STC US Equity☆

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A)

MANAGEMENT'S OVERVIEW

For the year ended December 31, 2020, net income attributable to Stewart was $154.9 million, or $6.22 per diluted share, compared to $78.6 million, or $3.31 per diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2019. Pretax income before noncontrolling interests for the year ended December 31, 2020 was $218.5 million, compared to $117.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. Total revenues increased 18% to $2.3 billion in 2020, from $1.9 billion in 2019, primarily due to increased revenues from title operations principally resulting from increased transaction volumes, and a net revenue increase from ancillary services operations mainly due to acquisitions during 2020. In line with the improved revenues, total operating expenses increased 14% in 2020 compared to 2019. Refer to "Results of Operations" for detailed year-to-year income statement discussions, and "Liquidity and Capital Resources" for an analysis of Stewart's financial condition.

During 2020, we acquired a number of title offices across several states, two appraisal management services companies, and an online notarization and closing solutions provider, in line with our investment and growth strategy of focusing on attractive businesses and geographies where we can have sustained success and where additional scale can efficiently and effectively improve profitability and margins. These acquisitions realign Stewart to strongly compete in several strategic markets where we have traditionally been underrepresented. As expected, these acquisitions were immediately accretive to Stewart and contributed in 2020 total revenues and pretax income of $109.2 million and $17.3 million, respectively. We believe our solid operating results and liquidity position will allow us to continue investing and growing to maximize our operational potential.

For the fourth quarter 2020, we reported net income attributable to Stewart of $59.7 million ($2.22 per diluted share), compared to break-even results for the fourth quarter 2019. On an adjusted basis, Stewart’s fourth quarter 2020 net income of $56.4 million ($2.09 per diluted share) increased 174% from $20.6 million ($0.87 per diluted share) in the fourth quarter 2019. Fourth quarter 2020 pretax income before noncontrolling interests was $83.9 million compared to pretax income before noncontrolling interests of $3.8 million for the fourth quarter 2019.

Fourth quarter 2020 results included $4.4 million of pretax net realized and unrealized gains, composed of $3.9 million of net unrealized gains on fair value changes of equity securities investments and $0.5 million of net realized gains on sale of securities investments recorded in the title segment.

Fourth quarter 2019 results included the following pretax items:

•$8.0 million of net realized and unrealized losses, which included $11.7 million of impairment expenses relating to long-lived assets, partially offset by $2.2 million of realized gains on sale of securities investments and $1.1 million of net unrealized gains on fair value changes of equity securities investments,

•$6.5 million of severance expenses related to our corporate reorganization included in employee costs ($4.3 million in the ancillary services and corporate segment and $2.2 million in the title segment),

•$5.9 million of office closure costs primarily related to lease terminations included in other operating expenses ($4.7 million in the title segment and $1.2 million in the ancillary services and corporate segment),

•$2.2 million of executive insurance policy settlement expense recorded as part of other operating expenses within the ancillary services and corporate segment,

•$1.7 million of commercial services’ escrow loss recorded as part of title loss expense in the title segment, and

•$2.1 million of other non-operating charges ($1.3 million in the ancillary services and corporate segment and $0.8 million in the title segment).

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Summary results of the title segment are as follows (in $ millions, except pretax margin and % change):

For the Three MonthsEnded December 31,

Investment income 4.1 5.2 (21) %

Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) 4.4 (3.4) 230 %

Pretax margin 13.6 % 4.0 %

Title segment pretax income increased $74.6 million, while pretax margin improved 960 basis points to 13.6% in the fourth quarter 2020 compared to the prior year quarter. Title operating revenues increased $184.2 million, or 36%, resulting from increases in direct title revenues of $106.0 million, or 45%, and gross independent agency revenues of $78.3 million, or 29%. In line with the increased title revenues, the segment’s fourth quarter 2020 overall operating expenses increased $116.3 million, or 24%, with agency retention expenses and combined title employee costs and other operating expenses increasing 28% and 16%, respectively, from the prior year quarter. Average independent agency remittance rate improved to 18.2% in the fourth quarter 2020, compared to 17.7% in the prior year quarter, while combined title employee costs and other operating expenses, as a percentage of title revenues, improved to 38.8% in the fourth quarter 2020 compared to 45.7% in the prior year quarter.

Title loss expense increased $17.7 million, or 61%, in the fourth quarter 2020 compared to the prior year quarter, primarily due to increased title revenues and higher loss provisioning rates due to the macroeconomic environment. As a percentage of title revenues, the title loss expense in the fourth quarter 2020 was 6.8% compared to 5.7% from the prior year quarter; on a full year basis, the title loss ratio was 5.3% in 2020 compared to 4.6% in 2019. Given the current economic environment, we anticipate that our 2021 loss ratio will be comparable to the full year 2020 loss ratio.

The segment’s investment income decreased $1.1 million, or 21%, in the fourth quarter 2020, primarily as a result of lower interest rates during 2020. As noted previously, net realized and unrealized gains for the fourth quarter 2020 consisted primarily of net unrealized gains on fair value changes of equity securities investments (as noted above), while net realized and unrealized losses for the fourth quarter 2019 included $7.1 million of impairment expenses related to long-lived assets, partially offset by net gains from sale of securities investments and fair value changes of equity securities investments.

Direct title revenue information is presented below (in $ millions, except % change):

For the Three MonthsEnded December 31,

Non-commercial

Commercial:

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Direct title revenues increased as a result of overall improvements in commercial and non-commercial revenues, primarily driven by increased transactions during the fourth quarter 2020 compared to the prior year quarter. Domestic non-commercial revenues increased $90.6 million, or 61%, as a result of higher purchase and refinancing residential closed orders from both existing and newly acquired title offices. Domestic commercial revenues improved $3.4 million, or 6%, due to increased transaction size and volume. Total international revenues increased $11.9 million, or 38%, primarily due to higher volumes in our Canadian and European operations. Domestic commercial fee per file in the fourth quarter 2020 was approximately $12,900, an improvement of 6% from the fourth quarter 2019; while domestic residential fee per file was approximately $2,000, or 4% lower than the prior year quarter, primarily due to a higher mix of refinancing compared to purchase transactions.

Summary results of the ancillary services and corporate segment are as follows (in $ millions, except % change):

For the Three MonthsEnded December 31,

Net realized losses — (4.6) 100 %

The segment’s operating revenues increased from the prior year quarter as a result of 2020 acquisitions, which generated $34.5 million in the fourth quarter 2020. Revenues from our capital markets search and home equity valuation services operations declined $3.2 million, or 48%, due to significantly lower customer orders. Net realized losses in the fourth quarter 2019 were primarily related to impairments of long-lived assets. Pretax results for ancillary services operations, including acquisitions, improved $0.5 million, or 48%, in the fourth quarter 2020 compared to the prior year quarter. Net expenses attributable to parent company and corporate operations for the fourth quarter 2020 were approximately $10.4 million, which included costs related to charitable contributions, increased employee vacation carryover, and third-party strategic consulting; while net expenses for the fourth quarter 2019 were approximately $10.9 million, which included reorganization severance expenses, executive insurance policy settlement costs, charitable contributions and asset impairment charges.

COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, health and governmental bodies, including the state of Texas where we are headquartered, issued travel restrictions, quarantine orders, temporary closures of non-essential businesses and other restrictive measures. In response to the pandemic, we deployed our business continuity plan in March and continue to take appropriate measures to protect the safety of all our employees and customers, while monitoring the evolving effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the national and international fronts. Within the U.S., our business was deemed an essential business which allowed us to continue underwriting and closing real estate transactions for our residential and commercial customers on a daily basis. When possible, we utilize our digital capabilities, including remote online notarization (RON), remote ink notarization (RIN), electronic signature platforms, virtual underwriting, and mobile earnest money transfer tools to aid our employees in facilitating real estate transactions during this challenging environment.

Currently, various levels of restrictions to address the spread of COVID-19 are still in place across the U.S. and the rest of the world, with some economies gradually opening up and efforts to distribute vaccines continue. We continue to proactively manage our business through this crisis with the help of our exceptional employees and support of our customers. While the pandemic continues, Stewart is committed to helping people safely navigate the real estate closing process. We believe our strong liquidity position and innovative solutions will allow us to facilitate our customers’ purchase and refinance of real estate should macroeconomic conditions become more challenging.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Actual results can differ from our accounting estimates. While we do not anticipate significant changes in our estimates, there is a risk that such changes could have a material impact on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations for future periods. The discussion of critical accounting estimates below should be read in conjunction with the related accounting policies disclosed within Note 1 to our audited consolidated financial statements in Part IV of this annual report.

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Title loss reserves

Provisions for title losses, as a percentage of title operating revenues, were 5.3%, 4.6% and 3.9% for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Actual loss payment experience, including the impact of large losses, is the primary reason for increases or decreases in our loss provision. A 100 basis point change in the loss provisioning percentage, a reasonably likely scenario based on our historical loss experience, would have increased or decreased our provision for title losses and pretax operating results by approximately $21.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020.

We consider our actual claims payments and incurred loss experience, including the frequency and severity of claims, compared to our actuarial estimates of claims payments and incurred losses in determining whether our overall loss experience has improved or worsened relative to prior periods. We also consider the impact of economic or market factors on particular policy years to determine whether the results of those policy years are indicative of future expectations. In addition, large claims, including large title losses due to independent agency defalcations, are analyzed and reserved for separately due to the potential higher dollar amount of loss, lower volume of claims reported and sporadic reporting of such claims. We evaluate the frequency and severity of large losses in determining whether our experience has improved or worsened. Our method for recording the reserves for title losses on both an interim and annual basis begins with the calculation of our current loss provision rate which is applied to our current premium revenues, resulting in a title loss expense for the period, except for large claims and escrow losses. This loss provision rate is set to provide for losses on current year policies and is primarily determined using moving average ratios of recent actual policy loss payment experience (net of recoveries) to premium revenues.

Due to the inherent uncertainty in predicting future title policy losses, significant judgment is required by our management and our third-party actuaries in estimating reserves. As a consequence, our ultimate liability may be materially greater or lower than current reserves and/or our third-party actuary’s calculated estimates.

Provisions for known claims arise primarily from prior policy years as claims are not typically reported until several years after policies are issued. Provisions - Incurred But Not Reported (IBNR) are estimates of claims expected to be incurred over the next 20 years; therefore, it is not unusual or unexpected to experience changes to those estimated provisions in both current and prior policy years as additional loss experience on policy years is obtained. This loss experience may result in changes to our estimate of total ultimate losses expected (i.e., the IBNR policy loss reserve). Current year provisions - IBNR are recorded on policies issued in the current year as a percentage of premiums earned (loss provisioning rate). As claims become known, provisions are reclassified from IBNR to known claims. Adjustments relating to large losses (those individually in excess of $1.0 million) may impact provisions either for known claims or for IBNR.

(in $ millions)

Provisions – Known Claims:

Provisions – IBNR

Transferred IBNR to Known Claims (68.8) (73.5) (61.6)

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In 2020, total known claims provisions decreased by $8.8 million, or 10%, to $83.1 million primarily due to lower reported claims relating to prior year policies compared to 2019. Total 2020 provisions - IBNR increased by $34.9 million, or 53%, to $100.9 million compared to the prior year, primarily due to increased title premiums, higher loss provisioning rates driven by an overall uncertainty related to incurred losses resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and unfavorable loss experience in our Canadian operations. In 2019, total known claims provisions increased by $12.1 million, or 15%, to $91.9 million primarily due to the higher reported claims relating to prior year policies compared to 2018. Total 2019 provisions - IBNR increased by $12.7 million, or 24%, to $66.0 million compared to the prior year, primarily as a result of unfavorable loss experience in 2019 and a $4.0 million prior policy year reserve reduction during 2018. As a percentage of title operating revenues, current year provisions - IBNR were 3.9%, 3.3% and 2.8% in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Provisions - IBNR relating to prior policy years for 2019 were primarily related to adverse developments on large claims.

