisitions we may propose.

Our acquisitions may not be successful.

There are risks associated with acquisitions of new dealerships. These risks include incurring significantly higher than anticipated capital expenditures and operating expenses; unexpected liabilities; synergies, economies of scale and cost reductions not occurring as anticipated; failing to integrate the operations and personnel of the acquired dealerships; employee attrition at the acquired business; disrupting our ongoing business; diluting the effectiveness of our management; failing to maintain uniform standards, controls and policies; and impairing relationships with employees and customers as a result of changes in management. To the extent we do not successfully avoid or overcome the risks or problems related to acquisitions, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected. Future acquisitions also may have a significant impact on our financial position and capital needs, and could cause substantial fluctuations in our quarterly and yearly results of operations or result in a diversion of management's time and attention from our core business. Acquisitions could include significant intangible assets and goodwill. If the acquisitions giving rise to these intangible assets are unsuccessful, this may result in future impairment charges that would reduce our stated earnings.

Human Capital Risks

Our business success depends on attracting and retaining qualified personnel.

Our success in executing our operating and strategic plans depends on the efforts and abilities of our management team and key employees, including the managers of our field operations and our country managers in our international operations. The failure to attract and retain members of our management team and key employees will harm us.

In recent years, the equipment industry has experienced a shortage of qualified service technicians. If this trend worsens and we are not able to hire and retain qualified service technicians at acceptable levels, our ability to satisfy customers' service needs would be negatively impacted. Moreover, the technician shortage may increase our service technician compensation expense, and reduce our gross margins on service work.

In addition, in recent years it has been unusually difficult to hire and retain employees, which we believe is primarily attributable to market conditions which in turn has created increased competition in labor markets. Difficulties in hiring and retaining employees and heightened competition for employees may impact our ability to serve customers, increase our costs, and impair our efficiency and effectiveness and our ability to pursue growth opportunities.

Labor organizing activities could negatively impact us.

Although none of our employees are covered by a collective bargaining agreement, there have been attempts to unionize our store personnel. The unionization of all or a substantial portion of our workforce could result in work slowdowns or stoppages, could increase our overall costs, could reduce our operating margins and reduce the efficiency of our operations at the affected locations, could adversely affect our flexibility to run our business competitively, and could otherwise have an adverse effect on our business.

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Liability Risks

Selling and renting agricultural and construction equipment, selling parts, and providing repair services subject us to liability risks that could adversely affect our financial condition and reputation.

Products sold, rented or serviced by us may expose us to potential liabilities for personal injury or property damage claims that arise from the use of those products. Our commercial liability insurance may not be adequate to cover significant product liability claims, or we may not be able to secure such insurance on economically reasonable terms. An uninsured or partially insured claim for which indemnification from the manufacturer is not available could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations. Furthermore, if any significant claims are made against us or against CNH Industrial or any of our other suppliers, our business may be adversely affected by any related negative publicity or any adverse impact on the reputation or brand of any of our suppliers, including CNH Industrial.

Stock Price Volatility

Our common stock price has fluctuated significantly and may continue to do so in the future.

The price at which our common stock trades may be volatile and could be subject to significant fluctuations in response to our operating results and financial condition as set forth in our earnings releases, guidance estimates released by agricultural or construction equipment manufacturers that serve the markets in which we operate, announcements by our competitors, analyst recommendations, our ability to meet or exceed analysts’ or investors’ expectations, fluctuations in the price of crop commodities and natural resources, the condition of the financial markets, and other factors. Quarterly fluctuations resulting from the seasonality of our business may cause our results of operations and cash flows to underperform in relation to the expectations of financial analysts or investors, which may cause volatility or decreases in our stock price.

Data Security Risks

Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information systems and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

The efficient operation of our business is dependent on our information technology systems. We use information technology systems to record, process and summarize financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory financial reporting, legal and tax requirements. Additionally, in the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including proprietary business information of our customers and suppliers, as well as personally identifiable information of our customers and employees, in our data centers and on our networks. The secure operation of these information technology networks and the systems of the third parties with whom we do business and the processing and maintenance of information is critical to our operations. Despite the security measures and business continuity plans, put in place by us and our third party providers, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to damage, disruptions or shutdowns due to attacks by hackers or breaches due to employee error or malfeasance or other disruptions arising from power outages, telecommunication failures, terrorist acts, natural disasters, or other catastrophic events. The occurrence of these events could compromise our networks, and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or regulatory penalties under laws that protect the privacy of personally identifiable information, disrupt our operations, and damage our reputation, which could adversely affect our business, results of operations, and financial condition. In particular, given our Europe operations, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation imposes stringent data protection requirement and provides significant penalties for noncompliance. In addition, as security threats continue to evolve and increase in frequency and sophistication, we may need to invest additional resources to protect the security of our systems.

We maintain cyber risk insurance, but this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our losses from any future breaches of our systems.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Equipment Stores

As of January 31, 2023, we operated 121 agricultural and construction equipment stores in the United States and Europe in the following locations:

Agriculture Segment Construction Segment International Segment Total

United States

Colorado — 3 — 3

Idaho 1 — — 1

Kansas 1 — — 1

Missouri 1 — — 1

Montana 1 — — 1

Washington 1 — — 1

Wisconsin 1 1 — 2

Wyoming 1 — — 1

European Countries

Bulgaria — — 7 7

Germany — — 5 5

Ukraine — — 9 9

Store Lease Arrangements

As of January 31, 2023, we leased 67 store facilities with lease arrangements expiring at various dates through February 28, 2031. Many of our lease agreements include fair market value purchase options, rights of first refusal, lease term extension options, or month-to-month or year-to-year automatic renewal provisions at the conclusion of the original lease period. A majority of the leases provide for fixed monthly rental payments and require us to pay the real estate taxes on the properties for the lease periods. We are generally responsible for utilities and maintenance of the leased premises. All of the leases require that we maintain public liability, property casualty, and personal property insurance on each of the leased premises. The leases generally require us to indemnify the lessor in connection with any claims arising from the leased premises during our occupation of the property. We believe our facilities are adequate to meet our current and anticipated needs.

In recent years, we have been strategically purchasing real estate and financing the purchases with long term debt, to take advantage of low interest rates. We currently own the store facilities for 50 U.S. dealership locations and four Germany dealership locations. We have incurred debt financing and have been granted mortgages on these owned facilities. The remainder of our U.S. and international store locations are leased from third parties.

As part of our due diligence review prior to a dealership acquisition, we evaluate the adequacy, suitability and condition of the related real estate. Our evaluation typically includes a Phase I environmental study, and if deemed necessary, a Phase II environmental study of the real property to determine whether there are any environmental concerns. If any environmental concerns exist, we generally require that such concerns be addressed prior to acquisition of the dealership real estate.

Headquarters

We currently lease and occupy approximately 48,000 square feet in West Fargo, North Dakota for our headquarters and this lease expires on January 31, 2028. We continually review our location needs, including the adequacy of our

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headquarters space, to ensure our space is sufficient to support our operations. We believe there is ample opportunity for expansion in our West Fargo headquarters facility if necessary.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are, from time to time, subject to claims and suits arising in the ordinary course of business. Such claims have, in the past, generally been covered by insurance. Management believes the resolution of other legal matters will not have a material effect on our financial condition, results of operation or cash flow, although the ultimate outcome of any such actions is not assured. Furthermore, our insurance may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that may arise out of claims brought against us.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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INFORMATION ABOUT OUR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

The names, ages and positions of our executive officers are as follows:

Name Age Position

David Meyer 69 Board Chair and Chief Executive Officer

Robert Larsen 37 Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

Bryan Knutson 44 President and Chief Operating Officer

David Meyer is our Board Chair and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Meyer worked for JI Case Company in 1975. From 1976 to 1980, Mr. Meyer was a partner in a Case/New Holland Dealership with locations in Lisbon, North Dakota and Wahpeton, North Dakota. In 1980, Mr. Meyer, along with a partner, founded Titan Machinery Inc. Mr. Meyer has served on both the Case CE and CaseIH Agriculture Dealer Advisory Boards. Mr. Meyer is the past chairman of the North Dakota Implement Dealers Association, and currently serves as a Trustee on the University of Minnesota Foundation.

