SBRA US Equity☆

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The following describes the risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those presented in our forward-looking statements. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face but do represent those risks and uncertainties that we believe are material to us. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also harm our business.

Risks Related to Our Business/Operations

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and measures intended to prevent its spread could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

Our tenants and operators have been, and continue to be, impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic in numerous ways, resulting in decreased occupancy and increased operating costs. Our tenants and operators have experienced outbreaks of positive cases and have been required to, and continue to, rapidly adapt their operations to manage the spread of the COVID-19 virus as well as the implementation of new treatments and vaccines, and to implement new requirements relating to infection control, staffing levels, personal protective equipment (“PPE”), quality of care, visitation protocols, and reporting, among other regulations, while facing staffing shortages that have accelerated during the pandemic. Federal, state and local authorities in the U.S. have also imposed restrictions on movement and business operations intended to reduce the spread of COVID-19, and while some of these restrictions have been lifted or scaled back, resurgences of COVID-19 and the emergence of more readily transmissible variants have resulted in the re-imposition of certain restrictions and may lead to other restrictions being implemented.

In August and September 2021, the federal government announced that it would be requiring skilled nursing facility and health care workers to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and has issued an emergency regulation effective November 5, 2021 requiring covered health care facilities to ensure eligible staff have received a first vaccine dose as of December 5, 2021 and a second dose of a two-dose vaccine as of January 4, 2022, with certain permitted exemptions in alignment with federal law. Significant uncertainty remains regarding the potential impact such mandates may have on ongoing staffing shortages in our facilities, including uncertainty regarding the results of ongoing legal challenges to the mandates by multiple states.

In addition, it remains uncertain when and to what extent vaccination programs for COVID-19, which have been implemented in all of our facilities, will continue to mitigate the effects of COVID-19 in our facilities, or how effective existing vaccines and booster doses will be against the variants of the COVID-19 virus. The impact of these programs will depend in part on the continued speed, distribution, efficacy and delivery of the vaccine and booster doses in our facilities, as well as participation levels in vaccination programs among the residents and employees of our operators.

The ongoing effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and measures intended to prevent its spread have negatively impacted us and our operations and are expected to continue to impact us and our operations in 2022 and potentially beyond. The ability of our tenants and borrowers to meet their obligations as they come due, including their obligation to make full and timely rental payments and debt service payments, respectively, to us has been and may continue to be impacted. In some cases, we may have to restructure our tenants’ long-term rent obligations and may not be able to do so on terms that are as favorable to us as those currently in place. Reduced or modified rental and debt service amounts could result in the determination that the full amounts of our investments are not recoverable, which could result in an impairment charge. The operating results of our Senior Housing - Managed portfolio and our unconsolidated joint venture have been and may continue to be impacted as well. Prolonged deterioration in the operating results for these investments could result in the determination that the full amounts of our investments are not recoverable, which could result in an impairment charge.

If there are significant disruptions to our business, our credit ratings may be adversely impacted and we may breach covenants in our debt agreements and be unable to service our debt. Further, significant disruption could cause us to reduce or suspend our dividend.

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, our tenants and operators may be subject to increased lawsuits filed by advocacy groups that monitor the quality of care at healthcare facilities or by patients, facility residents or their families. Any litigation brought against our tenants and operators could increase our tenants’ and operators’ costs of business and could directly negatively impact our business. Further, we may be subject to increased claims brought against us in lawsuits and other legal proceedings arising out of our alleged actions or the alleged actions of our tenants and operators for which such tenants or operators may have agreed to indemnify, defend and hold us harmless. An unfavorable resolution of any such pending or future litigation could materially adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations and have a material adverse effect on us in the event that we are not ultimately indemnified by our tenants or operators.

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The duration and extent of the COVID-19 pandemic’s effect on our operational and financial performance will depend on future developments that are uncertain and difficult to predict. Even after the COVID-19 pandemic has subsided, we may experience adverse impacts to our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects as a result of any continuation of operational mandates on our tenants and operators caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

We are exposed to operational risks with respect to our Senior Housing - Managed communities.

We are exposed to various operational risks with respect to our Senior Housing - Managed communities that may increase our costs or adversely affect our ability to generate revenues. These risks are similar to the ones described above and below with respect to our tenants and include fluctuations in occupancy and private pay rates; economic conditions; competition; federal, state, local, and industry-regulated licensure, certification and inspection laws, regulations, and standards; the availability and increases in cost of general and professional liability insurance coverage; lawsuits and other legal proceedings arising out of our alleged actions or the alleged actions of our tenants and operators; state regulation and rights of residents related to entrance fees; and the availability and increases in the cost of labor (as a result of unionization or otherwise). Any one or a combination of these factors may adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations.

Real estate is a competitive business and this competition may make it difficult for us to identify and purchase suitable healthcare properties, to finance acquisitions on favorable terms, or to retain or attract tenants and operators.

We operate in a highly competitive industry and face competition from other REITs, investment companies, private equity and hedge fund investors, sovereign funds, healthcare operators, lenders and other investors, some of whom are significantly larger than us and have greater resources and lower costs of capital than we do. This competition makes it more challenging to identify and successfully capitalize on acquisition opportunities that meet our investment objectives. Similarly, our properties face competition for patients and residents from other properties in the same market, which may affect our ability to attract and retain tenants and operators or may reduce the rents we are able to charge. If we cannot identify and purchase a sufficient quantity of healthcare properties at favorable prices, finance acquisitions on commercially favorable terms, or attract and retain profitable tenants and operators, our business, financial position or results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

If we lose our key management personnel, we may not be able to successfully manage our business and achieve our objectives.

Our success depends in large part upon the leadership and performance of our executive management team, particularly Mr. Matros, our President and Chief Executive Officer. If we lose the services of Mr. Matros, we may not be able to successfully manage our business or achieve our business objectives.

We may experience uninsured or underinsured losses, which could result in a significant loss of the capital we have invested in a property, decrease anticipated future revenues or cause us to incur unanticipated expenses.

While our lease agreements and property management agreements require that comprehensive insurance and hazard insurance be maintained by the tenants or operators, as applicable, there are certain types of losses, generally of a catastrophic nature, such as earthquakes, hurricanes and floods, as well as losses caused by health pandemics including the COVID-19 pandemic, that may be uninsurable or not economically insurable. Insurance coverage may not be sufficient to pay the full current market value or current replacement cost of a loss. Inflation, changes in building codes and ordinances, environmental considerations, and other factors also might make it infeasible to use insurance proceeds to replace properties after they have been damaged or destroyed. Under such circumstances, the insurance proceeds received might not be adequate to restore the economic position with respect to a damaged property.

Our assets, including our real estate and loans, are subject to impairment charges, and our valuation and reserve estimates are based on assumptions and may be subject to adjustment.

Our investment portfolio consists of real estate and mortgage loans, which are subject to write-downs in value. From time to time, we close facilities and actively market such facilities for sale. To the extent we are unable to sell these properties for our book value, we may be required to take a non-cash impairment charge or loss on the sale, either of which would reduce our net income. In addition, on a recurring basis, we evaluate our real estate investments and other assets for impairment indicators, and we establish general and specific reserves for our issued loans at least quarterly. The quarterly evaluation of our investments for impairment may result in significant fluctuations in our provision for credit losses or real estate impairments from quarter to quarter, impacting our results of operations. Judgments regarding the existence of impairment indicators or loan reserves are based on a number of factors, including market conditions, operator performance and legal structure, and these factors may involve estimates. If we determine that a significant impairment has occurred, we are required to make an adjustment to the net carrying value of the asset, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. Our

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estimates of loan reserves, and other accounting estimates, are inherently uncertain and may be subject to future adjustment, leading potentially to an increase in reserves.

Our reported rental and related revenues may be subject to increased variability as a result of Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2016-02, Leases, as amended by subsequent ASUs (“Topic 842”).

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board issued Topic 842, which supersedes guidance related to accounting for leases and provides for the recognition of lease assets and lease liabilities by lessees for those leases classified as operating leases under previous accounting guidance. The objective of Topic 842 is to establish the principles that lessees and lessors shall apply to report useful information to users of financial statements about the amount, timing and uncertainty of cash flows arising from a lease. We elected to adopt Topic 842 on January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method. Among other things, under Topic 842, if at any time we cannot determine that it is probable that substantially all rents over the life of a lease are collectible, rental revenue will be recognized only to the extent of payments received and all receivables associated with the lease will be written off, irrespective of amounts expected to be collectible. Recoveries of these amounts will be recorded in future periods upon receipt of payment. Under Topic 842, future write-offs of receivables and any recoveries of previously written-off receivables will be recorded as adjustments to rental revenue. As a result, the adoption of this new accounting standard could cause increased variability related to our reported rental and related revenues, which could increase the volatility in the market price of our common stock.

We are subject to risks and liabilities in connection with our investment in our unconsolidated joint venture.

As of December 31, 2021, our investment portfolio included 158 properties owned through an unconsolidated joint venture. As further described in Note 4, “Investment in Real Estate Properties,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, we no longer expect to acquire the counterparty’s majority interest in this joint venture and would expect to sell our equity interest in the joint venture should the counterparty secure a buyer for the portfolio sometime in the future. In connection with this determination of our eventual intent to exit our 49% stake, we recorded an impairment charge for the amount that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the investment totaling $164.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2021. The ongoing operating performance of the joint venture, as well as whether the counterparty is able to secure a buyer on favorable terms or at all, will impact the ultimate amounts realized from the joint venture and may require us to recognize an additional impairment charge in the future with respect to this investment.

Catastrophic weather and other natural or man-made disasters, the physical effects of climate change and a failure to implement sustainable and energy-efficient measures could affect our properties.

Some of our properties are located in areas susceptible to catastrophic weather and natural disasters, including fires, snow or ice storms, windstorms or hurricanes, earthquakes, flooding, or other severe conditions. These adverse weather and natural or man-made events could cause substantial damage or loss to our properties which could exceed applicable property insurance coverage. Such events could also have a material adverse impact on our tenants’ operations and ability to meet their obligations to us. In the event of a loss in excess of insured limits, we could lose our capital invested in the affected property, as well as anticipated future revenue from that property. Any such loss could materially and adversely affect our business and our financial condition and results of operations.

Climate change may also have indirect effects on our business by increasing the cost of (or making unavailable) property insurance on terms we find acceptable. To the extent that significant changes in the climate occur in areas where our properties are located, we may experience more frequent extreme weather events which may result in physical damage to or a decrease in demand for properties located in these areas or affected by these conditions. In addition, changes in federal and state legislation and regulation on climate change could result in increased capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency of our existing properties and could also require us to spend more on our new development properties without a corresponding increase in revenue. Should the impact of climate change be material in nature, including destruction of our properties, or occur for lengthy periods of time, our financial condition or results of operations may be adversely affected.

As an environmentally responsible company, we strive to implement sustainable and energy-efficient measures throughout our portfolio. We engage in and discuss sustainable property management practices with our tenants and operators to identify measures that increase energy efficiency and water conservation and enhance safety and quality. If we or our tenants and operators fail to identify such measures, we may be unable to realize annual utility cost savings, which may affect our ability to maximize property and portfolio values and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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Risks Related to Our Tenants and Operators

Increased operating costs as well as increased competition result in lower operating income for our tenants and operators and may affect the ability of our tenants to meet their obligations to us.

Because our tenants are typically required to pay all property operating expenses, increases in property-level expenses at our leased properties generally do not directly affect us. However, increased operating costs could have an adverse impact on our tenants if increases in their operating expenses exceed increases in their revenue, which may adversely affect our tenants’ ability to pay rent owed to us. An increase in our tenants’ expenses and a failure of their revenues to increase at least with inflation could adversely impact our tenants’ and our financial condition and our results of operations.

With respect to our Senior Housing – Managed communities, we bear the impact of any increases in costs of labor, goods and services and may not be able to pass those cost increases on to the residents in those facilities, in which case the profitability of the managed facilities will suffer, which could in turn have a material adverse effect on our financial position and results of operations.

In particular, the market for qualified personnel is highly competitive and our tenants and operators may experience difficulties in attracting and retaining such personnel, in particular due to labor constraints and, in some cases, wage increases relating to the COVID-19 pandemic. An inability to attract and retain trained personnel could negatively impact operating income and the ability of our tenants and borrowers to meet their obligations to us. A shortage of caregivers or other trained personnel, union activities, minimum wage laws, minimum staffing requirements or general inflationary pressures on wages may force tenants, operators and borrowers to enhance pay and benefits packages to compete effectively for skilled personnel, or to use more expensive contract personnel, but they may be unable to offset these added costs by increasing the rates charged to residents and patients. Any increase in labor costs and other property operating expenses or any failure by our tenants, operators or borrowers to attract and retain qualified personnel could adversely affect our cash flow and have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations. Furthermore, expenses for the facilities of our tenants and operators are primarily driven by the costs of labor, food, utilities, taxes, insurance and rent or debt service, and these operating costs continue to increase for our tenants and operators.