In addition to title policy claims, we incur losses in our direct operations from escrow, closing and disbursement functions. These escrow losses typically relate to errors or other miscalculations of amounts to be paid at closing, including timing or amount of a mortgage payoff, payment of property or other taxes and payment of homeowners’ association fees. Escrow losses also arise in cases of fraud, and in those cases, the title insurer incurs the loss under its obligation to ensure that an unencumbered title is conveyed. Escrow losses are recognized as expense when discovered or when contingencies associated with them (such as litigation) are resolved and are typically paid less than 12 months after the loss is recognized.

Large title losses due to independent agency defalcations typically occur when the independent agency misappropriates funds from escrow accounts under its control. Such losses are usually discovered when the independent agency fails to pay off an outstanding mortgage loan at closing (or immediately thereafter) from the proceeds of the new loan. These incurred losses are typically more severe in terms of dollar value compared with traditional title policy claims since the independent agency is often able, over time, to conceal misappropriation of escrow funds relating to more than one transaction through the constant volume of funds moving through its escrow accounts. In declining real estate markets, lower transaction volumes result in a lower incoming volume of funds, making it more difficult to cover up the misappropriation with incoming funds. Thus, when the defalcation is discovered, it often relates to several transactions. In addition, the overall decline in an independent agency’s revenues, profits and cash flows increases the agency’s incentive to improperly utilize the escrow funds from real estate transactions. For each of the three years ended December 31, 2020, our net title losses due to independent agency defalcations were not material.

Internal controls relating to independent agencies include, but are not limited to, periodic audits, site visits and reconciliations of policy inventories and premiums. The audits and site visits cover examination of the escrow account bank reconciliations and an examination of a sample of closed transactions. In some instances, the scope of our review is limited by attorney agencies that cite client confidentiality. Certain states have mandated annual reviews of agencies by their underwriter. We also determine whether our independent agencies have appropriate internal controls as defined by the American Land Title Association's best practices and us. However, even with adequate internal controls in place, their effectiveness can be circumvented by collusion or improper override of the controls by management at the independent agencies. To aid in the selection of independent agencies to review, we have developed an agency risk model that aggregates data from different areas to identify possible issues. This is not a guarantee that all independent agencies with deficiencies will be identified. In addition, we are typically not the only underwriter for which an independent agency issues policies, and independent agencies may not always provide complete financial records for our review.

Goodwill impairment

Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed annually during the third quarter using June 30 balances, or whenever occurrences of events indicate a potential impairment at the reporting unit level. We evaluate goodwill based on four reporting units with goodwill balances - direct operations, agency operations, international operations and ancillary services.

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We have an option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. In performing the qualitative assessment, we consider factors that include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall actual and expected financial performance, market perspective on the Company, as well as other relevant events and circumstances determined by management. We evaluate the weight of each factor to determine whether an impairment more-likely-than-not exists. If we decide not to use a qualitative assessment or if the reporting unit fails the qualitative assessment, we perform the quantitative impairment analysis.

The quantitative analysis involves the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying amount. The goodwill impairment is calculated as the excess of the reporting unit's carrying amount over the estimated fair value and is charged to current operations. While we are responsible for assessing whether an impairment of goodwill exists, we utilize inputs from third-party appraisers in performing the quantitative analysis. We estimate the fair value using a combination of the income approach (discounted cash flow (DCF) technique) and the market approach (guideline company and precedent transaction analyses). The DCF model utilizes historical and projected operating results and cash flows, initially driven by estimates of changes in future revenue levels, and risk-adjusted discount rates. Our projected operating results are primarily driven by anticipated mortgage originations, which we obtain from projections by industry experts, for our title reporting units and expected contractual revenues for our ancillary services reporting unit. Fluctuations in revenues, followed by our ability to appropriately adjust our employee count and other operating expenses, or large and unanticipated adjustments to title loss reserves, are the primary reasons for increases or decreases in our projected operating results. Our market-based valuation methodologies utilize (i) market multiples of earnings and/or other operating metrics of comparable companies and (ii) our market capitalization and a control premium based on market data.

The valuation techniques performed in our quantitative analysis make use of our estimates and assumptions related to critical factors, which include revenue and operating margin growth rates, future market conditions, determination of market multiples and comparative companies, assignment of a control premium, and determination of risk-adjusted discount rates. Forecasts of future operations are based, in part, on actual operating results and our expectations as to future market conditions. Our calculation of fair value requires analysis of a range of possible outcomes and applying weights to each of the valuation technique used. Due to the uncertainty and complexity of performing the goodwill impairment analysis, actual results may not be consistent with our estimates and assumptions, which may result in a future material goodwill impairment.

We concluded that the goodwill related to each of our reporting units was not impaired after performing the qualitative assessment during 2020 and the quantitative impairment analysis during 2019. Refer to Note 1-L and Note 8 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details on goodwill.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

We discuss in this section the consolidated results of operations for the years 2020 and 2019, as compared to each corresponding prior year. Factors contributing to fluctuations in our results of operations are presented in the order of their monetary significance, and significant changes are quantified, when necessary. Segment results are included in the discussions and are discussed separately, when relevant.

Industry data. Published U.S. mortgage interest rates and other selected residential housing data for the three years ended December 31, 2020 are shown below (amounts shown for 2020 are preliminary and subject to revision). The amounts below may not relate directly to or provide accurate data for forecasting our operating revenues or order counts. Our statements on home sales, mortgage interest rates and loan activity are based on averaged published industry data from sources including Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Mortgage Bankers Association.

Mortgage interest rates (30-year, fixed-rate) – %

Refinancings – % of originations 62 46 30

New home sales – median sales price in $ thousands 332 323 326

Existing home sales – in millions 5.65 5.34 5.34

Existing home sales – median sales price in $ thousands 292 273 259

Total mortgage originations improved 67% in 2020 compared to 2019 primarily due to the record-low interest rates in 2020, which drove refinancing lending to increase 125% from the prior year. Purchase lending also increased 17%, which was additionally influenced by growth in buyer demand, despite lower housing inventory levels. Compared to the prior year, new and existing home sales in 2020 improved 23% and 6%, respectively, while the median new and existing home prices also increased 3% and 7%, respectively.

For 2021, the average 30-year mortgage interest fixed rate is expected to stay the same with that of 2020, while the housing activity, though expected to remain strong in 2021, is forecasted to decelerate compared to the pace set by the second half of 2020. Total lending is estimated to decline 21%, compared to 2020, mainly due to 39% lower refinancing originations, which will be partially offset by an 8% rise in purchase originations. Nevertheless, 2021 refinancing originations are expected to be 38% higher than that in 2019. New and existing homes sales in 2021 are expected to grow 10% and 7%, respectively, compared to 2020, while median new and existing home prices are estimated to increase 2% and 3%, respectively.

Factors affecting revenues. Our primary business is title insurance and settlement-related services. We close transactions and issue title policies on homes, commercial and other real properties located in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and international markets through policy-issuing offices, independent agencies and centralized title services centers, or through reinsurance agreements. Our ancillary services and corporate segment includes our parent holding company expenses and certain enterprise-wide overhead costs, along with our ancillary services operations, which are principally appraisal management, search and valuation services. The principal factors that contribute to changes in our operating revenues include:

•mortgage interest rates;

•availability of mortgage loans;

•number and average value of mortgage loan originations;

•ability of potential purchasers to qualify for loans;

•inventory of existing homes available for sale;

•ratio of purchase transactions compared with refinance transactions;

•ratio of closed orders to open orders;

•home prices;

•consumer confidence, including employment trends;

•demand by buyers;

•number of households;

•premium rates;

•foreign currency exchange rates;

•market share;

•ability to attract and retain highly productive sales executives and associates;

•departure of revenue-attached employees;

•independent agency remittance rates;

•opening of new offices and acquisitions;

•number and value of commercial transactions, which typically yield higher premiums;

•government or regulatory initiatives, including tax incentives;

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•acquisitions or divestitures of businesses;

•volume of distressed property transactions;

•seasonality and/or weather; and

•outbreaks of disease, including the COVID-19 pandemic, and related restrictions on travel, trade and business operations.

Premiums are determined in part by the values of the transactions we handle. To the extent inflation or market conditions cause increases in the prices of homes and other real estate, premium revenues are also increased. Conversely, falling home prices cause premium revenues to decline. As an overall guideline, a 5% change in median home prices results in approximately 3.7% change in title premiums. Home price changes may override the seasonal nature of the title insurance business. Historically, our first quarter is the least active in terms of title insurance revenues as home buying is generally depressed during winter months. Our second and third quarters are the most active as the summer is the traditional home buying season, and while commercial transaction closings are skewed to the end of the year, individually large commercial transactions can occur any time of year. On average, refinance title premium rates are 60% of the premium rates for a similarly priced sale transaction.

Title revenues.Direct title revenue information is presented below:

Year Ended December 31 Change Percent Change

(in $ millions) (in $ millions)

Non-commercial

Commercial:

Direct title revenues in 2020 improved 19% compared to 2019, primarily due to higher non-commercial revenues driven by increased purchase and refinancing residential orders from existing offices and revenues generated by acquired title offices in 2020. This increase was partially offset by decreased commercial revenues primarily resulting from reduced transaction sizes and volumes. Total refinancing and purchased closed orders in 2020 increased 123% and 8%, respectively; while commercial closed orders decreased 8% compared to 2019. Domestic residential fee per file in 2020 was approximately $1,900 in 2020 compared to $2,200 in 2019, primarily as a result of a higher mix of refinancing compared to purchase transactions in 2020. Domestic commercial fee per file in 2020 was $11,100 compared to $11,600 in 2019, primarily due to lower transaction sizes resulting from the slowdown in the commercial real estate market during the COVID-19 pandemic. Total international revenues grew $12.3 million, or 11%, in 2020 versus 2019, primarily because of higher volumes generated by our Canada operations, partially offset by lower volumes from other international locations.

Direct title revenues in 2019 increased 4% compared to 2018, primarily due to the improvement in non-commercial domestic and total international revenues, respectively, which were partially offset by a decline in domestic commercial revenues. The improvement in non-commercial domestic revenues was primarily due to a 13% improvement in total purchase and refinancing closed orders influenced by lower interest rates in 2019 compared to the prior year. Domestic commercial revenues declined primarily as a result of lower number of commercial transactions in 2019 versus the prior year. Total international revenues increased primarily due to improved transaction volumes in our Canada and United Kingdom operations, partially offset by the effect of the weaker average exchange rates of the Canadian dollar and United Kingdom pound against the U.S. dollar during 2019 compared to 2018.

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Closed and opened orders information is as follows:

Year Ended December 31 Change % Change

Opened Orders:

Closed Orders:

Gross revenues from independent agency operations (agency revenues) increased $180.5 million, or 19%, in 2020 compared to 2019, which was consistent with the improving real estate market trends and the continued return of agents after the terminated merger transaction with FNF in late 2019. Gross agency revenues in 2019 declined $33.4 million, or 3%, compared to 2018, primarily due to the negative effect of the proposed FNF merger on our agents. In line with the change in gross agency revenues, net agency revenues (which are net of agency retention) increased $35.2 million, or 21%, in 2020 and declined $5.6 million, or 3%, in 2019 compared to 2018. Refer further to the "Retention by agencies" discussion under Expenses below.

