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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A)

MANAGEMENT'S OVERVIEW

Net income attributable to Stewart for the year 2024 was $73.3 million, or $2.61 per diluted share, compared to $30.4 million, or $1.11 per diluted share, in 2023. Pretax income before noncontrolling interests in 2024 was $114.3 million (4.6% pretax margin) compared to $60.9 million (2.7% pretax margin) in 2023. During 2024, total operating revenues increased 10% to $2.42 billion compared to $2.21 billion in 2023, while total expenses increased 8% to $2.38 billion, compared to $2.20 billion in 2023, primarily driven by higher revenues in title and real estate solutions services operations. Refer to "Results of Operations" for detailed year-to-year income statement discussions, and "Liquidity and Capital Resources" for an analysis of Stewart's financial condition.

For the fourth quarter 2024, we reported net income attributable to Stewart of $22.7 million ($0.80 per diluted share), compared to net income attributable to Stewart of $8.8 million ($0.32 per diluted share) for the fourth quarter 2023. Fourth quarter 2024 pretax income before noncontrolling interests was $35.4 million compared to pretax income before noncontrolling interests of $18.8 million for the prior year quarter.

Fourth quarter 2024 included $1.7 million of pretax net realized and unrealized gains, primarily related to net gains from fair value changes of equity security investments and an acquisition liability adjustment, partially offset by losses from a sale of an office and an investment impairment. Fourth quarter 2023 results included $4.8 million of pretax net realized and unrealized gains primarily driven by net gains on fair value changes of equity securities investments and an acquisition liability adjustment.

Title segment. Summary results of the title segment are as follows (in $ millions, except pretax margin and % change):

For the Three MonthsEnded December 31,

Net realized and unrealized gains 2.8 5.1 (46) %

Pretax margin 7.8 % 5.2 %

Segment operating revenues in the fourth quarter 2024 increased $59.8 million, or 12%, driven by increased revenues from our direct and agency title operations, while total segment operating expenses increased $41.0 million, or 8%, compared to the fourth quarter 2023. Agency retention expenses in the fourth quarter 2024 increased $13.7 million, or 6%, consistent with the $16.6 million, or 6%, increase in gross agency revenues compared to the prior year quarter.

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Total title segment employee costs and other operating expenses in the fourth quarter 2024 increased $27.1 million, or 11%, compared to the prior year quarter, primarily due to increased incentive compensation expenses related to higher title revenues, higher outside search expenses resulting from higher commercial revenues, and increased severance expenses, primarily related to an executive retirement announced in September 2024. As a percentage of operating revenues, total segment employee costs and other operating expenses slightly improved to 48.7% in the fourth quarter 2024 compared to 49.1% in the prior year quarter. Title loss expense in the fourth quarter 2024 was $20.7 million, which was comparable to the fourth quarter 2023, primarily as a result of our overall favorable claim experience offsetting the incremental title loss expense related to increased title revenues. As a percentage of title revenues, title loss expense was 3.7% in the fourth quarter 2024 compared to 4.1% in the prior year quarter.

Direct title revenue information is presented below (in $ millions, except % change):

For the Three MonthsEnded December 31,

Non-commercial

Commercial:

Total non-commercial domestic revenues in the fourth quarter 2024 improved by $8.7 million, or 6%, primarily due to increased total non-commercial domestic transactions compared to the fourth quarter 2023. Domestic commercial revenues in the fourth quarter 2024 increased by $28.0, or 50%, primarily due to a higher average transaction size and a 13% increase in commercial transactions compared to the prior year quarter. Fourth quarter 2024 average domestic commercial fee per file was $19,600, or 33% higher compared to $14,800 in the fourth quarter 2023, while average domestic residential fee per file was $2,900, which was 8% lower compared to $3,200 from the prior year quarter, primarily due to a lower purchase transaction mix during the fourth quarter 2024. Total international revenues in the fourth quarter 2024 increased by $6.5 million, or 21%, primarily due to higher transaction volumes compared to the prior year quarter.

Real estate solutions segment. Summary results of the real estate solutions segment are as follows (in $ millions, except pretax margin and % change):

For the Three MonthsEnded December 31,

Pretax margin 1.1 % 2.3 %

The segment’s fourth quarter 2024 operating revenues improved $25.6 million, or 42%, primarily due to increased revenues from credit information and valuation management services operations compared to the fourth quarter 2023. On a combined basis, the segment's employee costs and other operating expenses increased $26.2 million, or 49%, primarily driven by higher vendor prices for credit information services and increased employee count in anticipation of new customers and related revenue. The segment's pretax income included acquisition intangible asset amortization expenses of $5.5 million and $5.8 million in the fourth quarters 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Corporate segment. The segment's fourth quarter 2024 results included net expenses attributable to corporate operations of $9.7 million, which were comparable to the prior year quarter, and a $1.1 million unrealized loss related to an investment impairment.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Actual results can differ from our accounting estimates. While we do not anticipate significant changes in our estimates, there is a risk that such changes could have a material impact on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations for future periods. The discussion of critical accounting estimates below should be read in conjunction with the related accounting policies disclosed within Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements in Part IV of this annual report.

Title loss reserves

Provisions for title losses, as a percentage of title operating revenues, were 3.9%, 4.1% and 3.8% for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Actual loss payment experience, including the impact of large losses, is the primary reason for increases or decreases in our title loss provision. A 100 basis point change in the loss provisioning percentage, a reasonable scenario based on our historical loss experience, would have increased or decreased our provision for title losses, and affected pretax income by approximately $20.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024.

We consider our actual claims payments (net of recoveries) and incurred loss experience, including the frequency and severity of claims, compared to our actuarial estimates of claims payments and incurred losses in determining whether our overall loss experience has improved or worsened relative to prior periods. We also consider the impact of economic or market factors on particular policy years to determine whether the results of those policy years are indicative of future expectations. In addition, large claims (those exceeding $1.0 million on a single claim), including large title losses due to independent agency defalcations, are analyzed and reserved for separately due to the potential higher dollar amount of loss, lower volume of claims reported and sporadic reporting of such claims. We evaluate the frequency and severity of large losses in determining whether our experience has improved or worsened. Our method for recording the reserves for title losses on both an interim and annual basis begins with the calculation of our current loss provision rate which is applied to our current premium revenues, resulting in a title loss expense for the period, except for large claims and escrow losses. This loss provision rate is set to provide for losses on current year policies and is primarily determined using moving average ratios of recent actual policy loss payment experience (net of recoveries) to premium revenues.

Due to the inherent uncertainty in predicting future title policy losses, significant judgment is required by our management and our third-party actuaries in estimating reserves. As a consequence, our ultimate liability may be materially greater or lower than current reserves and/or our third-party actuary’s calculated estimates.

Provisions for known claims arise primarily from prior policy years as claims are not typically reported until years after policies are issued. Provisions - Incurred But Not Reported (IBNR) are estimates of claims expected to be incurred over the next 20 years; therefore, it is not unusual or unexpected to experience changes to those estimated provisions in both current and prior policy years as additional loss experience on policy years is obtained. This loss experience may result in changes to our estimate of total ultimate losses expected (i.e., the IBNR policy loss reserve). Current year provisions - IBNR are recorded on policies issued in the current year as a percentage of premiums earned (loss provisioning rate). As claims become known, provisions are reclassified from IBNR to known claims. Adjustments relating to large claims may impact provisions either for known claims or for IBNR.

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(in $ millions)

Provisions – Known Claims:

Provisions – IBNR

Transferred IBNR to Known Claims (66.8) (70.4) (84.2)

In 2024, total provisions for known claims decreased $5.2 million, or 6%, compared to 2023, primarily as a result of changes to existing large and non-large claims related to prior policy years, while total provisions - IBNR increased $1.7 million, or 3%, primarily due to increased title premiums in 2024. In 2023, total known claims provisions decreased by $17.1 million, or 16%, primarily as a result of changes to existing large and non-large claims related to prior policy years, while total provisions - IBNR decreased $19.1 million, or 23%, primarily due to lower title premiums compared to 2022. As a percentage of title operating revenues, current year provisions - IBNR were 2.7%, 2.6% and 3.8% in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

In addition to title policy claims, we incur losses in our direct operations from escrow, closing and disbursement functions. Escrow losses typically relate to errors or other miscalculations of amounts to be paid at closing, including timing or amount of a mortgage payoff, payment of property or other taxes and payment of homeowners’ association fees, and wire fraud. In those cases, the title insurer incurs the loss under its obligation to ensure that an unencumbered title is conveyed. These losses are recognized as expenses when discovered or when contingencies associated with them (such as litigation) are resolved and are typically paid less than 12 months after the loss is recognized.

Large title losses due to independent agency defalcations typically occur when the independent agency misappropriates funds from escrow accounts under its control. Such losses are usually discovered when the independent agency fails to pay off an outstanding mortgage loan at closing (or immediately thereafter) from the proceeds of the new loan. These incurred losses are typically more severe in terms of dollar value compared with traditional title policy claims since the independent agency is often able, over time, to conceal misappropriations of escrow funds relating to more than one transaction through the constant volume of funds moving through its escrow accounts. In declining real estate markets, lower transaction volumes result in a lower incoming volume of funds, making it more difficult to cover up the misappropriations with incoming funds. Thus, when the defalcation is discovered, it often relates to several transactions. In addition, the overall decline in an independent agency’s revenues, profits and cash flows increases the agency’s incentive to improperly utilize the escrow funds from real estate transactions. For each of the three years ended December 31, 2024, our net title losses due to independent agency defalcations were not material.

Internal controls relating to independent agencies include, but are not limited to, periodic audits, site visits and reconciliations of policy inventories and premiums. The audits and site visits cover examination of the escrow account bank reconciliations and an examination of a sample of closed transactions. In some instances, the scope of our review is limited by attorney agencies that cite client confidentiality. Certain states have mandated annual reviews of agencies by their underwriter. We also determine whether our independent agencies have appropriate internal controls as defined by ALTA's best practices and us. However, even with adequate internal controls in place, their effectiveness can be circumvented by collusion or improper override of the controls by management at the independent agencies. To aid in the selection of independent agencies to review, we have developed an agency risk model that aggregates data from different areas to identify possible issues. This is not a guarantee that all independent agencies with deficiencies will be identified. In addition, we are typically not the only underwriter for which an independent agency issues policies, and independent agencies may not always provide complete financial records for our review.

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Goodwill impairment

Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed for impairment annually and whenever occurrences of events indicate a potential impairment at the reporting unit level. Refer to Note 1-L and Note 8 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details about our goodwill impairment review process and goodwill balances, respectively.