In addition, the long-term healthcare industry is highly competitive and we expect that it may become more competitive in the future. Our tenants and operators compete with other healthcare operators on a local and regional basis for residents and patients. The occupancy levels at, and results of operations from, our facilities are dependent on the ability of our tenants and operators to compete with other tenants and operators on a number of different levels, including the quality of care provided, reputation, the physical appearance of a facility, price, the range of services offered, family preference, amenities, alternatives for healthcare delivery, the supply of competing properties, physicians, staff, referral sources, location, and the size and demographics of the population in the surrounding area. Our tenants and operators also compete with numerous other companies providing similar healthcare services or alternatives such as home health agencies, life care at home and community-based service programs. Further, many competing companies may have resources and attributes that are superior to those of our tenants and operators. Our tenants and operators may encounter increased competition in the future that could limit their ability to attract residents or expand their businesses and therefore affect their operating income and ability to pay their lease or mortgage payments and meet their obligations to us. Private, federal and state payment programs and the effect of other laws and regulations may also have a significant impact on the ability of our tenants and operators to compete successfully for residents and patients at the properties.

Our tenants and operators may be adversely affected by increasing healthcare regulation and enforcement.

Over the last several years, the regulatory environment of the long-term healthcare industry has intensified both in the amount and type of regulations and in the efforts to enforce those regulations. This is particularly true for large for-profit, multi-facility providers. The extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations affecting the healthcare industry include those relating to, among other things, licensure, conduct of operations, ownership of facilities, addition of facilities and equipment, allowable costs, services, prices for services, qualified beneficiaries, quality of care, patient rights, fraudulent or abusive behavior, and financial and other arrangements that may be entered into by healthcare providers. Changes in enforcement policies by federal and state governments have resulted in a significant increase in the number of inspections, citations of regulatory deficiencies and other regulatory sanctions, including terminations from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, bars on Medicare and Medicaid payments for new admissions, civil monetary penalties and even criminal penalties.

If our tenants or operators fail to comply with the extensive laws, regulations and other requirements applicable to their businesses and the operation of our properties, they could become ineligible to receive reimbursement from governmental and private third-party payor programs, face bans on admissions of new patients or residents, suffer civil or criminal penalties or be required to make significant changes to their operations. Our tenants and operators also could be forced to expend considerable resources responding to an investigation, lawsuit or other enforcement action under applicable laws or regulations. In such

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event, the results of operations and financial condition of our tenants and operators and the results of operations of our properties operated by those entities could be adversely affected, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on us. We are unable to predict future federal, state and local regulations and legislation, including the Medicare and Medicaid statutes and regulations, or the intensity of enforcement efforts with respect to such regulations and legislation, and any changes in the regulatory framework could have a material adverse effect on our tenants, which, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our tenants and operators depend on reimbursement from governmental and other third-party payor programs, and reimbursement rates from such payors may be reduced.

Many of our tenants and operators depend on third-party payors, including Medicare, Medicaid or private third-party payors, for the majority of their revenue. The reduction in reimbursement rates from third-party payors, including insurance companies and the Medicare and Medicaid programs, or other measures reducing reimbursements for services provided by our tenants and operators, may result in a reduction in our tenants’ and operators’ revenues and operating margins. In addition, reimbursement from private third-party payors may be reduced as a result of retroactive adjustment during claims settlement processes or as a result of post-payment audits. Furthermore, new laws and regulations could impose additional limitations on government and private payments to healthcare providers. For example, our tenants and operators may be affected by health reform initiatives that modify certain payment systems to encourage more cost-effective care and a reduction of inefficiencies and waste (e.g., the implementation of a voluntary bundled payment program and the creation of accountable care organizations). We cannot assure you that adequate reimbursement levels will continue to be available for the services provided by our tenants and operators. Although moderate reimbursement rate reductions may not affect our tenants’ ability to meet their financial obligations to us, significant limits on reimbursement rates or on the services reimbursed could have a material adverse effect on their business, financial position or results of operations, which could materially adversely affect their ability to meet their financial obligations to us.

While reimbursement rates have generally increased over the past few years, President Biden and members of the U.S. Congress may approve or propose new legislation, regulation changes and reform initiatives that could result in changes (including substantial reductions in funding) to Medicare, Medicaid or Medicare Advantage Plans. In addition, a number of states are currently managing budget deficits, which may put pressure on states to decrease reimbursement rates for our tenants and operators with a goal of decreasing state expenditures under their state Medicaid programs. Any such existing or future federal or state legislation relating to deficit reduction that reduces reimbursement payments to healthcare providers could have a material adverse effect on our tenants’ and operators’ business, financial position or results of operations, which could materially adversely affect their ability to meet their financial obligations to us and could have a material adverse effect on us.

We face potential adverse consequences of bankruptcy or insolvency by our tenants, operators, borrowers, managers and other obligors.

We are exposed to the risk that our tenants could become bankrupt or insolvent. Although our lease agreements provide us with the right to exercise certain remedies in the event of default on the obligations owing to us or upon the occurrence of certain insolvency events, the bankruptcy and insolvency laws afford certain rights to a party that has filed for bankruptcy or reorganization. For example, a lessee may reject its lease with us in a bankruptcy proceeding. In such a case, our claim against the lessee for unpaid and future rents would be limited by the statutory cap of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code. This statutory cap could be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed under the lease, and any claim we have for unpaid rent might not be paid in full. In addition, a lessee may assert in a bankruptcy proceeding that its lease should be re-characterized as a financing agreement. If such a claim is successful, our rights and remedies as a lender, compared to a landlord, are generally more limited.

Furthermore, the automatic stay provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code would preclude us from enforcing our remedies unless we first obtain relief from the court having jurisdiction over the bankruptcy case. This would effectively limit or delay our ability to collect unpaid rent or interest payments, and we may ultimately not receive any payment at all. In addition, we would likely be required to fund certain expenses and obligations (e.g., real estate taxes, insurance, debt costs and maintenance expenses) to preserve the value of our properties, avoid the imposition of liens on our properties or transition our properties to a new tenant or operator. Additionally, we lease many of our properties to healthcare providers who provide long-term custodial care to the elderly. Evicting operators for failure to pay rent while the property is occupied typically involves specific procedural or regulatory requirements and may not be successful. Even if eviction is possible, we may determine not to do so due to reputational or other risks. Bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings typically also result in increased costs to the operator, significant management distraction and performance declines.

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We may be unable to find a replacement tenant for one or more of our leased properties or we may be required to incur substantial renovation costs to make our healthcare properties suitable for such tenants.

We may need to find a replacement tenant for one or more of our leased properties for a variety of reasons, including upon the expiration of the lease term or the occurrence of a tenant default. During any period in which we are attempting to locate one or more replacement tenants, there could be a decrease or cessation of rental payments on the applicable property or properties. We cannot be sure that any of our current or future tenants will elect to renew their respective leases upon expiration of the terms thereof. Similarly, we cannot be sure that we will be able to locate a suitable replacement tenant or, if we are successful in locating a replacement tenant, that the rental payments from the new tenant would not be significantly less than the existing rental payments. Our ability to locate a suitable replacement tenant may be significantly delayed or limited by various state licensing, receivership, certificate of need or other laws, as well as by Medicare and Medicaid change-of-ownership rules. We also may incur substantial additional expenses in connection with any such licensing, receivership or change-of-ownership proceedings. Any such delays, limitations and expenses could delay or impact our ability to collect rent, obtain possession of leased properties or otherwise exercise remedies for default, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, healthcare facilities are typically highly customized and may not be easily adapted to non-healthcare-related uses. The improvements generally required to conform a property to healthcare use are costly and at times tenant-specific. A new or replacement tenant may require different features in a property, depending on that tenant’s particular operations. If a current tenant is unable to pay rent and vacates a property, we may incur substantial expenditures to modify a property before we are able to secure another tenant. Our ability to make required modifications and/or renovations may involve approvals of authorities or compliance with governmental regulations, including the Americans with Disabilities Act, which could result in delays in transitioning a facility to a new tenant. Further, changes in federal and state legislation and regulation on climate change could result in increased capital expenditures to improve the energy efficiency of our existing properties and could also require us or our tenants to spend more on our new development properties. These expenditures or renovations and delays could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Potential litigation and rising insurance costs may affect our tenants’ and operators’ ability to obtain and maintain adequate liability and other insurance and their ability to make lease payments and fulfill their insurance and indemnification obligations to us.

Our tenants and operators may be subject to lawsuits filed by advocacy groups that monitor the quality of care at healthcare facilities or by patients, facility residents or their families. Significant damage awards are possible in cases where neglect has been found. This litigation has increased our tenants’ and operators’ costs of monitoring and reporting quality of care and has resulted in increases in the cost of liability and medical malpractice insurance. These increased costs may materially adversely affect our tenants’ and operators’ ability to obtain and maintain adequate liability and other insurance; manage related risk exposures; fulfill their insurance, indemnification and other obligations to us under their leases or property management agreements, as applicable; or make lease payments to us, as applicable. In addition, from time to time, we may be subject to claims brought against us in lawsuits and other legal proceedings arising out of our alleged actions or the alleged actions of our tenants and operators for which such tenants or operators may have agreed to indemnify, defend and hold us harmless. An unfavorable resolution of any such pending or future litigation could materially adversely affect our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations and have a material adverse effect on us in the event that we are not ultimately indemnified by our tenants or operators.

Regulatory Risks

Required regulatory approvals can delay or prohibit transfers of our healthcare properties, which could result in periods in which we are unable to receive rent for such properties.

Our tenants are operators of skilled nursing and other healthcare facilities, which operators must be licensed under applicable state law and, depending upon the type of facility, certified or approved as providers under the Medicare and/or Medicaid programs. Prior to the transfer of the operations of such healthcare properties to successor operators, the new operator generally must become licensed under state law and, in certain states, receive change-of-ownership approvals under certificate of need laws (which laws provide for a certification that the state has made a determination that a need exists for the beds located on the applicable property). If applicable, Medicare and Medicaid provider approvals may be needed as well. In the event that an existing lease is terminated or expires and a new tenant is found, then any delays in the new tenant receiving regulatory approvals from the applicable federal, state or local government agencies, or the inability of such tenant to receive such approvals, may prolong the period during which we are unable to collect the applicable rent. We could also incur substantial additional expenses in connection with any licensing, receivership or change-of-ownership proceedings.

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Environmental compliance costs and liabilities associated with real estate properties owned by us may materially impair the value of those investments.

As an owner of real property, we or our subsidiaries are subject to various federal, state and local environmental and health and safety laws and regulations. Although we do not currently operate or manage the substantial majority of our properties, we or our subsidiaries may be held primarily or jointly and severally liable for costs relating to the investigation and clean-up of any property where there has been a release or threatened release of a hazardous regulated material as well as other affected properties, regardless of whether we knew of or caused the release. In addition to these costs, which are typically not limited by law or regulation and could exceed an affected property’s value, we could be liable for certain other costs, including governmental fines and injuries to persons, property or natural resources. Further, some environmental laws provide for the creation of a lien on a contaminated site in favor of the government as security for damages and any costs the government incurs in connection with such contamination and associated clean-up.

Although we require our operators and tenants to undertake to indemnify us for environmental liabilities they cause, the amount of such liabilities could exceed the financial ability of the tenant or operator to indemnify us. The presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination may adversely affect our ability to sell or lease the real estate or to borrow using the real estate as collateral.

A failure by our tenants or operators to adhere to applicable privacy and data security laws, or a material failure or breach of our or our tenants’ or operators’ information technology, could harm our business.

Our tenants and operators are subject to HIPAA and various other state and federal laws that relate to privacy and data security, including the reporting of data breaches involving personal information. Failure to comply with these requirements could have a materially adverse effect on our tenants and operators and accordingly could have a materially adverse effect on our tenants’ ability to meet their obligations to us and our results of operations. Furthermore, the adoption of new privacy, security and data breach notification laws at the federal and state level could require our tenants and operators to incur significant compliance costs. In addition, the cost and operational consequences of responding to cybersecurity incidents and implementing remediation measures could be significant.