Robert Larsen became our Chief Financial Officer in December 2022. Prior to joining us, he served as the Head of Finance for CNH Industrial’s team focused on precision technology. Prior to joining CNH Industrial, Mr. Larsen held various positions at Raven Industries starting in 2016, including Director of Finance, Director of Investor Relations and various other roles. Mr. Larsen began his career as an accountant with PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP and is a Certified Public Accountant.

Bryan Knutson became our Chief Operating Officer in August 2017 and previously served as our Vice President, Ag Operations since 2016. In 2022 Mr.Knutson was appointed to President. Mr. Knutson joined the company in 2002 where he began his career in equipment sales later advancing to store manager, complex manager and region manager prior to his current role. Mr. Knutson is a current board member and Chairman of the Pioneer Equipment Dealers Association.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

MARKET INFORMATION

Our common stock is listed for trading on the Nasdaq Stock Market and trades under the symbol "TITN". As of March 24, 2023, there were approximately 580 record holders of our common stock, which excludes holders whose stock is held either in nominee name or street name brokerage accounts.

DIVIDENDS

We have not historically paid any dividends on our common stock. Payment of future cash dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors after taking into account various factors, including our financial condition, operating results, current and anticipated cash needs, outstanding indebtedness and plans for expansion and restrictions imposed by lenders, if any.

UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

We did not have any unregistered sales of equity securities during the fiscal quarter ended January 31, 2023.

SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS

For information on securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, refer to Item 12, "Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters."

REPURCHASES

We did not engage in any repurchases of our common stock during the fiscal quarter ended January 31, 2023.

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STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH

The following graph compares the cumulative total return for the last trading day of our last five fiscal years on a $100 investment (assuming dividend reinvestment) on January 31, 2018, the last trading day before our fifth preceding fiscal year, in each of our common stock, the Russell 2000 Index and the S&P 500 Retail Index.

January 31,

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our financial statements and the related notes appearing under Item 8 of this Form 10-K. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this annual report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business and expected financial results, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. You should review the "Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" in this Item 7 and "Risk Factors" presented under Item 1A for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis in this annual report.

A discussion of changes in our Financial Results and Cash Flow Comparisons from fiscal year 2021 to fiscal year 2022 has been omitted from this Form 10-K, but may be found in Item 7 of Part II of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2022, filed with the SEC on April 1, 2022.

BUSINESS DESCRIPTION

We own and operate a network of full service agricultural and construction equipment stores in the United States and Europe. Based upon information provided to us by CNH Industrial N.V. or its U.S. subsidiary CNH Industrial America, LLC, collectively referred to in this Form 10-K as CNH Industrial, we are the largest retail dealer of Case IH Agriculture equipment in the world, one of the largest retail dealers of Case Construction equipment in North America and one of the largest retail dealers of New Holland Agriculture and New Holland Construction equipment in the U.S. We operate our business through three reportable segments: Agriculture, Construction and International. Within each segment, we have four principal sources of revenue: new and used equipment sales, parts sales, service, and equipment rental and other activities.

The agricultural equipment we sell and service includes machinery and attachments for uses ranging from large-scale farming to home and garden use. The construction equipment we sell and service includes heavy construction machinery, light industrial machinery for commercial and residential construction, road and highway construction machinery, energy, and forestry operations equipment. We offer our customers a one-stop solution for their equipment needs through:

•new and used equipment sales;

•parts sales;

•equipment repair and maintenance services; and

•equipment rental and other activities.

The new equipment and parts we sell are supplied primarily by CNH Industrial. According to its public reports, CNH Industrial is a leading manufacturer and supplier of agricultural and construction equipment based on the number of units sold, primarily through the Case IH Agriculture, New Holland Agriculture, Case Construction and New Holland Construction brands. Sales of new CNH Industrial products accounted for approximately 73% of our new equipment revenue in fiscal 2023, with our single largest manufacturer other than CNH Industrial representing approximately 4% of our total new equipment sales in fiscal 2023. We acquire used equipment for resale primarily through trade-ins from our customers and in some cases through selective purchases. We sell parts and provide in-store and on-site repair and maintenance services. We rent equipment and provide other ancillary services such as equipment transportation, GPS signal subscriptions, farm data management systems, precision farming equipment, and finance and insurance products.

Throughout our 42-year operating history, we have built an extensive, geographically contiguous network of 86 stores located in the United States and 35 stores in Europe. We have a history of growth through acquisitions, including over 55 acquisitions in 15 U.S. states and four European countries since January 1, 2003. We believe that there will continue to be opportunities for dealership consolidation in the future, and we expect that acquisitions will continue to be a component of our long-term growth strategy.

Certain External Factors Affecting our Business

We are subject to a number of factors that affect our business including those factors discussed in the sections in this annual report entitled "Risk Factors" and "Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements." Certain of these external factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

Russia/Ukraine Geopolitical Conflict

Since the onset of the active conflict in February 2022, most of Titan Machinery Ukraine's customers have been able to continue their work, although at a reduced capacity and schedule. The Company's business systems in Ukraine have continued

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to function but have been, and could continue to be, negatively impacted in the future. Some of Titan Machinery Ukraine's back office employees have been able to relocate outside of Ukraine and continue to work for the Company, while the customer support and sales teams have remained in Ukraine. For the fiscal year ended January 31, 2023, Titan Machinery Ukraine's revenues are down approximately 40.5% from the prior fiscal year.

As of January 31, 2023, the Company had total assets of $27.4 million in Ukraine. The physical assets (e.g. inventory and fixed assets) are almost exclusively located in central and western areas of the country. Total Company assets in Ukraine as of January 31, 2022 were $32.7 million.

The situation in Ukraine is highly complex and continues to evolve. If the Company cannot provide efficient and uninterrupted services to its customers, this could worsen the conflict's adverse effect on the Company's operations and business in Ukraine. In addition, the Company's ability to maintain adequate liquidity for our operations in Ukraine is dependent on a number of factors, including Titan Machinery Ukraine's revenue and earnings, which have been and could continue to be, significantly impacted by the conflict. Further, any major breakdown or closure of utility services, any major threat to civilians in our footprint, disruption of commodity exports from Ukraine, or international banking disruption could materially impact the operations and liquidity of Titan Machinery Ukraine.

Supply Chain Disruptions

Equipment availability continues to be challenging as supply chain disruptions throughout 2021 continued throughout 2022, along with increased domestic and global demand for equipment inventory, have caused many manufacturers to be unable to produce enough equipment to meet demand. The timing of the completion of equipment and the resulting delivery to the end customer can shift from quarter to quarter or in some cases, year to year, thereby potentially impacting when we are able to receive the inventory, enter into sales transactions with our customers, and recognize the revenue. These supply chain issues have been further complicated by labor shortages as well as the announcement by CNH Industrial that it will be implementing an equipment allocation methodology to determine production slots for calendar year 2023. All of these factors may limit our ability to match customer demand on certain products in fiscal 2024. We will continue to work with our manufacturers to source future inventory to fulfill as much customer demand as possible.

Macroeconomic and Industry Factors

Our Agriculture and International businesses are primarily driven by the demand for agricultural equipment for use in the production of food, fiber, feed grain and renewable energy. Agriculture industry factors such as changes in agricultural commodity prices and net farm income, have an effect on customer sentiment and their ability to secure financing for equipment purchases. Macroeconomic and industry factors that affect commodity prices and net farm income include changing worldwide demand for agriculture commodities, crop yields and supply disruptions caused by weather patterns and crop diseases, crop stock levels, production costs, and changing U.S. dollar foreign currency exchange rates. Based on U.S. Department of Agriculture ("USDA") publications, the most recent estimate of net farm income for calendar year 2022 increased 15.5% compared to calendar year 2021 due to U.S. crop production and increased commodity exports and partially offset by a reduction in U.S. Federal government's direct farm program payments. Based on its February 2023 report, the USDA projected net farm income for calendar year 2023 to decrease 15.9%, as compared to calendar year 2022, but still remain above historical levels.