The valuation techniques performed in our quantitative analysis make use of our estimates and assumptions related to critical factors, which include revenue and operating margin growth rates, future market conditions, determination of market multiples and comparative companies, assignment of a control premium, and determination of risk-adjusted discount rates. Forecasts of future operations are based, in part, on actual operating results and our expectations as to future market conditions, which are inherently uncertain and difficult to project. In performing our analysis, we make assumptions and apply judgments to estimate industry economic factors and the future profitability of our businesses. Due to the uncertainty and complexity of performing the goodwill impairment analysis, future results related to market conditions and our business operations and other inputs to the analysis may be worse than estimated or assumed. In such cases, we may be exposed to future material impairments of goodwill.

For our annual goodwill impairment test for all our reporting units, we utilized the quantitative approach during 2024 and 2023 and concluded that there is no impairment of goodwill for any of our reporting units.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

We discuss in this section the consolidated results of operations for the years 2024 and 2023, as compared to each corresponding prior year. Factors contributing to fluctuations in our results of operations are presented in the order of their monetary significance, and significant changes are quantified, when necessary. Segment results are included in the discussions and are discussed separately, when relevant.

Industry data. Published U.S. mortgage interest rates and other selected residential housing data for the three years ended December 31, 2024 are shown below (amounts shown for 2024 are preliminary and subject to revision). The amounts below may not relate directly to or provide accurate data for forecasting our operating revenues or order counts. Our statements on home sales, mortgage interest rates and loan activity are based on averaged published industry data as of December 31, 2024 from sources including Fannie Mae and the Mortgage Bankers Association (MBA), when available.

Mortgage interest rates (30-year, fixed-rate) – %

Refinancings – % of originations 25 18 31

Existing home sales – in millions 4.05 4.10 5.07

Existing home median sales price – in $ thousands 406 388 384

New home median sales price – in $ thousands 423 427 456

After reaching a 23-year high of 7.79% during the fourth quarter 2023, the average 30-year mortgage interest rate dipped during 2024, influenced by several interest rate reductions by the federal government in late 2024. The average 30-year mortgage interest rate was 6.85% at the end of 2024, compared to 6.61% at the end of 2023. Total loan originations in 2024 improved 10% compared to 2023, primarily due to a 52% increase in refinancing transactions, with purchase lending volume improving by 1%. However, existing home sales in 2024 remained subdued, primarily as a result of continued relatively elevated interest rates, accompanied by low housing inventory, affordability challenges caused by rising home prices, and weather events in 2024.

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Fannie Mae and MBA expect the 30-year mortgage interest rate in 2025 to average similar to 2024 and slightly improve to 6.40% in 2026. Total mortgage originations are expected to increase 18% in 2025 compared to 2024, with refinancing and purchase transactions increasing 41% and 10%, respectively, while existing and new homes sales are expected to improve to 4.21 million (4%) and 0.77 million (10%), respectively, compared to 2024.

Factors affecting revenues. Our primary business is title insurance and settlement-related services. We close transactions and issue title policies on homes, commercial and other real properties located in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and international markets through policy-issuing offices, agencies and centralized title services centers. Our real estate solutions operations include credit and real estate information services, valuation management services, online notarization and closing services, and search services. The corporate segment includes our parent holding company and centralized support services departments, along with other businesses not related to title or real estate solutions operations. Refer to Item 1. Business for details.

The principal factors that contribute to changes in our operating revenues include:

•interest rates;

•availability of mortgage loans;

•number and average value of mortgage loan originations;

•ability of potential purchasers to qualify for loans;

•inventory of existing homes available for sale;

•ratio of purchase transactions compared with refinance transactions;

•ratio of closed orders to open orders;

•home prices;

•consumer confidence, including employment trends;

•demand by buyers;

•premium rates and related state regulations;

•foreign currency exchange rates;

•market share;

•ability to attract and retain highly productive sales associates;

•independent agency remittance rates;

•opening and integration of new offices and acquisitions;

•office closures;

•number and value of commercial transactions, which typically yield higher premiums;

•government or regulatory initiatives;

•acquisitions or divestitures of businesses;

•volume of distressed property transactions; and

•seasonality and/or weather.

Premiums are determined in part by the values of the transactions we handle. To the extent inflation or market conditions cause increases in the prices of homes and other real estate, premium revenues are also increased. Conversely, falling home prices cause premium revenues to decline. Home price changes may override the seasonal nature of the title insurance business. Historically, our first quarter is the least active in terms of title insurance revenues as home buying is generally depressed during winter months. Our second and third quarters are typically the most active as the summer is the traditional home buying season, and while commercial transaction closings are skewed to the end of the year, individually large commercial transactions can occur any time of year. On average, title premium rates for refinance orders are lower compared to a similarly priced purchase transaction.

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Title revenues.Direct title revenue information is presented below:

Year Ended December 31 Change Percent Change

(in $ millions) (in $ millions)

Non-commercial

Commercial:

Direct title revenues in 2024 improved 6% compared to 2023, primarily driven by increased commercial revenues resulting from increased commercial transactions and higher average transaction size in 2024. Total non-commercial domestic revenues in 2024 declined 3% compared to 2023, primarily as a result of lower total residential transactions influenced by the continued elevated interest rates and weaker existing home sales in 2024. Purchase closed orders during 2024 declined 8%, partially offset by an 8% improvement in refinancing closed orders compared to 2023. Average domestic commercial fee per file in 2024 was $16,300, which was 34% higher compared to 2023, while average residential fee per file in 2024 was $3,000, which was 7% lower compared to 2023, primarily due to lower purchase transaction mix in 2024. Total international revenues in 2024 improved $8.6 million, 7%, primarily due to higher transaction volumes in our Canadian and Australian operations compared to 2023.

Direct title revenues in 2023 decreased 23% compared to 2022, primarily due to reduced transaction volumes driven by the elevated interest rate market environment. Total non-commercial domestic revenues in 2023 declined 21%, primarily due to 20% and 51% lower residential purchase and refinancing transactions, respectively, compared to 2022. Domestic commercial revenues decreased 27% in 2023, primarily driven by 19% lower commercial transactions and smaller transaction sizes compared to 2022. Average domestic commercial fee per file in 2023 was $12,200, which was 11% lower compared to 2022, while average residential fee per file in 2023 was $3,200, which was 6% higher compared to 2022, primarily due to transaction mix in 2023. Total international revenues decreased $40.3 million, or 24%, in 2023 primarily due to lower transaction volumes in our Canadian and United Kingdom operations compared to the prior year.

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Closed and opened orders information is as follows:

Year Ended December 31 Change % Change

Opened Orders:

Closed Orders:

Gross revenues from independent agency operations (agency revenues) improved $57.2 million, or 6%, in 2024, while they decreased $480.3 million, or 33%, in 2023, compared to corresponding prior years, which were consistent with the performance of our direct title operations and trends of the overall real estate market during 2024 and 2023. Net agency revenues (which are net of agency retention) increased $5.9 million, or 3%, in 2024 and decreased $85.5 million, or 33%, in 2023, compared to respective prior periods, primarily consistent with the gross agency revenues trend. Refer further to the "Retention by agencies" discussion under Expenses below.

Title revenues by geographic location. The approximate amounts and percentages of consolidated title operating revenues for the last three years ended December 31, 2024 were as follows:

Year Ended December 31 Percentages

(in $ millions)

Real estate solutions and other revenues. Real estate solutions and other revenues are primarily comprised of revenues generated by our real estate solutions operations. These revenues also included $39.2 million of 2022 revenues generated by a real estate brokerage company which was sold in the second quarter 2022. Excluding the real estate brokerage company, real estate solutions revenues increased $95.0 million, or 36%, in 2024 compared to 2023, primarily due to increased revenues from our credit information and valuation management services operations, while these revenues decreased $33.1 million, or 11%, in 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to the slow market activity influenced by higher interest rates.

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Investment income. Investment income improved $10.2 million, or 23%, and $22.7 million, or 101%, in 2024 and 2023, respectively, compared to the corresponding prior periods, primarily due to higher interest income resulting from earned interest from eligible escrow balances which started mid-2023. Higher interest rates also contributed to the increased investment income in 2023 compared to 2022. Refer to Note 6 to our audited consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Net realized and unrealized gains. Refer to Note 6 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details.

Expenses. Our employee costs and certain other operating expenses are sensitive to inflation. An analysis of expenses is shown below:

Year Ended December 31 Change* % Change

(in $ millions) (in $ millions)

As a % of agency revenues 82.9 % 82.5 % 82.4 %

As a % of operating revenues 30.8 % 32.2 % 26.3 %

As a % of operating revenues 24.9 % 22.9 % 21.3 %

As a % of title revenues 3.9 % 4.1 % 3.8 %

*Amounts change may not add due to rounding.

Retention by agencies.Amounts retained by title agencies are based on agreements between agencies and our title underwriters. Amounts retained by independent agencies, as a percentage of revenues generated by them, averaged 82.9%, 82.5% and 82.4% during each of the three years ended December 31, 2024. The average retention rate slightly increased in 2024, primarily as a result of increased revenues from states with relatively higher retention rates in 2024. The average retention percentage may vary from period to period due to the geographical mix of agency operations, the volume of title revenues and, in some states, laws or regulations. Due to the variety of such laws or regulations, as well as competitive factors, the average retention rate can differ significantly from state to state. In addition, a high proportion of our independent agencies are in states with retention rates greater than 80%. We continue to focus on increasing profit margins in every state, increasing premium revenue in states where remittance rates are above 20%, and maintaining the quality of our agency network, which we believe to be the industry’s best, in order to mitigate claims risk and drive consistent future performance. While market share is important in our agency operations channel, it is not as important as margins, risk mitigation and profitability.

Selected cost ratios (by selected segment). The following table shows employee costs and other operating expenses as a percentage of operating revenues for each of the title and real estate solutions segments for the years ended December 31:

Employee Costs Other Operating Expenses

Employee costs. Consolidated employee costs in 2024 increased $32.6 million, or 5%, compared to 2023, primarily driven by increased incentive compensation on overall improved revenues and higher salaries and benefits expenses on higher average employee count in 2024. Consolidated employee costs in 2023 decreased $89.2 million, or 11%, compared to 2022, primarily driven by lower salaries and benefits expenses, temporary labor and overtime costs, and incentive compensation resulting from lower average employee count and transaction volumes in 2023.

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Our total employee counts at December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 were approximately 7,000, 6,800 and 7,100, respectively. Average cost per employee for 2024 increased 6% compared to 2023, primarily driven by higher incentive compensation and benefits expenses, while it decreased 2% in 2023 compared to 2022, primarily due to lower incentive compensation, temporary labor and overtime costs driven by reduced 2023 transaction volumes.

