Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed below. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in “Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report. As used in this report, unless the context suggests otherwise, “we,” “us,” our” or “the Company” refer to SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage, biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of powerful and proprietary immunotherapeutic polyclonal human antibodies to treat and prevent infectious diseases and immune and autoimmune disorders, including infectious diseases resulting from outbreaks and pandemics as well as immunology, gastroenterology, and respiratory diseases that have significant mortality and health impacts on immunocompromised patients. We have applied advanced genetic engineering and antibody science to develop transchromosomic (Tc) BovineTM. Our versatile DiversitAbTM platform is applicable to a wide range of serious unmet needs in human diseases. It produces natural, specifically targeted, high-potency, fully-human polyclonal immunotherapies without the need for human donors. We currently have multiple drug development programs underway and collaborations with the US government and global pharmaceutical companies.

The platform has been expanded and validated through funding awarded from U.S. government emerging disease and medical countermeasures programs with cumulative grant award totals of approximately $203.6 million. We are advancing clinical programs in two indications, and preclinical development in three indications. In addition, we are executing on two research collaborations with global pharmaceutical companies, including CSL Behring and an undisclosed collaboration.

We generated total revenue of $23.9 million and $60.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively (60.7% decline). Our revenue to date has been primarily derived from government grants. As of December 31, 2022, $0.4 million in funding remains for our current government grants, with an additional $0.4 million remaining for our current government grants pending approval of extensions on the funding for two of the grants.

We plan to focus a substantial portion of our resources on continued research and development efforts towards deepening our technology and expertise with our platform and as well as indications in infectious disease and autoimmune indications. As a result, we expect to continue to make significant investments in these areas for the foreseeable future. We incurred research and development expenses of $36.4 million and $57.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and general and administrative expenses of $16.4 million and $17.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We expect to continue to incur significant expenses, and we expect such expenses to increase substantially in connection with our ongoing activities, including as we:

● market to and secure partners to commercialize our products;

● acquire businesses or technologies to support the growth of our business;

● operate as a public company.

To date, we have primarily financed our operations from government agreements and the issuance and sale of common stock.

Our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $18.7 million and our net loss for the year ended December 31, 2021 was $17.1 million. As of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $47.9 million, and cash and cash equivalents totaling $15.0 million.

Recent Developments

Private Placement

On December 7, 2022, we consummated a private placement with certain institutional and accredited investors, whereby we issued an aggregate of 7,363,377 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase up to 7,363,377 shares of common stock (the “PIPE Warrants”), each share and PIPE Warrant sold at a combined purchase price of $1.08. The PIPE Warrants become exercisable on the six-month anniversary of the date of grant for a price of $1.08 per share and are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance. The issuance of shares of common stock upon exercise of the PIPE Warrants may result in material dilution to existing stockholders.

Termination of Contract with US Department of Defense

On August 3, 2022, we received notice from the DoD to terminate the Department of Defense, JPEO Rapid Response contract, dated as of August 7, 2019 with the DoD most recently amended as of September 14, 2021, relating to prototype research and development of a Rapid Response Antibody Program and advanced clinical development through licensure and commercial manufacturing for SAB-185 (the "JPEO Rapid Response Contract Termination"). No termination penalties have been or will be incurred by us in connection therewith.

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Business Combination

On October 22, 2021, we consummated the Business Combination pursuant to that certain Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated June 21, 2021 ("Business Combination Agreement"), by and among BCYP, Big Cypress Merger Sub Inc., a Delaware corporation and a direct wholly owned subsidiary of BCYP, and SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc., which changed its name to SAB Sciences, Inc. and became our wholly-owned subsidiary in connection with the Business Combination (and which we refer to now as Legacy SAB). Upon completion of the Business Combination, and pursuant to the terms of the Business Combination Agreement, the stockholders of Legacy SAB exchanged their Legacy SAB shares for our shares of common stock, and options to purchase shares of Legacy SAB were converted into options to purchase our shares of common stock. Additionally, (i) we issued 10,491,937 shares of common stock to the former stockholders of Legacy SAB, which are being held in escrow and which will be released if certain conditions are met prior to October 22, 2026, and (ii) we granted 1,508,063 contingently issuable restricted stock units to the holders of Legacy SAB options, which restricted stock units will be settled in our shares of common stock if the same conditions are met prior to October 22, 2026. For more information, see Note 1 to the Company's consolidated financial statements, Nature of Business.

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations and Future Performance

We believe that our financial performance has been, and in the foreseeable future will continue to be, primarily driven by multiple factors as described below, each of which presents growth opportunities for our business. These factors also pose important challenges that we must successfully address in order to sustain our growth and improve our results of operations. Our ability to successfully address these challenges is subject to various risks and uncertainties, including those described in Part I, Item 1A of this Annual Report.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

Our revenue has historically been generated through grants from government and other (non-government) organizations. We currently have no commercially-approved products.

Grant revenue is recognized for the period that the research and development services occur, as qualifying expenses are incurred or conditions of the grants are met. We concluded that payments received under these grants represent conditional, nonreciprocal contributions, as described in ASC 958, Not-for-Profit Entities, and that the grants are not within the scope of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, as the organizations providing the grants do not meet the definition of a customer. Expenses for grants are tracked by using a project code specific to the grant, and the employees also track hours worked by using the project code.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we worked on the following grants:

Government grants

The total revenue for government grants was approximately $23.9 million and $60.9 million, respectively, for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

National Institute of Health – National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (“NIH-NIAID”) (Federal Award #1R44AI117976-01A1) – this grant was for $1.4 million and started in September 2019 through August 2021. The grant was subsequently amended to extend the date through August 2022. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was approximately $182,000 and $518,000, respectively, in grant income recognized from this grant. This grant was completed in 2022.

NIH-NIAID (Federal Award #1R41AI131823-02) – this grant was for approximately $1.5 million and started in April 2019 through March 2021. The grant was subsequently amended to extend the date through March 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately $328,000 and $51,000, respectively, in grant income was recognized from this grant. Approximately $429,000 in funding remains for this grant as of December 31, 2022.

NIH-NIAID through Geneva Foundation (Federal Award #1R01AI132313-01, Subaward #S-10511-01) – this grant was for approximately $2.7 million and started in August 2017 through July 2021. The grant was subsequently amended to extend the date through July 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, there was approximately $1,052,000 and $94,000, respectively, in grant income recognized from this grant. Approximately $0.4 million in funding remaining for this grant as of December 31, 2022.

DoD, JPEO through Advanced Technology International – this grant was for a potential of $25 million, awarded in stages starting in August 2019 and with potential stages running through February 2023. Additional contract modifications were added to this agreement in 2020 for work on a COVID therapeutic, bringing the agreement total to approximately $143 million. In September 2021, an additional modification for $60.5 million was added to the agreement for advanced clinical development through licensure and commercial manufacturing, bringing the agreement total to approximately $203.6 million. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, approximately $22.2 million and $60.2 million, respectively, in grant income was recognized from this grant. This grant was terminated in 2022.

The grants for JPEO Rapid Response contract are cost reimbursement agreements, with reimbursement of our direct research and development expense (labor and consumables) with an overhead charge (based on actual, reviewed quarterly) and a fixed fee (9%).

On August 3, 2022, we received noticed from the DoD to terminate the JPEO Rapid Response contract, dated as of August 7, 2019 with the DoD most recently amended as of September 14, 2021, relating to a prototype research and development of Rapid Response Antibody Program and advanced clinical development through licensure and commercial manufacturing for SAB-185 (the "JPEO Rapid Response Contract Termination"). We engaged in negotiations with the DoD to compensate us for services provided prior to the JPEO Rapid Response Contract Termination and costs we would be expected to bear in future periods.

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Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses primarily consist of salaries, benefits, incentive compensation, stock-based compensation, laboratory supplies and materials for employees and contractors engaged in research and product development, licensing fees to use certain technology in our research and development projects, fees paid to consultants and various entities that perform certain research and testing on our behalf. Research and development expenses are tracked by target/project code. Indirect general and administrative costs are allocated based upon a percentage of direct costs. We expense all research and development costs in the period in which they are incurred.

Research and development activities consist of discovery research for our platform development and the various indications we are working on. We have not historically tracked our research and development expenses on a product candidate-by-product candidate basis.

For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we had contracts with multiple CRO to conduct and complete clinical studies. In the case of SAB-185, the CRO has been contracted and paid by the US government - as of December 31, 2022, there is no active CRO engaged by us in work on the SAB-185. For SAB-176, PPD Development, LP, acting as CRO oversaw the Phase 1 safety study. The terms of that agreement are subject to confidentiality, and the status of the agreement is that it is current, in good standing and approximately 95% of the contract has been paid through December 31, 2022. SAB has also contracted with hVIVO Services Limited to conduct the Phase 2a influenza study on SAB-176. The terms of that agreement are subject to confidentiality, and the status of the agreement is that it is current, in good standing and approximately 95% of the contract has been paid through December 31, 2022.

We expect to continue to incur substantial research and development expenses as we conduct discovery research to enhance our platform and work on our indications. We expect to hire additional employees and continue research and development and manufacturing activities. As a result, we expect that our research and development expenses will continue to increase in future periods and vary from period to period as a percentage of revenue.

Major components within our research and development expenses are salaries and benefits (laboratory & farm), laboratory supplies, animal care, contract manufacturing, clinical trial expense, outside laboratory services, project consulting, and facility expense. Our platform allows us to work on multiple projects with the same resources, as the research and development process of each product is very similar (with minimal differences in the manufacturing process). Research and development expenses by component for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 were as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses primarily consist of salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation costs for employees in our executive, accounting and finance, project management, corporate development, office administration, legal and human resources functions as well as professional services fees, such as consulting, audit, tax and legal fees, general corporate costs and allocated overhead expenses. We expect that our general and administrative expenses will continue to increase in future periods, primarily due to increased headcount to support anticipated growth in the business and due to incremental costs associated with operating as a public company, including costs to comply with the rules and regulations applicable to companies listed on a securities exchange and costs related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC and stock exchange listing standards, public relations, insurance and professional services. We expect these expenses to vary from period to period in absolute terms and as a percentage of revenue.

Nonoperating (Expense) Income

Gain on change in fair value of warrant liabilities

Gain on change in fair value of warrant liabilities consists of the changes in the fair value of the warrant liabilities.

Gain on debt extinguishment of Paycheck Protection Program SBA Loan

Gain on extinguishment of debt consists of the forgiveness of the PPP Loan, plus accrued interest.

Other income

Other income consists of primarily of gains on disposals of fixed assets.

Interest income

Interest income consists of interest earned on cash balances in our bank accounts.

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Interest expense

Interest expense consists primarily of interest related to borrowings under notes payable for equipment.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense consists primarily of domestic federal and state income taxes.

Results of Operations

The following tables set forth our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Year Ended December 31,

Revenue

Operating expenses

Other income (expense)

Gain on debt extinguishment of Paycheck Protection Program SBA Loan — 665,596

Income tax expense 25,629 —

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

Revenue

Year Ended December 31,

Revenue decreased by $37.0 million, or 60.7%, in 2022, primarily due to the JPEO Rapid Response Contract Termination (year-over-year decrease of $38 million, (63.1)%). Included in revenues for the year ended December 31, 2022 are $5.3 million for contract manufacturing, $3.1 million for labor, and $5.4 million for supplies as compared to $12.7 million for contract manufacturing, $3.9 million for fixed asset reimbursement, $6.1 million for labor, and $16.7 million for supplies for the year ended December 31, 2021.

We anticipate future revenues will be substantially derived from current period directly reimbursable expenses such as laboratory supplies, labor costs, and consulting fees plus, when applicable, an overhead charge and a flat-rate fixed fee. As a result of the JPEO Rapid Response Contract Termination, we expect future revenues to be lower as our primary pipeline development targets of Clostridioides difficile Infection, influenza, and immune system disorders remain independently financed as we explore potential partnerships, co-development opportunities, and licensing arrangements

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Research and Development

Year Ended December 31,

Research and development expenses decreased by $20.7 million, or (36.3)%, in 2022, primarily due to decrease in laboratory supplies (year-over-year decrease of $8.2 million, (42.7)%) , contract manufacturing costs (year-over-year decrease of $7.4 million, (58.3)%), clinical trial and project consulting expense (year-over-year decrease of $6.0 million, (84.5)%), and animal care costs (year-over-year decrease of $3.1 million, (65.2)%), offset by an increase in salaries and benefits (year-over-year increase of $2.1 million, 21.2%), and facility costs (year-over-year increase of $1.9 million, 52.8%). Please refer to the research and development expenses by component for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 table above for additional information.