We and our tenants and operators rely on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes, including financial transactions and records, personal identifying information, tenant and lease data. While we and our tenants and operators maintain various data security controls, there is a risk of data security incidents or breaches resulting from unintentional or deliberate acts by third parties or insiders attempting to obtain unauthorized access to information, destroy or manipulate data, or disrupt or sabotage information systems. The risk of security incidents has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attacks and intrusions have increased, and we have seen a significant increase in cyber phishing attacks since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The risk of security incidents has also increased with our increased dependence on the Internet while our employees work remotely due to our health and safety policies. For our tenants and operators, the trend toward increased remote work and rapid implementation of telehealth within the healthcare industry in response to the pandemic may have created new or increased cyber risks. A data security incident or breach occurring at or involving us could have a material adverse impact on our company. Where the data security incident or breach occurs at or involves a tenant or operator, this could jeopardize the tenant’s ability to fulfill its obligations to us and adversely impact our financial position and results of operations.

Furthermore, we purchase some of our information technology from vendors, on whom our systems depend. We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to provide security for processing, transmission and storage of confidential tenant, borrower and operator information, some of which may include individually identifiable information, including information relating to financial accounts. Although we have taken steps to protect the security of our information systems and the data maintained in those systems, it is possible that our safety and security measures will not be able to prevent the systems’ improper functioning or damage, or the improper access or disclosure of personally identifiable information such as in the event of a cyber-attack. Security breaches (including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, phishing attacks, computer denial-of-service attacks, worms, covert introduction of malware to computers and networks, impersonation of authorized users, and efforts to discover and exploit any design flaws, bugs, security vulnerabilities or security weaknesses, as well as intentional or unintentional acts by our team members or other insiders with access privileges, intentional acts of vandalism by third parties and sabotage) can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Any failure to maintain proper function, security and availability of our information systems could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation, subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Investment and Financing Risks

We depend on investments in the healthcare property sector, making our profitability more vulnerable to a downturn or slowdown in that specific sector than if we were investing in multiple industries.

We concentrate our investments in the healthcare property sector. As a result, we are subject to risks inherent to investments in a single industry, in real estate, and specifically in healthcare properties. A downturn or slowdown in the healthcare property sector would have a greater adverse impact on our business than if we had investments in multiple industries. Specifically, a downturn in the healthcare property sector could negatively impact the ability of our tenants, operators and borrowers to meet their obligations to us, as well as the ability to maintain rental and occupancy rates. This could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, a downturn in the healthcare property sector could adversely affect the value of our properties and our ability to sell properties at prices or on terms acceptable to us.

We have substantial indebtedness and have the ability to incur significant additional indebtedness and other liabilities.

As of December 31, 2021, we had outstanding indebtedness of $2.4 billion, which consisted of $1.8 billion of Senior Notes (as defined below), $598.4 million in Term Loans (as defined below) and aggregate secured indebtedness to third parties of $67.6 million on certain of our properties, and we had $1.0 billion available for borrowing under our Revolving Credit Facility. In addition, as of December 31, 2021, our unconsolidated joint venture had outstanding indebtedness of $762.7 million. Our high level of indebtedness may have the following important consequences to us:

•It may increase our cost of borrowing;

•It may limit our ability to obtain additional financing to fund future acquisitions, working capital, capital expenditures or other general corporate requirements;

•It may expose us to the risk of increased interest rates under debt instruments subject to variable rates of interest, such as our Revolving Credit Facility;

•It may adversely impact our credit ratings;

•It may limit our ability to adjust rapidly to changing market conditions and we may be vulnerable in the event of a downturn in general economic conditions or in the real estate and/or healthcare sectors;

•It may place us at a competitive disadvantage against less leveraged competitors;

•It may restrict the way in which we conduct our business because of financial and operating covenants in the agreements governing our existing and future indebtedness;

•It may become more difficult for us to satisfy our obligations (including ongoing interest payments and, where applicable, scheduled amortization payments) with respect to the Senior Notes and our other debt; and

•It may require us to sell assets and properties at an inopportune time.

In addition, the Senior Notes Indentures (as defined below) permit us to incur substantial additional debt, including secured debt (to which the Senior Notes will be effectively subordinated). If we incur additional debt, the related risks described above could intensify. Furthermore, the Senior Notes Indentures do not impose any limitation on our ability to incur liabilities that are not considered indebtedness under the Senior Notes Indentures.

The impact of any of these potential adverse consequences could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition, and liquidity.

We may be unable to service our indebtedness.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on and to refinance our indebtedness depends on and is subject to our future financial and operating performance, which in turn is affected by general and regional economic, financial, competitive, business and other factors beyond our control, including the availability of financing in the international banking and capital markets. Our business may fail to generate sufficient cash flow from operations or future borrowings may be unavailable to us under our Revolving Credit Facility or from other sources in an amount sufficient to enable us to service our debt, to refinance our debt or to fund our other liquidity needs. If we are unable to meet our debt obligations or to fund our other liquidity needs, we will need to restructure or refinance all or a portion of our debt. We may be unable to refinance any of our debt, including our Term Loans and any amounts outstanding under our Revolving Credit Facility, on commercially reasonable terms or at all. In particular, our Term Loans and our Revolving Credit Facility will mature prior to the maturity of the majority of the Senior Notes. If we were unable to make payments or refinance our debt or obtain new financing under these circumstances, we would have to consider other options, such as asset sales, equity issuances and/or negotiations with our lenders to restructure the applicable debt. Our Credit Agreement and the Senior Notes Indentures restrict, and market or business conditions may limit,

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our ability to take some or all of these actions. Any restructuring or refinancing of our indebtedness could be at higher interest rates and may require us to comply with more onerous covenants that could further restrict our business operations.

Covenants in our debt agreements restrict our and our subsidiaries’ activities and could adversely affect our business.

Our debt agreements, including the agreement governing our 2027 Notes (as defined below) and the Credit Agreement, contain various covenants that limit our ability and the ability of our subsidiaries to engage in various transactions including:

•Incurring additional secured and unsecured debt;

•Granting liens upon certain properties;

•Paying dividends or making other distributions on, redeeming or repurchasing capital stock;

•Entering into transactions with affiliates;

•Issuing stock of or interests in subsidiaries;

•Engaging in non-healthcare related business activities;

•Creating restrictions on the ability of certain of our subsidiaries to pay dividends or other amounts to us;

•Selling assets; or

•Effecting a consolidation or merger or selling substantially all of our assets.

The agreement governing our 2027 Notes also restricts us from making certain investments. The indentures governing our 2026 Notes, our 2029 Notes and our 2031 Notes (each as defined below) contain certain of the above restrictions as well. These covenants limit our operational flexibility and could prevent us from taking advantage of business opportunities as they arise, growing our business or competing effectively. In addition, the Credit Agreement requires us to comply with specified financial covenants, which include a maximum total leverage ratio, a maximum secured debt leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, a maximum unsecured leverage ratio, a minimum tangible net worth requirement and a minimum unsecured interest coverage ratio. The indentures governing our 2026 Notes, our 2029 Notes and our 2031 Notes require us to comply with an unencumbered asset ratio, and the agreement governing our 2027 Notes requires us to comply with specified financial covenants, which include a maximum leverage ratio, a maximum secured debt leverage ratio, a maximum unsecured debt leverage ratio, a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio, a minimum net worth, a minimum unsecured interest coverage ratio and a minimum unencumbered debt yield ratio. Our ability to meet these requirements may be affected by events beyond our control, and we may not meet these requirements.

A breach of any of the covenants or other provisions in our debt agreements could result in an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could result in such debt becoming immediately due and payable. Further, certain change in control events could result in an event of default under the agreement governing our 2027 Notes. Any of these events of default, in turn, could cause our other debt to become due and payable as a result of cross-acceleration provisions contained in the agreements governing such other debt. We may be unable to maintain compliance with these covenants and, if we fail to do so, we may be unable to obtain waivers from the lenders and holders and/or amend the covenants. In the event that some or all of our debt is accelerated and becomes immediately due and payable, we may not have the funds to repay, or the ability to refinance, such debt.

An increase in market interest rates could increase our interest costs on borrowings on our Revolving Credit Facility and future debt and could adversely affect our stock price.

If interest rates increase, so could our interest costs for borrowings on our Revolving Credit Facility and any new debt. This increased cost could make the financing of any acquisition more costly. Rising interest rates could limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures or cause us to pay higher interest rates upon refinancing. In addition, an increase in interest rates could decrease the access third parties have to credit, thereby decreasing the amount they are willing to pay for our assets, and consequently limit our ability to reposition our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions.

In addition, increased inflation may have a pronounced negative impact on the interest expense we pay in connection with our outstanding indebtedness and our general and administrative expenses, as these costs could increase at a rate higher than our rents.

Adverse changes in our credit ratings could impair our ability to obtain additional debt and equity financing on favorable terms, if at all, and negatively impact the market price of our securities, including our common stock.

Our credit ratings affect the amount and type of capital, as well as the terms of any financing we may obtain. Credit rating agencies continually revise their ratings for the companies that they follow, including us. The credit ratings of our debt are based on, among other things, our operating performance, liquidity and leverage ratios, overall financial position, level of

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indebtedness and pending or future changes in the regulatory framework applicable to our operators and our industry. The credit rating agencies also evaluate our industry as a whole and may change their credit ratings for us based on their overall view of our industry. If we are unable to maintain favorable credit ratings, we would likely incur higher borrowing costs, which would make it more difficult or expensive to obtain additional financing or refinance existing obligations and commitments.

Cash available for distribution to stockholders may be insufficient to make dividend distributions at expected levels and are made at the discretion of our board of directors.

If cash available for distribution generated by our assets decreases due to dispositions, the COVID-19 pandemic, or otherwise, we may be unable to make dividend distributions at expected levels. Our inability to make distributions commensurate with market expectations would likely result in a decrease in the market price of our common stock. Further, all distributions are made at the discretion of our board of directors in accordance with Maryland law and depend on: (i) our earnings; (ii) our financial condition; (iii) debt and equity capital available to us; (iv) our expectations for future capital requirements and operating performance; (v) restrictive covenants in our financial or other contractual arrangements; (vi) maintenance of our REIT qualification; (vii) restrictions under Maryland law; and (viii) other factors as our board of directors may deem relevant from time to time.

Our ability to raise capital through equity financings is dependent, in part, on the market price of our common stock, which depends on market conditions and other factors affecting REITs generally.

Our ability to raise capital through equity financings depends, in part, on the market price of our common stock, which in turn depends on fluctuating market conditions and other factors including the following:

•The reputation of REITs and attractiveness of their equity securities in comparison with other equity securities, including securities issued by other real estate companies;

•Our financial performance and that of our tenants;

•Concentrations in our investment portfolio by tenant and property type;

•Concerns about our tenants’ financial condition, including as a result of uncertainty regarding reimbursement from governmental and other third-party payor programs;

•Our ability to meet or exceed investor expectations of prospective investment and earnings targets;

•The contents of analyst reports about us and the REIT industry;

•Changes in interest rates on fixed-income securities, which may lead prospective investors to demand a higher annual yield from investments in our common stock;

•Maintaining or increasing our dividend, which is determined by our board of directors and depends on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows, capital requirements, debt covenants (which include limits on distributions by us), applicable law, and other factors as our board of directors deems relevant; and

•Regulatory action and changes in REIT tax laws.

The market value of a REIT’s equity securities is generally based upon the market’s perception of the REIT’s growth potential and its current and potential future earnings and cash distributions. If we fail to meet the market’s expectation with regard to future earnings and cash distributions, the market price of our common stock could decline, and our ability to raise capital through equity financings could be materially adversely affected.

We may be adversely affected by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Our ownership of properties in Canada subjects us to fluctuations in the exchange rate between U.S. dollars and Canadian dollars. Although we have pursued hedging alternatives, by borrowing in Canadian dollar denominated debt and entering into cross currency swaps, to protect against foreign currency fluctuations, no amount of hedging activity can fully insulate us from the risks associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates, and the failure to hedge effectively against foreign currency exchange rate risk could materially adversely affect our business, financial position or results of operations. In addition, any income derived from such hedging transactions may not qualify under the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test that we must satisfy annually in order to qualify and maintain our status as a REIT.

Ownership of property outside the U.S. may subject us to different or greater risks than those associated with our U.S. investments, including currency fluctuations.