Title revenues by geographic location. The approximate amounts and percentages of consolidated title operating revenues for the last three years ended December 31, 2020 were as follows:

Year Ended December 31 Percentages

(in $ millions)

Ancillary services revenues. Ancillary services revenues in 2020 increased $45.2 million, or 121%, compared to 2019, primarily due to $65.8 million of revenues generated from 2020 acquisitions, partially offset by $20.6 million, or 55%, lower revenues from our capital markets search and home equity valuation services operations as a result of reduced market activity in 2020. In 2019, ancillary services revenues declined $13.3 million, or 26%, compared to 2018, primarily due to significantly lower customer orders.

Investment income. Investment income in 2020 declined $1.2 million, or 6%, compared to 2019, primarily due to lower interest income on investments resulting from the low interest rates environment in 2020; while investment income in 2019 was comparable to 2018. Refer to Note 6 to our audited consolidated financial statements for additional details.

Net realized and unrealized gains. Refer to Note 6 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details.

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Expenses. Our employee costs and certain other operating expenses are sensitive to inflation. An analysis of expenses is shown below:

Year Ended December 31 Change % Change

(in $ millions) (in $ millions)

As a % of agency revenues 82.1 % 82.3 % 82.4 %

As a % of operating revenues 27.0 % 30.2 % 29.8 %

As a % of operating revenues 16.5 % 18.4 % 18.3 %

As a % of title revenues 5.3 % 4.6 % 3.9 %

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Retention by agencies. Amounts retained by title agencies are based on agreements between the agencies and our title underwriters. Amounts retained by independent agencies, as a percentage of revenues generated by them, averaged 82.1%, 82.3% and 82.4% in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The slight improvement of the average retention ratio in 2020, compared to 2019, was primarily due to relatively higher agency revenue increase in states with lower retention rates. The average retention percentage may vary from period to period due to the geographical mix of agency operations, the volume of title revenues and, in some states, laws or regulations. Due to the variety of such laws or regulations, as well as competitive factors, the average retention rate can differ significantly from state to state. In addition, a high proportion of our independent agencies are in states with retention rates greater than 80%. We continue to focus on increasing profit margins in every state, increasing premium revenue in states where remittance rates are above 20%, and maintaining the quality of our agency network, which we believe to be the industry’s best, in order to mitigate claims risk and drive consistent future performance. While market share is important in our agency operations channel, it is not as important as margins, risk mitigation and profitability.

Non-operating charges. Comparisons for employee costs and other operating expenses for the three years ended December 31, 2020 are influenced by the following non-operating charges:

(in $ thousands)

Ancillary services and corporate segment:

FNF merger expenses Other operating expenses — 6,835 12,673

Severance expenses Employee costs — 4,296 354

Executive insurance policy settlement Other operating expenses — 2,151 —

Office closure costs Other operating expenses — 1,222 —

Litigation-related accruals Other operating expenses — — 1,200

Other charges Other operating expenses — 1,298 —

Title segment:

Office closure costs Other operating expenses — 5,346 750

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Selected cost ratios (by segment). The following table shows employee costs and other operating expenses as a percentage of related segment operating revenues for the years ended December 31:

Employee Costs Other Operating Expenses

Employee costs. Consolidated employee costs increased $46.0 million, or 8%, primarily due to acquisitions, higher incentive compensation on improved operating results, and increased overtime costs driven by higher transaction volumes in 2020 compared to 2019. These increases were partially offset by reduced salaries expense resulting from a 4% reduction in average employee counts (excluding acquisitions) in 2020. Consolidated employee costs in 2019 increased $4.7 million, or 1%, compared to 2018, primarily due to increased incentive compensation resulting from higher direct title revenues and the executive severance charges related to the corporate reorganization, which was partially offset by reduced salaries expense driven by a 6% reduction in average employee counts.

Our total employee counts at December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 were approximately 5,800, 5,300 and 5,400, respectively. Average cost per employee in 2020 and 2019 both increased 7%, compared to the corresponding prior years, primarily due to increased incentive compensation and severance charges. As a percentage of total operating revenues, employee costs were 27.0%, 30.2% and 29.8% in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Employee costs for the title segment increased $46.6 million, or 9%, in 2020 compared to 2019, primarily due to acquisitions and higher incentive compensation on higher title revenues. The title segment's employee costs in 2019 increased $7.2 million, or 1%, versus 2018, primarily due to increased incentive compensation, partially reduced by the lower salaries expense resulting from lower average employee counts. Employee costs in the ancillary services and corporate segment decreased $0.6 million, or 2%, in 2020 compared to 2019, and also decreased $2.5 million, or 8%, in 2019 compared to 2018, primarily due to lower overall costs resulting from reduced average employee counts driven volume declines. However, the decreased employee costs in 2020 were partially offset by added employee costs from 2020 acquisitions.

Other operating expenses. Other operating expenses include costs that are fixed in nature, costs that follow, to varying degrees, changes in transaction volumes and revenues (variable costs) and costs that fluctuate independently of revenues (independent costs). Costs that are fixed in nature include attorney and professional fees, third-party outsourcing provider fees, equipment rental, insurance, rent and other occupancy expenses, repairs and maintenance, technology costs, telecommunications and title plant expenses. Variable costs include appraiser expenses, outside search and valuation fees, attorney fee splits, bad debt expenses, copy supplies, delivery fees, postage, premium taxes and title plant maintenance expenses. Independent costs include general supplies, litigation defense, business promotion and marketing and travel.

Consolidated other operating expenses increased $29.8 million, or 9%, in 2020 compared to 2019, while other operating expenses in 2019 were comparable to 2018. Other operating expenses, as a percentage of total operating revenues (other operating expenses ratio), were 16.5%, 18.4% and 18.3% in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Excluding the impact of the non-operating charges (as presented in the table above), the other operating expenses ratio would have been 17.5% in both 2019 and 2018.

In 2020, excluding the non-operating charges presented in the table above, costs fixed in nature increased $1.3 million, or 1%, compared to 2019, primarily due to increased professional and consulting fees related to acquisitions and integration and higher technology expenses, partially offset by lower rent and other occupancy expenses. Variable costs increased $55.3 million, or 37%, primarily due to increased appraiser expenses tied to appraisal revenues generated by new acquisitions in the ancillary services operations, as well as higher premium taxes, title plant maintenance expenses and attorney fee splits consistent with higher overall title revenues. These increases were partially offset by lower outside search expenses related to lower revenues from commercial title and search and valuation services operations. Independent costs, excluding the operating charges, decreased $9.1 million, or 20%, primarily due to reduced marketing and travel expenses mainly as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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In 2019, excluding the non-operating charges presented in the table above, costs fixed in nature decreased $6.1 million, or 4%, compared to 2018, primarily due to reduced insurance expenses, professional and consulting fees and telecommunications expenses. Variable costs remained comparable to the prior year as the decreased outside search expenses resulting from lower ancillary services revenues were offset by increased bad debt expenses and higher premium taxes on higher title revenues. Excluding the non-operating charges, independent costs increased $2.9 million, or 7%, primarily due to increased marketing expenses and litigation-related accruals.

Title losses. Provisions for title losses, as a percentage of title operating revenues, were 5.3%, 4.6% and 3.9% in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. The title loss ratio in any given year can be significantly influenced by new large claims incurred as well as adjustments to reserves for existing large claims. We continue to manage and resolve large claims prudently and in keeping with our commitments to our policyholders.

For the year ended December 31, 2020, title losses increased $30.8 million, or 36%, compared to 2019, primarily due to increased title premiums, higher loss provisioning rate driven by an overall uncertainty related to incurred losses resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and unfavorable loss experience in our Canadian operations. For the year ended December 31, 2019, title losses increased $12.9 million, or 18%, compared to 2018, primarily due to unfavorable loss experience in 2019, resulting in a higher current year policy provisioning rate and increased loss provisions in portions of our non-Canadian international operations, and a $4.0 million prior policy year reserve reduction during 2018.

Title losses paid were $82.0 million, $91.0 million and $82.7 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Total claim payments in 2020 decreased compared to 2019, primarily due to lower payments on non-large claims, partially offset by higher payments on large claims. The higher claims payments in 2019 compared to the prior year were primarily due to higher payments on non-large claims, partially offset by lower payments on large claims. Claims payments made on large title claims, net of insurance recoveries, during 2020, 2019 and 2018 were $8.7 million, $6.1 million and $7.3 million, respectively.

Our liability for estimated title losses as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 comprises both known claims and our IBNR. Known claims reserves are reserves related to actual losses reported to us. Our reserve for known claims comprises both claims related to title insurance policies as well as losses arising from escrow closing and funding operations due to fraud or error (which are recognized as expense when discovered). The amount of the reserve represents the aggregate, non-discounted future payments (net of recoveries) that we expect to incur on policy and escrow losses and in costs to settle claims.

Total title policy loss reserve balances at December 31 were as follows:

(in $ millions)

Title claims are generally reported within the first six years after policy issuance and the timing of payments on these claims can significantly impact the balance of known claims, since claims, in many cases, may be open for several years before resolution and payment occur. As a result, the estimate of ultimate amount to be paid on any claim may be modified over that time period. As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, our reserve balance was above the actuarial midpoint of total estimated policy loss reserves.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expense in 2020 decreased $3.3 million, or 15%, compared to 2019, primarily due to certain information technology and other fixed assets being fully depreciated or written off by end of 2019, and reduced purchases of fixed assets in 2020, partially offset by $2.7 million of intangible asset amortization related to 2020 acquisitions. Depreciation and amortization expense in 2019 decreased $2.4 million, or 10%, compared to the prior year, primarily due to some assets being fully depreciated or amortized.

Income taxes. Our effective tax rates for 2020, 2019 and 2018 were 24.0%, 25.3% and 22.1%, respectively, based on income before taxes (after deducting noncontrolling interests) of $203.7 million, $105.3 million and $61.0 million, respectively. Refer to Note 7 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details on the effective tax rates and income tax accounts.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Our liquidity and capital resources reflect our ability to generate cash flow to meet our obligations to shareholders, customers (payments to satisfy claims on title policies), vendors, employees, lenders and others. As of December 31, 2020, our total cash and investments, including amounts reserved pursuant to statutory requirements, aggregated $1.1 billion ($621.2 million, net of statutory reserves on cash and investments). Of our total cash and investments at December 31, 2020, $814.8 million ($546.0 million, net of statutory reserves) was held in the United States (U.S.) and the rest internationally, principally in Canada.

Cash held at the parent company totaled $3.6 million at December 31, 2020. As a holding company, the parent company is funded principally by cash from its subsidiaries in the form of dividends, operating and other administrative expense reimbursements and pursuant to intercompany tax sharing agreements. The expense reimbursements are paid in accordance with management agreements, approved by the Texas Department of Insurance (TDI), among us and our subsidiaries. In addition to funding operating expenses, cash held at the parent company is used for dividend payments to common stockholders. To the extent such uses exceed cash available, the parent company is dependent on distributions from Guaranty, its regulated title insurance underwriter.

A substantial majority of our consolidated cash and investments as of December 31, 2020 was held by Guaranty and its subsidiaries. The use and investment of these funds, dividends to the parent company, and cash transfers between Guaranty and its subsidiaries and the parent company are subject to certain legal and regulatory restrictions. In general, Guaranty may use its cash and investments in excess of its legally-mandated statutory premium reserve (established in accordance with requirements under Texas law) to fund its insurance operations, including claims payments. Guaranty may also, subject to certain limitations, provide funds to its subsidiaries (whose operations consist principally of field title offices and ancillary services operations) for their operating and debt service needs.