As a result of the JPEO Rapid Response Contract Termination and in tandem with our focus on primary pipeline development targets, future period research and development expenses will decrease as we no longer expect to incur costs of contract manufacturing, outside laboratory services, project consulting, and facilities costs related to the production of SABS-185.

General and Administrative

Year Ended December 31,

General and administrative expenses decreased by $0.7 million, or (4.1)%, in 2022, primarily due to decreased administrative salaries and benefits (year-over-year decrease of $2.3 million), decreases in business, regulatory and marketing consulting (year-over-year decrease of $0.7 million), offset by an increase in insurance costs (year-over-year increase of $2.0 million), and public reporting expenses (year-over-year increase of $0.3 million).

Non-operating (Expense) Income

Year Ended December 31,

Total non-operating (expense) income changed by $13.9 million in 2022, primarily due to changes in the fair value of the warrant liabilities, partially offset by the forgiveness of the PPP Loan, plus accrued interest, in the first quarter of 2021.

Interest Expense

Year Ended December 31,

Interest expense remained largely unchanged in 2022, driven by adding no new Finance Leases or other interest-bearing debt. We expect interest expense to increase in future periods as the accrued interest payable under the 8% Unsecured Convertible Note is realized over a full year.

Interest Income

Year Ended December 31,

Interest income increased by $47,957 in 2022, primarily due to higher average cash balances and higher interest rates on cash deposits.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2022 and December 31, 2021, we had $15.0 million and $33.2 million, respectively, of cash and cash equivalents. Additionally, as of December 31, 2021 we had $6.3 million in restricted cash held in escrow pending the final settlement of the Forward Share Purchase Agreement. Upon final settlement of the Forward Share Purchase Agreement during the first quarter of 2022, $817,060 in cash was released to us and the remaining $5.5 million was delivered to Radcliffe for the repurchase of 546,658 shares of our common stock. To date, we have primarily relied on grant revenue in the form of government grants and the sale of preferred stock.

Our standard repayment terms for accounts receivable are thirty days from the invoice date. As a majority of our accounts receivable is from work performed under government grants, we have not had an uncollectible accounts receivable amount in over 5 years. As of the date this annual report has been made available for issuance, our entire $5.6 million balance of accounts receivables as of December 31, 2022 has been fully collected.

We intend to continue to invest in our business and, as a result, may incur operating losses in future periods. We expect to continue to invest in research and development efforts towards expanding our capabilities and expertise along our platform and the primary pipeline development targets we are working on, as well as building our business development team and marketing our solutions to partners in support of the growth of the business.

We anticipate that we will continue to generate losses for the foreseeable future, and we expect the losses to increase as we continue the development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, and begin commercialization of our products. As a result, we will require additional capital to fund our operations in order to support our long-term plans, in particular, following the JPEO Rapid Response Contract Termination.

We have incurred operating losses for the past several years. While we intend to continue to keep operating expenses at a reduced level there can be no assurance that our current level of operating expenses will not increase or that other uses of cash will not be necessary. Based on our current level of operating expenses, existing cash and cash equivalents may not be sufficient to cover operating cash needs through the twelve months following the date these financials are made available for issuance. We intend to seek additional capital through equity and/or debt financings, collaborative or other funding arrangements. Should we seek additional financing from outside sources, we may not be able to raise such financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to scale back or discontinue the advancement of product candidates, reduce headcount, liquidate our assets, file for bankruptcy, reorganize, merge with another entity, or cease operations.

Sources of Liquidity

Since our inception, we have financed our operations primarily from revenue in the form of government grants and from equity financings.

Equity Financings and Option Exercises

As of December 31, 2022, we have raised approximately $90.2 million since our inception from the issuance and sale of convertible preferred shares, net of issuance costs associated with such financings, the Business Combination with BCYP, and exercises of employee stock options.

Notes payable and Convertible Debt

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021 we had total debt balances of $1,314,309 and $1,796,724, respectively.

8% Unsecured Convertible Note

Pursuant to the Fourth Amendment to our lease with Sanford Health, we agreed to a period of Abated Rent from October 1, 2022 to September 30, 2023 pertaining to our leased laboratory bay at the Sanford Research Center. In exchange for the Abated Rent, effective as of October 1, 2022, we issued to Sanford Health an 8% unsecured, convertible promissory note (the "8% Unsecured Convertible Note").

Pursuant to the 8% Unsecured Convertible Note, we shall pay the sum of $541,644 (the “Principal”) plus accrued and unpaid interest thereon on September 31, 2024 (the “Maturity Date”). Simple interest shall accrue on the outstanding Principal from and after the date of the October Note, and shall be payable on the Maturity Date. Sanford Health shall have the right, but not the obligation, to convert all or any part of the outstanding Principal of the 8% Unsecured Convertible Note, together with any accrued and unpaid interest thereon to the date of such conversion, into such number of fully paid and non-assessable shares of the Company’s common stock, at any time and from time to time, prior to the later of the Maturity Date and the date on which the 8% Unsecured Convertible Note is paid in full, subject to certain restrictions, at a conversion price per share of Common Stock equal to greater of (x) $1.50 and (y) the price at which the Company sells shares of common stock in any bona fide private or public equity financing prior to the Maturity Date.

Other Notes Payable

On March 27, 2020, President Trump signed into law the “Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”). In April 2020, we entered into the PPP Loan with First Premier Bank under the PPP, which is part of the CARES Act administered by the SBA. As part of the application for these funds, we, in good faith, certified that the current economic uncertainty made the loan request necessary to support our ongoing operations. The certification further requires us to take into account our current business activity and our ability to access other sources of liquidity sufficient to support ongoing operations in a manner that is not significantly detrimental to the business. Under the PPP, we received proceeds of approximately $661,612. In accordance with the requirements of the PPP, we utilized the proceeds from the PPP Loan primarily for payroll costs. The PPP Loan has a 1.00% interest rate per annum, matures in April 2022 and is subject to the terms and conditions applicable to loans administered by the SBA under the PPP. Under the terms of PPP, all or certain amounts of the PPP Loan may be forgiven if they are used for qualifying expenses, as described in the CARES Act. We recorded the entire amount of the PPP Loan as debt. Under the terms of the PPP Loan, monthly payments of principal and interest were due to commence November 1, 2020, however, the SBA is deferring loan payments for borrowers who apply for loan forgiveness until the SBA remits the borrower’s loan forgiveness amount to the lender. An application for forgiveness of the PPP Loan was completed in February 2021. In March 2021, the SBA approved the forgiveness of the PPP Loan, plus accrued interest. We recorded a gain on extinguishment of PPP Loan of $665,596 for the forgiveness of the PPP Loan and accrued interest within gain on debt extinguishment of Paycheck Protection Program SBA Loan on the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021.

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Insurance Financing

We obtained financing for certain Director & Officer liability insurance policy premiums. The agreement assigns First Insurance Funding (Lender) a first priority lien on and security interest in the financed policies and any additional premium required in the financed policies including (a) all returned or unearned premiums, (b) all additional cash contributions or collateral amounts assessed by the insurance companies in relation to the financed policies and financed by Lender, (c) any credits generated by the financed policies, (d) dividend payments, and (e) loss payments which reduce unearned premiums. If any circumstances exist in which premiums related to any Financed Policy could become fully earned in the event of loss, Lender shall be named a loss-payee with respect to such policy.

The total premiums, taxes and fees financed is approximately $1,236,000 with an annual interest rate of 5.47%. In consideration of the premium payment by Lender to the insurance companies or the Agent or Broker, we unconditionally promise to pay Lender the amount Financed plus interest and other charges permitted under the Agreement. At December 31, 2022 and 2021 we recognized approximately $773,000 and $1,772,000, respectively, as insurance financing note payable in its consolidated balance sheet. We will pay the insurance financing through installment payments with the last payment being on September 22, 2023.

In December 2017, we entered into a loan agreement with a financial institution for the purchase of a tractor for $116,661 at 3.6%. The loan included annual payments of $25,913 for the next five years starting in December 2018. The tractor was paid off in full in November 2022.

Please refer to Note 11 in our consolidated financial statements, Notes Payable, for additional information on our debt.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021:

Net cash provided (used) by operating activities $ (23,459,511 ) $ 1,986,873

Operating Activities

Net cash provided (used) by operating activities decreased by $25.4 million in 2022, primarily due to a $15.5 million decrease in operating income, an $11.9 million increase in non-cash working capital, offset by an increase of $2.7 million in non-cash expenses. Year-over-year changes in cash provided (used) by operating activities is explained by shifts in the company's non-cash working capital balances as we continue to advance our lead programs after the JPEO Rapid Response Contract Termination.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities increased by $8.9 million in 2022, primarily due to a decrease in purchases of equipment as new equipment purchases under the JPEO Rapid Response Contract were substantially completed in 2021. Capital asset purchases completed in 2022 relate substantially to leasehold improvements at the Corporate Headquarters and completion of the clinical manufacturing facility at the Sanford Research Center.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities decreased by $34.8 million in 2022, primarily due to $34.4 million in proceeds from the Business Combination being fully realized in 2021. In 2022, we received $7.7 million of funds (net of issuance costs) from the issuance of common stock in a private placement, offset by utilizing $6.3 million of restricted cash to settle the Forward Share Purchase Agreement.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2022:

Payments Due by Period

Total Less than 1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years Over 5 years

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We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with third parties, including CROs. These payments are not included in the table above, as the amount and timing of such payments are not known.

As of December 31, 2022, there were no material changes outside of the ordinary course of business to our commitments and contractual obligations.

Income Taxes

We had $22.0 million of federal net operating loss carryforwards as of December 31, 2022. Our carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the appropriate taxing authorities.

These carryforwards may generally be utilized in any future period but may be subject to limitations based upon changes in the ownership of our shares in a prior or future period. We have not quantified the amount of such limitations, if any.

Going Concern

A fundamental principle of the preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP is the assumption that we will continue in existence as a going concern, which contemplates continuity of operations and the realization of assets and settlement of liabilities occurring in the ordinary course of business.

As of December 31, 2022, we have experienced net losses, negative cash flows from operations and had an accumulated deficit of $47.9 million. We anticipate we will continue to generate losses for the foreseeable future, and expects the losses to increase as we continue the development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, product candidates, and begin commercialization of products. As a result, we will require additional capital to fund operations in order to support long-term plans, in particular, following the JPEO Rapid Response Contract Termination. These factors raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for the one-year period following the date that these financial statements were issued.

To continue as a going concern, we will need, among other things, to raise additional capital resources. We plan to seek additional funding through a combination of equity or debt financings, or other third-party financing, collaborative or other funding arrangements. Should we seek additional financing from outside sources, we may not be able to raise such financing on terms acceptable to us or at all. If we are unable to raise additional capital when required or on acceptable terms, we may be required to scale back or discontinue the advancement of product candidates, reduce headcount, liquidate our assets, file for bankruptcy, reorganize, merge with another entity, or cease operations.

The consolidated financial statements for December 31, 2022, have been prepared on the basis that we will continue as a going concern, and does not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the possible inability for us to continue as a going concern.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have, for the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet financing arrangements or any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, including entities sometimes referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, that were established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We have prepared our consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and related disclosures. We evaluate our estimates and judgments on an ongoing basis. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results could therefore differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 3 in our consolidated financial statements, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, we believe the following accounting policies to be critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenue is primarily generated through grants from government and other (non-government) organizations.

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Stock-Based Compensation

We recognize compensation cost relating to stock-based payment transactions using a fair-value measurement method, which requires all stock-based payments to employees, directors, and non-employee consultants, including grants of stock options, to be recognized in operating results as compensation expense based on fair value over the requisite service period of the awards. Prior to the Business Combination, the grant date fair value of our common stock was typically determined by our board of directors with the assistance of management and a third-party valuation specialist. Subsequent to the Business Combination, the board of directors elected to determine the fair value of our post-merger common stock based on the closing market price at closing on the date of grant. In determining the fair value of our stock-based awards, we utilize the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, which uses both historical and current market data to estimate fair value. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model incorporates various assumptions, such as the value of the underlying common stock, the risk-free interest rate, expected volatility, expected dividend yield and expected life of the options. For awards with performance-based vesting criteria, we estimate the probability of achievement of the performance criteria and recognize compensation expense related to those awards expected to vest. No awards may have a term in excess of ten years. Forfeitures are recorded when they occur. Stock-based compensation expense is classified in our consolidated statements of operations based on the function to which the related services are provided. We recognize stock-based compensation expense over the expected term.