Employee costs in 2024 for the title and real estate solutions segments increased $28.5 million, or 4%, and $5.3 million, or 11%, respectively, primarily driven by higher average employee counts and increased incentive compensation compared to 2023. Employee costs in 2023 for the title and real estate solutions segments decreased $86.9 million, or 12%, and $1.1 million, or 2%, respectively, compared to 2022, primarily driven by lower average employee counts and transaction volumes in 2023.

Other operating expenses. Other operating expenses include costs that are primarily fixed in nature, costs that follow, to varying degrees, changes in transaction volumes and revenues (variable costs) and costs that fluctuate independently of revenues (independent costs). Costs that are primarily fixed in nature include rent and other occupancy expenses, equipment rental, insurance, repairs and maintenance, technology costs, telecommunications and title plant expenses. Variable costs include appraiser and service expenses related to real estate solutions operations, outside search fees, attorney fee splits, credit losses (on receivables), copy supplies, delivery fees, postage, premium taxes and title plant maintenance expenses. Independent costs include general supplies, litigation defense, business promotion and marketing, and travel.

Consolidated other operating expenses in 2024 increased $96.3 million, or 19%, primarily driven by increased transactions from commercial services and real estate solutions operations compared to 2023, while other operating expenses in 2023 decreased $140.3 million, or 22%, primarily due to reduced transaction volumes in 2023 compared to 2022. Total other operating expenses, as a percentage of total operating revenues (other operating expenses ratio), were 24.9%, 22.9% and 21.3% during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, with the higher other operating expenses ratios in 2024 and 2023 primarily driven by the increased size of our real estate solutions operations which typically have higher other operating expenses.

During 2024, total variable costs increased $99.5 million, or 37%. compared to 2023, primarily driven by higher appraiser and service expenses and outside search expenses resulting from improved revenues from real estate solutions and commercial services, respectively. Costs that are primarily fixed in nature in 2024 were comparable with 2023, while independent costs decreased $3.1 million, or 5%, primarily due to lower office closure and litigation settlement expenses, partially offset by higher business promotion and marketing, and travel costs.

During 2023, total variable costs decreased $109.6 million, or 29%, compared to 2022, primarily due to lower appraisal and outside search expenses tied to lower overall operating revenues. Costs that are primarily fixed in nature decreased $11.8 million, or 6%, primarily driven by reduced outsourcing and rent and other occupancy expenses, while independent costs decreased $19.0 million, or 25%, primarily due to lower litigation settlement, business promotion and marketing, and office closures expenses.

Title losses. Provisions for title losses, as a percentage of title operating revenues, were 3.9%, 4.1% and 3.8% in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The title loss ratio in any given year can be significantly influenced by changes in new large claims incurred, escrow losses and adjustments to reserves for existing large claims. We continue to manage and resolve large claims prudently and in keeping with our commitments to our policyholders.

Title losses in 2024 were $80.4 million, which was comparable to 2023, primarily due to the effect of higher title premiums being offset by overall favorable claim experience in 2024. Title losses in 2023 decreased $22.5 million, or 22%, compared to the previous year, primarily as a result of lower title premiums in 2023. Title losses paid were $85.4 million, $104.3 million and $93.1 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Total claims payments in 2024 decreased $18.9 million, or 18%, compared to 2023, primarily due to decreased payments for both large and non-large claims related to prior policy years, while total claims in 2023 increased $11.2 million, or 12%, compared to 2022, primarily as a result of increase in payments for non-large claims related to prior policy years. Claims payments made on large title claims, net of insurance recoveries, during 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $14.9 million, $26.3 million and $23.1 million, respectively.

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Our liability for estimated title losses as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 comprises both known claims and our IBNR. Known claims reserves are reserves related to actual losses reported to us. Our reserve for known claims comprises both claims related to title insurance policies as well as losses arising from escrow closing and funding operations due to fraud or error (which are recognized as expense when discovered). The amount of the reserve represents the aggregate, non-discounted future payments (net of recoveries) that we expect to incur on policy and escrow losses and in costs to settle claims.

Total title policy loss reserve balances at December 31 were as follows:

(in $ millions)

The actual timing of estimated title loss payments may vary since claims, by their nature, are complex and paid over long periods of time. Based on historical payment patterns, approximately 85% of the outstanding loss reserves are paid out within eight years. As a result, the estimate of the ultimate amount to be paid on any claim may be modified over that time period. Due to the inherent uncertainty in predicting future title policy losses, significant judgment is required by both our management and our third party actuaries in estimating reserves. As a consequence, our ultimate liability may be materially greater or less than current reserves and/or our third party actuary’s calculated estimates. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, our reserve balance was above the actuarial midpoint of total estimated policy loss reserves. Refer to Note 10 (Estimated title losses) to our audited consolidated financial statements for details.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense in 2024 decreased $0.8 million, or 1%, compared to 2023, primarily due to lower acquisition intangible amortization expenses resulting from several assets becoming fully amortized, partially offset by increased depreciation expenses related to new internal-use systems placed into operation. Depreciation and amortization expense in 2023 increased $5.3 million, or 9%, compared to 2022, primarily due to increased depreciation expenses related to internal-use systems placed into operation starting in late 2022. Acquisition intangible asset amortization expenses in 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $32.1 million, $34.6 million and $33.0 million, respectively.

Income taxes. Our effective tax rates for 2024, 2023 and 2022 were 26%, 33% and 24%, respectively, based on income before taxes (after deducting noncontrolling interests) of $99.5 million, $45.7 million and $213.2 million, respectively. The higher effective tax rate for 2023 was primarily due to the effect of non-deductible expenses on lower pretax income and higher foreign income contribution (which is taxed at a higher rate than domestic income) in 2023. Refer to Note 7 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details on the effective tax rates and income tax accounts.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our liquidity and capital resources reflect our ability to generate cash flow to meet our obligations to shareholders, customers (payments to satisfy claims on title policies), vendors, employees, lenders and others. As of December 31, 2024, our total cash and investments, including amounts reserved pursuant to statutory requirements, aggregated $926.6 million. Of our total cash and investments at December 31, 2024, $523.4 million ($259.1 million, net of statutory reserves) was held in the United States (U.S.) and the rest internationally, principally in Canada.

As a holding company, the parent company is funded principally by cash from its subsidiaries' earnings in the form of dividends, operating and other administrative expense reimbursements and pursuant to intercompany tax sharing agreements. Cash held at the parent company and its unregulated subsidiaries (which totaled $32.1 million at December 31, 2024) is available for funding the parent company's operating expenses, interest payments on debt and dividend payments to common stockholders. The parent company also receives distributions from Guaranty, its regulated title insurance underwriter, to meet cash requirements for acquisitions and other strategic investments.

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A substantial majority of our consolidated cash and investments as of December 31, 2024 was held by Guaranty and its subsidiaries. The use and investment of these funds, dividends to the parent company, and cash transfers between Guaranty and its subsidiaries and the parent company are subject to certain legal and regulatory restrictions. In general, Guaranty uses its cash and investments in excess of its legally-mandated statutory premium reserve (established in accordance with requirements under Texas law) to fund its insurance operations, including claims payments. Guaranty may also, subject to certain limitations, provide funds to its subsidiaries (whose operations consist principally of field title offices and real estate solutions operations) for their operating and debt service needs.

We maintain investments in accordance with certain statutory requirements for the funding of statutory premium reserves. Statutory premium reserves are required to be fully funded and invested in high-quality securities and short-term investments. Statutory reserve funds are not available for current claims payments, which must be funded from current operating cash flow. Included in investments in debt and equity securities are statutory reserve funds of approximately $535.5 million at December 31, 2024. In addition, included within cash and cash equivalents are statutory reserve funds of approximately $9.5 million at December 31, 2024. Although these cash statutory reserve funds are not restricted or segregated in depository accounts, they are required to be held pursuant to state statutes. If the Company fails to maintain minimum investments or cash and cash equivalents sufficient to meet statutory requirements, the Company may be subject to fines or other penalties, including potential revocation of its business license. As of December 31, 2024, our known claims reserve totaled $66.9 million and our estimate of claims that may be reported in the future, under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, totaled $444.6 million. In addition to this, we had cash and investments (excluding equity method investments) of $289.2 million which are available for underwriter operations, including claims payments.

The ability of Guaranty to pay dividends to its parent is governed by Texas insurance law. The Texas Department of Insurance (TDI) must be notified of any dividend declared, and any dividend in excess of the greater of the statutory net operating income or 20% of surplus (which was approximately $173.0 million as of December 31, 2024) would be, by regulation, considered extraordinary and subject to pre-approval by the TDI (see Note 3 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details). Also, the Texas Insurance Commissioner may raise an objection to a planned distribution during the notification period. Guaranty’s actual ability or intent to pay dividends to its parent may be constrained by business and regulatory considerations, such as the impact of dividends on surplus and liquidity, which could affect its ratings and competitive position, the amount of insurance it can write and its ability to pay future dividends. Guaranty paid $30.0 million in dividends to its parent during 2024, while it paid no dividends during 2023.

Contractual obligations. Our material contractual obligations at December 31, 2024 are composed primarily of our unsecured senior notes (and the related semi-annual interest payments), operating leases, and reserves for estimated title losses. Refer to Note 9 (Notes payable) and Note 14 (Leases) to our audited consolidated financial statements for details on the unsecured senior notes and operating leases, respectively. Refer to the Note 10 (Estimated title losses) to our audited consolidated financial statements and the Title losses section under Results of Operations for details on title losses.

Cash flows. As the parent company conducts no operations apart from its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the discussion below focuses on consolidated cash flows. Refer to the Consolidated statements of cash flows in the audited consolidated financial statements.

(in $ millions)

Net cash provided by operating activities 135.6 83.0 191.9

Net cash used by investing activities (87.3) (30.0) (300.7)

Net cash used by financing activities (61.0) (69.1) (123.2)

Operating activities. Our principal sources of cash from operations are premiums on title policies and revenue from title service-related transactions, real estate solutions and other operations. Our independent agencies remit cash to us net of their contractual retention. Our principal cash expenditures for operations are employee costs, operating costs and title claims payments.