We have investments in Canada, and from time to time may seek to acquire other properties in Canada or otherwise outside the U.S. International development, investment, ownership and operating activities involve risks that are different from those we face with respect to our U.S. properties and operations. These risks include, but are not limited to, any gain recognized with respect to changes in exchange rates may not qualify under the income tests that we must satisfy annually in order to

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qualify and maintain our status as a REIT; fluctuations in the exchange rates between USD and the Canadian Dollar, which we may be unable to protect against through hedging; changes in Canadian political, regulatory, and economic conditions; challenges in managing Canadian operations; challenges of complying with a variety of Canadian laws and regulations, including those relating to real estate, healthcare operations, taxes, employment and legal proceedings, and lending practices; Canadian-specific business cycles and economic instability; and changes in applicable laws and regulations in the U.S. that affect our foreign operations.

We may not be able to sell properties when we desire because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations.

Real estate investments generally cannot be sold quickly. In addition, some and potentially substantially all of our properties serve as collateral for our current and future secured debt obligations and cannot readily be sold unless the underlying secured indebtedness is concurrently repaid. We may not be able to vary our portfolio promptly in response to changes in the real estate market. A downturn in the real estate market could materially adversely affect the value of our properties and our ability to sell such properties for acceptable prices or on other acceptable terms. We also cannot predict the length of time needed to find a willing purchaser and to close the sale of a property or portfolio of properties. These factors and any others that would impede our ability to respond to adverse changes in the performance of our properties could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position or results of operations.

Risks Associated with Our Status as a REIT

Our failure to maintain our qualification as a REIT would subject us to U.S. federal income tax, which could adversely affect the value of the shares of our common stock and would substantially reduce the cash available for distribution to our stockholders.

Our qualification and taxation as a REIT will depend upon our ability to meet on a continuing basis, through actual annual operating results, certain qualification tests set forth in the U.S. federal tax laws. Accordingly, given the complex nature of the rules governing REITs, the ongoing importance of factual determinations, including the potential tax treatment of investments we make, and the possibility of future changes in our circumstances, no assurance can be given that our actual results of operations for any particular taxable year will satisfy such requirements.

If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any calendar year, we would be required to pay U.S. federal income tax (and any applicable state and local tax) on our taxable income at regular corporate rates, and dividends paid to our stockholders would not be deductible by us in computing our taxable income (although such dividends received by certain non-corporate U.S. taxpayers generally would currently be subject to a preferential rate of taxation). Further, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, we might need to borrow money or sell assets in order to pay any resulting tax. Our payment of income tax would decrease the amount of our income available for distribution to our stockholders. Furthermore, if we fail to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we no longer would be required under U.S. federal tax laws to distribute substantially all of our REIT taxable income to our stockholders. Unless our failure to qualify as a REIT was subject to relief under U.S. federal tax laws, we could not re-elect to qualify as a REIT until the fifth calendar year following the year in which we failed to qualify.

The 90% distribution requirement will decrease our liquidity and may limit our ability to engage in otherwise beneficial transactions.

To comply with the 90% taxable income distribution requirement applicable to REITs and to avoid the nondeductible excise tax, we must make distributions to our stockholders. The Senior Notes Indentures permit us to declare or pay any dividend or make any distribution that is necessary to maintain our REIT status if the aggregate principal amount of all outstanding Indebtedness of the Parent and its Restricted Subsidiaries on a consolidated basis at such time is less than 60% of Adjusted Total Assets (as each term is defined in the Senior Notes Indentures) and to make additional distributions if we pass certain other financial tests.

We are required under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) to distribute at least 90% of our taxable income, determined without regard to the dividends-paid deduction and excluding any net capital gain, and the Operating Partnership (as defined below) is required to make distributions to us to allow us to satisfy these REIT distribution requirements. However, distributions may limit our ability to rely upon rental payments from our properties or subsequently acquired properties to finance investments, acquisitions or new developments.

Although we anticipate that we generally will have sufficient cash or liquid assets to enable us to satisfy the REIT distribution requirement, it is possible that, from time to time, we may not have sufficient cash or other liquid assets to meet the 90% distribution requirement. This may be due to the timing differences between the actual receipt of income and actual payment of deductible expenses, on the one hand, and the inclusion of that income and deduction of those expenses in arriving

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at our taxable income, on the other hand. Moreover, the 2017 Tax Act amends the Code such that income must be accrued for U.S. federal income tax purposes no later than when such income is taken into account as revenue in our financial statements, subject to certain exceptions, which could also create timing differences between net taxable income and the receipt of cash attributable to such income. In addition, non-deductible expenses such as principal amortization or repayments or capital expenditures in excess of non-cash deductions also may cause us to fail to have sufficient cash or liquid assets to enable us to satisfy the 90% distribution requirement.

In the event that such an insufficiency occurs, in order to meet the 90% distribution requirement and maintain our status as a REIT, we may have to sell assets at unfavorable prices, borrow at unfavorable terms, make taxable stock dividends, or pursue other strategies. This may require us to raise additional capital to meet our obligations. The terms of our Credit Agreement and the terms of the Senior Notes Indentures may restrict our ability to engage in some of these transactions.

We could fail to qualify as a REIT if income we receive is not treated as qualifying income, including as a result of one or more of the lease agreements we have entered into or assumed not being characterized as true leases for U.S. federal income tax purposes, which would subject us to U.S. federal income tax at corporate tax rates.

Under applicable provisions of the Code, we will not be treated as a REIT unless we satisfy various requirements, including requirements relating to the sources of our gross income. Rents received or accrued by us will not be treated as qualifying rent for purposes of these requirements if the lease agreements we have entered into or assumed (as well as any other leases we enter into or assume) are not respected as true leases for U.S. federal income tax purposes and are instead treated as service contracts, joint ventures, loans or some other type of arrangement. In the event that the lease agreements entered into with lessees are not characterized as true leases for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we may fail to qualify as a REIT. In addition, rents received by us from a lessee will not be treated as qualifying rent for purposes of these requirements if we are treated, either directly or under the applicable attribution rules, as owning 10% or more of the lessee’s stock, capital or profits. We will be treated as owning, under the applicable attribution rules, 10% or more of a lessee’s stock, capital or profits at any time that a stockholder owns, directly or under the applicable attribution rules, (a) 10% or more of our common stock and (b) 10% or more of the lessee’s stock, capital or profits. The provisions of our charter restrict the transfer and ownership of our common stock that would cause the rents received or accrued by us from a tenant of ours to be treated as non-qualifying rent for purposes of the REIT gross income requirements. Nevertheless, there can be no assurance that such restrictions will be effective in ensuring that we will not be treated as related to a tenant of ours. If we fail to qualify as a REIT, we would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at corporate tax rates, which would decrease the amount of cash available for distribution to holders of our common stock.

Complying with REIT requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive acquisition opportunities or liquidate otherwise attractive investments, which could materially hinder our performance.

To qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must continually satisfy certain tests, including tests concerning the sources of our income, the nature and diversification of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our stock. In order to meet these tests, we may be required to forego investments or acquisitions we might otherwise make. Thus, compliance with the REIT requirements may materially hinder our performance.

The tax imposed on REITs engaging in “prohibited transactions” may limit our ability to engage in transactions which would be treated as sales for federal income tax purposes.

A REIT’s net income from prohibited transactions is subject to a 100% penalty tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property, other than foreclosure property, held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Although we do not intend to hold any properties that would be characterized as held for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our business, unless a sale or disposition qualifies under certain statutory safe harbors, such characterization is a factual determination and no guarantee can be given that the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) would agree with our characterization of our properties or that we will always be able to make use of the available safe harbors.

If we have significant amounts of non-cash taxable income, we may have to declare taxable stock dividends or make other non-cash distributions, which could cause our stockholders to incur tax liabilities in excess of cash received.

We currently intend to pay dividends in cash only, and not in-kind. However, if for any taxable year, we have significant amounts of taxable income in excess of available cash flow, we may have to declare dividends in-kind in order to satisfy the REIT annual distribution requirements. We may distribute a portion of our dividends in the form of our stock or our debt instruments. In either event, a holder of our common stock will be required to report dividend income as a result of such distributions even though we distributed no cash or only nominal amounts of cash to such stockholder.

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The IRS issued a Revenue Procedure treating certain distributions that are paid by an SEC-registered REIT partly in cash and partly in shares as dividends that would satisfy the REIT annual distribution requirement and qualify for the dividends paid deduction for U.S. federal income tax purposes so long as at least 20% of the total dividend is available in cash. However, if we make such a distribution, U.S. holders would be required to include the full amount of the dividend (i.e., the cash and stock portion) as ordinary income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, a U.S. holder may be required to pay income taxes with respect to such dividends in excess of the cash received. If a U.S. holder sells our stock that it receives as a dividend in order to pay this tax, the sales proceeds may be less than the amount included in income with respect to the dividend, depending on the market price of the stock at the time of the sale. Furthermore, with respect to non-U.S. holders, we may be required to withhold U.S. tax with respect to such dividends, including in respect of all or a portion of such dividend that is payable in stock. In addition, if a significant number of our stockholders determine to sell shares of our stock in order to pay taxes owed on dividends, these sales may put downward pressure on the trading price of our stock. No assurance can be given that the IRS will not impose additional requirements in the future with respect to taxable dividends payable in cash and/or stock, including on a retroactive basis, or assert that the requirements for such taxable dividends have not been met.

Our charter restricts the transfer and ownership of our stock, which may restrict change of control or business combination opportunities in which our stockholders might receive a premium for their shares.

In order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT, no more than 50% of the value of our outstanding stock may be owned, directly or constructively, by five or fewer individuals, as defined in the Code. For the purpose of preserving our REIT qualification, our charter prohibits, subject to certain exceptions, beneficial and constructive ownership of more than 9.9% in value or in number of shares, whichever is more restrictive, of our outstanding common stock or more than 9.9% in value of all classes or series of our outstanding stock. The constructive ownership rules are complex and may cause shares of stock owned directly or constructively by a group of related individuals to be constructively owned by one individual or entity. The ownership limits may have the effect of discouraging an acquisition of control of us without the approval of our board of directors.

We may be subject to adverse legislative or regulatory tax changes that could reduce the market price of our common stock.

The rules dealing with U.S. federal income taxation are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process and by the IRS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Changes to the tax law, including the possibility of major tax legislation, possibly with retroactive application, could adversely impact us or our stockholders. We cannot predict with certainty whether, when, in what forms, or with what effective dates, the tax laws applicable to us or our stockholders may be changed.

Dividends payable by REITs do not qualify for the reduced tax rates available for some dividends.

The maximum income tax rate applicable to “qualified dividends” payable by non-REIT corporations to domestic stockholders taxed at individual rates is currently 20%. Dividends payable by REITs, however, generally are not eligible for the reduced rates. For taxable years after December 31, 2017 and continuing through 2025, the 2017 Tax Act temporarily reduces the maximum individual federal income tax rate from 39.6% to 37% and the effective tax rate on ordinary REIT dividends (i.e., dividends other than capital gain dividends and dividends attributable to certain qualified dividend income received by us) for U.S. holders of our common shares that are individuals, estates or trusts by permitting such holders to claim a deduction in determining their taxable income equal to 20% of any such dividends they receive. Although not adversely affecting the taxation of REITs or dividends payable by REITs, the more favorable rates applicable to regular corporate qualified dividends could cause investors who are taxed at individual rates to perceive investments in REITs to be relatively less attractive than investments in the stocks of non-REIT corporations that pay dividends treated as qualified dividend income, which could adversely affect the value of the stock of REITs, including our common stock.

Our ownership of and relationship with any taxable REIT subsidiaries that we have formed or will form will be limited and a failure to comply with the limits would jeopardize our REIT status and may result in the application of a 100% excise tax.

A REIT may own up to 100% of the stock of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries (“TRSs”). A TRS may earn income that would not be qualifying income if earned directly by the parent REIT. Both the subsidiary and the REIT must jointly elect to treat the subsidiary as a TRS. A corporation (other than a REIT) of which a TRS directly or indirectly owns securities possessing more than 35% of the total voting power or total value of the outstanding securities of such corporation will automatically be treated as a TRS. Overall, no more than 20% of the value of a REIT’s total assets may consist of stock or securities of one or more TRSs. A domestic TRS will pay U.S. federal, state and local income tax at regular corporate rates on any income that it earns, but net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of TRS losses may be deducted only to the extent of 80% of TRS taxable income in the carryforward year (computed without regard to the NOL deduction). Unused NOL carryforwards cannot be carried back but can be carried forward indefinitely. In addition, taxpayers, including TRSs, may be

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subject to a limitation on their ability to deduct net business interest generally equal to 30% of adjusted taxable income, subject to certain exceptions. This provision may limit the ability of our TRSs to deduct interest, which could increase their taxable income. The rules also impose a 100% excise tax on certain transactions between a TRS and its parent REIT that are not conducted on an arm’s length basis. Any domestic TRS that we have formed or may form will pay U.S. federal, state and local income tax on its taxable income, and its after-tax net income will be available for distribution to us but is not required to be distributed to us unless necessary to maintain our REIT qualification.

Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure

Provisions of the Maryland General Corporation Law (the “MGCL”) and of our charter and bylaws could inhibit a change of control of Sabra or reduce the value of our stock.

Certain provisions of Maryland law, our charter and our bylaws may have an anti-takeover effect. Sabra is subject to the Maryland business combination statute, which, subject to certain limitations, impose a moratorium on business combinations with “interested stockholders” or affiliates thereof for five years and thereafter impose additional requirements on such business combinations. Our bylaws contain a provision exempting us from the control share provisions of the MGCL, which provide that holders of “control shares” of a corporation (defined as voting shares of stock that, if aggregated with all other shares of stock owned or controlled by the acquirer, would entitle the acquirer to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of issued and outstanding “control shares”) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by the stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares. There can be no assurance that this bylaw provision exempting us from the control share provisions will not be amended or eliminated at any time in the future. Additionally, Title 3, Subtitle 8 of the MGCL permits our board of directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what currently is provided in our charter or bylaws, to implement certain takeover defenses, such as a classified board, some of which we do not have.

We have also adopted other measures that may make it difficult for a third party to obtain control of us, including provisions of our charter authorizing our board of directors (all without stockholder approval) to classify or reclassify shares of our stock in one or more classes or series, to cause the issuance of additional shares of our stock, and to amend our charter to increase or decrease the number of shares of stock that we have authority to issue. Our charter contains transfer and ownership restrictions on the percentage by number and value of outstanding shares of our stock that may be owned or acquired by any stockholder.

Our bylaws require advance notice of stockholder proposals and director nominations. These provisions, as well as other provisions of our charter and bylaws, may delay, defer, or prevent a transaction or a change in control that might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.

Our bylaws provide that the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland or the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, Baltimore Division will be the sole and exclusive forum for substantially all disputes between our company and our stockholders, which could limit our stockholders’ ability to obtain a favorable judicial forum for disputes with our company or our directors, officers or other team members.

Our bylaws provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland, or, if that court does not have jurisdiction, the United States District Court for the District of Maryland, Baltimore Division, will be the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought on behalf of our company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of any duty owed by any director or officer or other team member of our company to our company or to the stockholders of our company, (iii) any action asserting a claim against our company or any director or officer or other team member of our company arising pursuant to any provision of Maryland law, our charter or our bylaws, or (iv) any action asserting a claim against our company or any director or officer or other team member of our company that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine. This exclusive forum provision is intended to apply to claims arising under Maryland state law and would not apply to claims brought pursuant to the Exchange Act or the Securities Act of 1933, or any other claim for which the federal courts have exclusive jurisdiction. This exclusive forum provision will not relieve us of our duties to comply with the federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder, and our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with these laws, rules and regulations.

This exclusive forum provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with our company or our directors, officers or other team members, which may discourage lawsuits against our company and our directors, officers and other team members. In addition, stockholders who do bring a claim in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland could face additional litigation costs in pursuing any such claim, particularly if they do not reside in or near Maryland. The Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland may also reach different judgments or results than would other courts, including courts where a stockholder would otherwise choose to bring the action, and such judgments or

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results may be more favorable to our company than to our stockholders. However, the enforceability of similar exclusive forum provisions in other companies’ charters and bylaws has been challenged in legal proceedings, and it is possible that a court could find this type of provision to be inapplicable to, or unenforceable in respect of, one or more of the specified types of actions or proceedings. If a court were to find the exclusive forum provision contained in our bylaws to be inapplicable or unenforceable in an action, we might incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

As of December 31, 2021, our investment portfolio consisted of 416 real estate properties held for investment (consisting of (i) 279 skilled nursing/transitional care facilities, (ii) 60 Senior Housing - Leased communities, (iii) 49 Senior Housing - Managed communities and (iv) 28 specialty hospitals and other facilities), one investment in a sales-type lease, 18 investments in loans receivable (consisting of (i) two mortgage loans, (ii) one construction loan and (iii) 15 other loans), eight preferred equity investments and one investment in an unconsolidated joint venture. As of December 31, 2021, our real estate properties held for investment included 41,346 beds/units, spread across the U.S. and Canada. As of December 31, 2021, the substantial majority of our real estate properties (excluding 49 Senior Housing - Managed communities) were leased under triple-net operating leases with expirations ranging from less than one year to 20 years.

The following table displays the expiration of annualized contractual rental revenues under our lease agreements as of December 31, 2021, adjusted to (i) reflect actual payments received during the twelve months ended December 31, 2021 for leases no longer accounted for on an accrual basis, (ii) exclude residual rents due to us from prior asset sales under our 2017 memorandum of understanding with Genesis Healthcare, Inc. and (iii) reflect the reduction in Avamere’s annual base rent to $30.7 million effective February 1, 2022, by year and property type (dollars in thousands) and, in each case, without giving effect to any renewal options:

We believe that all of our properties are adequately covered by insurance and are suitable for their intended uses as described in “Business—Portfolio of Healthcare Investments” in Part I, Item 1.

Occupancy Trends

The following table sets forth the occupancy percentages for our properties for the periods indicated:

Occupancy Percentage (1)

Skilled Nursing/Transitional Care 71.4 % 77.3 % 82.1 %

Specialty Hospitals and Other 83.2 % 75.3 % 71.0 %

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(1) Occupancy percentage represents the facilities’ average operating occupancy for the period indicated and is calculated by dividing the actual census from the period presented by the available beds/units for the same period. Occupancy percentage includes only facilities owned by Sabra as of the end of the respective period for the duration that such facilities were classified as stabilized facilities and excludes facilities for which data is not available or meaningful. Occupancy is only included in periods subsequent to our acquisition and is presented for the trailing twelve month period and one quarter in arrears, except for Senior Housing - Managed, which is presented for the period indicated on a trailing three month basis. All facility financial performance information was provided by, or derived solely from information provided by, operators/tenants without independent verification by us.

You should not rely upon occupancy percentages, either individually or in the aggregate, to determine the performance of a facility. Other factors that may impact the performance of a facility include the sources of payment, terms of reimbursement and the acuity level of the patients (i.e., the condition of patients that determines the level of skilled nursing and rehabilitation therapy services required).

See “Business—Portfolio of Healthcare Investments” in Part I, Item 1 for further discussion regarding the ownership of our properties and the types of healthcare facilities that comprise our properties.

Secured Indebtedness

As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, 11 and 13 of our properties held for investment were subject to secured indebtedness to third parties, respectively. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Secured Indebtedness” in Part II, Item 7 for further discussion regarding our secured indebtedness. As of December 31, 2021 and 2020, our secured debt consisted of the following (dollars in thousands):

(1) Principal balance does not include deferred financing costs, net of $0.9 million and $1.1 million as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

(2) Weighted average effective interest rate includes private mortgage insurance.

Corporate Office

We are headquartered and have our corporate office in Irvine, California. We lease our corporate office from an unaffiliated third party.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For a description of our legal proceedings, see Note 15, “Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Matters” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which is incorporated by reference in response to this item.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Stockholder Information

Our common stock is listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC and trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “SBRA.”

At February 15, 2022, we had approximately 4,604 stockholders of record.

We did not repurchase any shares of our common stock during the quarter ended December 31, 2021 or issue any shares of our common stock in a transaction that was not registered under the Securities Act of 1933.

To maintain REIT status, we are required each year to distribute to stockholders at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income after certain adjustments. All distributions will be made by us at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on our financial position, results of operations, cash flows, capital requirements, debt covenants (which include limits on distributions by us), applicable law, and other factors as our board of directors deems relevant. For example, while the Senior Notes Indentures and the Credit Agreement permit us to declare and pay any dividend or make any distribution that is necessary to maintain our REIT status, those distributions are subject to certain financial tests under the Senior Notes Indentures, and therefore, the amount of cash distributions we can make to our stockholders may be limited.

Distributions with respect to our common stock can be characterized for federal income tax purposes as taxable ordinary dividends, which may be non-qualified, long-term capital gain, or qualified, non-dividend distributions (return of capital) or a combination thereof. Following is the characterization of our annual cash dividends on common stock per share:

Year Ended December 31,

Long-term capital gains — — —

Unrecaptured Section 1250 — — —

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Stock Price Performance Graph

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return of our common stock for the five-year period ending December 31, 2021.

Our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 included a comparison of the five-year cumulative total stockholder return of our common stock with the SNL US REIT Healthcare Index. The SNL US REIT Healthcare Index was discontinued as of August 1, 2021. The Company has chosen to replace it with the Nareit Health Care Property Sector Total Return Index.

The graph below assumes that $100 was invested at the close of market on December 30, 2016 in (i) our common stock, (ii) the Nasdaq Composite Index, (iii) the Nareit Health Care Property Sector Total Return Index and (iv) the SNL US REIT Healthcare Index (through August 1, 2021) and assumes the reinvestment of all dividends. Stock price performances shown in the graph are not necessarily indicative of future price performances.

The above performance graph shall not be deemed to be soliciting material or to be filed with the SEC under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 or incorporated by reference in any document as filed.

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ITEM 6. RESERVED

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The discussion below contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those which are discussed in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” Also see “Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” preceding Part I.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our accompanying consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto.

Our Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is organized as follows:

•Overview

•Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

•Recently Issued Accounting Standards Update

•Results of Operations

•Liquidity and Capital Resources

•Concentration of Credit Risk

•Skilled Nursing Facility Reimbursement Rates

Overview

We expect to grow our investment portfolio while diversifying our portfolio by tenant, facility type and geography within the healthcare sector. We plan to achieve these objectives primarily through making investments directly or indirectly in healthcare real estate, including the development of purpose-built healthcare facilities with select developers. We also intend to achieve our objective of diversifying our portfolio by tenant and facility type through select asset sales and other arrangements with our tenants.

COVID-19

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and measures intended to prevent its spread have negatively impacted and are expected to continue to negatively impact us and our operations in a number of ways, including but not limited to:

•Decreased occupancy and increased operating costs for our tenants and borrowers, which have negatively impacted their operating results and may adversely impact their ability to make full and timely rental payments and debt service payments, respectively, to us. In some cases, we may have to restructure tenants’ long-term rent obligations and may not be able to do so on terms that are as favorable to us as those currently in place. Reduced or modified rental and debt service amounts could result in the determination that the full amounts of our investments are not recoverable, which could result in an impairment charge. To date, the impact of COVID-19 on our skilled nursing/transitional care facility and assisted living community tenants has been partially mitigated by the assistance they have received or expect to receive from state and federal assistance programs, including through the CARES Act (as defined and further described below under “—Skilled Nursing Facility Reimbursement Rates”), although these benefits on an individual operator basis vary and may not provide enough relief to meet their rental obligations to us. From the beginning of the pandemic through December 31, 2021, we have agreed to temporary pandemic-related rent deferrals for six tenants of two to nine months of rent totaling $3.4 million, of which $0.3 million has been repaid. However, the longer the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic, the more likely that our tenants and borrowers will begin to default on these obligations, particularly if state and federal assistance is reduced or eliminated. Such defaults could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and liquidity, in addition to resulting in potential impairment charges. In addition, we have drawn on an $11.9 million letter of credit to fund rent for September through November 2021 and a portion of December 2021 due from our tenant, the Avamere Family of Companies (“Avamere”). See Note 4, “Investment in Real Estate Properties,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding Avamere, including with respect to our write-off of $25.2 million of straight-line rent receivable balances and the acceleration of amortization of the remaining $18.6 million above-market lease intangible associated with the lease during the year ended December 31, 2021, and the reduction of Avamere’s annual base rent to $30.7 million from $44.1 million effective February 1, 2022.

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•Decreased occupancy and increased operating costs within our Senior Housing - Managed portfolio which have negatively impacted and are expected to continue to negatively impact the operating results of these investments. As noted above, the assistance received or expected to be received by eligible assisted living operators will partially mitigate the negative impact of COVID-19 on our Senior Housing - Managed portfolio. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized government grants under the CARES Act and other programs of $0.5 million in resident fees and services. Prolonged deterioration in the operating results for our investments in our Senior Housing - Managed portfolio could result in the determination that the full amounts of our investments are not recoverable, which could result in an impairment charge.

Our financial results as of and for the year ended December 31, 2021 reflect the results of our evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 on our business including, but not limited to, our evaluation of potential impairments of long-lived or other assets, measurement of credit losses on financial instruments, evaluation of any lease modifications, evaluation of lease accounting impact, estimates of fair value and our ability to continue as a going concern.