In addition to considering the results of the independent third-party valuations, our board of directors considered various objective and subjective factors to determine the fair value of our common shares as of each grant date, which may be a date other than the most recent independent third-party valuation date, including:

● the lack of liquidity of our equity as a private company;

The assumptions underlying these valuations represented management’s best estimates, which involved inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. As a result, if factors or expected outcomes change and we use significantly different assumptions or estimates, the fair value of our common shares and our stock-based compensation expense could be materially different.

See Note 13 in our consolidated financial statements, Stock Option Plan, for information concerning certain specific assumptions we used in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model to determine the estimated fair value of our stock options granted for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Stock-based compensation expense was $2.7 million and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 we had $4.2 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation cost related to non-vested options, which we expect to recognize in future operating results over a weighted-average period of 3.17 years. Total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested stock awards as of December 31, 2022, was approximately $0.5 million and is expected to be recognized within future operating results over a weighted-average period of 3.46 years.

Warrant Valuations

Liability Classified Warrants

We are required to periodically estimate the fair value of our Private Placement Warrant liabilities with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation firm. The assumptions underlying these valuations represented our best estimates, which involved inherent uncertainties and the application of significant levels of our judgment. The fair value of our Public Warrant liabilities is determined by reference to the quoted market price.

The warrants are accounted for as liabilities in accordance with ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, and were presented within warrant liabilities on the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2022. The initial fair value of the warrant liabilities was measured at fair value on the Closing Date, and changes in the fair value of the warrant liabilities were presented within changes in fair value of warrant liabilities in the consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2022.

On the Closing Date, we established the fair value of the Private Placement Warrants utilizing both the Black-Scholes Merton formula and a Monte Carlo Simulation (“MCS”) analysis. Specifically, we considered a MCS to derive the implied volatility in the publicly-listed price of the Public Warrants. We then considered this implied volatility in selecting the volatility for the application of a Black-Scholes Merton model for the Private Placement Warrants. We determined the fair value of the Public Warrants by reference to the quoted market price.

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The Public Warrants were classified as a Level 1 fair value measurement, due to the use of the quoted market price, and the Private Placement Warrants held privately by Big Cypress Holdings LLC, a Delaware limited liability company which acted as our sponsor in connection with the IPO (the "Sponsor"), were classified as a Level 3 fair value measurement, due to the use of unobservable inputs.

The measurement as of December 31, 2021 for the Public Warrant liability was approximately $428,000 and the change in fair value of the Public Warrant liability was approximately $417,000 for the year ended December 31, 2022.

The key inputs into the valuations as of the Closing Date and December 31, 2022 were as follows:

December 31, December 31,

Risk-free interest rate 4.00 % 1.24 %

Expected term remaining (years) 3.81 4.81

Implied volatility 82.0 % 43.0 %

Closing common stock price on the measurement date $ 0.59 $ 7.81

Equity Classified Warrants

On December 7, 2022, as a part of our 2022 Private Placement, the Company issued PIPE Private Placement Warrants to investors to purchase up to 7,363,377 shares of Common Stock. The PIPE Private Placement Warrants, including those purchased by the participating directors of SAB are exercisable beginning six months from the date of issuance at an exercise price equal to $1.08 per share, and are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance. We also issued our placement agent, Brookline Capital Markets, PIPE Placement Agent Warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 210,913 shares of Common Stock The Placement Agent Warrants have an exercise price equal to $1.35 per share and are exercisable six months from the date of issuance and expires five years from the date of issuance.

The PIPE Private Placement Warrants and PIPE Placement Agent Warrants met all necessary criteria to be accounted for as equity in accordance with ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity. As such, they are presented within additional paid-in capital within Company's Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit) and consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2022.

Warrants classified as equity are initially measured at fair value. Subsequent changes in fair value are not recognized as long as the warrants continue to be classified as equity. The initial fair value of each PIPE Private Placement Warrant and PIPE Placement Agent Warrant issued has been determined using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. All relevant terms and conditions for the PIPE Private Placement Warrant and PIPE Placement Agent Warrant are identical with the exception of the exercise prices of $1.08 and $1.35, respectively; the key inputs into the valuations as of the initial measurement date were as follows:

Initial

Measurement

Risk-free interest rate 3.62 %

Expected term remaining (years) 5.00

Implied volatility 89.0 %

See Note 14 in our consolidated financial statements, Fair Value Measurements, for information concerning certain specific assumptions we used in applying the Black-Scholes Merton formula and MCS to determine the estimated fair value of the Private Placement Warrants, PIPE Private Placement Warrants, and PIPE Placement Agent Warrants outstanding for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Common Stock Valuations

Prior to becoming a public company, we were required to periodically estimate the fair value of our common stock with the assistance of an independent third-party valuation firm, as discussed above, when issuing stock options and computing our estimated stock-based compensation expense. The assumptions underlying these valuations represented our best estimates, which involved inherent uncertainties and the application of significant levels of our judgment. In order to determine the fair value of our common stock, we considered, among other items, previous transactions involving the sale of our securities, our business, financial condition and results of operations, economic and industry trends, the market performance of comparable publicly traded companies, and the lack of marketability of our common stock.

Subsequent to the Business Combination, we now determine the fair value of our common stock based on the closing market price at closing on the date of grant.

Compensation expense related to stock-based transactions is measured and recognized in the financial statements at fair value of our post-merger common stock based on the closing market price at closing on the date of grant. Stock-based compensation expense is measured at the grant date based on the fair value of the equity award and is recognized as expense over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period, on the straight-line method. We estimate the fair value of each stock option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. Determining the fair value of stock option awards at the grant date requires judgment, including estimating the expected volatility, expected term, risk-free interest rate, and expected dividends.

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Lease Liabilities and Right-of-Use Assets

We are party to certain contractual arrangements for equipment, lab space, and an animal facility, which meet the definition of leases under ASC 842. In accordance with ASC 842, we, as of January 1, 2018 (the date of adoption), recorded right-of-use assets and related lease liabilities for the present value of the lease payments over the lease terms. We utilized the practical expedient regarding lease and non-lease components and have combined such items into a single combined component. Our incremental borrowing rate was used in the calculation of our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 4 in our consolidated financial statements, New Accounting Standards.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the outbreak of a novel coronavirus, or COVID-19, as a pandemic, which continues to spread throughout the U.S. and worldwide. As with many companies around the world, our day-to-day operations were disrupted with the imposition of work from home policies and requirements for physical distancing for any personnel present in our offices and laboratories. The pandemic has also disrupted our activities as shelter-in-place orders, quarantines, supply chain disruptions, travel restrictions and other public health safety measures have impacted our ability to interact with our existing and potential partners for our activities. However, the COVID-19 pandemic did not materially impact our business, operating results or financial condition. There is significant uncertainty as to the trajectory of the pandemic and its impacts on our business in the future. We could be materially and adversely affected by the risks, or the public perception of the risks, related to the COVID-19 pandemic or similar public health crises. Such crises could adversely impact our ability to conduct on-site laboratory activities, expand our laboratory facilities, secure critical supplies such as reagents, laboratory tools or immunized animals required for discovery research activities, and hire and retain key personnel. The ultimate extent of the impact of any epidemic, pandemic, outbreak, or other public health crisis on our business, financial condition and results of operations will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information that may emerge concerning the severity of such epidemic, pandemic, outbreak, or other public health crisis and actions taken to contain or prevent the further spread, among others. Accordingly, we cannot predict the extent to which our business, financial condition and results of operations will be affected. We remain focused on maintaining our operations, liquidity and financial flexibility and continue to monitor developments as we deal with the disruptions and uncertainties from the COVID-19 pandemic.

JOBS Act Accounting Election

We qualify as an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of reduced reporting requirements that are not otherwise applicable to public companies. These provisions include, but are not limited to:

We may use these provisions until the last day of our fiscal year in which the fifth anniversary of the completion of our initial public offering occurred. However, if certain events occur prior to the end of such five-year period, including if we become a “large accelerated filer,” our annual gross revenue exceeds $1.235 billion, or we issue more than $1.0 billion of non-convertible debt in any three-year period, we will cease to be an emerging growth company prior to the end of such five-year period.

We have elected to take advantage of certain of the reduced disclosure obligations in this Annual Report and may elect to take advantage of other reduced reporting requirements in future filings. As a result, the information that we provide to our shareholders may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.

The JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards, until those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the benefits of this extended transition period and, therefore, we will not be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Our financial statements may therefore not be comparable to those of companies that comply with such new or revised accounting standards. Until the date that we are no longer an emerging growth company or affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the exemption provided by Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act upon issuance of a new or revised accounting standard that applies to our financial statements and that has a different effective date for public and private companies, we will disclose the date on which we will adopt the recently issued accounting standard.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Not Applicable.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The consolidated financial statements required pursuant to this item are included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Annual Report, and are presented beginning on page F-1.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives and management necessarily applies its judgment in evaluating the cost benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report as a result of the material weaknesses in Internal Control over Financial Reporting described below.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a- 15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act and based upon the criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“the COSO framework”). Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of our financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

An effective internal control system, no matter how well designed, has inherent limitations, including the possibility of human error or overriding of controls, and therefore can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to reliable financial reporting. Because of its inherent limitations, our internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect all misstatements, including the possibility of human error, the circumvention or overriding of controls, or fraud. Effective internal controls can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements.

Under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we have conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the COSO framework. Based on evaluation under these criteria and based upon the existence of the material weakness described below, management determined, that we did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that a reasonable possibility exists that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements would not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

We identified deficiencies in the control environment component of the COSO Framework that constitute a material weakness:

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Management believes that the material weakness set forth above is the result of the scale of our operations, is intrinsic to our size, and intends to take remedial actions described below.

Plan for Remediation of Material Weakness

We continue to work to strengthen our internal control over financial reporting and are committed to ensuring that such controls are designed and operating effectively. We are implementing process and control improvements to address the above material weakness as follows:

We are committed to continuing to improve our internal control processes related to these matters and will continue to review our financial reporting controls and procedures. As we continue to evaluate and work to improve our internal control over financial reporting, we may take additional measures to address deficiencies or modify certain of the remediation measures described above.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Other than as described above, there have been no changes in our internal control over financial reporting in connection with the evaluation required by Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act that occurred during the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information.

On March 21, 2023, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Ladenburg (the “2023 Ladenburg Agreement”, and the action brought by Ladenburg, the “Ladenburg Action”), effective March 23, 2023. In connection with the Ladenburg Agreement, on March 24, 2023, the Company (i) issued to Ladenburg a warrant to purchase up to 300,000 shares of common stock, exercisable for three years from the date of issuance at $0.5424 per share; and (ii) furnished to Ladenburg a one-time cash payment of $500,000. Pursuant to the terms and subject to the conditions set forth in the 2023 Ladenburg Agreement, the Company will (i) no later than June 30, 2023, pay $1.5 million to Ladenburg in cash or shares of common stock, at the Company’s option; and (ii) no later than December 31, 2023, pay $1.1 million to Ladenburg in cash or shares of common stock, at the Company’s option. Following the completion of the Company’s obligations under the Ladenburg Agreement, Ladenburg has agreed to dismiss the Ladenburg Action with prejudice and extinguish any and all obligations of the Company in connection therewith. Any issuance of securities under the Ladenburg Agreement has been made or shall be made pursuant to exemptions provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act as transactions not involving a public offering, and Rule 506 of Regulation D promulgated under the Securities Act.

The Company notes the consideration due to Ladenburg under the 2023 Ladenburg Agreement, excluding the warrants issuable thereunder, are contained within the 2021 and 2022 audited consolidated balance sheets within accrued expenses and other current liabilities.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Directors and Executive Officers

The following persons are serving as our executive officers and directors:

Name Age Position(s)

Samuel J. Reich 47 Class III Director and Executive Chairman of the Board

Christine Hamilton, MBA 67 Class III Director

Jeffrey G. Spragens 81 Class II Director

William Polvino, MD 62 Class I Director

David Link, MBA 67 Class II Director

Scott Giberson 53 Class I Director

Erick Lucera 55 Class I Director

Russell P. Beyer, MBA, CMA 68 Chief Financial Officer

Christoph Bausch, PhD 52 Chief Science Officer

Alexandra Kropotova, MD 50 Chief Medical Officer

Family Relationships

There are no family relationships among any of our directors or executive officers. Edward Hamilton, our former Executive Chairman, retired from such role as of the consummation of the Business Combination. Mr. Hamilton was named as a board observer in October 2021. Edward Hamilton is Christine Hamilton’s husband.