We maintain investments in accordance with certain statutory requirements for the funding of statutory premium reserves. Statutory premium reserves are required to be fully funded and invested in high-quality securities and short-term investments. Statutory reserve funds are not available for current claims payments, which must be funded from current operating cash flow. Included in investments in debt and equity securities are statutory reserve funds of approximately $496.6 million at December 31, 2020. In addition, included within cash and cash equivalents are statutory reserve funds of approximately $20.0 million at December 31, 2020. Although these cash statutory reserve funds are not restricted or segregated in depository accounts, they are required to be held pursuant to state statutes. If the Company fails to maintain minimum investments or cash and cash equivalents sufficient to meet statutory requirements, the Company may be subject to fines or other penalties, including potential revocation of its business license. As of December 31, 2020, our known claims reserve totaled $68.9 million and our estimate of claims that may be reported in the future, under generally accepted accounting principles, totaled $427.4 million. In addition to this, we had cash and investments (excluding equity method investments) of $428.9 million which are available for underwriter operations, including claims payments.

The ability of Guaranty to pay dividends to its parent is governed by Texas insurance law. The TDI must be notified of any dividend declared, and any dividend in excess of the statutory maximum of 20% of surplus (which was approximately $158.9 million as of December 31, 2020) would be, by regulation, considered extraordinary and subject to pre-approval by the TDI. Also, the Texas Insurance Commissioner may raise an objection to a planned distribution during the notification period. Guaranty’s actual ability or intent to pay dividends to its parent may be constrained by business and regulatory considerations, such as the impact of dividends on surplus and the liquidity ratio, which could affect its ratings and competitive position, the amount of insurance it can write and its ability to pay future dividends. Guaranty paid dividends of $30.0 million to its parent during 2020 and none during 2019.

Contractual obligations. Our material contractual obligations at December 31, 2020 are composed primarily of amounts drawn on our line of credit facility, other notes payable, operating leases and reserves for estimated title losses. The timing above for payments of notes payable is based upon contractually stated payment terms of each debt agreement. At December 31, 2020, the outstanding balance on our line of credit facility is due in 2025. Other notes payable include short-term loan agreements in connection with our Section 1031 business (Section 1031 notes) and finance lease obligations. Operating leases are primarily for office space and expire over the next ten years. Refer to Note 10 (Notes payable) and Note 15 (Leases) to our audited consolidated financial statements for details on the annual maturity of related obligations.

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In regard to the reserves for estimated title losses, the timing of payments is not set by contract. The actual timing of estimated title loss payments may vary since claims, by their nature, are complex and paid over long periods of time. Based on our historical payment patterns, approximately 77% of the outstanding reserves are paid out within six years. Refer to Note 11 (Estimated title losses) to our audited consolidated financial statements for details.

Cash flows. As the parent company conducts no operations apart from its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the discussion below focuses on consolidated cash flows. Refer to the consolidated statements of cash flows in the audited consolidated financial statements.

(in $ millions)

Net cash provided by operating activities 275.8 166.4 84.2

Net cash (used) provided by investing activities (231.4) 7.0 9.4

Net cash provided (used) by financing activities 54.3 (37.8) (47.8)

Operating activities. Our principal sources of cash from operations are premiums on title policies and revenue from title service-related transactions, ancillary services and other operations. Our independent agencies remit cash to us net of their contractual retention. Our principal cash expenditures for operations are employee costs, operating costs and title claims payments.

Net cash provided by operations in 2020 improved by $109.4 million compared to 2019, primarily due to the higher net income generated and lower claim payments in 2020. Net cash provided by operations in 2019 improved by $82.2 million compared to 2018, primarily due to the higher net income in 2019, which included the $50.0 million merger termination fee from FNF, partially offset by higher payments on claims. Although our business is labor intensive, we are focused on a cost-effective, scalable business model which includes utilization of technology, centralized back and middle office functions and business process outsourcing. We are continuing our emphasis on cost management, especially in light of the current economic environment due to the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically focusing on lowering unit costs of production and improving operating margins in all our businesses. Our plans to improve margins include additional automation of manual processes, and further consolidation of our various systems and production operations. We continue to invest in the technology necessary to accomplish these goals.

Investing activities. Cash used and provided by investing activities is primarily driven by proceeds from matured and sold investments, purchases of investments, capital expenditures and acquisition of title offices and other businesses. During 2020, 2019 and 2018, total proceeds from securities investments sold and matured were $96.0 million, $99.3 million and $79.1 million, respectively; while cash used for purchases of securities investments was $118.3 million, $77.5 million and $43.1 million, respectively. The higher purchases of securities investments in 2020 and 2019 were primarily due to our resumption to normal activity of investing in securities, following the relatively lower activity in 2018 when we invested more into cash equivalents and short-term investments, which had more favorable interest rates.

We used $200.0 million of cash in 2020 for acquisitions of several title offices and ancillary services businesses and also used $19.0 million of cash in 2018 for acquiring title offices; while we used $15.0 million, $17.1 million and $10.7 million of cash for purchases of property and equipment during 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. We maintain investment in capital expenditures at a level that enables us to implement technologies for increasing our operational and back-office efficiencies and to pursue growth in key markets.

Financing activities and capital resources. During 2020, we generated net proceeds of approximately $109.0 million from an issuance of new shares of Common Stock, which we used primarily for the acquisition of several title offices. During each of 2020, 2019 and 2018, we paid total dividends of $1.20 per common share, which aggregated to $30.2 million, $28.3 million and $28.3 million, respectively.

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Total debt and stockholders’ equity were $101.8 million and $1.0 billion, respectively, as of December 31, 2020. During 2020, 2019 and 2018, payments on notes payable of $23.8 million, $25.0 million and $16.3 million, respectively, and notes payable additions of $16.5 million, $30.5 million and $14.5 million, respectively, were related to short-term loan agreements in connection with our Section 1031 tax-deferred property exchange (Section 1031) business. As of December 31, 2020, the outstanding balance on the line of credit facility was $98.9 million, while the remaining balance of the line of credit available for use was $98.6 million, net of an unused $2.5 million letter of credit. Our debt-to-equity ratio at December 31, 2020, excluding our Section 1031 notes, was approximately 10.0%.

Effect of changes in foreign currency rates. The effect of changes in foreign currency rates on the consolidated statements of cash flows was a net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents of $3.3 million, $2.9 million and $(3.8) million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Our principal foreign operating unit is in Canada, and the value of the Canadian dollar, on average and relative to the U.S. dollar, appreciated during 2020 and 2019, while it declined during 2018.

***********

We believe we have sufficient liquidity and capital resources to meet the cash needs of our ongoing operations. However, we may determine that additional debt or equity funding is warranted to provide liquidity for achievement of strategic goals or acquisitions or for unforeseen circumstances. Other than scheduled maturities of debt, operating lease payments and anticipated claims payments, we have no material contractual commitments. We expect that cash flows from operations and cash available from our underwriters, subject to regulatory restrictions, will be sufficient to fund our operations, including claims payments. However, to the extent that these funds are not sufficient, we may be required to borrow funds on terms less favorable than we currently have or seek funding from the equity market, which may not be successful or may be on terms that are dilutive to existing stockholders.

Other comprehensive income (loss). Unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities investments and changes in foreign currency exchange rates are reported net of deferred taxes in accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income, a component of stockholders’ equity, until realized. Refer to Note 1-H to our audited consolidated financial statements for details.

In 2020, net unrealized investment gains of $14.9 million, net of taxes, which increased our other comprehensive income, were primarily related to increases in the fair values of our overall bond securities portfolio, mainly driven by the effect of lower interest rates and partially offset by higher credit spreads. The five-year U.S. treasury yield applicable on our investments decreased approximately 130 basis points in 2020 versus 2019, while the applicable credit spreads increased by approximately 70 basis points in 2020 compared to 2019. Also in 2020, we recorded foreign currency translation gains which increased our other comprehensive income by $4.8 million, net of taxes, which was primarily driven by the appreciation in value of the Canadian dollar and United Kingdom pound against the U.S. dollar in 2020.

In 2019, net unrealized investment gains of $15.6 million, net of taxes, which increased our other comprehensive income, were primarily related to increases in the fair values of our overall bond securities portfolio driven by reduced interest rates and credit spreads. The five-year U.S. treasury yield and applicable credit spreads on our investments decreased approximately 80 and 20 basis points, respectively, in 2019 compared to the prior year. Also in 2019, we recorded foreign currency translation gains which increased our other comprehensive income by $6.5 million, net of taxes, which was primarily driven by the appreciation in value of the Canadian dollar and United Kingdom pound against the U.S. dollar in 2019.

In 2018, net unrealized investment losses of $9.8 million, net of taxes, which increased our other comprehensive loss, were primarily related to temporary decreases in fair values of corporate bond securities investments driven by increases in the overall rate environment. Our net unrealized investment losses were consistent with the approximately 40 basis points increase of the five-year U.S. treasury yield, along with the approximately 40 basis points increase of applicable credit spreads on our investments in 2018. Also in 2018, we recorded foreign currency translation losses which increased our other comprehensive loss by $10.5 million, net of taxes, which was primarily driven by declines in the value of the Canadian dollar and United Kingdom pound against the U.S. dollar in 2018.

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Off-balance sheet arrangements. We do not have any material source of liquidity or financing that involves off-balance sheet arrangements. We routinely hold funds in segregated escrow accounts relating to closing of real estate transactions that we service and tax-deferred property exchanges, pursuant to Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code, where we serve as a qualified intermediary and hold the proceeds until the related qualifying exchange occurs. In accordance with industry practice, these segregated accounts are not included on our balance sheet. See Note 16 to our audited consolidated financial statements included in Item 15 of Part IV of this report for details.

Cautionary statements regarding forward-looking statements. Certain statements in this report are "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, as amended. Such forward-looking statements relate to future, not past, events and often address our expected future business and financial performance. These statements often contain words such as “may,” "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "plan," "believe," "seek," "will," "foresee" or other similar words. Forward-looking statements by their nature are subject to various risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to be materially different than those expressed in the forward-looking statements. These risks and uncertainties include, among other things, the volatility of economic conditions, including the duration and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic; adverse changes in the level of real estate activity; changes in mortgage interest rates, existing and new home sales, and availability of mortgage financing; our ability to respond to and implement technology changes, including the completion of the implementation of our enterprise systems; the impact of unanticipated title losses or the need to strengthen our policy loss reserves; any effect of title losses on our cash flows and financial condition; the ability to attract and retain highly productive sales associates; the impact of vetting our agency operations for quality and profitability; independent agency remittance rates; changes to the participants in the secondary mortgage market and the rate of refinancing that affects the demand for title insurance products; regulatory non-compliance, fraud or defalcations by our title insurance agencies or employees; our ability to timely and cost-effectively respond to significant industry changes and introduce new products and services; the outcome of pending litigation; the impact of changes in governmental and insurance regulations, including any future reductions in the pricing of title insurance products and services; our dependence on our operating subsidiaries as a source of cash flow; our ability to access the equity and debt financing markets when and if needed; our ability to grow our international operations; seasonality and weather; and our ability to respond to the actions of our competitors. All forward-looking statements included in this report are expressly qualified in their entirety by such cautionary statements. We expressly disclaim any obligation to update, amend or clarify any forward-looking statements contained in this report to reflect events or circumstances that may arise after the date hereof, except as may be required by applicable law.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The discussion below about our risk management strategies includes forward-looking statements that are subject to risks and uncertainties. Management’s projections of hypothetical net losses in the fair values of our market rate-sensitive financial instruments, should certain potential changes in market rates occur, are presented below. While we believe that the potential market rate changes are possible, actual rate changes could differ from our projections. Although we are exposed to a currency exchange rate risk for our foreign operations, this risk is not material to Stewart’s financial condition or results of operations.