Our Construction business is primarily impacted by the demand for construction equipment for use in private and government commercial, residential, and infrastructure construction; demolition; maintenance; energy and forestry operations. Industry reports show that demand for construction equipment in our markets is driven by several factors, one of which is public infrastructure spending, including roads and highways, sewer and water. Any growth in federal allocations to public infrastructure spending over the next few years should positively impact our future results of operations. Likewise, any decline in federal allocations to public infrastructure spending over the next few years should negatively impact our future results of operations.

Seasonality & Weather

The agricultural and construction equipment businesses are highly seasonal, which causes our quarterly results and our available cash flow to fluctuate during the year. Our customers generally purchase and rent equipment in preparation for, or in conjunction with, their busy seasons, which for farmers are the spring planting and fall harvesting seasons; and which for Construction customers is typically the second and third quarters of our fiscal year for much of our Construction footprint. Our parts and service revenues are typically highest during our customers' busy seasons as well, due to the increased use of their equipment during this time, which generates the need for more parts and service work. However, weather conditions impact the timing of our customers' busy times, which may cause greater than expected fluctuations in our quarterly financial results year over year. In addition, the fourth quarter typically is a significant period for equipment sales in the U.S. because of our

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customers’ year-end tax planning considerations, the timing of dealer incentives and the increase in availability of funds from completed harvests and construction projects.

Seasonal weather trends, particularly severe wet or dry conditions, can have a significant impact on regional agricultural and construction market performance by affecting crop production and the ability to undertake construction projects. Weather conditions that adversely affect the agricultural or construction markets decrease the demand for our products and services.

In addition, numerous external factors such as credit markets, commodity prices, and other circumstances may disrupt normal purchasing practices and buyer sentiment, further contributing to the seasonal fluctuations.

Dependence on our Primary Supplier

The majority of our business involves the distribution and servicing of equipment manufactured by CNH Industrial. In fiscal 2023, CNH Industrial supplied approximately 76% of the new equipment sold in our Agriculture segment, 76% of the new equipment sold in our Construction segment, and 60% of the new equipment sold in our International segment, and represented a significant portion of our parts revenue. Thus, we believe the following factors have a significant impact on our operating results:

•CNH Industrial’s product offerings, reputation and market share;

•CNH Industrial’s product prices and incentive and discount programs;

•CNH Industrial's supply of inventory and ability to meet delivery timelines;

•CNH Industrial's implementation of an equipment allocation methodology for use in determining production slots in calendar year 2023;

•CNH Industrial's offering of floorplan payable financing for the purchase of a substantial portion of our inventory; and

•CNH Industrial's offering of financing and leasing used by our customers to purchase CNH Industrial equipment from us.

Credit Market Changes

Changes in credit markets can affect our customers' ability and willingness to make capital expenditures, including purchasing our equipment. Tight credit markets, a low level of liquidity in many financial markets, and extreme volatility in fixed income, credit, currency and equity markets have the potential to adversely affect our business. Such disruptions in the overall economy and financial markets and the related reduction in consumer confidence in the economy, slow activity in the capital markets, negatively affect access to credit on commercially acceptable terms, and may adversely impact our customers' access to credit and the terms of any such credit. However, if retail interest rates continue to rise, our business may be negatively affected by customers who find financing purchases of our equipment less attractive due to higher borrowing costs.

Our business is also particularly dependent on our access to credit markets to manage inventory and finance acquisitions. We cannot predict what future changes will occur in credit markets or how these changes will impact our business.

Inflation

Inflationary pressures have led to rising inventory and supply costs as well as increased labor costs. To date, in those instances in which we have experienced cost increases, we have been able to increase selling prices to offset much of the increases and expect to continue to do so in the future.

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Significant Items Impacting Our Financial Position and Results of Operations

Heartland Acquisition

On August 1, 2022 we acquired all interests of three entities, Heartland Agriculture, LLC, Heartland Solutions, LLC, and Heartland Leveraged Lender, LLC, (collectively referred to as "Heartland Companies"). The acquired business consisted of 12 CaseIH commercial application agriculture locations, in the states of Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Washington, and Wisconsin. Our acquisition of these entities provides the Company the opportunity for synergies due to overlap of our footprints, which allows us to package deals that will include both commercial application equipment as well as other agricultural and construction equipment to commercial customers within our core footprint. Total cash consideration paid for the business was $94.4 million, which was financed through available cash resources and line of credit availability. The locations of the 12 Heartland Companies are included within our Agriculture segment.

Mark's Machinery Acquisition

On April 1, 2022, we acquired certain assets of Mark's Machinery, Inc. The acquired business consisted of two agricultural equipment stores in Wagner and Yankton, South Dakota. Total cash consideration paid for the business was $7.7 million which was financed through available cash resources. In conjunction with the acquisition, we purchased the real estate for $2.5 million which was financed with available cash and long term debt. The two Mark's Machinery locations are included within our Agriculture segment.

Fargo Tractor Divestiture

On March 1, 2022, we divested our consumer products store in Fargo, ND. The sale of this location resulted in a $1.4 dollar gain which is included in fiscal 2023 consolidated operating expenses. The gain on the sale is included in the Construction segment.

Montana and Wyoming Divestiture

On January 24, 2022, we divested four dealership locations in Billings, Great Falls, and Missoula, Montana and Gillette, Wyoming. The sale of these locations resulted in a $5.7 million gain which is included in fiscal 2022 consolidated operating expenses. The gain on the sale is included in the Construction segment.

Jaycox Acquisition

On December 1, 2021, we acquired certain assets of Jaycox Implement ("Jaycox"). The acquired business consisted of three CaseIH agriculture dealership locations in Worthington and Luverne, Minnesota and Lake Park, Iowa. Total cash consideration paid for the business was $28.2 million which was financed through available cash resources. In conjunction with the acquisition, we purchased the real estate for $5.5 million which was financed with available cash and long term debt. The three Jaycox locations are included within our Agriculture segment.

Key Financial Metrics

In addition to tracking our sales and expenses to evaluate our operational performance, we also monitor the following key financial metrics. The results of some of these metrics are discussed further throughout the Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section of this Form 10-K.

Inventory Turnover

Inventory turnover measures the rate at which inventory is sold during the year. We calculate it by dividing cost of sales on equipment for the last twelve months by the average of the month-end balances of our equipment and parts inventories for the same twelve-month period. We believe that inventory turnover is an important management metric in evaluating the efficiency at which we are managing and selling our inventories.

Same-Store Results

Same-store results for any period represent results of operations by stores that were part of our Company for the entire comparable period in the preceding fiscal year. We do not distinguish relocated or newly-expanded stores in this same-store analysis.

Absorption

Absorption is an industry term that refers to the percentage of an equipment dealer's operating expense covered by the combined gross profit from parts, service and rental fleet activity. We calculate absorption by dividing our gross profit from

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sales of parts, service and rental fleet by our operating expenses, less commission expense on equipment sales, plus interest expense on floorplan payables and rental fleet debt. We believe that absorption is an important management metric because during economic down cycles our customers tend to postpone new and used equipment purchases while continuing to run, maintain and repair their existing equipment. Thus, operating at a high absorption rate enables us to operate profitably throughout economic down cycles.

Dollar Utilization

Dollar utilization is a measurement of asset performance and profitability used in the rental industry. We calculate the dollar utilization of our rental fleet equipment by dividing the rental revenue earned on our rental fleet by the average gross carrying value of our rental fleet (comprised of original equipment costs plus additional capitalized costs) for that period. While our rental fleet has variable expenses related to repairs and maintenance, its primary expense for depreciation is fixed. Low dollar utilization of our rental fleet has a negative impact on gross profit margin and gross profit dollars due to the fixed depreciation component. However, high dollar utilization of our rental fleet has a positive impact on gross profit margin and gross profit dollars.