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Net cash provided by operations in 2024 increased by $52.6 million compared to 2023, primarily due to higher net income and lower payments on claims, while net cash provided by operations in 2023 declined by $108.8 million compared to the prior year, primarily due to the lower net income and higher payments on claims. Although our business is labor intensive, we are focused on a cost-effective, scalable business model which includes utilization of technology, centralized back and middle office functions and business process outsourcing. We continue to thoughtfully manage expenses, especially in light of the current slow residential real estate market due to elevated mortgage interest rates, specifically focusing on lowering unit costs of production and improving operating margins in our direct title and real estate solutions operations. Our plans to improve margins include additional automation of manual processes, further consolidation of our various systems and production operations, and full integration of acquisitions. We continue to invest in the technology necessary to accomplish these goals.

Investing activities. Cash used and provided by investing activities is primarily driven by proceeds from matured and sold investments, purchases of investments, capital expenditures and acquisition of businesses. During 2024, 2023 and 2022, total proceeds from securities investments sold and matured were $130.6 million, $132.2 million and $103.8 million, respectively; while cash used for purchases of securities investments was $121.5 million, $78.0 million and $207.5 million, respectively.

We used $14.4 million, $25.1 million and $142.9 million of cash during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, for acquisitions of various title and real estate solutions businesses, consistent with our strategy of increasing scale, growth in key markets and broader technology and service offerings. We used $40.5 million, $37.8 million and $47.9 million of cash for purchases of property and equipment and other long-lived assets during 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, while we used cash of $31.6 million and $1.0 million during 2024 and 2023, respectively, for cost-basis and other investments. We maintain investment in capital expenditures at a level that enables us to implement technologies for increasing our operational and back-office efficiencies and to pursue growth in key markets.

Financing activities and capital resources. Total debt and stockholders’ equity were $445.8 million and $1.4 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, our total debt-to-equity and debt-to-capitalization ratios, excluding short-term loan agreements in connection with our Section 1031 tax-deferred property exchange (Section 1031) business, were approximately 32% and 24%, respectively.

During 2024, 2023 and 2022, payments on notes payable of $3.4 million, $5.7 million and $74.3 million, respectively, and notes payable additions of $3.4 million, $3.5 million and $39.5 million, respectively, were related to our Section 1031 business, which had an outstanding balance of $0.2 million at December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, the outstanding balance of our Senior Notes was $445.7 million, while we have an unused $197.5 million borrowing capacity on our existing line of credit facility (refer to Note 9 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details).

During 2024, we paid dividends of $1.95 per common share, compared to $1.85 and $1.65 per common share paid during 2023 and 2022, respectively. Beginning in the third quarter 2024, our annual cash dividend was increased to $2.00 per share. In aggregate, we paid total dividends of $53.9 million, $50.5 million and $44.7 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Effect of changes in foreign currency rates. The effect of changes in foreign currency rates on the consolidated statements of cash flows was a net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents of $(4.5 million), $1.0 million and $(5.5 million) in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Our primary foreign currencies are the Canadian dollar and British pound, and, relative to the U.S. dollar, the value of the Canadian dollar and British pound generally declined in 2024 and 2022, while it appreciated during 2023.

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We believe we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources to meet the cash needs of our ongoing operations, including consideration of the current economic and real estate environment created by the increasing mortgage interest rates. However, we may determine that additional debt or equity funding is warranted to provide liquidity for achievement of strategic goals or acquisitions or for unforeseen circumstances. Other than scheduled maturities of debt, operating lease payments and anticipated claims payments, we have no material contractual commitments. We expect that cash flows from operations and cash available from our underwriters, subject to regulatory restrictions, will be sufficient to fund our operations, including claims payments. However, to the extent that these funds are not sufficient, we may be required to borrow funds on terms less favorable than we currently have or seek funding from the equity market, which may not be successful or may be on terms that are dilutive to existing stockholders.

Other comprehensive (loss) income. Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities investments and changes in foreign currency exchange rates are reported net of deferred taxes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), a component of stockholders’ equity, until realized. Refer to Note 1-H and Note 19 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details.

In 2024, net unrealized investment gains of $6.6 million, net of taxes, which decreased our other comprehensive loss, were primarily related to net increases in the fair values of our corporate and foreign bond securities investments, primarily influenced by the federal government's reduction of interest rates. Also in 2024, we recorded foreign currency translation losses of $14.8 million, net of taxes, which increased our other comprehensive loss, which was primarily driven by the decline in value of the Canadian dollar and British pound against the U.S. dollar.

In 2023, net unrealized investment gains of $10.9 million, net of taxes, which increased our other comprehensive income, were primarily related to net increases in the fair values of our corporate and foreign bond securities investments, primarily influenced by inflation improvements and expected government actions to lower interest rates. Also in 2023, we recorded foreign currency translation gains which increased our other comprehensive income by $5.3 million, net of taxes, which was primarily driven by the appreciation in value of the Canadian dollar and British pound against the U.S. dollar.

Off-balance sheet arrangements. We do not have any material source of liquidity or financing that involves off-balance sheet arrangements, other than our contractual obligations under operating leases. We also routinely hold funds in segregated escrow accounts pending the closing of real estate transactions and have qualified intermediaries in tax-deferred property exchanges for customers pursuant to Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code. The Company holds the proceeds from these transactions until a qualifying exchange can occur. In accordance with industry practice, these segregated accounts are not included on the balance sheet. See Note 15 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 15 of Part IV of this report for details.

Cautionary statements regarding forward-looking statements. Certain statements in this report are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements relate to future, not past, events and often address our expected future business and financial performance. These statements often contain words such as “may,” "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "believe," "seek," "will," "foresee" or other similar words. Forward-looking statements by their nature are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to be materially different than those expressed in the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, among other things, the following:

•the volatility of economic conditions;

•adverse changes in the level of real estate activity;

•changes in mortgage interest rates, existing and new home sales, and availability of mortgage financing;

•our ability to respond to and implement technology changes, including the completion of the implementation of our enterprise systems;

•the impact of unanticipated title losses or the need to strengthen our policy loss reserves;

•any effect of title losses on our cash flows and financial condition;

•the ability to attract and retain highly productive sales associates;

•the impact of vetting our agency operations for quality and profitability;

•independent agency remittance rates;

•changes to the participants in the secondary mortgage market and the rate of refinancing that affects the demand for title insurance products;

•regulatory non-compliance, fraud or defalcations by our title insurance agencies or employees;

30

•our ability to timely and cost-effectively respond to significant industry changes and introduce new products and services;

•our ability to realize anticipated benefits of our previous acquisitions;

•the outcome of pending litigation;

•our ability to manage risks associated with potential cybersecurity or other privacy or data security breaches;

•the impact of changes in governmental and insurance regulations, including any future reductions in the pricing of title insurance products and services;

•our dependence on our operating subsidiaries as a source of cash flow;

•our ability to access the equity and debt financing markets when and if needed;

•effects of seasonality and weather; and

•our ability to respond to the actions of our competitors.

All forward-looking statements included in this report are expressly qualified in their entirety by such cautionary statements. We expressly disclaim any obligation to update, amend or clarify any forward-looking statements contained in this report to reflect events or circumstances that may arise after the date hereof, except as may be required by applicable law.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The discussion below about our risk management strategies includes forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Management’s projections of hypothetical net losses in the fair values of our market rate-sensitive financial instruments, should certain potential changes in market rates occur, are presented below. While we believe that the potential market rate changes are possible, actual rate changes could differ from our projections. Although we are exposed to a currency exchange rate risk for our foreign operations, this risk is not material to Stewart’s financial condition or results of operations.

The material market risk in our investments in financial instruments is related to our debt securities investments, which represent approximately 88% of our total securities investment portfolio at December 31, 2024, with the remainder invested in equity securities. We invest primarily in corporate, foreign, municipal and U.S. government debt securities. We do not invest in financial instruments of a derivative or hedging nature. We have established policies and procedures to minimize our exposure to changes in the fair values of our investments. These policies include retaining an investment advisory firm, an emphasis upon credit quality, management of portfolio duration, maintaining or increasing investment income through high coupon rates and actively managing our risk profile and security mix depending upon market conditions. We have classified all of our debt securities investments as available-for-sale.

Investments in debt securities at December 31, 2024 mature, according to their contractual terms, as follows (actual maturities may differ because of call or prepayment rights):

Amortizedcosts Fairvalues

(in $ thousands)

We believe our investment portfolios are diversified and do not expect any material loss to result from the failure to perform by issuers of the debt securities we hold. Our investments are not collateralized. Foreign debt securities primarily include Canadian government and corporate bonds, United Kingdom treasury and corporate bonds and Mexican government bonds. Refer to Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details.

31

Based on our foreign debt securities portfolio and foreign currency exchange rates at December 31, 2024, a 100 basis-point increase (decrease) in foreign currency exchange rates would result in an increase (decrease) of approximately $3.0 million in the fair value of our foreign debt securities portfolio. We do not currently employ hedging strategies with respect to foreign currency risk as we do not consider this risk as material to the Company. In addition, our international businesses conduct substantially all of their operations in their respective local currencies. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may affect the fair value of the debt securities portfolio and may result in unrealized gains or losses.

Based on our debt securities portfolio and interest rates at December 31, 2024, a 100 basis-point increase (decrease) in interest rates would result in a decrease (increase) of approximately $20.1 million, or 3.4%, in the fair value of our debt securities portfolio. Changes in interest rates may affect the fair value of the debt securities portfolio and may result in unrealized gains or losses.

Unrealized gains or losses on investments from changes in foreign currency exchange rates or interest rates would only be realized upon the sale of such investments. Fair value changes relating to equity securities and other-than-temporary declines in fair values of debt securities are charged to operations.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The information required to be provided in this item is included in our audited consolidated financial statements, including the Notes thereto, beginning on page F-1 of this report, and such information is incorporated in this report by reference.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Management's annual report on internal control over financial reporting. Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures. They evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of December 31, 2024 and have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures are adequate and effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process, under the supervision of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management believes that, as of December 31, 2024, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.

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All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Due to such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.

See page F-4 for the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on our effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. As a result, no corrective actions were required or undertaken.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

33

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The Company has adopted an insider trading policy governing the purchase, sale and/or other dispositions of the Company’s securities that applies to all directors, officers, employees and certain other persons. A copy of the Company’s insider trading policy is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Report. Additional information regarding our directors and management team, including our insider trading policy, will be included in our proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders which will be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2024 (Proxy Statement), and is incorporated in this report by reference.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Information regarding compensation for our executive officers will be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated in this report by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters will be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated in this report by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Information regarding certain relationships and related transactions and director independence will be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated in this report by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Information regarding fees paid to and services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm (KPMG LLP, PCAOB ID 185) will be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated in this report by reference.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules

The financial statements and financial statement schedules filed as part of this report are listed in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules of this document. All other schedules are omitted, as the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the consolidated financial statements or related notes.