The material market risk in our investments in financial instruments is related to our debt securities investments, which represent approximately 92% of our total securities investment portfolio at December 31, 2020, with the remainder invested in equity securities. We invest primarily in corporate, foreign, municipal and U.S. government debt securities. We do not invest in financial instruments of a derivative or hedging nature. We have established policies and procedures to minimize our exposure to changes in the fair values of our investments. These policies include retaining an investment advisory firm, an emphasis upon credit quality, management of portfolio duration, maintaining or increasing investment income through high coupon rates and actively managing our risk profile and security mix depending upon market conditions. We have classified all of our debt securities investments as available-for-sale.

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Investments in debt securities at December 31, 2020 mature, according to their contractual terms, as follows (actual maturities may differ because of call or prepayment rights):

Amortizedcosts Fairvalues

(in $ thousands)

We believe our investment portfolios are diversified and do not expect any material loss to result from the failure to perform by issuers of the debt securities we hold. Our investments are not collateralized. Foreign debt securities primarily include Canadian government and corporate bonds, United Kingdom treasury and corporate bonds and Mexican government bonds. Refer to Note 4 to our audited consolidated financial statements for details.

Based on our foreign debt securities portfolio and foreign currency exchange rates at December 31, 2020, a 100 basis-point increase (decrease) in foreign currency exchange rates would result in an increase (decrease) of approximately $2.6 million in the fair value of our foreign debt securities portfolio. We do not currently employ hedging strategies with respect to foreign currency risk as we do not consider this risk as material to the Company. In addition, our international businesses conduct substantially all of their operations in their respective local currencies. Changes in foreign currency exchange rates may affect the fair value of the debt securities portfolio and may result in unrealized gains or losses.

Based on our debt securities portfolio and interest rates at December 31, 2020, a 100 basis-point increase (decrease) in interest rates would result in a decrease (increase) of approximately $21.7 million, or 3.4%, in the fair value of our portfolio. Changes in interest rates may affect the fair value of the debt securities portfolio and may result in unrealized gains or losses.

Unrealized gains or losses on investments from changes in foreign currency exchange rates or interest rates would only be realized upon the sale of such investments. Fair value changes relating to equity securities and other-than-temporary declines in fair values of debt securities are charged to operations.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The information required to be provided in this item is included in our audited consolidated financial statements, including the Notes thereto, beginning on page F-1 of this report, and such information is incorporated in this report by reference.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

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Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Management's annual report on internal control over financial reporting. Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure controls and procedures. They evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) as of December 31, 2020 and have concluded that, as of such date, our disclosure controls and procedures are adequate and effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (i) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and (ii) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process, under the supervision of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013). Based on this assessment, management believes that, as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting is effective based on those criteria.

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Internal control over financial reporting is a process that involves human diligence and compliance and is subject to lapses in judgment and breakdowns resulting from human failures. Internal control over financial reporting also can be circumvented by collusion or improper management override. Due to such limitations, there is a risk that material misstatements may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by internal control over financial reporting. However, these inherent limitations are known features of the financial reporting process. Therefore, it is possible to design into the process safeguards to reduce, though not eliminate, this risk.

See page F-4 for the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on our effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting.

Changes in internal control over financial reporting. There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2020 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. As a result, no corrective actions were required or undertaken.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Information regarding our directors and management team will be included in our proxy statement for our 2020 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (Proxy Statement), which will be filed within 120 days after December 31, 2020, and is incorporated in this report by reference.

Our Board of Directors and Executive Team as of February 26, 2021 are:

Board of Directors:

Thomas G. Apel (Chairman) Chief Executive Officer of ADFITECH, Inc.

Frederick H. Eppinger Chief Executive Officer of Stewart

Matthew W. Morris Former Chief Executive Officer of Stewart

Executive Team:

Frederick H. Eppinger Chief Executive Officer

David C. Hisey Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer

John L. Killea Chief Legal Officer and Chief Compliance Officer

Steve M. Lessack Group President

Tara S. Smith Group President

Brad A. Rable Chief Information Officer

Emily A. Kain Chief Human Resources Officer

The Board of Directors has adopted the Stewart Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Guidelines on Corporate Governance, as well as the Code of Ethics for Chief Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer. Each of these documents can be found at our website, www.stewart.com under Investor Relations.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Information regarding compensation for our executive officers will be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated in this report by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

Information regarding security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters will be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated in this report by reference.

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Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Information regarding certain relationships and related transactions and director independence will be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated in this report by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Information regarding fees paid to and services provided by our independent registered public accounting firm will be included in the Proxy Statement and is incorporated in this report by reference.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules

The financial statements and financial statement schedules filed as part of this report are listed in the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules of this document. All other schedules are omitted, as the required information is inapplicable or the information is presented in the consolidated financial statements or related notes.

(b)Exhibits required to be filed by Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed below.

Exhibit

32

Exhibit

21.1* — Subsidiaries of the Registrant at December 31, 2020

33

Exhibit

101.SCH* — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL* — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF* — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB* — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE* — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

* Filed herewith

† Management contract or compensatory plan

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, we have duly caused this report to be signed on our behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

STEWART INFORMATION SERVICES CORPORATION

(Registrant)

By: /s/ Frederick H. Eppinger

Frederick H. Eppinger, Chief Executive Officer

By: /s/ David C. Hisey

David C. Hisey, Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer

By: /s/ Brian K. Glaze

Brian K. Glaze, Controller and Principal Accounting Officer

Date: February 26, 2021

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed on our behalf on February 26, 2021 by the following Directors:

/s/ Thomas G. Apel /s/ William S. Corey, Jr. /s/ Matthew W. Morris

(Thomas G. Apel) (William S. Corey, Jr.) (Matthew W. Morris)

/s/ Clifford Allen Bradley Jr. /s/ Frederick H. Eppinger /s/ Karen R. Pallotta

(Clifford Allen Bradley) (Frederick H. Eppinger) (Karen R. Pallotta)

/s/ Robert L. Clarke /s/ Deborah J. Matz /s/ Manuel Sanchez

(Robert L. Clarke) (Deborah J. Matz) (Manuel Sanchez)

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F - 2

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 F - 7

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F - 11

Financial Statement Schedules:

Schedule I - Financial Information of the Registrant (Parent Company) S - 1

Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Accounts S - 5

1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

Stewart Information Services Corporation:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Stewart Information Services Corporation and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, cash flows, and equity for each of the years in the three‐year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I and II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‐year period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 26, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Change in Accounting Principle

As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for leases as of January 1, 2019 due to the adoption of ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which requires lessees to recognize leases on balance sheet and disclose key information about leasing arrangements.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

F - 2

Evaluation of the liability for estimated title losses

As discussed in notes 1E and 11 to the consolidated financial statements, the liability for estimated title losses represents the aggregate future payments (net of recoveries) that the Company expects to make on title insurance policy losses and certain costs to settle claims that have been incurred as of the balance sheet date. The Company calculates the liability for estimated title losses by adjusting prior period’s ending reserve balance for the current year provision for estimated title losses and actual claim payments. The Company calculates the current year provision for estimated title losses by determining current period loss provision rates and applying them to the Company’s current premiums, except for large claims and escrow losses, which are considered separately. Management analyzes the difference between the internally-calculated liability for estimated title losses and a third-party actuarially-derived liability. Factors considered as part of this analysis include actual claim payments and incurred loss experience, including the frequency and severity of claims, compared to actuarial estimates of claim payments and incurred losses, as well as the impact of the economic and real estate market environment on particular policy years. As of December 31, 2020, the balance of the liability for estimated title losses was $496 million.

We identified the evaluation of the liability for estimated title losses for certain lines of business as a critical audit matter. Specifically, the evaluation of the selection of loss provision rates used in the valuation of the liability for estimated title losses required subjective auditor judgment. The significant judgment was primarily due to the subjectivity of management’s estimates in relation to recent historical loss trends and the economic and real estate market environment.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address the critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s estimation of title losses. This included controls related to (1) the Company’s assessment of estimated losses based on selected loss provision rates used in determining the liability for estimated title losses; and (2) the Company’s assessment of the recorded liability for estimated title losses in relation to the estimate developed by the third-party actuary. We involved actuarial professionals with specialized skills and knowledge, who assisted in:

•Assessing loss provision rates selected by the Company in relation to recent historical loss payment/premium trends and the economic and real estate market environment;

•Comparing the third-party actuary reserving methodologies to generally accepted actuarial standards and assessing the actuarial methods and assumptions used, in relation to recent historical loss payment/premium trends and the economic and real estate market environment;

•Developing a range of estimates of the liability for estimated title losses using the Company’s underlying historical claims data for certain lines of business, and comparing the liability for estimated title losses recorded by the Company to our independent range; and

•Assessing the year-over-year movements of the Company’s liability for estimated title losses within our range.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1980.

Houston, Texas

February 26, 2021

F - 3

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors

Stewart Information Services Corporation:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Stewart Information Services Corporation and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, cash flows, and equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes and financial statement schedules I and II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 26, 2021 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying management’s annual report on internal control over financial reporting included in Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

F - 4

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Houston, Texas

February 26, 2021

F - 5

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

For the Years Ended December 31,

(in $ thousands, except per share amounts)

Revenues

Title revenues:

Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains (1,678) 42,760 53

Expenses

Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interests 14,767 11,657 11,499

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes:

Change in net unrealized gains and losses on investments 15,443 15,184 (8,922)

Basic earnings per share attributable to Stewart 6.25 3.33 2.02

Diluted earnings per share attributable to Stewart 6.22 3.31 2.01

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 6

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

As of December 31,

(in $ thousands)

Assets

Investments in debt and equity securities, at fair value:

Receivables:

Allowance for uncollectible amounts (4,807) (4,469)

Property and equipment, at cost:

Investments in investees, on an equity method basis 6,765 6,169

Intangible assets, net of amortization 37,382 4,623

Liabilities

Contingent liabilities and commitments

Stockholders’ equity

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):

Foreign currency translation adjustments (8,238) (13,027)

Net unrealized gains on debt securities investments 25,260 10,328

Total stockholders’ equity attributable to Stewart 1,005,112 747,306

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 7

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the Years Ended December 31,

(in $ thousands)

Reconciliation of net income to cash provided by operating activities:

Add (deduct):

Net realized and unrealized losses (gains) 1,678 7,240 (53)

Amortization of net premium on debt securities investments 4,261 4,939 6,083

Adjustments for insurance recoveries of title losses 228 181 1,039

(Increase) decrease in receivables – net (6,598) (2,917) 5,280

(Increase) decrease in other assets – net (5,380) 6,865 4,469

Investing activities:

Net sales (purchases) of short-term investments 3,894 (639) 392

Net cash paid for acquisition of businesses (199,537) — (18,739)

Financing activities:

Purchase of remaining interest of consolidated subsidiaries — — (1,101)

Issuance of Common Stock 108,961 — —

Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates 3,337 2,905 (3,810)

F - 8

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the Years Ended December 31,

(in $ thousands)

Supplemental information:

Receivables and other assets acquired 13,677 — 1,209

Net realized gains on the transactions — — (208)

Net cash paid for acquisition of subsidiaries and other assets 199,537 — 18,739

Assets purchased through capital lease obligations — — 4,312

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 9

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

(in $ thousands)

Net income attributable to Stewart — — — 47,523 — — 47,523

Dividends on Common Stock ($1.20 per share) — — — (28,565) — — (28,565)

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests — — — — — 11,499 11,499

Distributions to noncontrolling interests — — — — — (11,631) (11,631)

Net income attributable to Stewart — — — 78,615 — — 78,615

Dividends on Common Stock ($1.20 per share) — — — (28,471) — — (28,471)

Stock repurchases (13) (519) — — — — (532)

Foreign currency translation adjustments (net of tax) — — 6,478 — — — 6,478

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests — — — — — 11,657 11,657

Distributions to noncontrolling interests — — — — — (11,506) (11,506)

Net effect of changes in ownership and other — — — — — (10) (10)

Dividends on Common Stock ($1.20 per share) — — — (30,478) — — (30,478)

Foreign currency translation adjustments (net of tax) — — 4,789 — — — 4,789

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests — — — — — 14,767 14,767

Distributions to noncontrolling interests — — — — — (13,944) (13,944)

Net effect of changes in ownership and other — — — — — 18 18

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

F - 10

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Three Years Ended December 31, 2020

NOTE 1

General. Stewart Information Services Corporation, through its subsidiaries (collectively, the Company), is primarily engaged in the business of providing title insurance and real estate transaction related services. The Company is a global real estate services company, offering products and services through its directly owned policy-issuing offices, network of independent agencies and other businesses within the Company. The Company provides its title products and services to homebuyers and sellers; residential and commercial real estate professionals; mortgage lenders and servicers; title agencies and real estate attorneys; and home builders. The Company also provides appraisal management services, search and valuation services, online notarization and closing services, and loan origination, default and servicing support services (referred to as ancillary services operations). The Company operates in the United States (U.S.) and internationally, primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and Central Europe. Approximately 47% of consolidated title revenues for the year ended December 31, 2020 were generated in Texas, New York, California, Florida, Colorado and international markets (principally Canada).