Executive Officers

Samuel J. Reich has served as a member of our board of directors from November 2020 and was named executive chairman of our board of directors in October 2021. Mr. Reich served as our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer from November2020 until October 2020 prior to the closing of our Business Combination. Mr. Reich co-founded Biscayne Neurotherapeutics, Inc. in 2011 and served as its Executive Chairman until its sale to Supernus Pharmaceuticals (Nasdaq: SUPN) in October 2018. Biscayne Neurotherapeutics was focused on novel treatments for seizure disorders. Previously, Mr. Reich was the Executive Vice President of OPKO Ophthalmologics, a division of OPKO Health, Inc. (Nasdaq: OPK) from March 2007 to November 2008, where Mr. Reich served on the executive committee and lead the Ophthalmologics business division. Prior to his position at OPKO, Mr. Reich was the Founder and Executive Vice President of Acuity Pharmaceuticals, Inc., where he worked from July 2002 through March 2007, at which time Acuity Pharmaceuticals merged with OPKO Health. Mr. Reich was a doctoral candidate in the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. He left graduate school prior to the completion of his Ph.D. to establish Acuity. Prior to that, he was a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania in the Biomedical Studies graduate program. He has authored six peer- reviewed scientific publications and is currently an inventor on sixteen issued U.S. patents and over50 issued foreign patents. Mr. Reich holds a B.A. with High Honors in Biochemistry from Clark University, cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa.

Eddie J. Sullivan, PhD, is our co-founder and has served as our president and CEO since 2014. Dr. Sullivan has served in biopharma leadership positions for more than 25 years. Prior to joining us, he held the CEO role or other leadership roles in our predecessor entities, including CEO of Hematech, a subsidiary of Kyowa Hakko Kirin. During that time, he led initiatives to develop infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmune immunotherapies. In addition to raising over $250 million in capital to develop biopharmaceutical platform technologies, he has also led several successful mergers and acquisitions. A recognized thought leader in antibodies and transgenic animals, Dr. Sullivan serves on the board of directors for the Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO) and has served on its executive committee. He has worked with industry committees and discussion groups that have focused on animal biotechnology, regulatory framework, human immunotherapies, and global health threats. Dr. Sullivan was governor-appointed to South Dakota’s Research Commercialization Council and is Chairman of the state’s National Science Foundation-EPSCoR committee. He also founded, served as president, and remains an advisor to the state affiliate of BIO, South Dakota Biotech, and in 2014 was honored for his leadership, innovation, vision, and entrepreneurship with the inaugural LIVE award. He holds an undergraduate degree from the University of Arizona and graduate degrees from Brigham Young University, Kennedy-Western University, and Utah State University in both reproduction and business.

Russell P. Beyer, MBA, CMA, has served as our Chief Financial Officer since September 2021. Mr. Beyer is a global strategic business leader, bringing more than 20 years of experience working with Fortune 100 companies in the pharmaceutical industry, such as Teva, AstraZeneca, and IPR Pharmaceuticals. In addition to working in the pharmaceutical industry, Russell also served in strategic financial leadership roles for World Fuel Services and Hewlett-Packard. His professional background encompasses extensive experience in fostering a team-based approach to leading merger and post-merger integration activities, developing shared services operations, implementing global ERP platforms, and delivering strong profitability for the companies he served. He received his MBA from Simon School of Business at the University of Rochester, and his BA from St. Lawrence University.

Christoph Bausch, PhD, MBA, is our Chief Operating Officer as of May 2022, overseeing all Research & Manufacturing operations of the company. Prior to his role as COO, he served as Chief Science Officer since joining SAB in April 2017, providing leadership in all areas of Research & Development, and functioned as drug development lead for a Stage 3 clinically advanced drug product. Dr. Bausch is an experienced research scientist, biotech entrepreneur and business development executive who has led the successful discovery, development, biomanufacturing, and commercialization of platform technologies in the life sciences. Previously, Dr. Bausch has served as founder and director of a molecular diagnostic company and has provided life science consulting for Keion Group, LLC. Dr. Bausch held several science-based business development positions prior to joining SAB, most recently for multi-billion-dollar global industrial biomanufacturing leader POET, LLC, where he structured strategic partnerships, prospected, and vetted new technologies and streamlined research and development activities. He also worked in both research and commercialization roles for Fortune 500 life science and high technology company Sigma-Aldrich, now MilliporeSigma. Dr. Bausch received his PhD in Microbiology at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, completed Post-Doctoral Training at the Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri and earned an MBA from St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri, in addition to a BA in Biology from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska.

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Alexandra Kropotova, M.D., is our Executive Vice President & Chief Medical Officer, joining SAB in June, 2022 to lead the strategy, direction, and execution of the company’s clinical development for the entire portfolio. Dr. Kropotova is a biopharmaceutical executive with expertise in all phases of global clinical development, translational medicine and medical affairs. Prior to joining SAB Biotherapeutics, as a Therapeutic Area Head of Global Specialty R&D at Teva Pharmaceuticals, Alexandra led innovative drug development focused on delivering a broad portfolio of immunology, respiratory, and immuno-oncology assets spanning from pre-IND to BLA/NDA filing of biologics and complex drug-device combination products. Prior to Teva, Dr. Kropotova served in various roles at Sanofi, including Vice President, Strategy & Strategic Planning Head, North American Medical Affairs; Associate Vice President and subsequently Vice President, Immuno-Inflammation, Global R&D Clinical Development; and Senior Medical Director, Respiratory, Allergy & Anti-Infectives. She also served in various roles at Pfizer Inc., most recently as Director & Head of Global Clinical Respiratory and Analgesics. She continues to serve on the Board of Directors at iBio, a global leader in plant-based biologics manufacturing and development of novel biopharmaceuticals. Dr. Kropotova received her MBA from Ohio University Graduate School of Business, Athens, Ohio; and her M.D. in Internal Medicine from the Vladivostok State Medical University, Vladivostok, Russia.

Non-Employee Directors

Biographical information for Eddie J. Sullivan, our President, Chief Executive Officer and Class III director, and Samuel J. Reich, our Executive Chairman of the Board and Class III director, is set forth above in “Item 10. Executive Officers”.

Jeffrey G. Spragens has served as a member of our board of directors since November 2020. From 2005 through 2013, Mr. Spragens was a Co-Founder and the CEO of SafeStitch Medical, Inc., a medical device company that pioneered incisionless surgery techniques that helps to relieve GERD and obesity. In 2013, SafeStitch merged with TransEnterix, Inc. (NYSE: TRXC). In addition, Mr. Spragens was one of the three founding board members of North American Vaccine, which became a publicly traded company in 1990. At North American Vaccine, Mr. Spragens was responsible for securing initial financing and building a commercial manufacturing facility. Mr. Spragens was instrumental in North American Vaccine’s acquisition by Baxter International (NYSE: BAX) in 1999. Mr. Spragens has also been a successful real estate developer and entrepreneur. Mr. Spragens was President of FCH services from 1973 until 1986. FCH developed and managed units of coop and condo housing financed with HUD financing with offices in several major cities. In 1986, Mr. Spragens converted to condo ownership 1,000 apartment units in San Mateo, California, resulting in one of the largest residential projects in California at that time. Mr. Spragens was Managing Partner of Gateway Associates, Inc. from 1990 to 2000. In addition, Mr. Spragens is President and 50% owner of Mint Management Company, a residential property management company he co-founded in 1987, which develops, owns and operates apartment units in New Jersey, Michigan and Kansas. Mr. Spragens developed and continues to own and operate Inman Grove Shopping Center in Edison, New Jersey. Mr. Spragens is also a well-known and respected philanthropist. Mr. Spragens is a Founding Board Member and Treasurer of Foundation for Peace. Foundation for Peace provides healthcare, education, and clean water to those in need in Dominican Republic and Haiti. He is also a member of the Board of Directors and Finance Committee of Hernia Help, which provides free hernia surgery to underserved children and adults in developing countries. Mr. Spragens has a BA from the University of Cincinnati, a Law Degree from George Washington University, and an MA from American University. Mr. Spragens is well qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive public company management and multi-sector investment experience, and his public company board experience.

Christine Hamilton, MBA, is our co-founder and has served as a member of our board of directors since 2014. Ms. Hamilton is the owner and managing partner of Christiansen Land and Cattle, Ltd., a fourth-generation diversified farming and ranching enterprise. She also owns Dakota Packing, Inc., a wholesale company based in Las Vegas that provides high-end, "center-of-the-plate" protein products to a national customer base. Ms. Hamilton has served on the board of directors for several financial and public companies including HF Financial Corporation, Home Federal Bank (now Great Western Bancorp, NYSE: GWB) and, in 2018, was recognized for her exemplary service as a board member of the Federal Reserve Bank (Ninth District) after a four-year term. She currently serves as a board member for publicly traded Titan Machinery, Padlock Ranch, and Meadowlark Institute. Ms. Hamilton was a governor-appointed commissioner for South Dakota Game Fish & Parks and is a 2016 inductee to the South Dakota Hall of Fame for her contributions to the state and agribusiness. In 2000, Ms. Hamilton and her family formed the Matson Halverson Christiansen Hamilton Foundation (MHCH), a not-for-profit foundation with a mission to improve the quality of life and create opportunities for growth and enterprise development in South Dakota. Ms. Hamilton holds a philosophy degree from Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, and an MBA in entrepreneurship from the University of Arizona. Ms. Hamilton is well qualified to serve on our board of directors because of her extensive public company board experience.

Dr. William J. Polvino, MD, has served as a member of our board of directors since 2019, after having served as our business advisor for several years. Dr. Polvino is pharmaceutical entrepreneur with more than 25 years of experience in the healthcare arena. He is currently chief executive officer of Bridge Medicines, a pioneering drug discovery company focused on advancing promising early technologies from concept to clinic. Prior to Bridge Medicines, Dr. Polvino was president and chief executive officer of Veloxis Pharmaceuticals A/S (NASDAQ-OMX: VELO), a public biotechnology company that deployed proprietary formulation technology to develop and commercialize an innovative oral drug product for transplant patients. He also served as president and CEO of Helsinn Therapeutics (formerly Sapphire Therapeutics) and has held executive and senior-level positions in drug development at Merck, Wyeth and Theravance. Dr. Polvino earned his medical degree from Rutgers Medical School and a B.S. in Biology from Boston College. He trained in internal medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and was a fellow in clinical pharmacology at the National Institutes of Health prior to entering the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry. Dr. Polvino is well qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive experience in the biotechnology industry and his extensive public company management experience.

David Link, MBA, has served as a member of our board of directors since 2018 and is currently Vice-Chairman. Mr. Link is the former executive vice president and chief strategy office at Sanford Health with more than three decades of experience in strategy, planning and financial operations. During his tenure, Mr. Link contributed significantly to growing the organization from a regional health system into one of the nation’s largest non-profit, integrated health care delivery systems. He was also charged with overseeing Sanford Health Plan, Sanford Foundation and research and development, including Sanford Research. Under his leadership, the initial Sanford Clinic was created as well as the development of Sanford World Clinics, an initiative designed to provide communities around the world with permanent, sustainable health care infrastructure. Currently, Dave serves as an appointed program director in the President’s Office at Dakota State University, one of the nation’s leading programs in cyber security. Dave holds board or committee positions with Enterprise 605, the South Dakota REACH Committee, South Dakota Research and Commercialization Council and Sanford Research. In 2019, he was honored for his exemplary leadership and support of the state’s bioscience industry with the LIVE Award at the South Dakota Biotech. Dave holds a bachelor’s degree in data processing and computer science, an MBA from the University of South Dakota and a master’s in healthcare administration from the University of Minnesota. Mr. Link is well qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive experience in the biotechnology industry and his extensive public company board experience.

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Scott Giberson, RPh, MPH, D.Sc., Rear Admiral (retired), joined the SAB board of directors in July 2022. He is currently the President of AMI Expeditionary Healthcare, a private global healthcare solutions company where he fosters global client relations at the highest levels. Clients include senior leadership of multiple U.S. and foreign government entities, the WHO, UN and private industry partners such as the Gates Foundation. RADM Giberson retired after 27 years as two-star admiral and as an Assistant U.S. Surgeon General. RADM (ret.) Giberson served as the acting Deputy Surgeon General of the United States (2013-2014), he was the Surgeon General's principal liaison with health leadership in multiple U.S. Departments. He also held executive positions as the Senior Advisor to the Office of Surgeon General, Director of Commissioned Corps Headquarters, Chief Pharmacist of the USPHS (2010-2014), Director of the IHS National HIV/AIDS Program and Senior Public Health Advisor for Pacific Command's Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (2003-2006). He served as overall Commander of the Commissioned Corps' Ebola Response in West Africa. RADM Giberson has authored numerous articles and delivered well over 100 keynote lectures on leadership, global health, and public health at numerous venues both domestically and internationally. RADM Giberson has received many awards including the Presidential Unit Citation from President Obama in the Oval Office for leadership during the West African Ebola response. The Military Officers Association of America selected him as on the of the "Top 100 Veterans in the Last 100 Years You Need to Know". RADM Giberson is a graduate of Temple University and U. of Massachusetts/Amherst, holds a Pharmacy degree and licensure, MPH, and graduate certificate in Health Emergencies in Large Populations from the International Committee of the Red Cross. He has received three honorary Doctoral degrees (one for his pioneering work in interprofessional practice). He is also a Fellow of Wharton Business School (U. of Pennsylvania) Executive Leadership Program. Mr. Giberson is well qualified to serve on our board of directors because of his extensive experience in the medical industry.