(b)Exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed below.

Exhibit

35

Exhibit

19.1* — Securities Trading and Investment Policy of the Registrant

21.1* — Subsidiaries of the Registrant at December 31, 2024

23.1* — Consent of KPMG LLP

36

Exhibit

101.SCH* — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL* — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF* — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB* — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE* — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

* Filed herewith

† Management contract or compensatory plan

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

37

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, we have duly caused this report to be signed on our behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

STEWART INFORMATION SERVICES CORPORATION

(Registrant)

By: /s/ Frederick H. Eppinger

Frederick H. Eppinger, Chief Executive Officer

By: /s/ David C. Hisey

David C. Hisey, Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer

By: /s/ Brian K. Glaze

Brian K. Glaze, Controller and Principal Accounting Officer

Date: February 28, 2025

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed on our behalf by the following Directors:

(Thomas G. Apel) (William S. Corey, Jr.) (Matthew W. Morris) (Helen Vaid)

/s/ Clifford Allen Bradley Jr. /s/ Frederick H. Eppinger /s/ Karen R. Pallotta

(Clifford Allen Bradley) (Frederick H. Eppinger) (Karen R. Pallotta)

/s/ Robert L. Clarke /s/ Deborah J. Matz /s/ Manuel Sanchez

(Robert L. Clarke) (Deborah J. Matz) (Manuel Sanchez)

Date: February 28, 2025

38

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F - 2

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 F - 8

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F - 12

Financial Statement Schedules:

Schedule I - Financial Information of the Registrant (Parent Company) S - 1

Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts S - 5

F - 1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

Stewart Information Services Corporation:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Stewart Information Services Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, cash flows, and equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 28, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

F - 2

Evaluation of the liability for estimated title losses

As discussed in notes 1E and 10 to the consolidated financial statements, the liability for estimated title losses represents the aggregate future payments (net of recoveries) that the Company expects to make on title insurance policy losses and certain costs to settle claims that have been incurred as of the balance sheet date. The Company calculates the liability for estimated title losses by adjusting the prior period’s ending reserve balance for the current year provision for estimated title losses and actual claim payments. The Company calculates the current year provision for estimated title losses by determining current period loss provision rates and applying them to the Company’s current premiums, except for large claims and escrow losses, which are considered separately. Management analyzes the difference between the internally-calculated liability for estimated title losses and a third-party actuarially-derived liability. Factors considered as part of this analysis include actual claim payments and incurred loss experience, including the frequency and severity of claims, compared to actuarial estimates of claim payments and incurred losses, as well as the impact of the economic and real estate market environment on particular policy years. As of December 31, 2024, the balance of the liability for estimated title losses was $512 million.

We identified the evaluation of the liability for estimated title losses for certain lines of business as a critical audit matter. Specifically, the evaluation of the selection of loss provision rates used in the valuation of the liability for estimated title losses required subjective auditor judgment. The significant judgment was primarily due to the subjectivity of management’s estimates in relation to recent historical loss trends and the economic and real estate market environment.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address the critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s estimation of title losses. This included controls related to (1) the Company’s assessment of estimated losses based on selected loss provision rates used in determining the liability for estimated title losses; and (2) the Company’s assessment of the recorded liability for estimated title losses in relation to the estimate developed by the third-party actuary. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:

•assessing loss provision rates selected by the Company in relation to recent historical loss payment/premium trends and the economic and real estate market environment;

•developing a range of estimates of the liability for estimated title losses using the Company’s underlying historical claims data for certain lines of business, and comparing the liability for estimated title losses recorded by the Company to our independent range; and

•assessing the year-over-year movements of the Company’s liability for estimated title losses within our range.

Valuation of goodwill for certain reporting units

As discussed in notes 1L and 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the goodwill balance as of December 31, 2024, was $1,084 million. The Company reviews goodwill for impairment annually and whenever occurrences of events indicate a potential impairment at the reporting unit level. Reporting unit fair values are determined using a combination of an income approach (discounted cash flow model) and a market approach (guideline public company method).

We identified the assessment of goodwill impairment for certain reporting units as a critical audit matter because a high degree of subjective auditor judgment was required to evaluate certain assumptions used in the fair value determinations of certain reporting units (performed on two out of the four reporting units). Specifically, evaluation of the forecasted revenue growth rates and the discount rate assumptions used to estimate fair values of certain reporting units were challenging to test as they involved subjective projections of future market and economic conditions that were sensitive to variation. Minor changes to those assumptions could have had a significant effect on the Company’s assessment of the carrying value of the goodwill. Additionally, the audit effort associated with these assumptions required specialized skills and knowledge.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls related to the Company’s goodwill impairment evaluation, including controls over the Company’s determination of the forecasted revenue growth rates and the discount rates. We performed sensitivity analysis over the Company’s forecasted revenue growth rates for certain reporting units by comparing the Company’s growth assumptions to the forecasted growth rates from external industry and market data. We evaluated the Company’s forecasted revenue growth rates by comparing them to projected revenue growth rates for guideline companies. In addition, we involved valuation professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:

F - 3

•evaluating the discount rates used by management in the valuation by comparing them against discount rate ranges that were independently developed using publicly available market data for comparable entities;

•developing, for one of the reporting units, an estimate of fair value using the Company’s cash flow forecasts and an independently developed discount rate, and comparing the results of our estimate to the Company’s fair value estimate; and

•developing, for the other reporting unit, an estimate of fair value using the cash flow forecasts resulting from our sensitivity analysis and an independently developed discount rate, and comparing the results of our estimate to the Company’s fair value estimate.

/s/KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1980.

Houston, Texas

February 28, 2025

F - 4

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

Stewart Information Services Corporation:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Stewart Information Services Corporation and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, cash flows, and equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I to II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 28, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting included in Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

F - 5

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Houston, Texas

February 28, 2025

F - 6

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

For the Years Ended December 31,

(in $ thousands, except per share amounts)

Revenues

Title revenues:

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) 12,937 (34) (1,476)

Expenses

Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 14,846 15,159 19,483

Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of taxes:

Change in net unrealized gains and losses on investments 5,521 10,461 (35,416)

Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of taxes (8,182) 16,128 (51,596)

Basic earnings per share attributable to Stewart 2.65 1.12 6.00

Diluted earnings per share attributable to Stewart 2.61 1.11 5.94

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 7

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

As of December 31,

(in $ thousands except share amounts)

Assets

Investments in debt and equity securities, at fair value:

Receivables:

Allowance for credit losses (7,725) (7,583)

Property and equipment, at cost:

Investments in investees, on an equity method basis 4,581 4,220

Liabilities

Contingent liabilities and commitments

Stockholders’ equity

Accumulated other comprehensive loss:

Foreign currency translation adjustments (33,386) (18,579)

Net unrealized losses on debt securities investments (10,011) (16,636)

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 8

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the Years Ended December 31,

(in $ thousands)

Reconciliation of net income to cash provided by operating activities:

Adjustments for:

Provision for credit losses on receivables 2,214 2,425 824

Net realized and unrealized (gains) losses (12,937) 34 1,476

Amortization of net premium on debt securities investments (792) 486 2,162

Adjustments for insurance recoveries of title losses 208 (208) 220

Investing activities:

Purchases of cost-basis and other investments (31,593) (1,015) (69)

Financing activities:

Purchase of remaining interest of consolidated subsidiaries — — (3,838)

Payment of acquisition contingent consideration (720) (3,390) (19,764)

Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates (4,455) 1,024 (5,527)

F - 9

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the Years Ended December 31,

(in $ thousands)

Supplemental information:

Receivables and other assets acquired 37 296 8,038

Fixed assets and title plants (adjusted) acquired — (225) 669

Noncontrolling interests recognized — — (145)

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 10

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

(in $ thousands)

Dividends on Common Stock ($1.65 per share) — — — (45,289) — — (45,289)

Stock option and employee stock purchase plan exercises 124 5,704 — — — — 5,828

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests — — — — — 19,483 19,483

Distributions to noncontrolling interests — — — — — (20,640) (20,640)

Net effect of changes in ownership and other — — — — — 257 257

Net income attributable to Stewart — — — 30,439 — — 30,439

Dividends on Common Stock ($1.85 per share) — — — (51,414) — — (51,414)

Stock option and employee stock purchase plan exercises 132 4,838 — — — — 4,970

Foreign currency translation adjustments (net of tax) — — 5,277 — — — 5,277

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests — — — — — 15,159 15,159

Distributions to noncontrolling interests — — — — — (16,135) (16,135)

Net income attributable to Stewart — — — 73,310 — — 73,310

Dividends on Common Stock ($1.95 per share) — — — (54,667) — — (54,667)

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests — — — — — 14,846 14,846

Distributions to noncontrolling interests — — — — — (13,091) (13,091)

Net effect of changes in ownership and other — — — — — 54 54

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 11

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Three Years Ended December 31, 2024

NOTE 1

General. Stewart Information Services Corporation, through its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company), is primarily engaged in the business of providing title insurance and real estate transaction related services. The Company is a global real estate services company, offering products and services through its direct operations, network of independent agencies and other businesses within the Company. The Company provides its title products and services to homebuyers and sellers; residential and commercial real estate professionals; mortgage lenders and servicers; title agencies and real estate attorneys; and home builders. The Company also provides credit and real estate information services, valuation management services, online notarization and closing services, and search services (referred to as real estate solutions services). The Company operates in the United States (U.S.) and internationally, primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom and Australia. Approximately 52% of consolidated title revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 were generated in Texas, New York, Ohio, California, Pennsylvania, Florida and international markets (principally Canada).

A. Management’s responsibility. The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared by management, who is responsible for their integrity and objectivity. The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), including management’s best judgments and estimates. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

B. Consolidation. The consolidated financial statements include all subsidiaries in which the Company owns more than 50% voting rights in electing directors. All significant intercompany amounts and transactions have been eliminated and provisions have been made for noncontrolling interests. Unconsolidated investees, in which the Company typically owns 20% through 50% of the entity, are accounted for using the equity method.

C. Statutory accounting. Stewart Title Guaranty Company (Guaranty) and other title insurance underwriters owned by the Company prepare financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by regulatory authorities. In conforming the statutory financial statements to GAAP, statutory premium reserves and reserves for known title losses are eliminated and, in substitution, amounts are established for estimated title losses (Note 1-E), for which the net effect, after providing for income taxes, is included in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Additionally, investments in debt securities, which are carried at amortized cost for statutory accounting, are reported at fair value and the net unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable deferred taxes, on the investments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) within stockholders’ equity.