A. Management’s responsibility. The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared by management, who is responsible for their integrity and objectivity. The financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), including management’s best judgments and estimates. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

B. Consolidation. The consolidated financial statements include all subsidiaries in which the Company owns more than 50% voting rights in electing directors. All significant intercompany amounts and transactions have been eliminated and provisions have been made for noncontrolling interests. Unconsolidated investees, in which the Company typically owns 20% through 50% of the entity, are accounted for using the equity method.

C. Statutory accounting. Stewart Title Guaranty Company (Guaranty) and other title insurance underwriters owned by the Company prepare financial statements in accordance with statutory accounting practices prescribed or permitted by regulatory authorities. In conforming the statutory financial statements to GAAP, statutory premium reserves and reserves for known title losses are eliminated and, in substitution, amounts are established for estimated title losses (Note 1-E), for which the net effect, after providing for income taxes, is included in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Additionally, investments in debt securities, which are carried at amortized cost for statutory accounting, are reported at fair value and the net unrealized gains and losses, net of applicable deferred taxes, on the investments are included as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (AOCI) within stockholders’ equity.

D. Revenues. Direct premiums - Premiums from title insurance policies directly issued or issued by affiliate offices are recognized at the time of the closing of the related real estate transaction.

Agency premiums - Premiums from title insurance policies written by independent agencies are recognized when the policies are reported to the Company. In addition, where reasonable estimates can be made, the Company accrues for policies issued but not reported until after period end. The Company believes that reasonable estimates can be made when recent and consistent policy issuance information is available. Estimates are based on historical reporting patterns and other information obtained about independent agencies, as well as current trends in direct operations and in the title industry. In this accrual, future transactions are not being estimated. The Company is estimating revenues on policies that have already been issued by independent agencies but not yet reported to or received by the Company.

Escrow fees - An escrow is a transaction pursuant to an agreement of a buyer, seller, borrower, or lender wherein an impartial third party, such as the Company, acts in a fiduciary capacity on behalf of the parties in accordance with the terms of such agreement in order to accomplish the directions stated therein. Services provided include, among others, acting as escrow or other fiduciary agent, obtaining releases, and conducting the actual closing or settlement. Escrow fees are recognized upon closing of the escrow, which is generally at the same time of the closing of the related real estate transaction.

F - 11

Appraisal management, search, abstract and valuation services - These services are primarily related to establishing the ownership, legal status and valuation of the property in a real estate transaction. In these cases, the Company does not issue a title insurance policy or perform duties of an escrow agent. Revenues from these services are recognized upon delivery of the service to the customer.

Other revenues - These revenues consist primarily of fees related to tax-deferred property exchange services, information technology products related to real property records and closing settlement services, income from equity investees, and other services performed to facilitate the closing of real estate transactions. For those products and services that are delivered at a point in time, the related revenue is recognized upon delivery based on the unit price of the product or service. For those products and services where delivery occurs over time, the related revenue is recognized ratably over the duration of the contract.

Refer to Note 18 and Note 19 for the breakdown of the Company's operating revenues by type and by segment, respectively.

E. Title losses and related claims. The Company's liability for estimated title losses comprises estimates of both known claims and incurred but unreported claims expected to be paid in the future for policies issued as of the balance sheet date. This liability represents the aggregate future payments, net of recoveries, that the Company expects to make related to policy claims. The Company’s method for recording reserves for title losses on both an interim and annual basis begins with the calculation of its current loss provision rate, which is applied to the Company’s current premiums resulting in a title loss expense for the period, except for large claims and escrow losses. This loss provision rate is set to provide for estimated losses on current year policies and is determined using moving average ratios of recent actual policy loss payment experience (net of recoveries) to premium revenues.

At each quarter end, the Company’s recorded reserve for title losses begins with the prior period’s reserve balance for claim losses, adds the current period provision to that balance and subtracts actual paid claims, resulting in an amount that management compares to its actuarially-based calculation of the ending reserve balance necessary to provide for future reported title losses. The actuarially-based calculation is a paid loss development calculation where loss development factors are selected based on company data and input from the Company’s third-party actuaries. The Company also obtains input from third-party actuaries in the form of a reserve analysis utilizing generally accepted actuarial methods.

While the Company is responsible for determining its loss reserves, it utilizes this actuarial input to assess the overall reasonableness of its reserve estimation. If the Company’s recorded reserve amount is not at the third-party actuarial point estimate, but is within a reasonable range (+5.0%/-4.0%) of its actuarially-based reserve calculation and the actuary’s point estimate, the Company’s management assesses the major factors contributing to the different reserve estimates in order to determine the overall reasonableness of its recorded reserve, as well as the position of the recorded reserves relative to the point estimate and the estimated range of reserves. The major factors considered can change from period to period and include items such as current trends in the real estate industry (which management can assess although there is a time lag in the development of this data for use by the actuary), the size and types of claims reported and changes in the Company’s claims management process. If the recorded amount is not within a reasonable range of the Company’s third-party actuary’s point estimate, the Company will adjust the recorded reserves in the current period and reassess the provision rate on a prospective basis. Once the Company’s reserve for title losses is recorded, it is reduced in future periods as a result of claims payments and may be increased or reduced by revisions to the Company’s estimate of the overall level of required reserves.

Large claims (those exceeding $1.0 million on a single claim), including large title losses due to independent agency defalcations, are analyzed and reserved for separately due to the higher dollar amount of loss, lower volume of claims reported and sporadic reporting of such claims.

Due to the inherent uncertainty in predicting future title policy losses, significant judgment is required by both the Company’s management and its third-party actuaries in estimating reserves. As a consequence, the Company’s ultimate liability may be materially greater or less than its current reserves and/or its third-party actuary’s calculated estimate.

F. Cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are highly liquid investments with insignificant interest rate risks and maturities of three months or less at the time of acquisition.

F - 12

G. Short-term investments. Short-term investments comprise time deposits with banks, federal government obligations and other investments maturing in less than one year.

H. Investments in debt and equity securities. Investments in debt and equity securities are carried at fair value. Investments in debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and the net unrealized gains and losses on such investments, net of applicable deferred taxes, are included as a component of AOCI within stockholders' equity. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments are determined using the specific identification method. At the time unrealized gains and losses become realized, they are reclassified from AOCI using the specific identification method. Prior to 2020, other-than-temporary declines in fair values of investments in debt securities were charged to income. Beginning on January 1, 2020, credit losses are recognized through an allowance account, which is also charged through income but may be reversed in future periods if no longer required (refer to Note 1-Q).

Fair value changes relating to investments in equity securities are recognized as part of net realized and unrealized gains and losses in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income beginning on January 1, 2018, as a result of the Company's adoption of Accounting Standards Update No. (ASU) 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. Previously, investments in equity securities, which consist of common stocks and master limited partnership interests, were accounted for similar to investments in debt securities. In accordance with its adoption of ASU 2016-01 effective January 1, 2018, the Company reclassified outstanding net unrealized investment gains, net of taxes, of $4.6 million relating to investments in equity securities previously carried in AOCI to retained earnings in the 2018 consolidated statement of equity.

I. Property and equipment. Depreciation is principally computed using the straight-line method using the following estimated useful lives: buildings – 30 to 40 years and furniture and equipment – 3 to 5 years. Maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred while improvements are capitalized. Gains and losses are recognized at disposal.

J. Title plants. Title plants include compilations of a county’s official land records, prior title examination files, copies of prior title policies, maps and related materials that are geographically indexed to a specific property. The costs of acquiring existing title plants and creating new ones, prior to the time such plants are placed in operation, are capitalized. Title plants are not amortized since there is no indication of any loss of value over time but are subject to review for impairment. The costs of maintaining and operating title plants are expensed as incurred. Gains and losses on sales of copies of title plants or interests in title plants are recognized at the time of sale.

K. Impairment of long-lived assets. The Company reviews the carrying values of title plants and other long-lived assets if certain events occur that may indicate impairment. An impairment of these long-lived assets is indicated when projected undiscounted cash flows over the estimated lives of the assets are less than carrying values. If impairment is indicated, the recorded amounts are written down to fair values.

L. Goodwill. Goodwill is not amortized, but is reviewed annually during the third quarter using June 30 balances, or whenever occurrences of events indicate a potential impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company evaluates goodwill based on four reporting units with goodwill balances - direct operations, agency operations, international operations and ancillary services.

Under GAAP, the Company has an option to assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. In performing the qualitative assessment, the Company considers factors that include macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, overall actual and expected financial performance, market perspective on the Company, as well as other relevant events and circumstances determined by management. The Company evaluates the weight of each factor to determine whether an impairment more-likely-than-not exists. If the Company decides not to use a qualitative assessment or if the reporting unit fails the qualitative assessment, the quantitative impairment analysis is performed.

F - 13

The quantitative analysis involves the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying amount. Goodwill impairment is calculated as the excess of the reporting unit's carrying amount over the estimated fair value and is charged to current operations. While the Company is responsible for assessing whether an impairment of goodwill exists, inputs from third-party appraisers are utilized in performing the quantitative analysis. The Company estimates the fair value using a combination of the income approach (discounted cash flow (DCF) technique) and the market approach (guideline company and precedent transaction analyses). The DCF model utilizes historical and projected operating results and cash flows, initially driven by estimates of changes in future revenue levels, and risk-adjusted discount rates. Projected operating results are primarily driven by anticipated mortgage originations, which are obtained from projections by industry experts, for the title reporting units and expected contractual revenues for the ancillary services reporting unit. Fluctuations in revenues, followed by the ability to appropriately adjust employee count and other operating expenses, or large and unanticipated adjustments to title loss reserves, are the primary reasons for increases or decreases in the projected operating results. Market-based valuation methodologies utilize (i) market multiples of earnings and/or other operating metrics of comparable companies and (ii) the Company's market capitalization and a control premium based on market data.

Goodwill is assigned to the reporting units at the time the goodwill is initially recorded. Once assigned to a reporting unit, the goodwill is pooled and no longer attributable to a specific acquisition. All activities within a reporting unit are available to support the carrying value of the goodwill. When a business component within a reporting unit is disposed, goodwill is allocated to the component based on the ratio of the component's fair value over the total fair value of the reporting unit.