Adjusted EBITDA

EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure defined as earnings before finance costs, income taxes, depreciation and amortization and is a metric frequently used to assess and evaluate financial performance. Management uses Adjusted EBITDA as a measure of financial performance, as a supplemental measure to evaluate the Company's overall operating performance and believes it provides a useful metric for comparability between periods and across entities within our industry by excluding differences in capital structure, income taxes, non-cash charges and certain activities that occur outside of the ordinary course of our business. We calculate Adjusted EBITDA as our net income (loss), adjusted for net interest (excluding floorplan interest expense), income taxes, depreciation, amortization, and items included in our non-GAAP reconciliation, for each of the respective periods. Adjusted EBITDA should be evaluated in addition to, and not considered a substitute for, or superior to, any GAAP measure of net income (loss). In addition, other companies may calculate Adjusted EBITDA in a different manner, which may hinder comparability with other companies. Refer to the Non-GAAP Financial Measures section for a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income.

Key Financial Statement Components

Revenue

•Equipment: We derive equipment revenue from the sale of new and used agricultural and construction equipment.

•Parts: We derive parts revenue from the sale of parts for brands of equipment that we sell, other makes of equipment, and other types of equipment and related components. Our parts sales provide us with a relatively stable revenue stream that is less sensitive to the economic cycles that affect our equipment sales.

•Service: We derive service revenue from repair and maintenance services to our customers' equipment. Our repair and maintenance services provide a high-margin, relatively stable source of revenue through changing economic cycles.

•Rental and other: We derive other revenue from equipment rentals and ancillary equipment support activities such as equipment transportation, GPS signal subscriptions and reselling financial and insurance products.

Cost of Revenue

•Equipment: Cost of equipment revenue is the lower of the acquired cost or the net realizable value of the specific piece of equipment sold.

•Parts: Cost of parts revenue is the lower of the acquired cost or the market value of the parts sold, based on average costing.

•Service: Cost of service revenue represents costs attributable to services provided for the maintenance and repair of customer-owned equipment and equipment then on-rent by customers.

•Rental and other: Costs of other revenue represent costs associated with equipment rental, such as depreciation, maintenance and repairs, as well as costs associated providing transportation, hauling, parts freight, GPS subscriptions and damage waivers, including, among other items, drivers' wages, truck depreciation, fuel costs, shipping costs and our costs related to damage waiver policies.

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Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses include sales and marketing expenses, sales commissions (which generally are based upon equipment gross profit margins), payroll and related benefit costs, insurance expenses, professional fees, property rental and related costs, property and other taxes, administrative overhead, and depreciation associated with property and equipment (other than rental and trucking equipment).

Floorplan Interest

The cost of financing inventory is an important factor affecting our results of operations. Floorplan payable financing from CNH Industrial Capital, the Bank Syndicate Agreement, DLL Finance and various credit facilities related to our foreign subsidiaries represent the primary sources of financing for equipment inventories. CNH Industrial regularly offers interest-free periods as well as additional incentives and special offers. As of January 31, 2023, 82.4% of our floorplan payable financing was non-interest bearing.

Other Interest Expense

Interest expense represents the interest on our debt instruments, other than floorplan payable financing facilities. This includes long-term debt used to finance the purchase of real estate and vehicles.

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Results of Operations

Comparative financial data for each of our four sources of revenue for fiscal 2023 and 2022 are presented below. The results include the acquisitions made during these periods. The year-to-year comparison included below is not necessarily indicative of future results. Information regarding segment revenue and income (loss) before income taxes is presented for each fiscal year following our discussion of the consolidated results of operations. Additional information regarding our segments is included in Note 21 of our consolidated financial statements.

Year Ended January 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Equipment

Gross profit margin 13.7 % 12.5 %

Parts

Gross profit margin 32.6 % 30.2 %

Service

Gross profit margin 64.4 % 66.5 %

Rental and other

Gross profit margin 37.9 % 36.6 %

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The following table sets forth our statements of operations data expressed as a percentage of revenue for the fiscal years indicated.

Year Ended January 31,

Revenue

Rental and other 1.8 % 2.2 %

Total Cost of Revenue 80.1 % 80.6 %

Gross Profit Margin 19.9 % 19.4 %

Operating Expenses 13.6 % 14.1 %

Impairment of Intangible and Long-Lived Assets — % 0.1 %

Income from Operations 6.3 % 5.3 %

Other Income (Expense) (0.2) % (0.2) %

Income Before Income Taxes 6.1 % 5.1 %

Provision for Income Taxes 1.5 % 1.2 %

Net Income 4.6 % 3.9 %

Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2023 Compared to Fiscal Year Ended January 31, 2022

Consolidated Results

Revenue

Year Ended January 31, Increase/ Percent

(dollars in thousands)

The increase in total revenue for fiscal 2023, as compared to fiscal 2022, was primarily the result of Company-wide same-store sales increase of 22.4% over the prior fiscal year and our acquisitions of Jaycox Implement, Mark's Machinery, and the Heartland Companies, completed in December 2021, April 2022, and August 2022, respectively, which was partially offset by the divestitures in Billings, Great Falls, and Missoula, Montana and Gillette, Wyoming, in January 2022, and Fargo, North Dakota in March 2022. The strong same store sales increase was primarily driven by agriculture equipment sales, which benefited from high demand levels that were supported by higher commodity prices and higher net farm income.

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Gross Profit

Year Ended January 31, Increase/ Percent

(dollars in thousands)

Gross Profit

Gross Profit Margin

Total Gross Profit Margin 19.9 % 19.4 % 0.5 % 2.6 %

Gross Profit Mix

Gross profit increased 32.2% or $107.1 million from fiscal 2022 to fiscal 2023, primarily due to higher revenue and gross profit from our equipment and parts business. Gross profit margin increased from 19.4% in fiscal 2022 to 19.9% in fiscal 2023. The increase in overall gross profit margin was primarily due to stronger equipment margins, which were positively impacted by favorable end market conditions.

Our Company-wide absorption rate declined to 82.7% for fiscal 2023 as compared to 84.6% during fiscal 2022. The absorption rate in both years was favorably impacted by gains recognized on divestitures in our Construction segment. There was a gain of $1.4 million recognized on the divestiture of our consumer products store in North Dakota in the fist quarter of fiscal 2023, and a $5.7 million gain recognized on the divestiture of one Wyoming and three Montana stores in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022. Excluding these divestiture related gains, absorption was flat at 82.2%.

Operating Expenses

Year Ended January 31, Increase/ Percent

(dollars in thousands)

Operating Expenses as a Percentage of Revenue 13.6 % 14.1 % (0.5) % (3.5) %

Operating expenses for fiscal 2023 increased $60.5 million, as compared to fiscal 2022. The increase in operating expenses was primarily due to variable expenses associated with increased sales as well as acquisitions that have occurred in the last fourteen months. In fiscal 2023, operating expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased to 13.6% from 14.1% in fiscal 2022. The decrease in operating expenses as a percentage of total revenue was due to the increase in total revenue in fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022, which positively affected our ability to leverage our fixed operating costs.

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Impairment Charges

Year Ended January 31, Percent

(dollars in thousands)

Impairment of Intangible and Long-Lived Assets — 1,498 (1,498) n/m

During fiscal 2023, the Company did not recognize any impairment charges. In fiscal 2022, the Company recognized $1.5 million of impairment charges related to certain intangible and long-lived assets, in our International segment.

Other Income (Expense)

Year Ended January 31, Increase/ Percent

(dollars in thousands)

The increase in interest and other income (expense) compared to fiscal 2022 is primarily the result of a strengthening U.S. dollar relative to the Euro thus creating foreign currency gains in fiscal 2023. The increase in floorplan interest expense for fiscal 2023, as compared to fiscal 2022, was primarily due to increased interest-bearing borrowings. The increase in other interest expense in fiscal 2023 is the result of an increased amount of long term debt resulting from real estate purchased via acquisition or the buyout of previously leased facilities in fiscal 2022 and 2023.