Impairment of Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Venture

We have a 49% equity interest in a joint venture (the “Enlivant Joint Venture”) with affiliates of TPG Real Estate, the real estate platform of TPG. TPG also owns Enlivant, the senior housing management platform that manages the portfolio owned by the Enlivant Joint Venture. During the second quarter of 2021, TPG reached out to Sabra to explore our acquiring TPG’s 51% interest in the Enlivant Joint Venture. The parties were not able to reach mutually acceptable terms for a transaction, in part due to modifications requested by TPG in the Enlivant management fee structure. At that time, TPG informed Sabra of its intent to re-evaluate its plans with respect to the management company. Furthermore, decreased occupancy and revenues and increased operating costs during the COVID-19 pandemic have had a significant negative impact on the financial performance of the Enlivant Joint Venture. As a result, we re-evaluated our plans with respect to the Enlivant Joint Venture and determined that we would no longer seek to acquire TPG’s majority interest in the Enlivant Joint Venture and that we expect to sell our 49% equity interest should TPG secure a buyer for the portfolio sometime in the future. In connection with this re-evaluation and our eventual intent to exit our 49% stake, we revisited our estimate of the fair value of our investment in the Enlivant Joint Venture and believe that it has declined below our investment basis. We also believe that, given our intent to sell the portfolio, it is unlikely that we will hold our investment for an adequate period of time to recover this estimated decline in value. As such, this decline was deemed to be other-than-temporary and we recorded an impairment charge for the amount that the carrying value exceeded the estimated fair value of the investment totaling $164.1 million during the three months ended June 30, 2021. This impairment is included in loss from unconsolidated joint venture on the accompanying consolidated statements of (loss) income. The ongoing operating performance of the Enlivant Joint Venture, as well as whether TPG is able to secure a buyer on favorable terms or at all, will impact the ultimate amounts realized from the Enlivant Joint Venture and may require us to recognize an additional impairment charge in the future with respect to this investment. See Note 4, “Investment in Real Estate Properties,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding this impairment.

Acquisitions

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we acquired two Senior Housing - Managed communities, one Senior Housing - Leased community, two addiction treatment centers and one skilled nursing/transitional care facility for an aggregate $99.4 million. See Note 3, “Recent Real Estate Acquisitions,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding these acquisitions.

Dispositions

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we completed the sale of 16 facilities for aggregate consideration, net of closing costs, of $103.4 million. The net carrying value of the assets and liabilities of these facilities was $92.1 million, which resulted in an aggregate $11.3 million net gain on sale.

RCA Mortgage Loan

On October 15, 2021, we funded a $290.0 million mortgage loan receivable to Recovery Centers of America Holdings, LLC (the “RCA Mortgage Loan”) secured by six inpatient addiction treatment centers with a 7.50% rate of return. The transaction provides Sabra a right of first offer to acquire the underlying facilities and includes an additional $35.0 million commitment to be funded after specific performance metrics are achieved by the portfolio and by the two additional properties currently in lease-up.

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Senior Unsecured Notes

On September 30, 2021, we completed an underwritten public offering of $800.0 million aggregate principal amount of 3.20% senior unsecured notes due 2031, and on October 7, 2021, we redeemed all $300.0 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 4.80% senior unsecured notes due 2024. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

At-The-Market Common Stock Offering Program

On August 6, 2021, we established the ATM Program (as defined below) pursuant to which shares of our common stock having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $500.0 million may be sold from time to time. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Common Stock Issuance

On October 15, 2021, we issued 7.8 million shares of our common stock through an underwritten public offering. See “—Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Below is a discussion of the accounting policies that management considers critical in that they involve significant management judgments and assumptions, require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain and because they are important for understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. These judgments affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and our disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the dates of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. With different estimates or assumptions, materially different amounts could be reported in our financial statements. Additionally, other companies may utilize different estimates that may impact the comparability of our results of operations to those of companies in similar businesses. For more information regarding our critical accounting policies, see Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Variable Interest Entities

U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires us to identify entities for which control is achieved through voting rights or other means and to determine which business enterprise is the primary beneficiary of variable interest entities (“VIEs”). A VIE is broadly defined as an entity with one or more of the following characteristics: (a) the total equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance the entity’s activities without additional subordinated financial support; (b) as a group, the holders of the equity investment at risk lack (i) the ability to make decisions about the entity’s activities through voting or similar rights, (ii) the obligation to absorb the expected losses of the entity, or (iii) the right to receive the expected residual returns of the entity; or (c) the equity investors have voting rights that are not proportional to their economic interests, and substantially all of the entity’s activities either involve, or are conducted on behalf of, an investor that has disproportionately few voting rights. If we were determined to be the primary beneficiary of the VIE, we would consolidate investments in the VIE. We may change our original assessment of a VIE due to events such as modifications of contractual arrangements that affect the characteristics or adequacy of the entity’s equity investments at risk and the disposal of all or a portion of an interest held by the primary beneficiary.

We identify the primary beneficiary of a VIE as the enterprise that has both: (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance; and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could be significant to the entity. We perform this analysis on an ongoing basis.

As it relates to investments in loans, in addition to our assessment of VIEs and whether we are the primary beneficiary of those VIEs, we evaluate the loan terms and other pertinent facts to determine whether the loan investment should be accounted for as a loan or as a real estate joint venture. If an investment has the characteristics of a real estate joint venture, including if we participate in the majority of the borrower’s expected residual profit, we would account for the investment as an investment in a real estate joint venture and not as a loan investment. Expected residual profit is defined as the amount of profit, whether called interest or another name, such as an equity kicker, above a reasonable amount of interest and fees expected to be earned by a lender.

As it relates to investments in joint ventures, we assess any limited partners’ rights and their impact on the presumption of control of the limited partnership by any single partner. We also apply this guidance to managing member interests in limited liability companies. We reassess our determination of which entity controls the joint venture if: there is a change to the terms or in the exercisability of the rights of any partners or members, the sole general partner or managing member increases or decreases its ownership interests, or there is an increase or decrease in the number of outstanding ownership interests.

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Real Estate Investments and Rental Revenue Recognition

Real Estate Acquisition Valuation

All assets acquired and liabilities assumed in an acquisition of real estate accounted for as a business combination are measured at their acquisition date fair values. For acquisitions of real estate accounted for as an asset acquisition, the fair value of consideration transferred by us (including transaction costs) is allocated to all assets acquired and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis. Tangible assets consist primarily of land, building and improvements. Identifiable intangible assets primarily consist of the above market component of in-place leases, tenant origination and absorption costs and tenant relationship intangibles, and identifiable intangible liabilities primarily consist of the below market component of in-place leases. Acquisition costs associated with real estate acquisitions deemed asset acquisitions are capitalized, and costs associated with real estate acquisitions deemed business combinations are expensed as incurred.

Estimates of the fair values of the tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities require us to make significant assumptions to estimate market lease rates, property operating expenses, carrying costs during lease-up periods, discount rates, market absorption periods, and the number of years the property will be held for investment. We make our best estimate based on our evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease. The use of inappropriate assumptions would result in an incorrect valuation of our acquired tangible assets, identifiable intangibles and assumed liabilities, which would impact the amount of our net income.

Impairment of Real Estate Investments

We regularly monitor events and changes in circumstances, including investment operating performance and general market conditions, that could indicate that the carrying amounts of our real estate investments may not be recoverable. When indicators of potential impairment suggest that the carrying value of real estate investments may not be recoverable, we assess the recoverability by estimating whether we will recover the carrying value of our real estate investments through the undiscounted future cash flows and the eventual disposition of the investment. In some instances, there may be various potential outcomes for an investment and its potential undiscounted future cash flows. In these instances, the undiscounted future cash flows models used to assess recoverability are based on several assumptions and are probability-weighted based on our best estimates as of the date of evaluation. These assumptions include, among others, market rent, revenue and expense growth rates, occupancy, holding period, market capitalization rates, and estimated market values based on analysis of letters of intent, purchase and sale agreements and recent sales data for comparable properties. When discounted cash flow is used to determine fair value, a discount rate assumption is also used. The assumptions are generally based on management’s experience in its local real estate markets, and the effects of current market conditions, which are subject to economic and market uncertainties. If, based on this analysis, we do not believe that we will be able to recover the carrying value of our real estate investments, we would record an impairment loss to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of our real estate investments. We determine estimated fair value based primarily upon (i) estimated sale prices from signed contracts or letters of intent from third-party offers, (ii) discounted cash flow models of the investment over its remaining hold period, (iii) third-party appraisals and (iv) recent sales data for comparable properties.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize rental revenue from tenants, including rental abatements, lease incentives and contractual fixed increases attributable to operating leases, on a straight-line basis over the term of the related leases when it is probable that substantially all rents over the life of a lease are collectible. Certain of our leases provide for contingent rents equal to a percentage of the facility’s revenue in excess of specified base amounts or other thresholds. Such revenue is recognized when actual results reported by the tenant, or estimates of tenant results, exceed the applicable base amount or other threshold.

We assess the collectability of rents on a lease-by-lease basis, and in doing so, consider such things as historical bad debts, tenant creditworthiness, current economic trends, facility operating performance, lease structure, credit enhancements (including guarantees), current developments relevant to a tenant’s business specifically and to its business category generally, and changes in tenants’ payment patterns. Our assessment includes an estimation of a tenant’s ability to fulfill all of its rental obligations over the remaining lease term. In addition, with respect to tenants in bankruptcy, management makes estimates of the expected recovery of pre-petition and post-petition claims in assessing the estimated collectability of the related receivable. If at any time we cannot determine that it is probable that substantially all rents over the life of a lease are collectible, rental revenue will be recognized only to the extent of payments received, and all receivables associated with the lease will be written off irrespective of amounts expected to be collectible. Any recoveries of these amounts will be recorded in future periods upon receipt of payment. Write-offs of receivables and any recoveries of previously written-off receivables are recorded as adjustments to rental revenue.

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Revenue from resident fees and services is recorded monthly as services are provided and includes resident room and care charges, ancillary services charges and other resident charges.

Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Venture

We report investments in unconsolidated entities over whose operating and financial policies we have the ability to exercise significant influence under the equity method of accounting. Under this method of accounting, our share of the investee’s earnings or losses is included in our consolidated statements of (loss) income. The initial carrying value of the investment is based on the amount paid to purchase the joint venture interest. Differences between our cost basis and the basis reflected at the joint venture level are generally amortized over the lives of the related assets and liabilities, and such amortization is included in our share of earnings of the joint venture. In addition, distributions received from unconsolidated entities are classified based on the nature of the activity or activities that generated the distribution.

We regularly monitor events and changes in circumstances, including investment operating performance, changes in anticipated holding period and general market conditions, that could indicate that the carrying amounts of our equity method investments may be impaired. An equity method investment’s value is impaired when the fair value of the investment is less than its carrying value and we determine the decline in value is other-than-temporary. The fair value is estimated based on discounted cash flows models that include all estimated cash inflows and outflows and any estimated debt premiums or discounts. The discounted cash flows are based on several assumptions including management fee, absorption period, terminal capitalization rates, revenue and expense per bed, stabilized occupancy, stabilized operating margin, price per bed and discount rates. The assumptions are generally based on management’s experience in its local real estate markets, and the effects of current market conditions, which are subject to economic and market uncertainties. If we believe that there is an other-than-temporary decline in the value of an equity method investment, we would record an impairment loss to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of such equity method investment.

Loans Receivable, Sales-Type Lease and Credit Losses

Loans Receivable

Loans receivable are reflected at amortized cost on our consolidated balance sheets. The amortized cost of a loan receivable is the outstanding unpaid principal balance, net of unamortized discounts, costs and fees directly associated with the origination of the loan.

Loans acquired in connection with a business combination are recorded at their acquisition date fair value. We determine the fair value of loans receivable based on estimates of expected discounted cash flows, collateral, credit risk and other factors. A valuation allowance is not established at the acquisition date, as the amount of estimated future cash flows reflects our judgment regarding their uncertainty. The difference between the acquisition date fair value and the total expected cash flows is recognized as interest income using the effective interest method over the life of the applicable loan. Any unamortized balances are immediately recognized in income if the loan is repaid before its contractual maturity.

Interest income on our loans receivable is recognized on an accrual basis over the life of the investment using the interest method. Direct loan origination costs are amortized over the term of the loan as an adjustment to interest income. When concerns exist as to the ultimate collection of principal or interest due under a loan, the loan is placed on nonaccrual status, and we will not recognize interest income until the cash is received, or the loan returns to accrual status. If we determine that the collection of interest according to the contractual terms of the loan or through the receipts of assets in satisfaction of contractual amounts due is probable, we will resume the accrual of interest. In instances where borrowers are in default under the terms of their loans, we may continue recognizing interest income provided that all amounts owed under the contractual terms of the loan, including accrued and unpaid interest, do not exceed the estimated fair value of the collateral, less costs to sell.