Erick Lucera, joined the SAB board of directors in April 2023. From 2020 to February 2023, Mr. Lucera served as Chief Financial Officer of AVEO Oncology, a public biotech company, and subsequent to the close of its acquisition, worked on integration with LG Chem, Ltd. From 2016 to 2020, Mr. Lucera served as Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of VALERITAS, a publicly traded commercial-stage medical technology company where he led multiple successful public offerings. From 2017 to the present, Mr. Lucera has served as a member of the Board of Directors and Audit Committee Chairman of Beyond Air, a publicly held commercial-stage medical device and biopharmaceutical company developing a platform of nitric oxide generators and delivery systems. From 2021 to the present, Mr. Lucera has served as a member of the Board of Directors and Audit Committee Chairman of Bone Biologics Corporation, a publicly held company focusing on regenerative medicine therapies to treat bone disorders. From 2015 to 2016, Mr. Lucera served as Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary of VIVENTIA Bio, acquired by Eleven Biotherapeutics, Inc., now Sesen Bio, a biotechnology company focused on developing targeted protein therapeutics for the treatment of cancer. Early in his career, Mr. Lucera spent more than 15 years covering healthcare and the life sciences in investment management. Given Mr. Lucera’s extensive experience in strategic planning and finance, we believe that Mr. Lucera is well qualified to serve as a member of the Board of Directors.

Director Independence

The listing rules of Nasdaq require us to maintain a board of directors comprised of a majority of independent directors, as determined affirmatively by our board of directors. In addition, the Nasdaq listing rules require that, subject to specified exceptions, each member of our audit, compensation and nominating and corporate governance committees must be independent. Audit committee members and compensation committee members must also satisfy the independence criteria set forth in Rule 10A-3 and Rule 10C-1, respectively, under the Exchange Act. Under the Nasdaq listing rules, a director will only qualify as an “independent director” if, in the opinion of our board of directors, the director does not have a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities.

Our board of directors has undertaken a review of the independence of our directors and considered whether any director has a material relationship with us that could compromise his or her ability to exercise independent judgment in carrying out his or her responsibilities. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning his or her background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our board of directors has determined that none of Christine Hamilton, Jeffrey Spragens, William Polvino, David Link, Scott Giberson. and Erick Lucera (representing six of our eight directors), has a relationship that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and that they each are an “independent director” as that term is defined under the Nasdaq listing rules.

In making these determinations, our board of directors considered the relationships that each nonemployee director has with us and all other facts and circumstances our board of directors deemed relevant in determining their independence, including consulting relationships, family relationships and the beneficial ownership of our capital stock by each non-employee director.

Board Composition

Our business and affairs are organized under the direction of our board of directors. Our board currently consists of eight (8) directors divided into three classes as follows:

or, in each case, until their respective successor is duly elected and qualified, or until their earlier resignation, removal or death.

Messrs. Dr. Polvino, Mr. Lucera and Mr. Giberson currently serve as the Class I directors, Messrs. Link and Spragens currently serve as the Class II directors, and Mrs. Hamilton and Messrs. Reich and Sullivan currently serve as Class III directors.

At each annual meeting of stockholders, the successors to directors whose terms then expire will serve until the third annual meeting following their election and until their successors are duly elected and qualified. The authorized size of the board of directors will be fixed exclusively by resolutions of the board of directors. The authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of the board of directors. Any additional directorships resulting from an increase in the number of directors will be distributed between the three classes so that, as nearly as possible, each class will consist of one-third of the directors. This classification of the board of directors may have the effect of delaying or preventing changes in its control or management. Our board of directors may be removed for cause by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 66 2/3% of its voting stock.

Board Meetings

During 2022, our board of directors held 6 meetings, and each director attended at least 75% of the aggregate of (i) the total number of meetings of our board of directors held during the period for which he or she has been a director and (ii) the total number of meetings held by all committees of our board of directors on which he or she served during the periods that he or she served.

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Committees of the Board of Directors

Our board of directors has three standing committees: an audit committee, a nominating and corporate governance committee (“nominating committee”) and a compensation committee. Subject to phase-in rules and a limited exception, Nasdaq rules and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act require that the audit committee of a listed company be comprised solely of independent directors, and Nasdaq rules require that the compensation committee and nominating committee of a listed company be comprised solely of independent directors. Each of our committees is comprised entirely of independent directors.

Audit Committee

On October 22, 2021, we established an audit committee of the board of directors. Jeffrey Spragens, William Polvino, David Link, and Erick Lucera serve as members of the audit committee, with Jeffrey Spragens serving as the Chairman of the audit committee. Under the Nasdaq listing standards and applicable SEC rules, we are required to have at least three members of the audit committee, all of whom must be independent. Each of Dr. Polvino and Messrs. Spragens and Link meet the independent director standard under Nasdaq listing standards and under Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the Exchange Act.

Each member of the audit committee is financially literate, and our board of directors has determined that Mr. Spragens qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert” as defined in applicable SEC rules.

We adopted a restated audit committee charter on October 22, 2021 which details the principal functions of the audit committee, including:

The audit committee charter is available on the corporate governance section of our website, which is located at https://ir.sab.bio/static-files/a6bd0fd3-9f6f-4927-9a79-806338ec0ee9

Compensation Committee

On October 22, 2021, we established a compensation committee of the board of directors. Christine Hamilton, Scott Giberson and William Polvino serve as members of the compensation committee. Christine Hamilton serves as the Chairman of the compensation committee. Under the Nasdaq listing standards and applicable SEC rules, we are required to have at least two members of the compensation committee, all of whom must be independent. Each of Dr. Polvino and Ms. Hamilton are independent.

We adopted a restated compensation committee charter on October 22, 2021, which details the principal functions of the compensation committee, including:

● reviewing on an annual basis our executive compensation policies and plans;

Notwithstanding the foregoing, other than as indicated in this Annual Report, no compensation of any kind, including finders, consulting, or other similar fees, will be paid to any of our existing stockholders, officers, directors, or any of their respective affiliates, prior to, or for any services they render to effectuate the offering.

The charter also provides that the compensation committee may, in its sole discretion, retain or obtain the advice of a compensation consultant, legal counsel or other adviser and will be directly responsible for the appointment, compensation and oversight of the work of any such adviser. However, before engaging or receiving advice from a compensation consultant, external legal counsel or any other adviser, the compensation committee will consider the independence of each such adviser, including the factors required by Nasdaq and the SEC.

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Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation

No person who served as a member of the compensation committee during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022 was a current or former officer or employee of the Company or engaged in certain transactions with the Company required to be disclosed by regulations of the SEC. Additionally, there were no compensation committee “interlocks” during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, which generally means that no executive officer of the Company served as a director or member of the compensation committee of another entity, one of whose executive officers served as a director or member of the compensation committee of the Company.

The compensation committee charter is available on the corporate governance section of our website, which is located at https://ir.sab.bio/static-files/3f29e14f-e5da-45b5-9844-20a98ba5f4cd

Nominating Committee

On October 22, 2021, we established a nominating committee of the board of directors. David Link, Christine Hamilton, Scott Giberson and Jeff Spragens serve as members of the Nominating and Governance Committee. David Link serves as the Chairman of the Nominating and Governance Committee. Under the Nasdaq listing standards and applicable SEC rules, we are required to have at least two members of the nominating committee, all of whom must be independent. Each of Ms. Hamilton, Mr. Link and Mr. Spragens are independent.

We adopted a restated nominating committee charter on October 22, 2021, which details the purpose and responsibilities of the nominating committee, including:

The nominating committee will consider several qualifications relating to management and leadership experience, diversity, background and integrity and professionalism in evaluating a person’s candidacy for membership on the board of directors. The nominating committee may require certain skills or attributes, such as financial or accounting experience, to meet specific board needs that arise from time to time and will also consider the overall experience and makeup of its members to obtain a broad and diverse mix of board members. The nominating committee does not distinguish among nominees recommended by stockholders and other persons.

We have not formally established any specific, minimum qualifications that must be met or skills that are necessary for directors to possess. In general, in identifying and evaluating nominees for director, the board of directors considers educational background, diversity of professional experience, knowledge of our business, integrity, professional reputation, independence, wisdom, and the ability to represent the best interests of our stockholders.

The nominating committee charter is available on the corporate governance section of our website, which is located at https://ir.sab.bio/static-files/3f29e14f-e5da-45b5-9844-20a98ba5f4cd

Director Nominations

The process of recommending director nominees for selection by the board of directors is undertaken by the nominating committee (see above).

The board of directors will also consider director candidates recommended for nomination by our stockholders during such times as they are seeking proposed nominees to stand for election at the next annual meeting of stockholders (or, if applicable, a special meeting of stockholders). Our stockholders that wish to nominate a director for election to our board of directors should follow the procedures set forth in our bylaws.

Board Diversity

Effective corporate governance is critical for both our long-term performance and maintaining stockholder trust. Our board of directors is responsible for overseeing the governance, strategy and operation of the Company. Our eight directors come from diverse backgrounds, drawing on their substantial experience across industries and professional designations, including experience related to: biotechnology and pharmaceutical; finance, including investment management and capital markets; healthcare and medical services and operations; philanthropy; public accounting; and higher education.

Board Leadership Structure

Our board of directors is currently chaired by Samuel Reich. Our board of directors believes that we and our stockholders are currently best served by this leadership structure. As Executive Chairman, Mr. Reich promotes unified leadership and direction for our board of directors and management and provides the critical leadership necessary for carrying out our strategic initiatives. Mr. Reich, together with our board of director’s strong committee system and independent directors, allows our board of directors to maintain effective oversight of our business operations, including independent oversight of our financial statements, executive compensation, selection of director candidates, and corporate governance programs. We believe our current board of director’s leadership structure enhances its ability to effectively carry out its roles and responsibilities on behalf of our stockholders.

Role of Board in Risk Oversight Process

Our board of directors has an active role, as a whole and also at the committee level, in overseeing risk management. Our board of directors is responsible for general oversight and regular review of risk management, including financial, strategic, and operational risks. The compensation committee is responsible for overseeing the management of risks relating to our executive compensation plans and arrangements, and whether our compensation policies and programs have the potential to encourage excessive risk taking. The audit committee is responsible for overseeing the management of risks relating to accounting matters and financial reporting. The nominating committee is responsible for overseeing our corporate governance practices and the management of risks associated with board of director independence and potential conflicts of interest. Although each committee is responsible for evaluating and overseeing the management of certain risks, the entire board of directors is regularly informed through discussions from committee members about such risks. The board of directors believes its leadership structure is consistent with and supports the administration of its risk oversight function.

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Section 16 Reporting Compliance

Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, requires certain of our officers and our directors, and persons who own more than 10 percent of a registered class of our equity securities, to file reports of ownership and changes in ownership with the SEC. Officers, directors, and greater than 10 percent stockholders are required by SEC regulation to furnish us with copies of all Section 16(a) forms they file.

Based solely on our review of copies of such forms received by us, we believe that during the year ended December 31, 2022, all filing requirements applicable to all of our officers, directors, and greater than 10% beneficial stockholders were timely complied with.

Code of Ethics

We adopted a restated Code of Conduct and Ethics (the "Code of Ethics") applicable to our directors, officers, and employees. A copy of our Code of Ethics is available on our website at https://ir.sab.bio/static-files/cf6414d7-b1d5-40d6-83f9-f7598094d99.

In addition, a copy of the Code of Ethics will be provided without charge by making a written request and mailing it to our corporate headquarters offices to the attention of the Investor Relations Department.