Provision for Income Taxes

Year Ended January 31, Percent

(dollars in thousands)

Our effective tax rate increased from 24.0% in fiscal 2022 to 24.7% in fiscal 2023. The effective tax rate for each of the years ended January 31, 2023 and 2022, is subject to variation due to factors such as impact of certain discrete items, mainly the vesting of share-based compensation, the mix of domestic and foreign income and the impact of valuation allowances on certain of our foreign deferred tax assets.

See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for further details on our effective tax rate.

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Segment Results

Year Ended January 31, Increase/ Percent

(dollars in thousands)

Revenue

Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes

Agriculture

Agriculture segment revenue for fiscal 2023 increased 48.8% or $525.0 million compared to the same period last year. The higher revenue was driven primarily by an increase in same-store sales of 29.3% for fiscal 2023, as compared to fiscal 2022, as well as the acquisitions of Jaycox Implement, Mark's Machinery, and the Heartland Companies in December 2021, April 2022, and August 2022, respectively. The same-store sales increase was driven by increased demand for equipment due to higher commodity prices and higher net farm income.

Agriculture segment income before income taxes for fiscal 2023 improved by $42.2 million or 69.6% compared to fiscal 2022. The improvement in segment results was primarily the result of higher equipment revenue along with stronger gross profit margin on equipment driven by increased demand.

Construction

Construction segment revenue for fiscal 2023 decreased 2.7% or $8.7 million compared to fiscal 2022. However, when accounting for the divestitures of the Billings, Great Falls, and Missoula, Montana and Gillette, Wyoming stores in January 2022, and the North Dakota consumer products store in March 2022, same-store sales increased 25.7%. Higher same-store sales were driven by increased construction activity throughout our footprint.

The Construction segment income before income taxes was $18.6 million for fiscal 2023 compared to income of $15.5 million for the prior year. The improvement in segment results was primarily due to increased construction activity within our footprint and an increase in rental fleet utilization. The dollar utilization of our rental fleet increased from 26.5% in fiscal 2022 to 30.2% in fiscal 2023. The prior year benefited from a $5.7 million gain on the divestitures of the Billings, Great Falls, and Missoula, Montana and Gillette, Wyoming stores in January 2022.

International

International segment revenue for fiscal 2023 decreased 5.9% or $18.9 million compared to fiscal 2022. The decrease in revenue was primarily due to a 10.9% devaluation of the Euro, the functional currency in much of our international footprint, but was partially offset by higher commodity prices which drove demand for equipment sales, in fiscal 2023. Revenue, net of the effect of foreign currency fluctuations, was up 4.2% or $13.3 million compared to fiscal 2022. The segment was also negatively impacted by a 40.5% decrease in revenues from our Ukrainian subsidiary due to the Russia-Ukraine conflict, compared to fiscal 2022.

Our International segment income before income taxes was $20.2 million for fiscal 2023, compared to $12.6 million for fiscal 2022. The higher segment results were primarily the result of improved gross profit margin for our three main revenue streams, equipment, parts, and service. There were no fixed or intangible asset impairment charges recognized in fiscal 2023, while $1.5 million of charges were recognized in fiscal 2022 related to the impairment of certain intangible and long-lived assets of our German subsidiary.

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Shared Resources/Eliminations

We incur centralized expenses/income at our general corporate level, which we refer to as “Shared Resources,” and then allocate most of these net expenses to our segments. Since these allocations are set early in the year, and a portion is planned to be unallocated, unallocated balances may occur and cause a difference in reported shared resource expense. Shared Resource loss before income taxes was $6.3 million for fiscal 2023 compared to $1.8 million for fiscal 2022. Aside from the allocation difference, the lower shared resources results were driven by $1.1 million of acquisition related expenses incurred for the Heartland Companies acquisition.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To supplement our net income and diluted earnings per share ("diluted EPS"), both GAAP measures, we present, and our management utilizes, adjusted net income, adjusted diluted EPS, and adjusted EBITDA, all non-GAAP financial measures. Generally, these non-GAAP financial measures include adjustments for items such as impairment charges and foreign currency remeasurement gains/losses in Ukraine. Furthermore, we calculate adjusted EBITDA as our net income (loss), adjusted for net interest (excluding floorplan interest expense), income taxes, depreciation, amortization, and the adjustments included in our non-GAAP reconciliation as described above, for each of the respective periods. We believe that the presentation of adjusted net income, adjusted diluted EPS and adjusted EBITDA is relevant and useful to our management and investors because they each provide a measurement of earnings on activities that we consider to occur in the ordinary course of our business. In addition, our management uses adjusted EBITDA, as a supplemental measure of financial performance, to evaluate the Company's overall operating performance and believes it provides a useful metric for comparability between periods and across entities within our industry by excluding differences in capital structure, income taxes, non-cash charges and certain activities that occur outside of the ordinary course of our business. Adjusted net income, adjusted diluted EPS, and adjusted EBITDA should be evaluated in addition to, and not considered a substitute for, or superior to, the most comparable GAAP financial measure. In addition, other companies may calculate these non-GAAP financial measures in a different manner, which may hinder comparability of our results with those of other companies.

The following tables reconcile net income and diluted EPS, GAAP financial measures, to adjusted net income, adjusted diluted EPS, and adjusted EBITDA, all non-GAAP financial measures.

Year Ended January 31,

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

Adjusted Net Income

Adjustments

Impairment charges — 1,498

Ukraine remeasurement (gain) / loss 777 (263)

Adjusted Diluted EPS

Adjustments (2)

Impairment charges — 0.07

Ukraine remeasurement (gain) / loss 0.03 (0.01)

Adjusted Diluted EPS $ 4.52 $ 2.98

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Year Ended January 31,

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjustments

Interest expense, net of interest income 4,730 4,208

Adjustments

Impairment charges — 1,498

Ukraine remeasurement (gain) / loss 777 (263)

(1)Due to the income tax valuation allowance on the Ukrainian and German subsidiaries, there are no tax adjustments of the Ukraine remeasurement (gain)/loss or the impairment charge.

(2)Adjustments are net of the impact of amounts allocated to participating securities where applicable

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

Our primary sources of liquidity are cash reserves, cash generated from operations, and borrowings under our floorplan payable and other credit facilities. We expect these sources of liquidity to be sufficient to fund our working capital requirements, acquisitions, capital expenditures and other investments in our business, service our debt, pay our tax and lease obligations and other commitments and contingencies, and meet any seasonal operating requirements for the foreseeable future, provided, however, that our borrowing capacity under our credit agreements is dependent on compliance with various financial covenants as further described in Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K. We have worked in the past, and will continue to work in the future if necessary, with our lenders to implement satisfactory modifications to these financial covenants when appropriate for the business conditions confronted by us.

Equipment Inventory and Floorplan Payable Credit Facilities

Floorplan payable balances reflect the amount owed for new equipment inventory purchased from a manufacturer and used equipment inventory, which is primarily purchased through trade-in on equipment sales, net of unamortized debt issuance costs incurred for floorplan credit facilities. Certain of the manufacturers from which we purchase new equipment inventory offer financing on these purchases, either offered directly from the manufacturer or through the manufacturers’ captive finance affiliate. CNH Industrial's captive finance subsidiary, CNH Industrial Capital, also provides financing of used equipment inventory. We also have floorplan payable balances with non-manufacturer lenders for new and used equipment inventory. Borrowings and repayments on manufacturer floorplan facilities are reported as operating cash flows, while borrowings and repayments on non-manufacturer floorplan facilities are reported as financing cash flows in our consolidated statements of cash flows.

As of January 31, 2023, we had floorplan payable lines of credit for equipment purchases totaling $781.0 million, which includes a $500.0 million credit facility with CNH Industrial Capital, a $185.0 million floorplan payable line under the Bank Syndicate Agreement, a $50.0 million credit facility with DLL Finance, and additional credit facilities related to our foreign subsidiaries. Available borrowing capacity under these lines of credit are reduced by amounts outstanding under such facilities, borrowing base calculations and amount of standby letters of credit outstanding with respect to the Bank Syndicate Agreement, and certain acquisition-related financing arrangements with respect to the CNH Industrial Capital credit facility. As of January 31, 2023, the Company was in compliance with the financial covenants under its credit agreements. Additional details on each of these credit facilities are disclosed in Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements included in this annual report.