D. Revenues. Direct premiums - Premiums from title insurance policies directly issued or issued by affiliate offices are recognized at the time of the closing of the related real estate transaction.

Agency premiums - Premiums from title insurance policies written by independent agencies are recognized when the policies are reported to the Company. In addition, where reasonable estimates can be made, the Company accrues for policies issued but not reported until after period end. The Company believes that reasonable estimates can be made when recent and consistent policy issuance information is available. Estimates are based on historical reporting patterns and other information obtained from independent agencies, as well as current trends in direct operations and in the title industry. In this accrual, future transactions are not being estimated. The Company is estimating revenues on policies that have already been issued by independent agencies but not yet reported to or received by the Company.

Escrow fees - An escrow is a transaction pursuant to an agreement of a buyer, seller, borrower, or lender wherein an impartial third party, such as the Company, acts in a fiduciary capacity on behalf of the parties in accordance with the terms of such agreement in order to accomplish the directions stated therein. Services provided include, among others, acting as escrow or other fiduciary agent, obtaining releases, and conducting the actual closing or settlement. Escrow fees are recognized upon closing of the escrow, which is generally at the same time of the closing of the related real estate transaction.

F - 12

Real estate solutions and abstract fees revenues - These revenues consist primarily of revenues from credit and real estate information services, appraisal management services, online notarization and closing services, and abstract services. Credit and real estate information services provide customers with credit data-driven solutions that facilitate an efficient loan origination process, and comprehensive and real-time property data that benefits various real estate market stakeholders, respectively. Appraisal management and abstract services are primarily related to establishing the ownership, legal status and valuation of the property in a real estate transaction. In these cases, the Company does not issue a title insurance policy or perform duties of an escrow agent. Online notarization and closing services provide customers with streamlined, secure and paperless experience for notarization, signing and closing transactions. Revenues from these services are recognized upon delivery of the service to the customer.

Other revenues - These revenues consist primarily of fees related to tax-deferred property exchange services, income from equity investees, and other title settlement-related services. For those products and services that are delivered at a point in time, the related revenue is recognized upon delivery based on the unit price of the product or service. For those products and services where delivery occurs over time, the related revenue is recognized ratably over the duration of the subscription.

Refer to Note 17 and Note 18 for the breakdown of the Company's operating revenues by type and by segment, respectively.

E. Title losses and related claims. The Company's liability for estimated title losses comprises estimates of both known claims and incurred but unreported claims expected to be paid in the future for policies issued as of the balance sheet date. This liability represents the aggregate future payments, net of recoveries, that the Company expects to make related to policy claims. The Company’s method for recording reserves for title losses on both an interim and annual basis begins with the calculation of its current loss provision rate, which is applied to the Company’s current premiums resulting in a title loss expense for the period, except for large claims and escrow losses. This loss provision rate is set to provide for estimated losses on current year policies and is determined using moving average ratios of recent actual policy loss payment experience (net of recoveries) to premium revenues.

At each quarter end, the Company’s recorded reserve for title losses is based on the prior period’s reserve balance for claim losses, increased by the current period provision and reduced by actual paid claims. The resulting reserve balance is compared by management to its actuarially-based calculation of the ending reserve balance necessary to provide for future reported title losses. The actuarially-based calculation is a paid loss development calculation where loss development factors are selected based on Company data and input from the Company’s third-party actuaries. Semi-annually, the Company also obtains input from third-party actuaries in the form of a reserve analysis utilizing generally accepted actuarial methods. While the Company is responsible for determining its loss reserves, it utilizes this actuarial input to assess the overall reasonableness of its reserve estimation.

If the Company’s recorded reserve amount is not at the third-party actuarial point estimate, but is within a reasonable range (+7.0%/-4.0%) of the actuary’s point estimate, the Company’s management assesses the major factors contributing to the different reserve estimates in order to determine the overall reasonableness of its recorded reserve, as well as the position of the recorded reserves relative to the point estimate and the estimated range of reserves. The major factors considered can change from period to period and include items such as current trends in the real estate industry (which management can assess although there is a time lag in the development of this data for use by the actuary), the size and types of claims reported and changes in the Company’s claims management process. If the recorded amount is not within a reasonable range of the Company’s third-party actuary’s point estimate, the Company will adjust the recorded reserves in the current period and reassess the provision rate on a prospective basis. Once the Company’s reserve for title losses is recorded, it is reduced in future periods as a result of claims payments and may be increased or reduced by revisions to the Company’s estimate of the overall level of required reserves.

Large claims (those exceeding $1.0 million on a single claim), including large title losses due to independent agency defalcations, are analyzed and reserved for separately due to the higher dollar amount of loss, lower volume of claims reported and sporadic reporting of such claims. Due to the inherent uncertainty in predicting future title policy losses, significant judgment is required by both the Company’s management and its third-party actuaries in estimating reserves. As a consequence, the Company’s ultimate liability may be materially greater or less than its current reserves and/or its third-party actuary’s calculated estimate.

F - 13

F. Cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with insignificant interest rate risks and maturities of three months or less at the time of acquisition.

G. Short-term investments. Short-term investments comprise time deposits with banks, federal government obligations and other investments maturing in less than one year.

H. Investments in debt and equity securities. Investments in debt and equity securities are carried at fair value. Investments in debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and the net unrealized gains and losses on such investments, net of applicable deferred taxes, are included as a component of AOCI within stockholders' equity. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are determined using the specific identification method. At the time unrealized gains and losses become realized, they are reclassified from AOCI using the specific identification method. Credit losses related to investments in debt securities are recognized through an allowance account, which is charged through income but may be reversed in future periods if no longer required. Fair value changes relating to investments in equity securities are recognized as part of net realized and unrealized gains and losses in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.

I. Property and equipment. Depreciation is principally computed using the straight-line method using the following estimated useful lives: buildings – 30 to 40 years and furniture and equipment – 3 to 5 years. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred while improvements are capitalized. Gains and losses are recognized at disposal.

J. Title plants. Title plants include compilations of a county’s official land records, prior title examination files, copies of prior title policies, maps and related materials that are geographically indexed to a specific property. The costs of acquiring existing title plants and creating new ones, prior to the time such plants are placed in operation, are capitalized. Title plants are not amortized since there is no indication of any loss of value over time but are subject to review for impairment. The costs of maintaining and operating title plants are expensed as incurred. Gains and losses on sales of copies of title plants or interests in title plants are recognized at the time of sale.

K. Impairment of long-lived assets. The Company reviews the carrying values of title plants and other long-lived assets if certain events occur that may indicate impairment. An impairment of these long-lived assets is indicated when, at the asset group level, projected undiscounted cash flows over the estimated lives of the assets are less than carrying values. If impairment is indicated, the recorded amounts are written down to fair values and charged to current operations.

L. Goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed annually during the third quarter using a June 30 measurement date, and whenever occurrences of events indicate a potential impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company evaluates goodwill based on four reporting units with goodwill balances - direct operations, agency operations, international operations and real estate solutions.

Under GAAP, the Company has an option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. In performing the qualitative assessment, the Company considers factors that include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall actual and expected financial performance, market perspective on the Company, as well as other relevant events and circumstances determined by management. The Company evaluates the weight of each factor to determine whether an impairment more-likely-than-not exists. If the Company decides not to use a qualitative assessment or if the reporting unit fails the qualitative assessment, the quantitative impairment analysis is performed.

F - 14

The quantitative analysis involves the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying amount. Goodwill impairment, if any, is calculated as the excess of the reporting unit's carrying amount over the estimated fair value and is charged to current operations. While the Company is responsible for assessing whether an impairment of goodwill exists, inputs from third-party appraisers are utilized in performing the quantitative analysis. The Company estimates the fair value using a combination of the income approach (discounted cash flow (DCF) technique) and the market approach (guideline public company method and, where available, precedent transaction analyses). The DCF model utilizes historical and projected operating results and cash flows, initially driven by estimates of changes in future revenue levels, and risk-adjusted discount rates. Projected operating results are primarily driven by internal operating budgets and anticipated mortgage originations, which are obtained from projections by industry experts, for the title reporting units and expected contractual revenues for the real estate solutions reporting unit. Fluctuations in revenues, followed by the ability to appropriately adjust employee count and other operating expenses, or large and unanticipated adjustments to title loss reserves, are the primary reasons for increases or decreases in the projected operating results. Market-based valuation methodologies utilize (i) market multiples of earnings and/or other operating metrics of comparable companies and (ii) the Company's market capitalization and a control premium based on market data.

Due to the uncertainty and complexity of performing the goodwill impairment analysis, future actual results related to market conditions, the Company's business operations and other inputs to the analysis may be worse than estimated or assumed. In such cases, the Company may be exposed to future material impairments of goodwill.

Goodwill is assigned to the reporting units at the time the goodwill is initially recorded. Once assigned to a reporting unit, the goodwill is pooled and no longer attributable to a specific acquisition. All activities within a reporting unit are available to support the carrying value of the goodwill. When a business component within a reporting unit is disposed, goodwill is allocated to the component based on the ratio of the component's fair value over the total fair value of the reporting unit.

For its annual goodwill impairment test, the Company utilized the quantitative approach in 2024 and 2023, and determined that goodwill related to each of its reporting units was not impaired.

M. Other intangibles. Other intangible assets are comprised principally of customer relationships, acquired technology, acquired trademarks, non-compete agreements and underwriting agreements. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated lives: 10 to 20 years for customer relationships, 5 to 7 years for acquired technology, 3 years to indefinite for acquired trademarks, 3 years for non-compete agreements and 5 to 25 years for underwriting agreements. These intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when certain events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable - refer to Note 1-K.

N. Fair values. The fair values of financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, notes receivable and accounts payable, are determined by the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal, or most advantageous, market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The net fair values of these financial instruments approximate their carrying values. Investments in debt and equity securities and certain financial instruments are carried at their fair values.

O. Leases. The Company primarily leases office space, storage units, data centers and equipment, and determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease assets represent the right to use the underlying leased assets over the corresponding lease terms. Finance leases, if any, are included in furniture and equipment and notes payable on the consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. The discount rate used in determining the present value of the future lease payments is based on the Company's incremental borrowing rate and is applied using a portfolio approach. Lease options to extend or terminate that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise are considered in the present value calculation. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the lease term or the useful life of the asset, whichever is shorter.

F - 15

Operating lease expense, which is calculated on a straight-line basis over the lease term and presented as part of other operating expenses in the statement of income and comprehensive income, is composed of the amortization of the lease asset and the accretion of the lease liability. Finance lease expense is composed of the depreciation of the lease asset and accretion of the lease liability and presented as part of depreciation and amortization and interest expense, respectively, in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.