We intend to disclose any amendments to or waivers of certain provisions of our Code of Ethics in a Current Report on Form 8-K. Please see “Where You Can Find Additional Information” for additional information.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The following is a discussion and analysis of compensation arrangements of the Company’s named executive officers. This discussion may contain forward-looking statements that are based on the Company’s current plans, considerations, expectations and determinations regarding future compensation programs. The actual compensation programs that the Company adopts may differ materially from the currently planned programs that are summarized in this discussion. As an “emerging growth company” as defined in the JOBS Act, we are not required to include a Compensation Discussion and Analysis section and have elected to comply with the scaled disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies.

Summary Executive Compensation Table

The following table sets forth information regarding the compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to Our named executive officers for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Name and Principal Position Year ($) ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)

EVP, Chief of Medical Officer 2021 — — — — — —

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Outstanding Equity Awards at Fiscal 2022 Year-End

The following table sets forth information regarding outstanding equity awards held by our named executive officers as of December 31, 2022.

Option Awards Stock Awards

Named Executive Officer Employment Arrangements

Below are descriptions of the current employment agreements with our named executive officers.

Eddie J. Sullivan

On March 1, 2021, we entered into an Executive Employment Agreement with Dr. Sullivan to continue to serve as our President & Chief Executive Officer. The agreement provides Dr. Sullivan an annual base salary of $377,200, and his eligibility to participate in the Company’s benefit plans generally. The agreement also subjects Dr. Sullivan to standard nondisclosure, invention assignment, and arbitration provisions. If Dr. Sullivan’s employment is terminated by the Company without Cause (as defined in the employment agreement) (other than for death or disability) or the term of his employment is not renewed, Dr. Sullivan will receive (i) a severance payment equal to 1 year of his then base salary, payable either in a lump sum or in accordance with the Company’s then-current payroll practices and (ii) the applicable bonus amounts prorated for the portion of the calendar year Dr. Sullivan was employed so long as he was employed by the Company as of April 1st of the year of termination and the board of directors has approved a bonus plan for that year (such bonus amount payable by the end of the Company’s fiscal year following the termination).

Samuel J. Reich

On November 17, 2021, we entered into an Executive Employment Agreement with Mr. Reich to serve as our Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors. The agreement provides Mr. Reich an annual base salary of $350,000, and his eligibility to participate in the Company’s benefit plans generally. The agreement also subjects Mr. Reich to standard nondisclosure, invention assignment, and arbitration provisions. If Mr. Reich's employment is terminated by the Company without Cause (as defined in the employment agreement) (other than for death or disability) or the term of his employment is not renewed, Mr. Reich will receive (i) a severance payment equal to 1 year of his then base salary, payable in a lump sum five business days after his release becomes final, (ii) the applicable accrued but unpaid annual bonus, if any, for the fiscal year ended prior to his date of termination, payable at the same time annual bonuses for such fiscal year are paid to other key executives of the Company, (iii) one hundred percent of his outstanding unvested equity awards as of the date of termination will be fully vested and exercisable, and (iv) reimbursement of the COBRA premiums, if any, for continuation coverage for Mr. Reich, his spouse and dependents under the Company’s group health, dental and vision plans for a twelve month period from the date of termination.

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Alexandra Kropotova

On May 20, 2022, we entered into an Executive Employment Agreement with Dr. Kropotova to serve as our Executive Vice President – Chief Medical Officer. The agreement provides Dr. Kropotova an annual base salary of $525,000, and her eligibility to participate in the Company’s benefit plans generally. The agreement also subjects Dr. Kropotova to standard nondisclosure, invention assignment, and arbitration provisions. If Dr. Kropotova’s employment is terminated by the Company without Cause (as defined in the employment agreement) (other than for death or disability) or the term of her employment is not renewed, Dr. Kropotova will receive (i) the applicable accrued but unpaid Annual Bonus, if any, for the calendar year ended prior to her Date of Termination payable at the same time annual bonuses for such calendar year are paid to other key Employees of the Company pursuant to the terms of the Bonus Plan (ii) one hundred percent (100%) of the Employee’s outstanding unvested Equity Awards as of the Date of Termination will be fully vested and exercisable (iii) a severance payment payable in a single lump sum within five (5) business days after the Employee’s Release becomes final, binding and irrevocable in accordance with Section 10 of the Employment Agreement, in an amount equal to twelve (12) months of Base Salary (iv) Reimbursement of the COBRA premiums, if any, paid by the Employee for continuation coverage for the Employee, her spouse and dependents under the Company’s group health, dental and vision plans for six (6) month period from the Date of Termination.

Summary Director Compensation Table

The following table sets forth information regarding the compensation awarded to, earned by or paid to our directors for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022.

Fees Earned

or Paid in Cash Option Awards (1) Stock Awards (2) Total

Name ($) ($) ($) ($)

Erick Lucera — — — —

SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. 2021 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan

The SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. 2021 Omnibus Equity Incentive Plan (the “Incentive Plan”) was adopted in connection with, and become effective at the closing of, the Business Combination.

Summary of the Incentive Plan

General

The Incentive Plan covers the grant of awards to our employees (including officers), non-employee consultants and non-employee directors and those of our affiliates. For purposes of the Incentive Plan, our affiliates include any corporation, partnership, limited liability company, joint venture or other entity, with respect to which we, directly or indirectly, own either (i) stock possessing more than fifty percent (50%) of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock entitled to vote, or more than fifty percent (50%) of the total value of all shares of all classes of stock of such corporation, or (ii) an aggregate of more than fifty percent (50%) of the profits interest or capital interest of any non-corporate entity.

The compensation committee administers the Incentive Plan. The full Board must approve all decisions regarding awards to non-employee directors.

Up to a maximum of 11,000,000 shares of our common stock may be delivered in settlement of awards granted under the Incentive Plan initially. The number of shares authorized for issuance will increase each fiscal year, beginning this fiscal year 2022 and occurring each year thereafter through 2031, by 2.0% of the number of our shares of common stock issued and outstanding on a fully-diluted basis as of the last day of the preceding fiscal year (such lesser number of shares as determined by our board of directors in its sole discretion). In no event, however, shall the aggregate number of shares that may be issued pursuant to this annual increase under the Incentive Plan exceed 5,000,000.

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Up to a maximum of 11,000,000 shares of our common stock may be issued under the Incentive Plan pursuant to the exercise of incentive stock options. The stock delivered to settle awards made under the Incentive Plan may be authorized and unissued shares or treasury shares, including shares repurchased by us for purposes of the Incentive Plan. If any shares subject to any award granted under the Incentive Plan (other than a substitute award as described below) is forfeited or otherwise terminated without delivery of such shares (if such shares are returned to us due to a forfeiture restriction under such award), the shares subject to such awards will again be available for issuance under the Incentive Plan. However, any shares that are withheld or applied as payment for shares issued upon exercise of an award or for the withholding or payment of taxes due upon exercise of an award will continue to be treated as having been delivered under the Incentive Plan and will not again be available for grant under the Incentive Plan. Upon settlement of any stock appreciation rights (“SARs”), the number of shares underlying the portion of the SARs that is exercised will be treated as having been delivered for purposes of determining the maximum number of shares available for grant under the Incentive Plan and shall not again be treated as available for issuance under the Incentive Plan.

If a dividend or other distribution (whether in cash, shares of common stock or other property), recapitalization, forward or reverse stock split, subdivision, consolidation or reduction of capital, reorganization, merger, consolidation, scheme of arrangement, split-up, spin-off or combination involving us or repurchase or exchange of our shares or other securities, or other rights to purchase shares of our securities or other similar transaction or event affects our common stock such that the compensation committee determines that an adjustment is appropriate in order to prevent dilution or enlargement of the benefits (potential benefits) provided to grantees under the Incentive Plan, the compensation committee will make an equitable change or adjustment as it deems appropriate to the number of type of securities with respect to which awards may be granted, (ii) the number and type of securities subject to outstanding awards, (iii) the exercise price with respect to any option or SAR or, if deemed appropriate, make provision for a cash payment to the holder of such outstanding award, and (iv) the number and kind of outstanding restricted shares, or the shares underlying any other form of award.

Types of Awards

The Incentive Plan permits the granting of any or all of the following types of awards to all grantees:

● stock options, including incentive stock options, or ISOs;

● SARs;

● restricted shares;

● deferred stock;

● restricted stock units;

● performance units and performance shares;

● dividend equivalents;

● bonus shares; and

● other stock-based awards.

Generally, awards under the Incentive Plan are granted for no consideration other than prior and future services. Awards granted under the Incentive Plan may, in the discretion of the committee, be granted alone or in addition to, in tandem with or in substitution for, any other award under the Incentive Plan; provided, however, that if an SAR is granted in tandem with an ISO, the SAR and ISO must have the same grant date and term and the exercise price of the SAR may not be less than the exercise price of the ISO. The material terms of each award will be set forth in a written award agreement between the grantee and us.

Stock Options and SARs

The committee is authorized to grant SARs and stock options (including incentive stock options (ISOs) except that an ISO may only be granted to an employee of ours or one of our subsidiary corporations). A stock option allows a grantee to purchase a specified number of shares of our common stock at a predetermined price per share (the “exercise price”) during a fixed period measured from the date of grant. An SAR entitles the grantee to receive the excess of the fair market value of a specified number of shares on the date of exercise over a predetermined exercise price per share. The exercise price of an option or an SAR will be determined by the committee and set forth in the applicable award agreement but the exercise price may not be less than the fair market value of a share of common stock on the grant date. The term of each option or SAR is determined by the committee and set forth in the applicable award agreement, except that the term may not exceed ten (10) years (five (5) years if the grantee holds more than 10% of the total combined voting power of all classes of our capital

stock).

Options may be exercised by payment of the purchase price through one or more of the following means: payment in cash (including personal check or wire transfer); delivering shares of our common stock previously owned by the grantee; or, with the approval of the compensation committee, (i) delivery of shares of our common stock acquired upon the exercise of such options, or (ii) the sale of shares acquired upon exercise of the options through a broker-dealer to whom the grantee has delivered irrevocable notice of exercise and instructions to deliver sales proceeds sufficient to pay us the exercise price.

Following shareholder approval of the Incentive Plan on October 20, 2021, ISOs may be granted pursuant to the terms of the Incentive Plan.

Restricted Shares

The committee may award restricted shares consisting of shares of our common stock which remain subject to a risk of forfeiture and may not be disposed of by grantees until certain restrictions established by the committee lapse. The vesting conditions may be service-based (i.e., requiring continuous service for a specified period) or performance-based (i.e., requiring achievement of certain specified performance objectives) or both. A grantee receiving restricted shares will have all of the rights of a stockholder, including the right to vote the shares and the right to receive any dividends, except as otherwise provided in the applicable award agreement. Upon termination of the grantee’s affiliation with us during the restriction period (or, if applicable, upon the failure to satisfy the specified performance objectives during the restriction period), the restricted shares will be forfeited as provided in the applicable award agreement.

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Deferred Stock and Restricted Stock Units

The committee may also grant deferred stock awards and/or restricted stock unit awards. A deferred stock award is the grant of a right to receive a specified number of shares of our common stock at the end of specified deferral periods or upon the occurrence of a specified event, which satisfies the requirements of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code. A restricted stock unit award is the grant of a right to receive a specified number of shares of our common stock upon lapse of a specified forfeiture condition (such as completion of a specified period of service or achievement of certain specified performance objectives). If the service condition and/or specified performance objectives are not satisfied during the restriction period, the award will lapse without the issuance of the shares underlying such award.

Restricted stock units and deferred stock awards carry no voting or other rights associated with stock ownership until the shares underlying the award are delivered in settlement of the award. Unless otherwise determined by the compensation committee, grantees will have the rights to receive dividend equivalents in respect of deferred stock and/or restricted stock units, which dividend equivalents shall be deemed reinvested in additional shares of deferred stock or restricted stock units, as applicable, which shall remain subject to the same forfeiture conditions applicable to the deferred stock or restricted stock units to which such dividend equivalents relate.

Performance Units

The committee may grant performance units, which entitle a grantee to cash or shares conditioned upon the fulfillment of certain performance conditions and other restrictions as specified by the committee and reflected in the applicable award agreement. The initial value of a performance unit will be determined by the committee at the time of grant. The committee will determine the terms and conditions of such awards, including performance and other restrictions placed on these awards, which will be reflected in the applicable award agreement.

Performance Shares

The committee may grant performance shares, which entitle a grantee to a certain number of shares of common stock, conditioned upon the fulfillment of certain performance conditions and other restrictions as specified by the committee and reflected in the applicable award agreement. The committee will determine the terms and conditions of such awards, including performance and other restrictions placed on these awards, which will be reflected in the applicable award agreement.