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As of January 31, 2023, the Company was not subject to the fixed charge ratio covenant under the Bank Syndicate Agreement as our adjusted excess availability plus eligible cash collateral (as defined in the Bank Syndicate Agreement) was not less than 15% of the total amount of the credit facility. Please refer to Note 8 to our consolidated financial statement included in Item 8 for further information regarding the Company's line of credit.

Our equipment inventory turnover decreased slightly to 3.3 times for fiscal 2023 compared to 3.4 times for fiscal 2022. Our equipment inventory balance increased 65.1% from January 31, 2022 to January 31, 2023. The decrease in equipment turnover was primarily due to the increase in average equipment inventory in fiscal 2023 as compared to fiscal 2022 but was mostly offset by an increase in equipment cost of sales over these time periods. Our equity in equipment inventory, which reflects the portion of our equipment inventory balance that is not financed by floorplan payables, decreased to 51.7% as of January 31, 2023, from 58.2% as of January 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily due to drawing on our floorplan loan with the Bank Syndicate to finance acquisitions in fiscal 2023.

Long-Term Debt Facilities

As of January 31, 2023, we had a $65.0 million working capital line of credit under the Bank Syndicate Agreement (the "Revolver Loan"). The Revolver Loan is used to finance our working capital requirements and fund certain capital expenditures, as needed. As of January 31, 2023, the Company did not have a need to utilize any of the Revolver Loan, as such the outstanding balance was zero. The Company works with various lenders to finance the purchase of real estate we currently lease or are acquiring through an acquisition. The Company may also decide in the future to finance a portion of our rental fleet as well as our capital expenditures using long-term debt from various lenders.

Adequacy of Capital Resources

Our primary uses of cash have been to fund our operating activities, including the purchase of inventory and providing for other working capital needs; meeting our debt service requirements; making payments due under our various leasing arrangements; and funding capital expenditures, including the purchase of rental fleet assets. The primary factor affecting our ability to generate cash and to meet cash requirements, is our operating performance as impacted by (i) industry factors, (ii) competition, (iii) general economic conditions, (iv) the timing and extent of acquisitions, and (v) business and other factors including those identified in Item 1A "Risk Factors" and discussed in this Form 10-K.

Our ability to service our debt will depend upon our ability to generate necessary cash. This will in turn depend on our future acquisition activity, operating performance, general economic conditions, and financial, competitive, business and other factors, some of which are beyond our immediate control. Based on our current operational performance, we believe our cash flow from operations, available cash, and available borrowings under our existing credit facilities will be adequate to meet our liquidity needs beyond the next 12 months.

In fiscal 2023, we used $10.0 million in cash for rental fleet purchases and $27.2 million in cash for property and equipment purchases and financed $6.4 million in property and equipment purchases with long-term debt and finance leases. The property and equipment purchases in fiscal 2023 primarily related to improvements to, or purchases of, real estate assets and the purchase of vehicles. In fiscal 2022, we used $14.6 million in cash for rental fleet purchases, $23.0 million in cash for property and equipment purchases, and financed $14.6 million in property and equipment purchases with long-term debt. The property and equipment purchases in fiscal 2022 primarily related to the purchase of vehicles, trucks and real estate. We expect our cash expenditures for property and equipment, exclusive of rental fleet purchases, for fiscal 2024 to be approximately $35.0 million and expect cash expenditures for our rental fleet for fiscal 2024 to be approximately $12.0 million. The actual amount of our fiscal 2024 capital expenditures will depend upon factors such as general economic conditions, growth prospects for our industry and our decisions regarding financing and leasing options. We currently expect to finance property and equipment purchases with borrowings under our existing credit facilities, financing with long-term debt, with available cash or with cash flow from operations. We may need to incur additional debt if we pursue any future acquisitions.

There can be no assurances, however, that our business will generate sufficient cash flow from operations or that future borrowings will be available under the credit facilities with the Bank Syndicate, CNH Industrial Capital and DLL Finance in amounts sufficient to allow us to service our indebtedness and to meet our other commitments. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or to obtain sufficient future borrowings, we may be required to seek one or more alternatives such as refinancing or restructuring our indebtedness, selling material assets or operations or seeking to raise additional debt or equity capital. There can be no assurances that we will be able to succeed with one of these alternatives on commercially reasonable terms, if at all. In addition, if we pursue strategic acquisitions, we may require additional equity or debt financing to consummate the transactions, and we cannot assure you that we will succeed in obtaining this financing on favorable terms or at all. If we incur additional indebtedness to finance any of these transactions, this may place increased demands on our cash flow from operations to service the resulting increased debt. Our existing debt agreements contain restrictive covenants that may restrict our ability to adopt any of these alternatives. Any non-compliance by us under the terms

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of our debt agreements could result in an event of default which, if not cured, could result in the acceleration of our debt. We have met all financial covenants under these credit agreements as of January 31, 2023. If anticipated operating results create the likelihood of a future covenant violation, we would seek to work with our lenders on an appropriate modification or amendment to our financing arrangements.

We enter into contractual obligations in the ordinary course of business that may require future cash payments. Such obligations include, but are not limited to, debt arrangements, leasing arrangements, and costs related to Information Technology ("IT"), including ERP expenses. The Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements provide additional information in regard to Long Term Debt (Note 10) and Leases (Note 13). Other purchase obligations consist primarily of IT related expenses with estimated cash payments of $4.7 million for fiscal 2024, as well as a combined $4.7 million for fiscal years 2025, 2026, and 2027.

Cash Flow

Cash Flow Provided By Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities in fiscal 2023 was $10.8 million compared to $158.9 million in fiscal 2022. The decrease in net cash provided by operating activities is primarily the result of an increasing inventory balance and a decrease in deferred revenue which were partially offset by an increase in net income and manufacturer floorplan payable balance during fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022.

Cash Flow Used For Investing Activities

Net cash used for investing activities is primarily comprised of cash used for property and equipment purchases, including rental fleet purchases, and for business acquisitions.

Net cash used for investing activities was $134.1 million in fiscal 2023, compared to $55.2 million in fiscal 2022. The driver was an increase in acquisition activity, as the Company utilized $100.5 million of cash for acquisitions in fiscal 2023, compared to $33.6 million in the prior year.

Cash Flow Provided By (Used For) Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities was $22.0 million in fiscal 2023, compared to net cash used for financing activities of $35.3 million in fiscal 2022. In fiscal 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was the result of increased non-manufacturer floorplan payables, which was used to finance acquisitions in fiscal 2023.

Critical Accounting Policies and Use of Estimates

In the preparation of financial statements prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), we are required to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and the related disclosures. While we believe the estimates and judgments we use in preparing our financial statements are appropriate, they are subject to future events and uncertainties regarding their outcome and therefore actual results may materially differ from these estimates. We describe in Note 1, Business Activity and Significant Accounting Polices, of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements the significant accounting policies used in preparing the consolidated financial statements. We consider the following items in our consolidated financial statements to require significant estimation or judgment.

Revenue Recognition

Equipment revenue transactions include the sale of agricultural and construction equipment and often include both cash and noncash consideration received from our customers, with noncash consideration in the form of used, trade-in, equipment assets. The amount of revenue recognized in the sale transaction is dependent on the value assigned to the trade-in asset. Significant judgment is required to estimate the value of trade-in assets. We assign value based on the estimated selling price for that piece of equipment in the applicable market, less a gross profit amount to be realized at the time the trade-in asset is sold and an estimate of any reconditioning work required to ready the asset for sale. We estimate future selling prices of trade-in assets using various external industry data and relevant internal information, and consider the impact of various factors including model year, hours of use, overall condition, and other equipment specifications. Our estimates of the value of trade-in assets are impacted by changing market values of used equipment and the availability of relevant and reliable third-party data. In instances in which relevant third-party information is not available, the value assigned to trade-in equipment is dependent on internal judgments.