The Company accounts for the lease and non-lease fixed payment components of a lease agreement as a single lease component for all its classes of assets. Variable lease payments are not capitalized and are recorded as lease expense when incurred or paid. Operating leases with initial terms of 12 months or less (short-term leases), which are not reasonably certain to be extended at the commencement date, are not capitalized on the balance sheet. Additionally, operating leases of equipment are not recorded on the balance sheet on the basis that they are relatively short-term in nature and considered as not material to the consolidated balance sheet.

P. Income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the tax basis and the book carrying values of certain assets and liabilities. To the extent that the Company does not believe its deferred tax assets meet the more-likely-than-not realization criteria, it establishes a valuation allowance. When it establishes a valuation allowance, or increases (decreases) the allowance during the year, it records a tax expense (benefit) in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Enacted tax rates are used in calculating amounts.

The Company provides for uncertainties in income taxes by prescribing a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Interest and penalties, if any, are included in income tax expense.

Q. Business combinations. Amounts paid for acquisitions are allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed and are based on their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. The excess of the fair value of the purchase consideration over the fair values of the identifiable assets and liabilities is recorded as goodwill. Acquisition-related costs are expensed in the periods in which the costs are incurred. The results of operations of acquired businesses are included in the consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition. If the initial purchase accounting for an acquisition is incomplete by the end of the reporting period in which the acquisition occurred, provisional amounts are recorded. The measurement period for an acquisition ends the sooner of one year from the acquisition date or when management obtains acquisition-date information necessary to complete the purchase accounting. Adjustments to provisional amounts initially recorded are recognized in the reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined.

R. Recently adopted accounting standards. In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Accounting Standards Update No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (ASU 2023-07), which primarily requires entities to disclose on an annual and interim basis additional information about significant segment expenses included within each reported measure of segment profit or loss. The Company adopted ASU 2023-07 for 2024 annual reporting and applied retrospectively to all periods presented. The adoption did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements, except for the disclosure requirements provided in Note 18, Segment information.

NOTE 2

Restrictions on cash and investments. The Company maintains investments in accordance with certain statutory requirements in the states of domicile of our underwriters for the funding of statutory premium reserves. Statutory reserve funds are required to be fully funded and invested in high-quality securities and short-term investments. Statutory reserve funds are not available for current claim payments, which must be funded from current operating cash flow. Included in investments in debt and equity securities are statutory reserve funds of approximately $535.5 million and $527.4 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. In addition, included within cash and cash equivalents are statutory reserve funds of approximately $9.5 million and $10.0 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Although these cash statutory reserve funds are not restricted or segregated in depository accounts, they are required to be held pursuant to state statutes.

F - 16

If the Company fails to maintain minimum investments or cash and cash equivalents sufficient to meet statutory requirements, the Company may be subject to fines or other penalties, including potential revocation of its business license. These funds are not available for any other purpose. In the event that insurance regulators adjust the determination of the statutory premium reserves of the Company’s title insurers, these restricted funds as well as statutory surplus would correspondingly increase or decrease.

A substantial majority of consolidated cash and investments at each year end was held by the Company’s title insurance subsidiaries. Generally, the types of investments a title insurer can make are subject to legal restrictions. Furthermore, the transfer of funds by a title insurer to its parent or subsidiary operations, as well as other related party transactions, is restricted by law and generally requires the approval of state insurance authorities (see Note 3).

NOTE 3

Statutory surplus and dividend restrictions. A substantial portion of the consolidated retained earnings at each year end was related to Guaranty, which owns a majority of all the subsidiaries included in the consolidation. Guaranty cannot pay a dividend to its parent in excess of certain limits without the approval of the Texas Insurance Commissioner (TIC). Guaranty paid $30.0 million of dividends to its parent company during 2024, while it paid no dividends to its parent during 2023. The maximum dividend that can be paid, on a rolling twelve-month period and subject to the timing of 2024 dividends paid, without the TIC's approval in 2025 is approximately $173.0 million, based on the greater of 2024 net operating income or 20% of statutory surplus as December 31, 2024.

Dividends from Guaranty are also voluntarily restricted primarily to maintain statutory surplus and liquidity at competitive levels and to demonstrate significant claims payment ability. The ability of a title insurer to pay claims can significantly affect the decision of lenders and other customers when buying a policy from a particular insurer. Surplus as regards policyholders (total statutory capital and surplus) for Guaranty was $865.1 million and $843.3 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Statutory net income for Guaranty was $42.7 million, $76.1 million and $144.9 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

The amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements for Guaranty was $2.0 million (and in the aggregate less than $2.0 million for all of the Company’s underwriter subsidiaries) at December 31, 2024, and each of its underwriter entities was in compliance with such requirements as of December 31, 2024.

NOTE 4

Investments in debt and equity securities.The total fair values of the Company's investments in debt and equity securities as of December 31 are detailed below:

(in $ thousands)

Investments in:

F - 17

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, included in the above fair values of investments in equity securities were net unrealized investment gains of $23.2 million and $11.2 million, respectively.

The amortized costs and fair values of investments in debt securities as of December 31, are as follows:

Amortizedcosts Fairvalues Amortizedcosts Fairvalues

(in $ thousands)

The Company believes its investment portfolio is diversified and expects no material loss to result from the failure to perform by issuers of the debt securities it holds. Investments made by the Company are not collateralized. Foreign debt securities primarily include Canadian government and corporate bonds, with aggregate fair values of $273.3 million and $282.4 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, and United Kingdom treasury and corporate bonds with aggregate fair values of $30.8 million and $31.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Gross unrealized gains and losses on investments in debt securities at December 31, were:

Gains Losses Gains Losses

(in $ thousands)

Debt securities at December 31, 2024 mature, according to their contractual terms, as follows (actual maturities may differ due to call or prepayment rights):

Amortizedcosts Fairvalues

(in $ thousands)

F - 18

Gross unrealized losses on investments in debt securities and the fair values of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2024, were:

Less than 12 months More than 12 months Total

Losses Fair values Losses Fair values Losses Fair values

(in $ thousands)

The number of specific debt securities investment holdings in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2024 was 300. Of these securities, 224 were in unrealized loss positions for more than 12 months. Gross unrealized investment losses at December 31, 2024 decreased compared to December 31, 2023, primarily influenced by the interest rate reductions initiated by the U.S. federal government during 2024. Since the Company does not intend to sell and will more likely than not maintain each investment security until its maturity or anticipated recovery, and no significant credit risk is deemed to exist, these investments are not considered as credit-impaired. The Company believes its investment portfolio is diversified and expects no material loss to result from the failure to perform by issuers of the debt securities it holds. Investments made by the Company are not collateralized.

Gross unrealized losses on investments in debt securities and the fair values of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2023, were:

Less than 12 months More than 12 months Total

Losses Fair values Losses Fair values Losses Fair values

(in $ thousands)

NOTE 5

Fair value measurements. Fair value is the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal, or most advantageous, market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. U.S. GAAP establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs when possible. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

•Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 – observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and

•Level 3 – unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair values of the assets or liabilities, including certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

F - 19

At December 31, 2024, financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair valuemeasurements

(in $ thousands)

Investments in securities:

Debt securities:

At December 31, 2023, financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair valuemeasurements

(in $ thousands)

Investments in securities:

Debt securities:

At December 31, 2024, Level 1 financial instruments consist of equity securities. Level 2 financial instruments consist of municipal, governmental, and corporate bonds, both U.S. and foreign. In accordance with the Company’s policies and guidelines which incorporate relevant statutory requirements, the Company’s third-party registered investment manager invests only in securities rated as investment grade or higher by the major rating services, where observable valuation inputs are significant. The fair value of the Company's investments in debt and equity securities is primarily determined using a third-party pricing service provider. The third-party pricing service provider calculates the fair values using both market approach and model valuation methods, as well as pricing information obtained from brokers, dealers and custodians. Management ensures the reasonableness of the third-party service valuations by comparing them with pricing information from the Company's investment manager.

F - 20

NOTE 6

Investment income and net realized and unrealized gains.Investment income and net realized and unrealized gains for the years ended December 31 are detailed below:

(in $ thousands)

Investment income:

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses):

In 2024, net realized and unrealized gains included a $2.4 million gain on a contingent liability adjustment related to a prior title company acquisition, partially offset by losses of $1.1 million related to a cost-basis investment impairment and $0.8 million related to a sale of a title office. Total investment income in 2024 and 2023 was significantly higher compared to 2022, primarily due to higher interest income resulting from earned interest from eligible escrow balances which started at mid-2023.

In 2023, net realized and unrealized losses included a $3.2 million contingent receivable loss adjustment related to a previous disposition of a business and $0.9 million of net gains resulting from contingent liability adjustments related to two title company acquisitions. In 2022, net realized and unrealized losses included $2.6 million of gains from settlements of company-owned insurance policies, a $1.0 million gain from an acquisition contingent liability adjustment and a $1.0 million realized gain related to a sale of a title plant copy, partially offset by $3.6 million of realized losses from disposals of businesses.

Net investment gains and losses recognized for the years ended December 31 related to investments in equity securities are follows:

(in $ thousands)

Less: Net realized gains on equity securities sold during the period 220 975 395

Proceeds from sales of investments in securities for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

(in $ thousands)

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NOTE 7

Income taxes.Income tax expense consists of the following:

(in $ thousands)

Current income tax expense:

Deferred income tax expense (benefit):

The following reconciles income tax expense computed at the federal statutory rate with income tax expense as reported (in $ thousands, except for income tax rates):

State income tax expense - net of Federal impact 575 156 2,664

Return-to-provision and true-up adjustments (253) (2,745) (1,971)

(1) Calculated using income before taxes and after noncontrolling interests.

(2) For U.S. income tax purposes, the Company’s Canadian operation is a branch of Guaranty. As a result, the Canadian net deferred tax liability is offset in the U.S. as a deferred tax asset but not in an equal amount given differing tax rates in Canada and the U.S.

F - 22

Deferred tax assets and liabilities resulting from the same tax jurisdiction are netted and presented as either an asset or liability on the consolidated balance sheets. Deferred tax assets and liabilities resulting from different tax jurisdictions are not netted on the consolidated balance sheets. Deferred tax assets and liabilities (netted based on the related temporary difference components) as of December 31 are detailed below.