Bonus Shares

The committee may grant fully vested shares of our common stock as bonus shares on such terms and conditions as specified in the applicable award agreement.

Dividend Equivalents

The committee is authorized to grant dividend equivalents, which provide a grantee the right to receive payment equal to the dividends paid on a specified number of shares of our common stock. Dividend equivalents may be paid directly to grantees or may be deferred for later delivery under the Incentive Plan. If deferred, such dividend equivalents may be credited with interest or may be deemed to be invested in shares of our common stock, other awards under the Incentive Plan or in other property.

Other Stock-Based Awards

The Incentive Plan authorizes the committee to grant awards that are valued in whole or in part by reference to or otherwise based on certain other securities. The committee determines the terms and conditions of such awards, including whether awards are paid in shares or cash.

Business Combination, Consolidation or Similar Corporate Transaction

If there is a merger or consolidation of us with or into another corporation or a sale of substantially all of our stock (a “Corporate Transaction”), and the outstanding awards are not assumed by surviving company (its parent company) or replaced with equivalent awards granted by the surviving company(its parent company),the committee will cancel any outstanding awards that are not vested and nonforfeitable as of the consummation of such Corporate Transaction (unless the committee accelerates the vesting of any such awards) and with respect to any vested and nonforfeitable awards, the committee may either (i) allow all grantees to exercise options and SARs within a reasonable period prior to the consummation of the Corporate Transaction and cancel any outstanding options or SARs that remain unexercised upon consummation of the Corporate Transaction, or (ii) cancel any or all of such outstanding awards (including options and SARs) in exchange for a payment (in cash, or in securities or other property) in an amount equal to the amount that the grantee would have received (net of the exercise price with respect to any options or SARs) if the vested awards were settled or distributed or such vested options and SARs were exercised immediately prior to the consummation of the Corporate Transaction. If an exercise price of an option or SAR exceeds the fair market value of our common stock and the option or SAR is not assumed or replaced by the surviving company (its parent company),such options and SARs will be cancelled without any payment to the grantee.

Amendment to and Termination of the Incentive Plan

The Incentive Plan may be amended, altered, suspended, discontinued or terminated by our board of directors without further stockholder approval, unless such approval is required by law or regulation or under the rules of any stock exchange or automated quotation system on which our common stock is then listed or quoted. Thus, stockholder approval will not necessarily be required for amendments which might increase the cost of the Incentive Plan or broaden eligibility. Stockholder approval will not be deemed to be required under laws or regulations that condition favorable treatment of grantees on such approval, although our board of directors may, in its discretion, seek stockholder approval in any circumstance in which it deems such approval advisable.

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In addition, subject to the terms of the Incentive Plan, no amendment or termination of the Incentive Plan may materially and adversely affect the right of a grantee under any award granted under the Incentive Plan.

Unless earlier terminated by our board of directors, the Incentive Plan will terminate when no shares remain reserved and available for issuance or, if earlier, on the tenth anniversary of the effective date of the Incentive Plan.

SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, (the “ESPP”) was adopted in connection with, and became effective at the closing of, the Business Combination. The ESPP provides eligible employees an opportunity to purchase shares of common stock at a discount through accumulated contributions of their earned compensation. The ESPP’s initial share reserve is one million shares of SAB Biotherapeutics common stock. Offering periods will not commence under the ESPP until determined by the board of directors or compensation committee.

Summary of the Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Administration

The ESPP will be administered by the board of directors, or a committee appointed by the board of directors, which may be the compensation committee. The board of directors or committee administering the ESPP (the "Administrator") has authority to construe and interpret the ESPP and to establish rules and regulations for the administration of the ESPP.

Eligibility

Eligible employees of the Company or a participating subsidiary may participate in the ESPP. One is an eligible employee for an accumulation period if he or she is an employee of the Company or a participating subsidiary both on the date determined by the ESPP administrator that enrollment forms must be received for an accumulation period and on the first day of the accumulation period. Notwithstanding the preceding sentences, an employee is not eligible to participate in the ESPP if on the first day of the accumulation period (1) such employee is a member of a collective bargaining unit whose benefits were the subject of good faith bargaining; (2) such employee is customarily employed 20 or less hours per week or five months or less per year; or (3) such employee is an employee of a participating subsidiary who is a resident of a foreign jurisdiction and

(i) participation is prohibited under the laws of such foreign jurisdiction or (ii) compliance with the laws of such foreign jurisdiction would violate Section 423 of the Code. An employee is also not eligible to participate if immediately after any purchase of shares under the ESPP, the employee would own capital stock of the Company and/or hold outstanding options to purchase such stock constituting five percent (5%) or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of the capital stock of the Company or of any subsidiary of the Company.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company had approximately 53 employees that would be eligible to participate in the ESPP.

Shares Available for Issuance

As noted above, the maximum aggregate number of shares of Company stock that may be issued under the ESPP is one million shares.

Enrollment Dates, Accumulation Periods and Purchase Dates

The accumulation periods under the ESPP will generally be a specified one-year period, or such other period, not to exceed twenty-seven (27) months, as determined by the Administrator. The first trading day of each accumulation period is the enrollment date, which is the date as of which eligible employees are granted contractual rights to purchase shares of Company stock under the ESPP. Payroll deductions may be made during the accumulation period by eligible employee selecting to participate as described below. The last trading day of each accumulation period will be the Company stock purchase date (unless the Administrator selects a different date) and on such date any contractual rights remaining outstanding will be deemed to be exercised and shares of Company stock will be purchased, as described below.

Participation in the ESPP

An eligible employee may become a participant in the ESPP by submitting an enrollment form, and payroll deductions for such employee will begin as soon as administratively feasible after such form is received in good order, subject to compliance with such policies, rules and procedures as we may establish in connection therewith.

As of each purchase date (which is the last trading day of an accumulation period as stated above), an employee’s payroll deductions made during the accumulation period and not withdrawn by the employee or otherwise paid to the employee are used to buy shares of Company stock. The per share purchase price on the purchase date is 85% of the lower of (1) the fair market value of a share of Company stock on the purchase date, or (2) the fair market value of a share of Company stock on the first trading day of the accumulation period.

An employee will not be permitted to purchase more than 25,000 shares of Company stock on any purchase date, or such lower maximum number as may be determined by the Administrator. An employee’s right to purchase shares under the ESPP in any calendar year cannot exceed $25,000, as measured by the fair market value of such shares (determined for each accumulation period as of the first trading day of the accumulation period).

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An employee can invest any amount from 1% to 15% of his or her base earnings in Company stock through payroll deductions under the ESPP. Payroll deductions are credited to recordkeeping accounts. No earnings are credited to the accounts.

Withdrawal from the ESPP, Cessation of Payroll Deductions, Mandatory Cessation of Participation

An employee may withdraw from the ESPP in full (but not in part) during any accumulation period by delivering a notice of withdrawal to us (in a manner prescribed by the Administrator) at any time prior to the first day of the last calendar month immediately preceding the purchase date for such accumulation period, or at such shorter time in advance of the purchase date as the Administrator may permit. If notice of withdrawal is timely received, all funds then accumulated in the employee’s account will not be used to purchase shares, but will instead be distributed to the employee as soon as administratively practical, and the employee’s payroll deductions will cease as soon as administratively practical.

An employee also may cease payroll deductions as of the last day of any month during an accumulation period by delivering a notice of cessation to us at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Administrator. Unless the employee also withdraws from the ESPP as described in the preceding paragraph, the employee’s accumulated payroll deductions will be applied to purchase shares of Company stock on the purchase date as described above.

Participation in the ESPP immediately terminates when an employee ceases to be an eligible employee for any reason, including voluntary or involuntary termination of employment. Upon the termination of an employee’s participation in the ESPP, all accumulated payroll deductions of the employee will be returned to the employee.

Amendment and Termination

The board of directors or the compensation committee may amend or alter any provision of the ESPP and may terminate the ESPP at any time. Under certain circumstances, an amendment to the ESPP may require the approval of our stockholders. In addition, if the ESPP is amended to change the aggregate number of shares issuable thereunder or the provisions regarding eligible employees, certain tax advantages under the Code as discussed below (see “Certain Federal Income Tax Consequences Relating to the ESPP”) will only continue if we obtain stockholder approval of such amendment. Certain amendments to the ESPP may be made by the Administrator without stockholder approval.

In the event of any Company reorganization, recapitalization, stock split, reverse stock split, stock dividend, combination of shares, merger, consolidation, acquisition of property or shares, separation, asset spin-off, stock rights offering, liquidation or other similar change in the capital structure of the Company, the shares subject to an employee’s election to purchase Company stock during an accumulation period will be adjusted and the aggregate number and kind of shares available under the ESPP and the purchase price of shares will also be adjusted, in each case to the extent deemed appropriate by the Administrator. Generally, if a dissolution or liquidation of the Company occurs during an accumulation period, any rights an employee has to acquire Company stock under the ESPP will be terminated, but an employee will have the right to acquire Company stock before the dissolution or liquidation.

Certain Federal Income Tax Consequences Relating to the ESPP

The following summary of the income tax consequences of the ESPP is based on current provisions of the Code and regulations thereunder. The summary does not address tax rates or state or local income taxes or taxes in jurisdictions other than the United States, nor does it address employment tax.

Enrollment or Purchase of Company Stock under the ESPP. No federal income tax consequences arise at the time of an employee’s enrollment in the ESPP or upon the purchase of Company stock under the ESPP. However, as discussed below, if an employee disposes of Company stock acquired under the ESPP, such employee will have the federal income tax consequences described below in the year such employee disposes of the stock. Amounts withheld by payroll deduction are subject to federal income tax as though those amounts had been paid in cash. Whenever an employee transfers any shares of Company stock in a manner which may constitute a disposition, such employee must promptly advise the Secretary of the Company of the facts concerning that transfer.

Early Dispositions. If an employee disposes of Company stock purchased under the ESPP within two years after the first trading day of an accumulation period or within one year after the shares of Company stock are transferred to such employee or to an account in such employee’s name (the “Tax Holding Period”), such employee will recognize compensation income in the year of disposition in an amount equal to the excess of (A) the lesser of the fair market value of the Company stock on the purchase date or the proceeds from the sale or exchange of the shares over (B) the price such employee paid for the Company stock. The Company must report such compensation as taxable ordinary income to the Internal Revenue Service on such employee’s annual Form W-2. The amount, if any, that is taxable as ordinary income is added to the purchase price and becomes part of the cost basis for that Company stock for federal income tax purposes. If the disposition of the Company stock involves a sale or exchange, such employee generally may also realize a short-term capital gain or loss equal to the difference between such employee’s cost basis (calculated pursuant to the preceding sentence) and the proceeds from the sale or exchange of the shares.

Later Dispositions. If an employee disposes of Company stock purchased under the ESPP on a date after the Tax Holding Period, or if such employee dies at any time while owning Company stock, such employee (such employee’s estate) will have included in such employee’s compensation as taxable ordinary income in the year of disposition or death, an amount equal to the lesser of

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The amount which is taxable as ordinary income is added to the cost basis of that Company stock for federal income tax purposes. The cost basis is therefore the sum of the purchase price of the Company stock and the ordinary income recognized from the formula above. If the disposition of the Company stock involves a sale or exchange, such employee will also realize a long-term capital gain or loss equal to the difference between such employee’s cost basis (calculated pursuant to the preceding sentence) and the proceeds from the sale or exchange of the shares.

The Company is not entitled to a deduction for amounts taxed as ordinary income or capital gain to an employee except to the extent of ordinary income recognized upon a sale or disposition during the Tax Holding Period (an early disposition).

Indemnification Agreements

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. For more information, see "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence - Indemnification Agreements."

Agreements Related to the Business Combination

We have entered into certain agreements with certain of our named executive officers and directors in connection with the Business Combination. For more information, see (a) "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence - Indemnification Agreements" and " - Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement," and (b) "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence - Indemnification Agreements - Pre-Business Combination Related Party Transactions – BCYP."

Potential Payments upon Termination or Change in Control

The table below reflects, as applicable, amounts payable to our current named executive officers in connection with a termination by the Company without cause. For purposes of our agreements with our named executive officers, "cause" means, in the judgement of the Company: (i) executive engages in any act or omission which is in bad faith and to the detriment of the Company; (ii) executive willfully and materially violates any of the Company’s then-current policies and procedures; (iii) executive’s willful failure to perform his or her duties under the employment agreement; (iv) executive exhibits unfitness for service, dishonesty, habitual neglect, persistent and serious deficiencies in performance, or incompetence; (v) executive is convicted of, or there is an entry of guilty (or a nolo contender) plea by executive to, a crime (other than a minor traffic violation); (vi) executive materially breaches provision of the agreement related to nondisclosure, assignment of inventions and/or non-solicitation; or (vii) executive refuses or fails to act on any reasonable or lawful directive or order from the Board or executive's supervisor.