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Inventories

New and used equipment inventories are stated at the lower of cost (specific identification) or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The majority of our used equipment inventory is acquired through trade-ins from our customers and is initially measured and recognized based on the estimated future selling price of the equipment, less a gross profit amount to be realized when the trade-in asset is sold and an estimate of any reconditioning work required to ready the asset for sale. Subsequent to the initial recognition, all new and used equipment inventories are subject to lower of cost or net realizable value assessments. We estimate net realizable value using internal information, management judgment and third-party data that considers various factors including age and condition of equipment, hours of use and market conditions. Generally, used equipment prices are more volatile to changes in market conditions than prices for new equipment due to incentive programs that may be offered by manufacturers to assist in the sale of new equipment. We review our equipment inventory values and adjust them whenever the carrying amount exceeds the estimated net realizable value.

Parts inventories are valued at the lower of average cost or net realizable value. We estimate net realizable value of our parts inventories based on various factors including aging and sales history of each type of parts inventory.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Our long-lived assets consist primarily of property and equipment and operating lease assets. We review these assets for potential impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the estimated future undiscounted cash flows of such assets to their carrying values. If the estimated undiscounted cash flows exceed the carrying value, the carrying value is considered recoverable and no impairment recognition is required. However, if the sum of the undiscounted cash flows is less than the carrying value of the asset, the second step of the impairment analysis must be performed to measure the amount of the impairment, if any. The second step of the impairment analysis compares the estimated fair value of the long-lived asset to its carrying value and any amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value is recognized as an impairment charge.

When reviewing long-lived assets for impairment, we group long-lived assets with other assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. Long-lived assets deployed and used by individual store locations are reviewed for impairment at the individual store level. Other long-lived assets shared across stores within a segment or shared across segments are reviewed for impairment on a segment or consolidated level as appropriate.

During our 2023 fiscal year, we determined that events or circumstances were present that may indicate that the carrying amount of certain of our store long-lived assets might not be recoverable. The events or circumstances which indicated that certain of our store long-lived assets might not be recoverable included a current period operating loss combined with historical losses and anticipated future operating losses within certain of our stores, or an expectation that a long-lived asset (or asset group) will be disposed of before the end of its previously estimated useful life. In light of these circumstances, we performed step one of the impairment analysis for these assets, which have a combined carrying value of $12.6 million, to determine if the asset values are recoverable. In all cases, our analyses indicated that the carrying values are recoverable based on our estimates of future undiscounted cash flows under step one of the impairment analysis.

Our impairment analyses require significant judgment, including identification of the grouping of long-lived and other assets and liabilities for impairment testing, estimates of future cash flows arising from these groups of assets and liabilities, and estimates of the remaining useful lives of the long-lived assets being evaluated. Our estimates inherently include a degree of uncertainty and are impacted by macroeconomic and industry conditions, the competitive environment and other factors. Adverse changes in any of these factors in future periods could result in impairment charges in future periods which could materially impact our results of operations and financial position.

Income Taxes

In determining our provision for income taxes, we must make certain judgments and estimates, including an assessment of the realizability of our deferred tax assets. In evaluating our ability to realize the benefit of our deferred tax assets we consider all available positive and negative evidence, including our historical operating results and our expectation of future taxable income, the availability to implement prudent tax-planning strategies, and the carryforward periods over which the assets may be realized. These assumptions require significant judgment and estimation.

In reviewing our deferred tax assets as of January 31, 2023, we concluded that a full valuation allowance continued to be warranted on our Ukrainian and German subsidiaries and our Luxembourg holding company. Due to continued improved performance, a release of the remaining valuation allowance on the Company's Bulgarian subsidiary was recorded. In total, valuation allowances of $6.5 million exist for our international entities as of January 31, 2023.

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At the end of fiscal year ended January 31, 2022, the Company concluded a full valuation allowance continued to be warranted on our Ukrainian subsidiary. It was also concluded that a full valuation allowance was warranted on our German subsidiary and we also recorded a full valuation allowance of our Luxembourg holding company. Due to improved performance, a partial release of a valuation allowance for the Company's Bulgarian subsidiary was recorded. In total, valuation allowances of $6.0 million existed for certain of our international entities as of January 31, 2022.

The initial recognition of, and any changes in, a deferred tax asset valuation allowance are recorded to the provision for income taxes and impacts our effective tax rate. Our assessment of the need for, and magnitude of, valuation allowances for our deferred tax assets may be impacted by changes in tax laws, our assumptions regarding the ability to generate future taxable income and the availability of tax-planning strategies. Changes in any of these factors could lead to a change in the recognized valuation allowance which may impact our future results of operations and financial position.

New Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 1, Business Activity and Significant Accounting Polices, of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of new accounting pronouncements recently adopted or not yet adopted and the impact or anticipated impact of such pronouncements to our consolidated financial statements.

Information Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a "safe harbor" for forward-looking statements. We include "forward-looking" information in this Form 10-K, including this Item 7, as well as in other materials filed or to be filed by us with the SEC (as well as information included in oral statements or other written statements made or to be made by us).

This Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by the following words: "anticipate," "believe," "continue," "could," "estimate," "expect," "intend," "may," "ongoing," "plan," "potential," "predict," "project," "should," "will," "would," or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology, although not all forward-looking statements contain these words. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our or our industry's actual results, levels of activity, performance or achievements to be materially different from the information expressed or implied by these forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are only predictions and are not guarantees of performance. These statements are based on our management's beliefs and assumptions, which in turn are based on currently available information. Our forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K generally relate to the following:

•our beliefs and intentions with respect to our growth strategies, including growth through strategic acquisitions, the types of acquisition targets we intend to pursue, the availability of suitable acquisition targets, the industry climate for dealer consolidation, and our ability to implement our growth strategies;

•our beliefs with respect to factors that will affect demand and seasonality of purchasing in the agricultural and construction industries;

•our beliefs with respect to our primary supplier (CNH Industrial) of equipment and parts inventory;

•our beliefs with respect to the equipment market, our competitors and our competitive advantages;

•our beliefs with respect to the impact of U.S federal government policies on the agriculture economy;

•our beliefs with respect to the impact of commodity prices for the fossil fuels and other commodities on our operating results;

•our beliefs with respect to the impact of government regulations;

•our beliefs with respect to our business strengths and the diversity of our customer base;

•our plans and beliefs with respect to real property used in our business;

•our plans and beliefs regarding future sales, sales mix, and marketing activities;

•our beliefs and assumptions regarding the payment of dividends;

•our beliefs and assumptions regarding valuation reserves, equipment inventory balances, fixed operating expenses, and absorption rate;

•our beliefs and expectations regarding the impact of the Russia-Ukraine military conflict on our Ukrainian operations;

•our beliefs and assumptions with respect to our rental equipment operations;

•our beliefs with respect to our employee relations;

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•our assumptions, beliefs and expectations with respect to past and future market conditions, including interest rates, and public infrastructure spending, new environmental standards, and the impact these conditions will have on our operating results;

•our beliefs with respect to the impact of our credit agreements, including future interest expense, limits on corporate transactions, financial covenant compliance, and ability to negotiate amendments or waivers, if needed;

•our beliefs with respect to the impact of increase or decrease in applicable foreign exchange rates;

•our plans and assumptions for future capital expenditures and rental fleet purchases;

•our cash needs, sources of liquidity, and the adequacy of our working capital.