M. Other intangibles. Other intangible assets are comprised principally of customer relationships, acquired technology, underwriting agreements and non-compete agreements. Intangible assets are amortized over their estimated lives, which are primarily 3 to 10 years. These intangible assets are reviewed for impairment when certain events or changes in circumstances occur that indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be recoverable. The Company performs an analysis to determine whether the carrying amount of each intangible asset is recoverable. The carrying amount is not recoverable when it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. For any intangible asset that is not recoverable, the Company calculates the excess of the carrying amount of the intangible asset over its fair value, estimated using the income approach (DCF technique). The resulting difference of the carrying amount over the fair value is treated as the impairment of the asset and is charged to current operations.

N. Fair values. The fair values of financial instruments, including cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, notes receivable, notes payable and accounts payable, are determined by the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal, or most advantageous, market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The net fair values of these financial instruments approximate their carrying values. Investments in debt and equity securities and certain financial instruments are carried at their fair values.

O. Leases. The following accounting policy is in accordance with the Company's adoption of the new lease accounting standard effective January 1, 2019. The Company primarily leases office space, storage units, data centers and equipment, and determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating leases are included in operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease assets represent the right to use the underlying leased assets over the corresponding lease terms. Finance leases are included in furniture and equipment and notes payable on the consolidated balance sheets. Operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at the commencement date. The discount rate used in determining the present value of the future lease payments is based on the Company's incremental borrowing rate and is applied using a portfolio approach. Lease options to extend or terminate that the Company is reasonably certain to exercise are considered in the present value calculation. Leasehold improvements are depreciated over the lease term or the useful life of the asset, whichever is shorter.

Operating lease expense, which is calculated on a straight-line basis over the lease term and presented as part of other operating expenses in the statement of income and comprehensive income, is composed of the amortization of the lease asset and the accretion of the lease liability. Finance lease expense is composed of the depreciation of the lease asset and accretion of the lease liability and presented as part of depreciation and amortization and interest expense, respectively, in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.

F - 14

The Company accounts for the lease and non-lease fixed payment components of a lease agreement as a single lease component for all its classes of assets. Variable lease payments are not capitalized and are recorded as lease expense when incurred or paid. Operating leases with initial terms of 12 months or less (short-term leases), which are not reasonably certain to be extended at the commencement date, are not capitalized on the balance sheet. Additionally, operating leases of equipment are not recorded on the balance sheet on the basis that they are relatively short-term in nature and considered as not material to the consolidated balance sheet.

P. Income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the tax basis and the book carrying values of certain assets and liabilities. To the extent that the Company does not believe its deferred tax assets meet the more-likely-than-not realization criteria, it establishes a valuation allowance. When it establishes a valuation allowance, or increases (decreases) the allowance during the year, it records a tax expense (benefit) in its consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Enacted tax rates are used in calculating amounts.

The Company provides for uncertainties in income taxes by prescribing a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. Interest and penalties, if any, are included in income tax expense.

Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2018-02, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income, which provided a one-time option to reclassify the stranded tax effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the 2017 Act) from AOCI directly to retained earnings. The 2017 Act revised the U.S. corporate income tax regime by, among other things, lowering the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21% effective on January 1, 2018 and imposing a one-time transition tax on deemed repatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries. The stranded tax effects resulted from the remeasurement of deferred tax assets and liabilities which were originally recorded in comprehensive income but whose remeasurement is reflected in the income statement. The Company reclassified $1.0 million of net tax expense from AOCI to retained earnings in the 2018 consolidated statement of equity as a result of the adoption.

Q. Recently adopted accounting pronouncements. In June 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (Topic 326). Topic 326 changed the impairment model for financial instruments by introducing the current expected credit loss (CECL) model, which requires the immediate recognition of estimated credit losses expected to occur over the remaining life of the financial instrument. The previous GAAP generally required the recognition of credit losses when incurred. Topic 326 also amended certain accounting treatments for available-for-sale debt securities. Effective January 1, 2020, the Company adopted Topic 326 which did not result in any material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

R. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, a global pandemic escalated relating to a novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19), which resulted in a slowdown in the global economy and a U.S. declaration of a national emergency. In response to the pandemic, health and governmental bodies, including the state of Texas where the Company is headquartered, issued travel restrictions, quarantine orders, temporary closures of non-essential businesses and other restrictive measures. Currently, various levels of restrictions are still in place across the U.S. to address the spread of COVID-19. Although the title insurance industry has been deemed essential in the U.S., the pandemic and measures to contain it have caused disruptions in the real estate market and in the Company's business operations. To the extent that the COVID-19 pandemic continues or worsens, it could adversely impact the Company's future operational and financial performance, which may result in impairments of its assets. The Company is currently unable to determine the effects the COVID-19 pandemic will have on the Company's future financial statements or results of operations.

F - 15

NOTE 2

Restrictions on cash and investments. The Company maintains investments in accordance with certain statutory requirements in the states of domicile of our underwriters for the funding of statutory premium reserves. Statutory reserve funds are required to be fully funded and invested in high-quality securities and short-term investments. Statutory reserve funds are not available for current claim payments, which must be funded from current operating cash flow. Included in investments in debt and equity securities are statutory reserve funds of approximately $496.6 million and $483.4 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. In addition, included within cash and cash equivalents are statutory reserve funds of approximately $20.0 million and $39.7 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Although these cash statutory reserve funds are not restricted or segregated in depository accounts, they are required to be held pursuant to state statutes. If the Company fails to maintain minimum investments or cash and cash equivalents sufficient to meet statutory requirements, the Company may be subject to fines or other penalties, including potential revocation of its business license. These funds are not available for any other purpose. In the event that insurance regulators adjust the determination of the statutory premium reserves of the Company’s title insurers, these restricted funds as well as statutory surplus would correspondingly increase or decrease.

A substantial majority of consolidated cash and investments at each year end was held by the Company’s title insurance subsidiaries. Generally, the types of investments a title insurer can make are subject to legal restrictions. Furthermore, the transfer of funds by a title insurer to its parent or subsidiary operations, as well as other related party transactions, is restricted by law and generally requires the approval of state insurance authorities (see Note 3).

NOTE 3

Statutory surplus and dividend restrictions. Substantially all of the consolidated retained earnings at each year end were represented by Guaranty, which owns substantially all of the subsidiaries included in the consolidation. Guaranty cannot pay a dividend to its parent in excess of certain limits without the approval of the Texas Insurance Commissioner (TIC). Guaranty paid dividends of $30.0 million and $25.0 million in 2020 and 2018, respectively. The maximum dividend that can be paid without the TIC's approval is approximately $158.9 million in 2021.

Dividends from Guaranty are also voluntarily restricted primarily to maintain statutory surplus and liquidity at competitive levels and to demonstrate significant claims payment ability. The ability of a title insurer to pay claims can significantly affect the decision of lenders and other customers when buying a policy from a particular insurer. Surplus as regards policyholders (total statutory capital and surplus) for Guaranty was $794.7 million and $617.9 million at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Statutory net income for Guaranty was $133.2 million, $38.3 million and $74.2 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

The amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements for Guaranty was $2.0 million (and in the aggregate less than $2.0 million for all of the Company’s underwriter subsidiaries) at December 31, 2020, and each of its underwriter entities was in compliance with such requirements as of December 31, 2020.

NOTE 4

Investments in debt and equity securities.The total fair values of the Company's investments in debt and equity securities as of December 31 are detailed below:

(in $ thousands)

Investments in:

F - 16

As of December 31, 2020 and 2019, included in the above fair values of investments in equity securities were net unrealized investment gains of $4.4 million and $6.9 million, respectively.

The amortized costs and fair values of investments in debt securities as of December 31, are as follows:

Amortizedcosts Fairvalues Amortizedcosts Fairvalues

(in $ thousands)

The Company believes its investment portfolio is diversified and expects no material loss to result from the failure to perform by issuers of the debt securities it holds. Investments made by the Company are not collateralized. Foreign debt securities primarily include Canadian government and corporate bonds, with aggregate fair values of $240.4 million and $206.5 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and United Kingdom treasury and corporate bonds with aggregate fair values of $25.2 million and $24.1 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Gross unrealized gains and losses on investments in debt securities at December 31, were:

Gains Losses Gains Losses

(in $ thousands)

Debt securities at December 31, 2020 mature, according to their contractual terms, as follows (actual maturities may differ due to call or prepayment rights):

Amortizedcosts Fairvalues

(in $ thousands)

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Gross unrealized losses on investments in debt securities and the fair values of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2020, were:

Less than 12 months More than 12 months Total

Losses Fair values Losses Fair values Losses Fair values

(in $ thousands)

Municipal — — — — — —

The number of specific debt securities investment holdings in an unrealized loss position as of December 31, 2020 was 12. Of these securities, three were in unrealized loss positions for more than 12 months. During 2020, the overall investment fair values increased, primarily resulting from the effect of lower interest rates which was partially offset by increased credit spreads. Since the Company does not intend to sell and will more likely than not maintain each investment security until its maturity or anticipated recovery, and no significant credit risk is deemed to exist, these investments are not considered as credit-impaired. The Company believes its investment portfolio is diversified and expects no material loss to result from the failure to perform by issuers of the debt securities it holds. Investments made by the Company are not collateralized.

Gross unrealized losses on investments in debt securities and the fair values of the related securities, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2019, were:

Less than 12 months More than 12 months Total

Losses Fair values Losses Fair values Losses Fair values

(in $ thousands)

NOTE 5

Fair value measurements. The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic (Topic 820) of the FASB's Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) defines fair value as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in the principal, or most advantageous, market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. This guidance establishes a three-level fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value. This hierarchy requires entities to maximize the use of observable inputs when possible. The three levels of inputs used to measure fair value are as follows:

•Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 – observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data; and

•Level 3 – unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair values of the assets or liabilities, including certain pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies and similar techniques that use significant unobservable inputs.

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At December 31, 2020, financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair valuemeasurements

(in $ thousands)

Investments in securities:

Debt securities:

At December 31, 2019, financial instruments measured at fair value on a recurring basis are summarized below:

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Fair valuemeasurements

(in $ thousands)

Investments in securities:

Debt securities:

At December 31, 2020, Level 1 financial instruments consist of equity securities. Level 2 financial instruments consist of municipal, governmental, and corporate bonds, both U.S. and foreign. In accordance with the Company’s policies and guidelines which incorporate relevant statutory requirements, the Company’s third-party registered investment manager invests only in securities rated as investment grade or higher by the major rating services, where observable valuation inputs are significant. The fair value of the Company's investments in debt and equity securities is primarily determined using a third-party pricing service provider. The third-party pricing service provider calculates the fair values using both market approach and model valuation methods, as well as pricing information obtained from brokers, dealers and custodians. Management ensures the reasonableness of the third-party service valuations by comparing them with pricing information from the Company's investment manager.

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NOTE 6

Investment income and net realized and unrealized gains.Income from investments and net realized and unrealized gains for the years ended December 31 are detailed below:

(in $ thousands)

Investment income:

Short-term investments, cash equivalents and other 3,581 4,215 2,306

Net realized and unrealized (losses) gains:

In 2020, net realized and unrealized losses included $2.3 million of net unrealized investment losses on equity securities held at year-end and $0.6 million of net realized losses from sales of securities investments, partially offset by $1.2 million of realized gains from settlements of equity investments with no previously readily determinable fair values (cost-basis investments).

In 2019, net realized and unrealized gains included a $50.0 million gain related to the fee received from the terminated merger with Fidelity National Financial, Inc. (FNF), $4.0 million of net unrealized investment gains on equity securities held at year-end and $2.5 million of realized gains from sales of securities investments, partially offset by $14.7 million of impairment expenses primarily related to title plants, buildings, intangible assets, equity-method investments and other assets.