On a quarterly basis, we evaluate the collectability of our interest income receivable and establish a reserve for amounts not expected to be collected. Our evaluation includes reviewing credit quality indicators such as payment status, changes affecting the operations of the facilities securing the loans, and national and regional economic factors. The reserve is a valuation allowance that reflects management’s estimate of losses inherent in the interest income receivable balance as of the balance sheet date. The reserve is adjusted through provision for loan losses and other reserves on our consolidated statements of (loss) income and is decreased by charge-offs to specific receivables.

Sales-Type Lease

Our investment in sales-type leases is reflected on the accompanying consolidated balance sheets as the present value of total rental payments, plus estimated purchase price, less unearned lease income. Selling profit or loss is recorded upon

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classification as a sales-type lease, and unearned income is amortized over the lease term to provide a constant yield when collectability of the lease payments is reasonably assured.

Credit Losses

On a quarterly basis, we evaluate the collectability of our loan portfolio and sales-type lease, including the portion of unfunded loan commitments expected to be funded, and establish an allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is calculated using the related amortization schedules, payment histories and loan-to-value ratios. The following rates are applied to determine the aggregate expected losses, which is recorded as the allowance for credit losses: (i) a default rate, (ii) a liquidation cost rate and (iii) a distressed property reduction rate. If no loan-to-value ratio is available, a loss severity rate is applied in place of the liquidation cost rate and the distressed property reduction rate. The default rate is based on average charge-off and delinquency rates from the Federal Reserve, and the other rates are based on industry research and historical performance of a similar portfolio of financial assets. The allowance for credit losses is a valuation allowance that reflects management’s estimate of losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date. The reserve is adjusted through provision for loan losses and other reserves on our consolidated statements of (loss) income and is decreased by charge-offs to specific loans.

Preferred Equity Investments and Preferred Return

Preferred equity investments are accounted for at unreturned capital contributions, plus accrued and unpaid preferred returns. We recognize preferred return income on a monthly basis based on the outstanding investment including any previously accrued and unpaid return. As a preferred member of the preferred equity joint ventures in which we participate, we are not entitled to share in the joint venture’s earnings or losses. Rather, we are entitled to receive a preferred return, which is deferred if the cash flow of the joint venture is insufficient to currently pay the accrued preferred return.

We regularly monitor events and changes in circumstances that could indicate that the carrying amounts of our preferred equity investments may not be recoverable or realized. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate our preferred equity investments for impairment based on a comparison of the fair value of the investment to its carrying value. The fair value is estimated based on discounted cash flows that include all estimated cash inflows and outflows over a specified holding period. If, based on this analysis, we do not believe that we will be able to recover the carrying value of our preferred equity investment, we would record an impairment loss to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of our preferred equity investment.

Income Taxes

We elected to be treated as a REIT with the filing of our U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year beginning January 1, 2011. We believe that we have been organized and have operated, and we intend to continue to operate, in a manner to qualify as a REIT. To qualify as a REIT, we must meet certain organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement to distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income to stockholders (which is computed without regard to the dividends-paid deduction or net capital gains and which does not necessarily equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP). As a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal income tax on income that we distribute as dividends to our stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate income tax rates and generally will not be permitted to qualify for treatment as a REIT for federal income tax purposes for the four taxable years following the year during which qualification is lost, unless the IRS grants us relief under certain statutory provisions. Such an event could materially and adversely affect our net income and net cash available for distribution to stockholders. However, we believe that we are organized and operate in such a manner as to qualify for treatment as a REIT.

As a result of certain investments, we record income tax expense or benefit with respect to certain of our entities that are taxed as taxable REIT subsidiaries under provisions similar to those applicable to regular corporations and not under the REIT provisions.

We account for deferred income taxes using the asset and liability method and recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in our financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, we determine deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. Any increase or decrease in the deferred tax liability that results from a change in circumstances, and that causes a change in our judgment about expected future tax consequences of events, is included in the tax provision when such changes occur. Deferred income taxes also reflect the impact of operating loss and tax credit carryforwards. A valuation allowance is provided if we believe it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. Any increase or decrease

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in the valuation allowance that results from a change in circumstances, and that causes a change in our judgment about the realizability of the related deferred tax asset, is included in the tax provision when such changes occur.

We evaluate our tax positions using a two-step approach: step one (recognition) occurs when we conclude that a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is more likely than not to be sustained upon examination, and step two (measurement) is only addressed if step one has been satisfied (i.e., the position is more likely than not to be sustained). Under step two, the tax benefit is measured as the largest amount of benefit (determined on a cumulative probability basis) that is more likely than not to be realized upon ultimate settlement. We will recognize tax penalties relating to unrecognized tax benefits as additional tax expense.

Fair Value Measurements

Under GAAP, we are required to measure certain financial instruments at fair value on a recurring basis. In addition, we are required to measure other financial instruments and balances at fair value on a non-recurring basis (e.g., carrying value of impaired loans receivable and long-lived assets). Fair value is defined as the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The GAAP fair value framework uses a three-tiered approach. Fair value measurements are classified and disclosed in one of the following three categories:

•Level 1: unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2: quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, and model-derived valuations in which significant inputs and significant value drivers are observable in active markets; and

•Level 3: prices or valuation techniques where little or no market data is available that requires inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.

When available, we utilize quoted market prices from an independent third-party source to determine fair value and classify such items in Level 1 or Level 2. In instances where the market for a financial instrument is not active, regardless of the availability of a nonbinding quoted market price, observable inputs might not be relevant and could require us to make a significant adjustment to derive a fair value measurement. Additionally, in an inactive market, a market price quoted from an independent third party may rely more on models with inputs based on information available only to that independent third party. When we determine the market for a financial instrument owned by us to be illiquid or when market transactions for similar instruments do not appear orderly, we may use several valuation sources (including internal valuations, discounted cash flow analysis and quoted market prices) to establish a fair value. If more than one valuation source is used, we will assign weights to the various valuation sources. Additionally, when determining the fair value of liabilities in circumstances in which a quoted price in an active market for an identical liability is not available, we measure fair value using (i) a valuation technique that uses the quoted price of the identical liability when traded as an asset or quoted prices for similar liabilities or similar liabilities when traded as assets or (ii) another valuation technique that is consistent with the principles of fair value measurement, such as the income approach or the market approach.

Changes in assumptions or estimation methodologies can have a material effect on these estimated fair values. In this regard, the derived fair value estimates cannot be substantiated by comparison to independent markets and, in many cases, may not be realized in an immediate settlement of the instrument.

We consider the following factors to be indicators of an inactive market: (i) there are few recent transactions, (ii) price quotations are not based on current information, (iii) price quotations vary substantially either over time or among market makers (for example, some brokered markets), (iv) indexes that previously were highly correlated with the fair values of the asset or liability are demonstrably uncorrelated with recent indications of fair value for that asset or liability, (v) there is a significant increase in implied liquidity risk premiums, yields, or performance indicators (such as delinquency rates or loss severities) for observed transactions or quoted prices when compared with our estimate of expected cash flows, considering all available market data about credit and other nonperformance risk for the asset or liability, (vi) there is a wide bid-ask spread or significant increase in the bid-ask spread, (vii) there is a significant decline or absence of a market for new issuances (that is, a primary market) for the asset or liability or similar assets or liabilities, and (viii) little information is released publicly (for example, a principal-to-principal market).

We consider the following factors to be indicators of non-orderly transactions: (i) there was not adequate exposure to the market for a period before the measurement date to allow for marketing activities that are usual and customary for transactions involving such assets or liabilities under current market conditions, (ii) there was a usual and customary marketing period, but the seller marketed the asset or liability to a single market participant, (iii) the seller is in or near bankruptcy or receivership

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(that is, distressed), or the seller was required to sell to meet regulatory or legal requirements (that is, forced), and (iv) the transaction price is an outlier when compared with other recent transactions for the same or similar assets or liabilities.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards Update

See Note 2, “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information concerning recently issued accounting standards updates.

Results of Operations

As of December 31, 2021, our investment portfolio consisted of 416 real estate properties held for investment, one investment in a sales-type lease, 18 investments in loans receivable, eight preferred equity investments and one investment in an unconsolidated joint venture. As of December 31, 2020, our investment portfolio consisted of 426 real estate properties held for investment, one investment in a sales-type lease, 18 investments in loans receivable, six preferred equity investments and one investment in an unconsolidated joint venture. In general, we expect that income and expenses related to our portfolio will fluctuate in future periods in comparison to the corresponding prior periods as a result of investment and disposition activity and anticipated future changes in our portfolio. The results of operations presented are not directly comparable due to ongoing acquisition and disposition activity.

A discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2019 is included in the “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Results of Operations—Comparison of results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019” section in Part II, Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020.

Comparison of results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020 (dollars in thousands):

Revenues:

Expenses:

Other (expense) income:

(1) Represents the dollar amount increase (decrease) for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 as a result of investments/dispositions made after January 1, 2020.

(2) Represents the dollar amount increase (decrease) for the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to the year ended December 31, 2020 that is not a direct result of investments/dispositions made after January 1, 2020.

Rental and Related Revenues

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized $396.7 million of rental income compared to $430.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $33.9 million net decrease in rental income is related to (i) a $30.7 million net decrease related to leases that we concluded should no longer be accounted for on an accrual basis, (ii) a $3.8 million decrease related to

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lease intangibles that have been fully amortized, (iii) a $3.8 million decrease from properties disposed of after January 1, 2020 and (iv) a $1.8 million decrease due to transitioning 11 facilities to new operators. The $30.7 million net decrease related to leases that we concluded should no longer be accounted for on an accrual basis includes a write-off of $25.2 million of straight-line rent receivable balances and the acceleration of amortization of the remaining $18.6 million above-market lease intangible associated with Avamere, whose lease will be amended and restated, during the year ended December 31, 2021, a $4.0 million decrease in earned cash rents, and a $2.4 million decrease in operating expense recoveries, partially offset by a net $18.7 million decrease in non-cash rental revenue write-offs recognized during the year ended December 31, 2020 primarily related to leases we concluded should no longer be accounted for on an accrual basis. These decreases are offset by (i) a $3.2 million increase due to incremental revenue related to capital expenditures and (ii) a $1.4 million increase from properties acquired after January 1, 2020. See Note 4, “Investment in Real Estate Properties” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding Avamere.

Our reported rental and related revenues may be subject to increased variability in the future as a result of adopting Topic 842. However, there can be no assurances regarding the timing and amount of these revenues. Amounts due under the terms of all of our lease agreements are subject to contractual increases, and contingent rental income may be derived from certain lease agreements. No material contingent rental income was derived during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020.

Our rental income in future years will be impacted by changes in inflation. Several of our lease agreements provide for an annual rent escalator based on the percentage change in the Consumer Price Index (but not less than zero), subject to minimum or maximum fixed percentages that range from 1.0% to 5.0%.

Interest and Other Income

Interest and other income primarily consists of income earned on our loans receivable investments, preferred returns earned on our preferred equity investments and income on the sales-type lease. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized $17.3 million of interest and other income compared to $11.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The net increase of $5.4 million is primarily due to a $6.2 million increase in income from investments made after January 1, 2020, partially offset by a $0.3 million decrease in lease termination income related to the transition of a specialty hospital to a new operator during the year ended December 31, 2020 and a $0.1 million decrease in income from investments repaid after January 1, 2020.

Resident Fees and Services

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized $155.5 million of resident fees and services compared to $156.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $0.5 million net decrease is primarily due to the impact of decreased occupancy as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and a $1.6 million decrease in government grant income, partially offset by a $7.8 million increase in resident fees and services and a $0.3 million increase in grant income from three Senior Housing - Managed communities acquired after January 1, 2020. Included in resident fees and services is $0.5 million and $1.8 million of government grant income recognized during the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Depreciation and Amortization

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred $179.0 million of depreciation and amortization expense compared to $176.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $2.3 million net increase is due to (i) a $3.9 million increase from additions to real estate and (ii) a $2.7 million increase from properties acquired after January 1, 2020. The increases are partially offset by (i) a $2.0 million decrease from properties disposed of after January 1, 2020 and (ii) a $2.5 million decrease related to assets that have been fully depreciated.