A summary of the potential payments that each of our current named executive officers would have received upon the occurrence of these events, assuming that each triggering event occurred on December 31, 2022, is set forth below.

Salary Equity Perquisites / Benefits Other Total

Name and Principal Position ($) ($) ($) ($) ($)

President and Chief Executive Officer

Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors

EVP, Chief of Medical Officer

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Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The following table sets forth information regarding the beneficial ownership of our common stock as of March 28. 2023, by:

● each of our executive officers and directors; and

● all of our executive officers and directors as a group.

Beneficial ownership is determined according to the rules of the SEC, which generally provide that a person has beneficial ownership of a security if he, she or it possesses sole or shared voting or investment power over that security. Under those rules, beneficial ownership includes securities that the individual or entity has the right to acquire, such as through the exercise of stock options, within 60 days. Shares subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days are considered outstanding and beneficially owned by the person holding such options for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of that person but are not treated as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless otherwise indicated, the Company believes that the persons and entities named in the table below have sole voting and investment power with respect to all shares shown as beneficially owned by them. Unless otherwise noted, the business address of each of the directors and executive officers of the Company is 2100 East 54th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104.

The percentage of beneficial ownership of the Company is calculated based on 50,397,762 shares of common stock outstanding as of March 28, 2023. Shares of common stock subject to warrants, options or rights currently exercisable, or exercisable within 60 days of March 28, 2023 are counted as beneficially owned by the selling stockholder.

Five Percent Stockholders

Executive Officers and Directors

Scott Giberson (7) 6,944 * %

Erick Lucera — * %

All current executive officers and directors as a group (11) 16,451,442 31.5 %

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Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The following includes a summary of transactions since January 1, 2021 to which we have been a party, in which the amount involved in the transaction exceeded the lesser of $120,000 and one percent of the average of our total assets at year-end for the last two completed fiscal years, and in which any of our directors, executive officers or, to our knowledge, beneficial owners of more than 5% of our capital stock or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons had or will have a direct or indirect material interest, other than equity and other compensation, termination, change in control and other arrangements, which are described under “Executive Compensation.”

Amended and Restated Registration Rights Agreement

In connection with the completion of the Business Combination, we entered into an amended and restated registration rights agreement with the Sponsor, certain of our stockholders, certain stockholders of Legacy SAB and Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. (Ladenburg), pursuant to which, among other things, Sponsor, certain of our stockholders and certain stockholders of Legacy SAB (i) agreed not to effect any sale or distribution of our common stock held by any of them during the specified lock-up period of 180 days after the closing of the Business Combination and (ii) were granted certain registration rights with respect to their shares of our common stock. We also agreed that Edward Hamilton will be entitled to have a board observer attend meetings of our board of directors (and any committee thereof) for so long as certain of his affiliates continue to own at least 75% of the shares held by such affiliates on the closing date of the Business Combination. The amended and restated registration rights agreement will terminate on the earlier of (i) the date that all registrable securities covered by the amended and restated registration rights agreement have sold pursuant to a registration statement effected pursuant to the terms of the amended and restated registration rights agreement or (ii) the date that all registrable securities covered by the amended and restated registration rights agreement are permitted to be sold under Rule 144 promulgated by the SEC under the Securities Act.

Indemnification Agreements

We have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our directors and executive officers. Each indemnification agreement provides for indemnification and advancements by us of certain expenses and costs relating to claims, suits or proceedings arising from his or her service to us or, at our request, service to other entities, as officers or directors to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law.

Sponsor Support Agreement

Concurrently with the execution of the Business Combination Agreement, we entered into a sponsor support agreement with Sponsor, Ladenburg and certain of our stockholders, pursuant to which Sponsor, Ladenburg and certain of our stockholders agreed to, among other things, (i) vote in favor of the Business Combination Agreement and the transactions contemplated thereby (including the Business Combination) and against any competing transaction, (ii) waive any anti-dilution or similar protection that could be triggered in connection with the Business Combination, (iii) be bound by certain transfer restrictions with respect to our shares of common stock prior to the closing of the Business Combination and (iv) agree to certain forfeiture provisions with respect to up to 598,580 of the shares owned by them (Restricted Shares) during a period of up to five years from the closing of the Business Combination (Vesting Period) as follows:

Each tranche of Restricted Shares will also become fully vested and unrestricted in the event of a change in control of the Company during the Vesting Period that results in the holders of the Company’s common stock receiving a per-share aggregate consideration equal to or in excess of the applicable tranche of Restricted Shares.

The sponsor support agreement terminated upon the closing of the Business Combination, other than with respect to the Restricted Shares, which will continue to become vested and unrestricted as described above.

Pre-Business Combination Related Party Transactions – BCYP

Founder Shares

On January 3, 2021, our legal predecessor, BCYP, effected a stock dividend of 1/3 of a share of common stock for every share of common stock outstanding, resulting in an aggregate of 2,875,000 founder shares outstanding (including up to 375,000 shares subject to forfeiture to the extent that the underwriters’ over-allotment was not exercised in full or in part). As a result of the underwriters’ election to fully exercise their over-allotment option on January 14, 2021, the 375,000 shares were no longer subject to forfeiture.

As discussed further below, on January 4, 2021, Sponsor forfeited 28,750 founder shares to BCYP and Ladenburg and certain of its employees purchased an aggregate of 28,750 shares from BCYP at an average purchase price of approximately $0.008 per share, for an aggregate purchase price of $230.

Private Placement

Simultaneously with the closing of our initial public offering of units, consisting of one share of common stock and one-half of a detachable warrant (the "Public Warrants") to purchase shares of common stock, on January 14, 2021, Sponsor purchased an aggregate of 417,200 private placement units, at a price of $10.00 per private placement unit, for an aggregate purchase price of $4,172,000, in a private placement. Each private placement unit was identical to the units sold in our legal predecessor's initial public offering, except that the detachable private warrants (the "Private Placement Warrants") are exercisable on a cashless so long as they are held by the initial purchasers or their permitted transferees.

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Promissory Note

On November 19, 2020, Sponsor agreed to loan BCYP an aggregate of up to $250,000 to cover expenses related to the initial public offering pursuant to a promissory note (the "Sponsor Note"). This loan was non-interest bearing and payable on the earlier of December 31, 2021 or the completion of the initial public offering. Sponsor paid an aggregate of approximately $150,000 to cover for expenses on our behalf under the Note. On January 14, 2021, we repaid the Sponsor Note in full.

Administrative Services

BCYP agreed to pay an affiliate of Sponsor a monthly fee of an aggregate of $10,000 for office space, utilities and secretarial and administrative support. Upon completion of the Business Combination, the Company ceased paying these monthly fees.

Policies and Procedures for Transactions with Related Parties

The Company has adopted a written Related Party Transaction Policy that set forth its procedures for the identification, review, consideration and approval or ratification of related person transactions. A related person includes directors, executive officers, beneficial owners of 5% or more of any class of the Company’s voting securities, immediate family members of any of the foregoing persons, and any entities in which any of the foregoing is an executive officer or is an owner of 5% or more ownership interest. Under the Related Party Transaction Policy, if a transaction involving an amount in excess of $120,000 has been identified as a related person transaction, including any transaction that was not a related person transaction when originally consummated or any transaction that was not initially identified as a related person transaction prior to consummation, information regarding the related person transaction must be reviewed and approved by the Company’s audit committee

In considering related person transactions, the Company’s audit committee will take into account the relevant available facts and circumstances including, but not limited to:

● the related person’s interest in the related person transaction;

The Related Party Transaction Policy requires that, in determining whether to approve, ratify or reject a related person transaction, the audit committee must review all relevant information available to it about such transaction, and that it may approve or ratify the related person transaction only if it determines that, under all of the circumstances, the transaction is in, or is not inconsistent with, the best interests of the Company.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

The following table represents aggregate fees billed to the Company for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 by Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C. (“MHM”), the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm. Substantially all of MHM’s personnel, who work under the control of MHM shareholders, are employees of wholly-owned subsidiaries of CBIZ, Inc., which provides personnel and various services to MHM in an alternative practice structure.

Audit-related fees — —

Tax fees — —

All other fees — —

Audit fees for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 rendered by MHM relate to professional services rendered for the audits of our financial statements, quarterly reviews, issuance of consents, the Business Combination and review of documents filed with the SEC.

Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

The Audit Committee has adopted a policy that sets forth the procedures and conditions pursuant to which audit and non-audit services proposed to be performed by the independent auditor may be pre-approved. The policy generally provides that we will not engage MHM to render any audit, audit-related, tax or permissible non-audit service unless the service is either (i) explicitly approved by the Audit Committee (“specific pre-approval”) or (ii) entered into pursuant to the pre-approval policies and procedures described in the policy (“general pre-approval”). Unless a type of service to be provided by MHM has received general pre-approval under the policy, it requires specific pre-approval by the Audit Committee or by a designated member of the Audit Committee to whom the committee has delegated the authority to grant pre-approvals. Any proposed services exceeding pre-approved cost levels or budgeted amounts will also require specific pre-approval. For both types of pre-approval, the Audit Committee will consider whether such services are consistent with the SEC’s rules on auditor independence.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

(3) Exhibits:

Exhibit Number Description Schedule/ Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date

4.4* Description of Registrant’s Securities

10.5¥* A. Kropotova Agreement.

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10.14 Third Amendment to Amended and Restated Lease Agreement

23.1* Consent of Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.

101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

104 Cover Page Interactive Data File (embedded within the Inline XBRL document)

* Filed herewith.

**In accordance with Item 601(b)(32)(ii) of Regulation S-K and SEC Release No. 33-8238 and 34-47986, Final Rule: Management’s Reports on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and Certification of Disclosure in Exchange Act Periodic Reports, the certifications furnished in Exhibits 32.1 and 32.2 hereto are deemed to accompany this Form 10-K and will not be deemed “filed” for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act. Such certifications will not be deemed to be incorporated by reference into any filings under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent that the registrant specifically incorporates it by reference.

**** Certain portions of this exhibit (indicated by “[***]”) have been redacted pursuant to Regulation S-K, Item 601(b)(10)(iv).

+ Schedules and exhibits have been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(2) of Regulation S-K. The Company agrees to furnish supplementally a copy of any omitted schedule or exhibit to the SEC upon request.

¥ Denotes management contract or any compensatory plan, contract or arrangement.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the Registrant has duly caused this Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

SAB BIOTHERAPEUTICS, INC.

Date: April 14, 2023 By: /s/ Eddie J. Sullivan

Eddie J. Sullivan

Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name Title Date

/s/ Eddie J. Sullivan Director and Chief Executive Officer April 14, 2023

Eddie J. Sullivan (Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Russell Beyer Chief Financial Officer April 14, 2023

Russell Beyer (Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer)

/s/ Samuel J. Reich Director and Executive Chairman April 14, 2023

Samuel J. Reich

/s/ Christine Hamilton, MBA Director April 14, 2023

Christine Hamilton, MBA

/s/ David Charles Link Director April 14, 2023

David Charles Link

/s/ William Polvino, MD, PhD Director April 14, 2023

William Polvino, MD, PhD

/s/ Jeffrey G. Spragens Director April 14, 2023

Jeffrey G. Spragens

/s/ Scott Giberson Director April 14, 2023

Scott Giberson

/s/ Erick Lucera Director April 14, 2023

Erick Lucera

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2022 and 2021 (Restated) F-3

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-7

F-1

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of

SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries (“Company”) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern Uncertainty

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the financial statements, the Company does not generate sufficient cash flows from operations to maintain operations and, therefore, is dependent on additional financing to fund operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1 to the financial statements. The financial statements do not include any adjustments to reflect the possible future effects on the recoverability and classification of assets or the amounts and classification of liabilities that may result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Restatement of 2021 Financial Statements

As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the 2021 financial statements have been restated to correct certain misstatements.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2019.

/s/ Mayer Hoffman McCann P.C.

San Diego, California

April 14, 2023

F-2

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SAB Biotherapeutics, Inc. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

Assets

Current assets

Long-term prepaid insurance 467,694 —

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Current liabilities

Forward share purchase liability — 6,338,306

Due to related party — 2,367

Deferred grant income — 100,000

Commitments and contingencies (Note 18)

Stockholders’ equity

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

F-3

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SABS US Equity

SABS · 10-K · period ended 2022-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

SABS US Equity☆

SABS · 10-K · period ended 2022-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

SABS US Equity