(in $ thousands)

Deferred tax assets:

Net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards 24,917 24,375

Federal offset to Canadian deferred tax liability 7,166 7,418

Capitalized research and development costs 6,722 8,404

Foreign currency translation adjustments 6,260 2,705

Net unrealized losses on investments in securities — 59

(in $ thousands)

Deferred tax liabilities:

Amortization – goodwill and other intangibles (50,002) (43,279)

Other intangible assets from acquisitions (10,535) (15,518)

Net unrealized gains on investments in securities (2,940) —

Deferred compensation on life insurance policies (2,546) (2,628)

Net deferred income tax liability (23,439) (21,269)

At December 31, 2024, the Company's deferred tax assets related to NOL carryforwards are composed of a $17.0 million U.S. federal NOL carryforward from a 2021 acquisition with no expiration, various state NOL carryforwards which will expire in varying amounts from 2025 through 2046, and foreign NOL carryforwards which will expire in varying amounts from 2025 through 2027 or have unlimited carryforward periods. The future utilization of all NOL carryforwards is subject to various limitations. At December 31, 2024, the Company had $12.5 million of foreign tax credit carryforwards that will begin to expire in 2029. The future utilization of these credit carryforwards is subject to various limitations. Foreign jurisdictions where the Company makes tax payments include Canada, Australia, Costa Rica, Italy, Mexico, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom.

The Company's valuation allowance at December 31, 2024 relates primarily to all foreign tax credit carryforwards, certain research and development credits acquired in 2021 and certain state and foreign NOL carryforwards which the Company believes will not be utilized prior to expiration.

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The Company’s income tax returns are routinely subject to examinations by U.S. federal, foreign, and state and local tax authorities. At December 31, 2024, the Company’s 2021 through 2023 U.S. federal income tax returns and 2020 through 2023 Canadian income tax returns remain subject to examination. The Company is subject to routine examinations by state tax jurisdictions and remains subject to examination for 2019 through 2023 tax returns. The Company expects no material adjustments from any ongoing tax return examinations.

NOTE 8

Goodwill and other intangibles.The summary of changes in goodwill is as follows:

Title Real Estate Solutions Corporate Total

(in $ thousands)

Purchase accounting adjustments (20,977) — — (20,977)

Purchase accounting adjustments 186 — — 186

An aggregate of $18.0 million of the goodwill recognized in 2023 related to acquisitions is tax-deductible over a period of 15 years from the corresponding acquisition date, while there was no such amount recognized in 2024. In connection with its acquisitions, the Company recorded during 2024 and 2023 other intangible assets of $12.0 million and $28.7 million, respectively. Purchase accounting adjustments for goodwill in 2024 and 2023 were adjustments recorded within the one-year measurement period to provisional purchase accounting related to respective prior year acquisitions. These adjustments primarily resulted in the recognition of other intangible assets related to customer relationships and internally-developed technology.

The summary of other intangibles by major class (refer to Note 1-M) is as follows:

Customer Relationships Technology Others Total

(in $ thousands)

Total amortization expense recorded for other intangible assets was $32.1 million and $34.6 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The annual amortization expense expected to be recognized in the next five years relating to other intangible assets is approximately $30.5 million in 2025, $22.8 million in 2026, $13.9 million in 2027, $12.6 million in 2028 and $11.9 million in 2029.

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NOTE 9

Notes payable. A summary of notes payable is as follows:

(in $ thousands)

In November 2021, the Company completed an underwritten offering of $450 million aggregate principal amount of unsecured 3.6% Senior Notes due on November 15, 2031 (Senior Notes). The proceeds from the issuance of the Senior Notes, net of underwriting discounts and issuance costs, were $444.0 million, which were used to repay an outstanding balance on a previous term loan and for general corporate purposes. Interest on the Senior Notes is paid semi-annually in May and November at a fixed rate of 3.6% per annum. At any time prior to August 15, 2031, the Senior Notes are subject to redemption, at the Company's option, upon not less than 15 days' notice, in whole or in part, at a redemption price equal to the greater of: 100% of the principal amount of the Senior Notes to be redeemed, or the sum of the present values of the remaining scheduled payments of principal and interest to be redeemed. The Senior Notes are the Company’s general senior unsecured obligations, are not guaranteed by any of the Company’s subsidiaries, rank equally in right of payment with the Company’s existing and future senior unsecured indebtedness, and are effectively subordinated to all liabilities of the Company’s subsidiaries and to all of the Company’s secured indebtedness to the extent of the value of the collateral securing such indebtedness. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the fair value of the Senior Notes, based on trade transactions on or near year-end, was $392.2 million and $349.0 million, respectively. These values are considered Level 1 inputs based on the fair value hierarchy discussed in Note 5.

In October 2021, the Company entered into a new senior unsecured credit agreement (the Credit Agreement) comprising of a $200.0 million unsecured revolving credit facility (maturing in October 2026). The Credit Agreement includes an option to increase the revolving credit facility by up to $125.0 million. The Credit Agreement is guaranteed by the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries. At the Company’s election, borrowings under the Credit Agreement will bear interest at either (a) the Base Rate plus the Applicable Margin (each as defined in the agreement) or (b) the adjusted Term SOFR (as defined in the agreement) plus the applicable margin. The applicable margin, based on the Company's Debt to Capitalization Ratio (as defined in the agreement), for revolving loans ranges from 0.25% to 0.625% per annum for base rate borrowings and 1.25% to 1.625% per annum for Term SOFR borrowings. Further, a commitment fee accrues, based on the Company's debt to capitalization Ratio, ranging from 0.15% to 0.30% per annum on the average daily unused portion of the commitments. The Credit Agreement also contains certain consolidated financial covenants which, as detailed in the agreement, limit the Company's maximum debt to total capitalization ratio and minimum consolidated net worth.

As of December 31, 2024, the remaining balance of the line of credit available for use was $197.5 million, net of an unused $2.5 million letter of credit. The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 under the Credit Agreement.

The Company's qualified intermediary in tax-deferred property exchanges pursuant to Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code (Section 1031) enters into short-term loan agreements with parties to an exchange in the ordinary course of its business. The outstanding balances pursuant to these loans are presented as other notes payable in the above table and are secured by cash that is included in cash and cash equivalents on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. Borrowings and repayments on these short-term loans are reflected as financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

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NOTE 10

Estimated title losses. A summary of estimated title losses is as follows:

(in $ thousands, except for loss ratios)

Provisions:

Payments, net of recoveries:

Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates (11,725) 2,856 (9,801)

Loss ratios as a percentage of title operating revenues:

Current year provisions 3.5 % 3.4 % 3.5 %

Total provisions 3.9 % 4.1 % 3.8 %

NOTE 11

Share-based payments. As part of its incentive compensation program for executives and senior management employees, the Company provides share-based awards, which usually include a combination of time-based restricted stock units, performance-based restricted stock units, and stock options. Each restricted stock unit represents a contractual right to receive a share of the Company's Common Stock. The time-based units generally vest on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date, while the performance-based units vest upon achievement of certain financial objectives and employee service requirements over a period of approximately three years. The Company has not granted stock options since 2021 and all outstanding stock option awards fully vested in 2024. The compensation expense associated with the share-based awards, calculated based on the fair value of the related award and recognized over the corresponding vesting period, is presented as part of employee costs in the consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income. Award forfeitures are recorded as credits against employee costs in the period in which they occur.

The aggregate grant-date fair value of restricted stock unit awards to employees during 2024, 2023 and 2022 was $18.9 million (297,400 stock units with an average grant price of $63.41), $12.3 million (299,000 stock units with an average grant price of $41.09) and $11.9 million (188,300 stock units with an average grant price of $62.99), respectively.

A summary of the restricted stock unit activity during the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented below:

Units Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value per Share ($)

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A summary of the stock option activity during the year ended December 31, 2024 is presented below:

Units Weighted-Average Exercise Price ($)

Unvested at December 31, 2024 — —

As of December 31, 2024, the aggregate intrinsic value and weighted average remaining contractual term related to outstanding options was $13.3 million and 5.3 years, respectively.

The fair value of grants that vested in 2024 and 2023 aggregated to $13.0 million and $5.6 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, compensation costs recognized related to share-based awards to employees were approximately $12.7 million, $10.1 million and $11.5 million, respectively. The total tax benefits recognized in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income from tax deductions relating to vesting of equity awards in 2024, 2023 and 2022 were $2.2 million, $0.9 million and $1.2 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, compensation costs not yet recognized related to all employee nonvested awards was $13.4 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 1.2 years.

NOTE 12

Earnings per share. Basic earnings per share (EPS) attributable to Stewart is calculated by dividing net income attributable to Stewart by the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding during the reporting periods. To calculate diluted EPS, the number of shares is adjusted to include the number of additional shares that would have been outstanding if restricted units were vested and issued, and stock options were exercised. In periods of loss, dilutive shares are excluded from the calculation of the diluted EPS and diluted EPS is computed in the same manner as basic EPS.

The calculation of the basic and diluted EPS is as follows:

For the Years Ended December 31,

Numerator (in $ thousands):

Denominator (in thousands):

Average number of dilutive shares relating to options 225 69 159

Average number of dilutive shares relating to restricted units 276 158 133

Basic earnings per share attributable to Stewart ($) 2.65 1.12 6.00

Diluted earnings per share attributable to Stewart ($) 2.61 1.11 5.94

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NOTE 13

Reinsurance. As is industry practice, the Company cedes risks to other title insurance underwriters and reinsurers on certain transactions. However, the Company remains liable if the reinsurer should fail to meet its obligations. The Company also assumes risks from other underwriters on a transactional basis as well as on certain reinsurance treaties. Payments and recoveries on reinsured losses were insignificant during each of the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. The total amount of premiums for assumed and ceded risks was less than 1.0% of consolidated title revenues in each of the last three years and there were no outstanding amounts of reinsurance recoverable or payable at December 31, 2024 and 2023.

NOTE 14

Leases. Total operating lease expense was $46.3 million, $49.6 million and $53.2 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, which included $3.4 million, $3.3 million and $4.8 million, respectively, of lease expense related to short-term leases and equipment. Total finance lease expense was $0.3 million, $0.6 million and $0.9 million in 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Total operating lease liabilities are presented on the consolidated balance sheets and there were no outstanding finance lease obligations at December 31, 2024 and 2023. Lease-related assets as of December 31 are as follows:

(in $ thousands)

Operating lease assets, net of accumulated amortization 102,210 115,879

Finance lease assets, net of accumulated depreciation 473 778

Other information related to operating leases during the years ended December 31 is as follows:

Weighted average remaining lease term (years): 3.8 4.1

Weighted average discount rate 4.7 % 4.4 %

Future minimum lease payments under operating leases as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:

(in $ thousands)

Total future minimum lease payments 128,939

Less: imputed interest (10,104)