In 2018, net realized and unrealized gains included $1.3 million of realized gains from settlements of cost-basis investments and $2.2 million of net unrealized investment losses on equity securities held at year-end.

Net investment gains and losses recognized for the years ended December 31 related to investments in equity securities are follows:

(in $ thousands)

Proceeds from sales of investments in securities for the years ended December 31 are as follows:

(in $ thousands)

Proceeds from sales of equity securities 791 3,771 5,886

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NOTE 7

Income taxes.Income tax expense consists of the following:

(in $ thousands)

Current income tax expense:

Deferred income tax expense (benefit):

The following reconciles income tax expense computed at the federal statutory rate with income tax expense as reported (in $ thousands, except for income tax rates):

State income tax expense (benefit) - net of Federal impact 2,944 818 (5)

Net expense (benefit) for the Canadian branch (2) (1,478) 613 128

Research and development credits (1,055) (278) (732)

Return-to-provision and true-up adjustments (438) (776) (370)

2017 Act impact from the U.S. corporate tax rate change — — (745)

2017 Act impact from deemed repatriation of deferred foreign income — — (624)

(1) Calculated using income before taxes and after noncontrolling interests.

(2) For U.S. income tax purposes, the Company’s Canadian operation is a branch of Guaranty. As a result, the Canadian net deferred tax liability is offset in the U.S. as a deferred tax asset but not in an equal amount given differing tax rates in Canada and the U.S.

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Deferred tax assets and liabilities resulting from the same tax jurisdiction are netted and presented as either an asset or liability on the consolidated balance sheets. Deferred tax assets and liabilities resulting from different tax jurisdictions are not netted. Deferred tax assets and liabilities as of December 31 are detailed below.

(in $ thousands)

Deferred tax assets:

Federal offset to Canadian deferred tax liability 8,299 7,961

Net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards 5,036 7,017

Deferred payroll taxes 3,297 —

Net unrealized losses on investments in securities 2,719 621

Other intangibles 1,321 —

Allowance for uncollectible amounts 1,056 983

Foreign currency translation adjustments 959 1,765

Deferred tax liabilities:

Amortization – goodwill and other intangibles (26,669) (22,379)

Net unrealized gains on investments in securities (7,684) (4,218)

Deferred compensation on life insurance policies (2,296) (2,202)

Investments (1,193) —

Net deferred income tax liability (19,522) (24,312)

At December 31, 2020, the Company had $4.6 million of foreign tax credit carryforwards that will begin to expire in 2028. The future utilization of these credit carryforwards is subject to various limitations. The Company's $5.0 million of deferred tax assets relating to NOL carryforwards include losses from various states and will expire in varying amounts from 2021 through 2040, and foreign losses which will expire in varying amounts from 2021 through 2024 or have unlimited carryforward periods. The future utilization of all NOL carryforwards is subject to various limitations.

The Company's valuation allowance at December 31, 2020 relates primarily to all foreign tax credit carryforwards and certain state and foreign NOL carryforwards which the Company believes are not more-likely-than-not to be utilized prior to expiration.

The Company’s income tax returns are routinely subject to examinations by U.S. federal, foreign, and state and local tax authorities. During 2018, the Company was notified by the IRS that its 2015 U.S. federal tax return was selected for examination. In 2019, the IRS closed the 2015 U.S. federal tax return examination with no changes. At December 31, 2020, the Company’s 2017 through 2019 U.S. federal income tax returns and 2016 through 2019 Canadian income tax returns remain subject to examination. The Company is subject to routine examinations by state tax jurisdictions for calendar years 2010 through 2013 and remains subject to examination for 2016 through 2019 tax returns. The Company expects no material adjustments from any ongoing tax return examinations.

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NOTE 8

Goodwill and other intangibles.The summary of changes in goodwill is as follows:

Title AncillaryServices and Corporate Total

(in $ thousands)

For its annual goodwill impairment test (see Note 1-L), the Company utilized the qualitative assessment in 2020 and the quantitative impairment analysis approach in 2019, and determined that goodwill related to all of its reporting units was not impaired.

During 2020, the Company recorded total goodwill and other intangible assets of $118.3 million and $0.7 million, respectively, under the title segment in connection with its acquisitions of a number of title offices in the states of Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Ohio and Texas. Also during 2020, the Company recorded total goodwill and other intangible assets of $64.3 million and $37.1 million, respectively, under the ancillary services and corporate segment in relation to its acquisitions of national appraisal management companies. The other intangible assets recognized from these acquisitions were primarily related to customer relationships and internally-developed technology, which have estimated useful lives of 10 and 5 years, respectively.

The gross carrying amount, and accumulated amortization and impairment of other intangible assets was $72.9 million and $35.5 million, respectively, at December 31, 2020, and $35.0 million and $30.4 million, respectively, at December 31, 2019. The amortization expense recorded for the Company's other intangible assets was $5.1 million and $4.2 million in 2020 and 2019, respectively. The annual amortization expense expected to be recognized in the next five years relating to other intangible assets is approximately $8.1 million in 2021, $6.5 million in 2022, $5.7 million in 2023, $4.4 million in 2024 and $3.9 million in 2025.

NOTE 9

Equity investees.Summarized aggregate financial information for equity investees (in which the Company typically owns 20% through 50% of the equity) is as follows:

(in $ thousands)

For the year:

At December 31:

Net premium revenues from policies issued by equity investees were approximately $2.3 million, $0.7 million and $2.1 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. Income related to equity investees was $3.5 million, $3.0 million and $1.9 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively. These amounts are included in title insurance – direct operations in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.

Goodwill related to equity investees was $4.6 million as of both December 31, 2020 and 2019, and was included in investments in investees in the consolidated balance sheets. Equity investments, including the related goodwill balances, are reviewed for impairment annually and upon the occurrence of an event that may indicate an impairment. The Company recorded an impairment of $2.7 million related to a disposal of an equity investment during 2019 which was included in net realized and unrealized gains in the 2019 consolidated statement of income and comprehensive income.

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NOTE 10

Notes payable. A summary of notes payable is as follows:

(in $ thousands)

(1) Average interest rates were 1.73% and 3.55% during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Based upon the contractual maturities, principal payments on the above notes are due in the amounts of $1.9 million in 2021, $0.9 million in 2022, $0.1 million in 2023 and $98.9 million in 2025. Included within other notes payable are $1.9 million and $3.7 million of capital lease obligations at December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Prior to May 2020, the Company had an available $150.0 million unsecured line of credit commitment (Existing Credit Agreement) for general corporate and acquisitions purposes and was previously scheduled to expire in November 2023. Under this agreement, interests are calculated, at the Company's election, based on either (a) an Alternate Base Rate plus the Applicable Rate (ABR Borrowing) or (b) LIBOR plus the Applicable Rate (Eurodollar Borrowing). The Applicable Rate, based on the Company's Leverage Ratio, ranges from 0.375% to 0.50% per annum for ABR Borrowings and 1.375% to 1.75% per annum for Eurodollar Borrowings based on the Company's consolidated Leverage Ratio. Also, a commitment fee accrues ranging from 0.20% to 0.35% per annum on the average daily unused portion of the line of credit commitment.

The Existing Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants, which include consolidated financial covenants (based on terms defined within the agreement) providing that (a) the ratio of EBITDA to fixed charges not be below 1.15 to 1.00 on a trailing four-quarter basis (Fixed Charge Ratio); (b) the ratio of total Indebtedness to EBITDA for the prior four consecutive quarters must not be greater than 3.50 to 1.00 (Leverage Ratio); (c) Capital Expenditures in the aggregate for the Company in any calendar year may not exceed $30.0 million, with certain allowances for carryover of unused amounts; and (d) Restricted Payments should not exceed $40.0 million annually.

In May 2020, the Company entered into an amended agreement with the lenders (First Amendment) which increased the available unsecured line of credit commitment to $200.0 million and extended the maturity of the line of credit to May 2025. The First Amendment, which includes an additional $50.0 million that the Company can request, revised the definition of EBITDA and added customary LIBOR benchmark replacement language to the Existing Credit Agreement.

As of December 31, 2020, line of credit borrowings of $98.9 million were outstanding and the remaining balance of the line of credit available for use was $98.6 million, net of an unused $2.5 million letter of credit. The Company was in compliance with all covenants as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, under the First Amendment and Existing Credit Agreement.

The Company's qualified intermediary in tax-deferred property exchanges pursuant to Section 1031 of the Internal Revenue Code (Section 1031) enters into short-term loan agreements with parties to an exchange in the ordinary course of its business. The outstanding balances pursuant to these loans, as included within other notes payable in the above table, were $0.7 million and $8.0 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively, and are secured by cash that is included in cash and cash equivalents on the Company's consolidated balance sheet. Borrowings and repayments on these short-term loans are reflected as financing activities in the consolidated statements of cash flows.

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NOTE 11

Estimated title losses. A summary of estimated title losses is as follows:

(in $ thousands, except for loss ratios)

Provisions:

Payments, net of recoveries:

Effects of changes in foreign currency exchange rates 3,993 4,078 (8,238)

Loss ratios as a percentage of title operating revenues:

Current year provisions 4.5 % 4.3 % 3.8 %

Total provisions 5.3 % 4.6 % 3.9 %

Total title loss provisions during 2020, compared to 2019, increased primarily due to increased title revenues, higher domestic loss provisioning rates due to the current economic environment and unfavorable loss development related to certain coverages in the Canadian operations. Total title loss provisions during 2019, compared to 2018, increased primarily due to unfavorable loss experience in 2019, resulting in a higher current year policy provisioning rate and increased provisions in portions of the Company's non-Canadian international operations, and a prior policy year reserve reduction during 2018. The prior policy years' provision in 2020 was primarily due to large claims reported and unfavorable loss development for prior policy years; while the prior policy years' provision in 2019 was primarily driven by large claims reported on prior policy years. Total provisions for large title claims were $12.0 million, $6.0 million and $4.4 million in 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

NOTE 12

Share-based payments. Prior to 2020, the Company granted time-based and performance-based restricted stock units to executives and senior management employees. Each restricted stock unit represents a contractual right to receive a share of the Company's common stock. The time-based units vest on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date, while the performance-based units vest upon achievement of certain financial objectives over a period of approximately three years. During 2020, the Company granted time-based restricted stock units, and nonqualified stock options in lieu of performance-based restricted stock units. The stock options vest and may be exercised at a strike price of $39.76 on each of the first three anniversaries of the grant date at a rate of 20%, 30% and 50%, chronologically, and expire 10 years after the grant date.

Awards are made pursuant to the Company’s employee incentive compensation plans and the compensation expense associated with the awards is recognized over the corresponding vesting period as part of employee costs in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income. Award forfeitures are recorded as credits against employee costs in the period in which they occur. The aggregate grant-date fair values of restricted share and unit awards to employees during 2020, 2019 and 2018 were $4.1 million (104,200 shares with an average grant price of $39.78), $5.1 million (122,400 shares with an average grant price of $42.02) and $4.8 million (110,600 shares with an average grant price of $43.39), respectively. The aggregate grant-date fair value of stock option awards during 2020 was $3.4 million, comprised of 647,800 options with an average grant price of $5.32.

Additionally, in 2020, 2019 and 2018, the Company granted its board of directors, as a component of their annual director retainer compensation, approximately 18,700, 13,700 and 14,300 shares, respectively, of restricted common stock that had aggregate fair values of $0.6 million each year. The associated expense for these grants is recognized in other operating expenses in the consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income.

F - 25