Interest Expense

We incur interest expense comprised of costs of borrowings plus the amortization of deferred financing costs related to our indebtedness. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred $98.6 million of interest expense compared to $100.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $1.8 million net decrease is related to (i) a $4.6 million decrease in interest expense related to a reduction in the borrowings outstanding under the Credit Agreement and decrease in interest rates, (ii) a $3.6 million decrease in interest expense related to the redemption of all $300.0 million of 4.80% senior unsecured notes due 2024 (the “2024 Notes”) in October 2021 and (iii) a $0.6 million decrease in interest expense related to a decrease in our mortgage debt as a result of sales of the facilities securing the mortgage debt during 2020 and 2021. These decreases were partially offset by a $6.9 million increase in interest expense related to the issuance of the 2031 Notes (as defined below).

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Triple-Net Portfolio Operating Expenses

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized $20.2 million of triple-net portfolio operating expenses compared to $20.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $0.4 million net decrease is primarily due to properties disposed of after January 1, 2020 and adjusting our estimates related to property taxes.

Senior Housing - Managed Portfolio Operating Expenses

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized $121.0 million of operating expenses compared to $111.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $10.0 million net increase is due to (i) a $5.7 million increase related to three Senior Housing - Managed communities acquired after January 1, 2020, (ii) a $1.7 million increase in employee compensation due to increased labor rates, (iii) a $1.1 million increase in insurance expense due to a higher number of claims and an increase in premiums, (iv) a $1.0 million increase in expenses due to increased marketing activity and (v) a $0.9 million increase due to the resumption of repairs and maintenance projects as pandemic-related restrictions have been eased, partially offset by a $0.7 million decrease in supplies and labor needs related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses include compensation-related expenses as well as professional services, office costs, other costs associated with asset management, and merger and acquisition costs. During the year ended December 31, 2021, general and administrative expenses were $34.7 million compared to $32.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2020. The $1.9 million net increase is related to (i) a $1.0 million increase in compensation for our team members as a result of increased staffing, (ii) a $0.8 million increase in insurance expense due to an increase in premiums and (iii) a $0.3 million increase in employee related travel, partially offset by a $0.6 million decrease in professional and legal fees due to a decrease in transaction activity.

Provision for Loan Losses and Other Reserves

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized a $3.9 million and $1.9 million provision for loan losses and other reserves, respectively. The $2.1 million increase is primarily due to the increase in our loans receivable investments balance.

Impairment of Real Estate

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized $9.5 million of impairment of real estate related to two skilled nursing/transitional care facilities and one senior housing community, all but one of which were sold in 2021. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized $4.0 million of impairment of real estate related to one skilled nursing/transitional care facility and three senior housing communities that were subsequently sold. See Note 5, “Impairment of Real Estate and Dispositions,” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding these impairments.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized a $34.6 million loss on extinguishment of debt, consisting of (i) $32.7 million in connection with the redemption of the 2024 Notes, including $30.2 million in payments made to noteholders and legal fees for early redemption and $2.5 million of write-offs associated with unamortized deferred financing and premium costs, (ii) $1.8 million related to write-offs of deferred financing costs in connection with the partial pay down of the U.S. dollar Term Loans and (iii) $0.1 million related to write-offs of deferred financing costs in connection with the sale of two facilities that secured one mortgage note. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized a $0.5 million loss on extinguishment of debt related to write-offs of deferred financing costs in connection with the sale of three facilities that secured three mortgage notes.

Other Income

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized $0.4 million and $2.2 million, respectively, of other income primarily related to settlement payments received related to legacy CCP investments.

Net Gain on Sales of Real Estate

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized an aggregate net gain on the sales of real estate of $12.3 million. The $12.3 million includes (i) an aggregate $11.3 million net gain on sales of real estate related to the disposition of eight skilled nursing/transitional care facilities, six senior housing communities and two specialty hospitals and (ii) a $1.0 million gain on sale of real estate due to reassessing the classification of a lease and determining the lease, which requires

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the tenant to purchase the property at the maturity of the lease, should be accounted for as a sales-type lease. This reassessment required the recognition of the gain on sale prior to the actual sale to our tenant. During the year ended December 31, 2020, we recognized an aggregate net gain on the sales of real estate of $2.9 million related to the disposition of eight skilled nursing/transitional care facilities.

Loss from Unconsolidated Joint Venture

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we recognized $192.1 million of loss from the Enlivant Joint Venture compared to $16.6 million of loss for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $175.5 million net increase in the loss is related to (i) a $164.1 million other-than-temporary impairment recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2021 (see Note 4, “Investment in Real Estate Properties” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the impairment), (ii) a $15.3 million increase in operating expenses from the facilities owned by the Enlivant Joint Venture as of December 31, 2021, (iii) a $5.9 million decrease in revenue from the facilities owned by the Enlivant Joint Venture as of December 31, 2021, primarily due to the impact of decreased occupancy as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, (iv) a $4.5 million impairment of real estate, including basis difference, recorded during the current year related to four senior housing communities and (v) a $3.5 million decrease in government grant income. The $15.3 million increase in operating expenses consists of (i) $9.8 million in support payments paid to the manager of the Enlivant Joint Venture during the current year, (ii) a $3.8 million increase related to employee compensation due to increased labor rates, (iii) a $1.1 million increase in insurance expense due to higher number of claims and increase in premiums, (iv) a $0.8 million increase in marketing expense due to increased marketing activity, and (v) a $0.5 million increase due to the resumption of repairs and maintenance projects as pandemic-related restrictions have been eased, partially offset by a $0.7 million decrease in dining related expenses due to decreased occupancy. The decreases are partially offset by (i) a $6.6 million net adjustment in our basis difference recorded in the prior year due to the disposition of 14 senior housing communities and depreciation adjustments, (ii) a $6.6 million increase in deferred income tax benefit due to lower taxable income, (iii) a $2.4 million decrease in interest expense due to a decrease in interest rates and (iv) a $2.2 million decrease in basis difference depreciation due to the impairment recorded during the three months ended June 30, 2021.

Income Tax Expense

During the years ended December 31, 2021 and 2020, we recognized $1.8 million and $0.7 million, respectively, of income tax expense. The decrease is due to higher taxable income from our Senior Housing - Managed portfolio.

Funds from Operations and Adjusted Funds from Operations

We believe that net income attributable to common stockholders as defined by GAAP is the most appropriate earnings measure. We also believe that funds from operations (“FFO”), as defined in accordance with the definition used by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“Nareit”), and adjusted funds from operations (“AFFO”) (and related per share amounts) are important non-GAAP supplemental measures of our operating performance. Because the historical cost accounting convention used for real estate assets requires straight-line depreciation (except on land), such accounting presentation implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. However, since real estate values have historically risen or fallen with market and other conditions, presentations of operating results for a REIT that use historical cost accounting for depreciation could be less informative. Thus, Nareit created FFO as a supplemental measure of operating performance for REITs that excludes historical cost depreciation and amortization, among other items, from net income attributable to common stockholders, as defined by GAAP. FFO is defined as net income attributable to common stockholders, computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains or losses from real estate dispositions and our share of gains or losses from real estate dispositions related to our unconsolidated joint venture, plus real estate depreciation and amortization, net of amounts related to noncontrolling interests, plus our share of depreciation and amortization related to our unconsolidated joint venture, and real estate impairment charges of both consolidated and unconsolidated entities when the impairment is directly attributable to decreases in the value of the depreciable real estate held by the entity. AFFO is defined as FFO excluding merger and acquisition costs, stock-based compensation expense, non-cash rental and related revenues, non-cash interest income, non-cash interest expense, non-cash portion of loss on extinguishment of debt, provision for loan losses and other reserves, non-cash lease termination income and deferred income taxes, as well as other non-cash revenue and expense items (including ineffectiveness gain/loss on derivative instruments, and non-cash revenue and expense amounts related to noncontrolling interests) and our share of non-cash adjustments related to our unconsolidated joint venture. We believe that the use of FFO and AFFO (and the related per share amounts), combined with the required GAAP presentations, improves the understanding of our operating results among investors and makes comparisons of operating results among REITs more meaningful. We consider FFO and AFFO to be useful measures for reviewing comparative operating and financial performance because, by excluding the applicable items listed above, FFO and AFFO can help investors compare our operating performance between periods or as compared to other companies. While FFO and AFFO are relevant and widely used measures of operating performance of REITs, they do not represent cash flows from operations or net income attributable to common stockholders as defined by

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GAAP and should not be considered an alternative to those measures in evaluating our liquidity or operating performance. FFO and AFFO also do not consider the costs associated with capital expenditures related to our real estate assets nor do they purport to be indicative of cash available to fund our future cash requirements. Further, our computation of FFO and AFFO may not be comparable to FFO and AFFO reported by other REITs that do not define FFO in accordance with the current Nareit definition or that interpret the current Nareit definition or define AFFO differently than we do.

The following table reconciles our calculations of FFO and AFFO for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019, to net income attributable to common stockholders, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, for the same periods (in thousands, except share and per share amounts):

Year Ended December 31,

Other-than-temporary impairment of unconsolidated joint venture 164,126 — —

Non-cash portion of loss on extinguishment of debt 4,426 531 5,838

Provision for loan losses and other reserves 3,935 1,855 1,238

Non-cash lease termination income — — (10,579)

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, diluted:

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The following table sets forth additional information related to certain other items included in net (loss) income attributable to common stockholders above, and the portions of each that are included in FFO and AFFO attributable to common stockholders, which may be helpful in assessing our operating results. Please refer to “—Results of Operations” above for additional information regarding these items (in millions):

Year Ended December 31,

Net (Loss) Income FFO AFFO

Rental and related revenues:

Resident fees and services:

Grant income under government programs (1) 0.5 1.8 — 0.5 1.8 — 0.5 1.8 —

Interest and other income:

Interest expense:

Senior housing - managed portfolio operating expenses:

Provision for doubtful accounts 3.9 1.9 1.2 3.9 1.9 1.2 — — —

Loss from unconsolidated joint venture:

Grant income under government programs (1) — 3.5 — — 3.5 — — 3.5 —

Deferred income tax (benefit) expense (6.0) 0.5 2.3 (6.0) 0.5 2.3 — — —

Support payments paid to joint venture manager 9.8 — — 9.8 — — 9.8 — —

Impairment of real estate 4.5 — — — — — — — —

(1) Consists of funds specifically paid to communities in our Senior Housing - Managed portfolio from state or federal governments related to the pandemic and were incremental to the amounts that would have otherwise been received for providing care to residents.

(2) Consists primarily of (i) PPE costs, (ii) incremental labor costs (including bonuses, hero pay and additional labor needed to implement new health and safety protocols) and (iii) incremental supply costs required to implement new health and safety protocols (e.g., disposable food containers and stronger disinfectants), in each case incurred by communities in our Senior Housing - Managed portfolio specifically as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2021, we had approximately $1.1 billion in liquidity, consisting of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents of $112.0 million and available borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility of $1.0 billion. The Credit Agreement also contains an accordion feature that can increase the total available borrowings to $2.75 billion (from U.S. $2.0 billion plus CAD $125.0 million), subject to terms and conditions.

We have filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC that expires in December 2022, which allows us to offer and sell shares of common stock, preferred stock, warrants, rights, units, and certain of our subsidiaries to offer and sell debt securities, through underwriters, dealers or agents or directly to purchasers, on a continuous or delayed basis, in amounts, at prices and on terms we determine at the time of the offering, subject to market conditions.

On December 11, 2019, we established an at-the-market equity offering program (the “Prior ATM Program”), pursuant to which shares of our common stock having an aggregate gross sales price of up to $400.0 million may be sold from time to time (i) by us through a consortium of banks acting as sales agents or directly to the banks acting as principals or (ii) by a consortium of banks acting as forward sellers on behalf of any forward purchasers pursuant to a forward sale agreement. On August 6, 2021, we terminated the Prior ATM Program pursuant to our termination rights.

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During the year ended December 31, 2021, we sold 2.2 million shares under the Prior ATM Program at an average price of $17.78 per share, generating gross proceeds of $38.8 million, before $0.6 million of commissions (excluding sales utilizing the forward feature of the Prior ATM Program, as described below).

Additionally, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we utilized the forward feature of the Prior ATM Program to allow for the sale of up to 6.8 million shares of our common stock at an initial weighted average price of $17.49 per share, net of commissions. During the year ended December 31, 2021, we settled all of the open forward positions under the Prior ATM Program by issuing 7.9 million shares (inclusive of the 6.8 million shares referenced in the immediately preceding sentence) at a weighted average net price of $17.36 per share, after commissions and fees, resulting in net proceeds of $137.0 million.