Forward-looking statements are only predictions and are not guarantees of performance. These statements are based on our management's beliefs and assumptions, which in turn are based on currently available information. Important assumptions relating to the forward-looking statements include, among others, assumptions regarding demand for our products, the expansion of product offerings geographically, the timing and cost of planned capital expenditures, competitive conditions and general economic conditions. These assumptions could prove inaccurate. Forward-looking statements also involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties, which could cause actual results that differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statement. Many of these factors are beyond our ability to control or predict. Such factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

•the impact of the Russian-Ukraine military conflict on our operations in Ukraine;

•assumptions regarding our cash needs and the amount of inventory we need on hand;

•general economic conditions and construction activity in the markets where we operate;

•our dependence on CNH Industrial, our primary supplier of equipment and parts inventory, and our relationships with other equipment suppliers;

•the terms of the CNH dealer agreements that subject us to restrictions that may adversely impact our business and growth;

•the risks associated with our international operations;

•risks resulting from the implementation or design of our new ERP system;

•risks resulting from the impact of the enactment of "right to repair" legislation;

•the impact of security breaches and other disruptions to our information system;

•our level of indebtedness and ability to comply with the terms of agreements governing our indebtedness;

•the risks associated with the expansion of our business;

•the risks resulting from outbreaks or other public health crises, including the continuing impact of COVID-19 on our business;

•the potential inability to integrate any businesses we acquire;

•competitive pressures;

•significant fluctuations in the price of our common stock;

•risks related to our dependence on our information technology systems and the impact of potential breaches and other disruptions;

•compliance with laws and regulations; and

•other factors discussed under "Risk Factors" or elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

You should read the risk factors and the other cautionary statements made in this Form 10-K as being applicable to all related forward-looking statements wherever they appear in this Form 10-K. We cannot assure you that the forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K will prove to be accurate. Furthermore, if our forward-looking statements prove to be inaccurate, the inaccuracy may be material. In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a representation or warranty by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified timeframe, if at all. Other than as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements, even though our situation may change in the future.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

We are exposed to various market risks, including changes in interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates. Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices such as interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.

Interest Rate Risk

Exposure to changes in interest rates results from borrowing activities used to fund operations. For fixed rate debt, interest rate changes affect the fair value of financial instruments but do not impact earnings or cash flows. Conversely, for floating rate debt, interest rate changes generally do not affect the fair market value but do impact future earnings and cash flows, assuming other factors are held constant. We have both fixed and floating rate financing. Some of our floating rate credit facilities contain minimum rates of interest to be charged. Based upon our interest-bearing balances and interest rates as of January 31, 2023, holding other variables constant, a one percentage point increase in interest rates for the next 12-month period would decrease pre-tax earnings and cash flow by approximately $0.5 million. Conversely, a one percentage point decrease in interest rates for the next 12-month period would result in an increase to pre-tax earnings and cash flow of approximately $0.5 million. At January 31, 2023, we had total floorplan payables outstanding of $258.4 million, of which $45.4 million was interest-bearing at variable interest rates and $213.0 million was non-interest bearing. In addition, at January 31, 2023, we had total long-term debt outstanding and finance lease liabilities of $99.6 million, primarily all of which is fixed rate debt.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

Our foreign currency exposures arise as the result of our foreign operations. We are exposed to transactional foreign currency exchange rate risk through our foreign entities holding assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than their functional currency. In addition, the Company is exposed to foreign currency transaction risk as a result of certain intercompany financing transactions. The Company attempts to manage its transactional foreign currency exchange rate risk through the use of derivative financial instruments, primarily foreign exchange forward contracts, or through natural hedging instruments. Based upon balances and exchange rates as of January 31, 2023, holding other variables constant, we believe that a hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in all applicable foreign exchange rates would not have a material impact on our results of operations or cash flows. As of January 31, 2023, our Ukrainian subsidiary had $(0.2) million of net monetary assets denominated in Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH). We have attempted to minimize our net monetary asset position through reducing overall asset levels in Ukraine and through borrowing in UAH which serves as a natural hedging instrument offsetting our net UAH denominated assets. Many of the currency and payment controls the National Bank of Ukraine imposed in February 2022, have been relaxed, making it more practicable to manage our UAH exposure. However, the continuation of the Russia/Ukraine conflict could lead to more significant UAH devaluations, similar to the 24% devaluation that occurred in July 2022, or more stringent payment controls in the future. The inability to fully manage our net monetary asset position and continued UAH devaluations for an extended period of time, could have a significant adverse impact on our results of operations and cash flows.

In addition to transactional foreign currency exchange rate risk, we are also exposed to translational foreign currency exchange rate risk as we translate the results of operations and assets and liabilities of our foreign operations from their functional currency to the U.S. dollar. As a result, our results of operations, cash flows and net investment in our foreign operations may be adversely impacted by fluctuating foreign currency exchange rates. We believe that a hypothetical 10% increase or decrease in all applicable foreign exchange rates, holding all other variables constant, would not have a material impact on our results of operations or cash flows.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

The Consolidated Balance Sheets of the Company as of January 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related Consolidated Statements of Operations, Comprehensive Income, Stockholders' Equity, and Cash Flows for the years ended January 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, and the notes thereto, have been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Page

Titan Machinery Inc.—Financial Statements

Audited Consolidated Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID No. 34) 45

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 47

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of January 31, 2023 and 2022 48

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 52

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Titan Machinery Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Titan Machinery Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of January 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows, for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2023, and the related notes and the schedule listed in the Index at Part IV, Item 15 (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of January 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended January 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission and our report dated March 30, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current-period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Inventories – Valuation of Used Equipment Inventories — Refer to Notes 1 and 5 to the financial statements

Critical Audit Matter Description

The majority of the Company’s used equipment inventories are acquired through trade-ins from customers. Used equipment acquired through a trade-in or during business combinations is recorded at fair value less a normal gross profit margin. The Company determines fair value for the traded-in equipment through internal and third-party data that considers various factors including the age and condition of the equipment, hours of use, and market conditions. The Company’s used equipment inventories are stated at the lower of cost (specific identification) or net realizable value. Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in the ordinary course of business, less reasonably predictable costs of completion, disposal, and transportation. The Company periodically subjects used equipment inventories to lower of cost or net realizable value assessments and adjusts carrying values when such values exceed estimated net realizable value. The Company estimates net realizable value using internal and third-party data that considers various factors including the age and condition of the equipment, hours of use, and market conditions. The used equipment inventories balance as of January 31, 2023 was $164.8 million.

Given the significant judgments made by management to determine the initial fair value and subsequent net realizable value of used equipment inventories, performing audit procedures to evaluate these judgments to determine the valuation of used equipment inventories required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased extent of effort.

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How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to management’s judgments regarding the valuation of used equipment inventories included the following, among others:

•We tested the effectiveness of controls over the valuation of used equipment inventories, including the reasonableness of various factors including the age and condition of the equipment, hours of use, and market conditions, used to determine the net realizable value of the equipment.

•We tested the effectiveness of controls over the internal and external data used to determine the valuation of used equipment inventories.

•We evaluated the reasonableness of management’s judgments utilized to determine the fair value or net realizable value of the used equipment inventories by:

•Evaluating the reasonableness and consistency of the methodology and assumptions used by management to determine fair value or net realizable value, as applicable.

•Testing the underlying determination of the fair value or net realizable value by obtaining sales documentation containing the age of the equipment and hours of use and comparing it to comparable internal and external data.

•Performing a retrospective lookback analysis of management’s process by comparing the actual selling prices of used equipment inventories units sold in the current year to the selling prices estimated by management for those units in the prior year, as applicable.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

Minneapolis, Minnesota

March 30, 2023

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2013.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of Titan Machinery Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the internal control over financial reporting of Titan Machinery Inc. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of January 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of January 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated financial statements as of and for the year ended January 31, 2023, of the Company and our report dated March 30, 2023, expressed an unqualified opinion on those financial statements.

As detailed in Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, management excluded from its assessment the internal control over financial reporting at Heartland Agriculture, LLC, Heartland Solutions, LLC, Heartland Leveraged Lender, LLC (“collectively the Heartland Companies”), which were acquired on August 1, 2022, and whose financial statements constitute 5.7% of total assets and 4.7% of total revenue of the consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended January 31, 2023. Accordingly, our audit did not include the internal control over financial reporting at the Heartland Companies.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

Minneapolis, Minnesota

March 30, 2023

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TITAN MACHINERY INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

AS OF JANUARY 31, 2023 AND 2022

(in thousands, except per share data)

Assets