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Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flows may be impacted by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including those set forth below and elsewhere in this 2024 Form 10-K, the occurrence of any one of which could have a material adverse effect on our actual results.

Cybersecurity and Technology Risks

Our products and services are highly technical and if they contain undetected errors, our business could be adversely affected and we may have to defend lawsuits or pay damages in connection with any alleged or actual failure of our products and services.

Our products and services are highly technical and complex. Our products and services have contained and may contain one or more undetected errors, defects, or security vulnerabilities. Some errors in our products and services may only be discovered after a product or service has been used by end customers. Any errors or security vulnerabilities discovered in our products after commercial release could result in loss of revenue or delay in revenue recognition, or loss of customers, any of which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, we could face claims for product liability or breach of personal information. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, is costly and may divert management’s attention. In addition, if our business liability insurance coverage is inadequate or future coverage is unavailable on acceptable terms or at all, our financial condition could be harmed.

If we fail to respond to rapid technological changes in the data and analytics sector, we may lose customers and/or our products and/or services may become obsolete.

The data and analytics sector is characterized by rapidly changing technology, frequent product introductions, and continued evolution of new industry standards. As a result, our success depends upon our ability to develop and introduce in a timely manner new products and services and enhancements to existing products and services that meet changing customer requirements and evolving industry standards. The development of technologically advanced product solutions is a complex and uncertain process requiring high levels of innovation, rapid response and accurate anticipation of technological and market trends. We cannot assure you that we will be able to identify, develop, manufacture, market, or support new or enhanced products and services successfully in a timely manner. Further, we or our competitors may introduce new products or services or product enhancements that shorten the life cycle of existing products or services or cause existing products or services to become obsolete.

Because our networks and information technology systems are critical to our success, if unauthorized persons access our systems or our systems otherwise cease to function properly, our operations could be adversely affected and we could lose revenue or proprietary information, all of which could materially adversely affect our business.

As our business is conducted largely online, it is dependent on our networks being accessible and secure. If an actual or perceived breach of network security occurs, regardless of whether the breach is attributable to our network security controls, the market perception of the effectiveness of our network security could be harmed resulting in loss of current and potential end user customers, data suppliers, or cause us to lose potential value-added resellers, distributors, or strategic partners. Our business is largely dependent on our customer-facing websites and our websites may be inaccessible because of service interruptions or subject to hacking or computer attacks. Because the techniques used by computer hackers to access or sabotage networks change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques. If an actual or perceived breach were to occur, we cannot assure you that we would not lose revenue or not sustain operating losses as a result.

We also rely heavily on large information technology databases and the ability to provide services using that information from those databases. A party who is able to breach the security measures on our networks or who otherwise is able to access our system through unauthorized means could misappropriate either our proprietary information or the personal information of consumers that we collect, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions to our operations. Hacking of computer data systems is a growing problem. Hackers may especially target concerns that are known to maintain large repositories of proprietary information or personal information, which can then be exploited for the hacker's personal gain. If we grow and obtain more visibility, we may be more vulnerable to hacking or other attempts to gain unauthorized access to our system. Moreover, the increased use of mobile devices also increases the risk of theft or the intentional and unintentional disclosure of data including proprietary information or personal information. We may be unable to anticipate all of these vulnerabilities and implement adequate preventative measures and, in some cases, we may not be able to immediately detect a security incident. Any security incident could result in legal, regulatory, and financial liability, as well as harm to our reputation.

We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to protect against such threats or to alleviate problems caused by breaches in security. Additionally, any server interruptions, break-downs or system failures, including failures which may be attributable to events within or outside our control, could increase our future operating costs and cause us to lose business. We maintain insurance policies covering losses relating to our network systems or other assets. However, these policies may not cover the entire cost of a claim. Any future disruptions in our information technology systems, whether caused by hacking or otherwise, may have a material adverse effect on our future results.

Privacy concerns relating to the collection, use, accuracy, correction and sharing of personal information and any perceived or actual unauthorized disclosure of personal information, whether through breach of our network by an unauthorized party, employee theft, misuse, or error could harm our reputation, impair our ability to attract website visitors and to attract and retain customers, result in a loss of confidence in the security of our products and services, or subject us to claims or litigation arising from damages suffered by consumers, and thereby harm our business and results of operations. In addition, we could incur significant costs which our insurance policies may not adequately cover, and we may need to expend significant resources to protect against security breaches and comply with the multitude of state and federal laws regarding data privacy and data breach notification obligations.

Data security and integrity are critically important to our business, and breaches of security, unauthorized access to or disclosure of confidential information, disruption, including distributed denial of service (“DDoS”) attacks or the perception that confidential information is not secure, could result in a material loss of business, substantial legal liability or significant harm to our reputation.

As a nationwide provider of risk and information solutions, we aggregate, store, and process a large amount of sensitive and confidential consumer information including financial information and personal information. This data is often accessed through secure transmissions over public and private networks, including the internet. We have invested significant resources to implement technical and physical security policies, procedures and systems, as well as contractual precautions, that we believe are reasonably designed to identify, detect, and prevent the unauthorized access to and alteration and disclosure of our data. Despite these investments and precautions, we cannot assure you that systems that access our services and databases will not be compromised or disrupted, whether as a result of criminal conduct, DDoS attacks or other advanced persistent attacks by malicious actors, including hackers, nation states, and criminals, breaches due to employee error or malfeasance, or other disruptions during the process of upgrading or replacing computer software or hardware, power outages, computer viruses, telecommunication or utility failures, or natural disasters or other catastrophic events. Due to both the nature and volume of the information we aggregate, store, and process, it is not unusual for efforts to occur (coordinated or otherwise) by unauthorized persons to attempt to obtain access to our systems or data, or to inhibit our ability to deliver products or services to a customer. These efforts are likely becoming more sophisticated over time and may attempt to exploit obscure vulnerabilities. We must regularly monitor and develop our information technology networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, address, and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses and other events that could have a security impact. Several recent, highly-publicized data incidents and DDoS attacks have heightened consumer awareness of this issue and may embolden individuals or groups to target our systems. Unauthorized disclosure, loss or corruption of our data or inability of our customers to access our systems could disrupt our operations, subject us to substantial legal liability, result in a material loss of business, and significantly harm our reputation.

Our precautions may be inadequate to thwart a cybersecurity incident. Furthermore, we may not be able to immediately address the consequences of a cybersecurity incident because a successful breach of our computer systems, software, networks, or other technology assets could occur and persist for an extended period of time before being detected due to, among other things:

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the breadth and complexity of our operations and the high volume of transactions that we process;

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the large number of customers, counterparties and third-party service providers with which we do business;

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the proliferation and increasing sophistication of cyberattacks; and

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the possibility that a third party, after establishing a foothold on an internal network without being detected, might obtain access to other networks and systems.

The extent of a particular cybersecurity incident and the steps that we may need to take to investigate it may not be immediately clear, and it may take a significant amount of time before such an investigation can be completed and full and reliable information about the incident is known. While such an investigation is ongoing, we may not necessarily know the extent of the harm or how best to remediate it, and certain errors or actions could be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and remediated, any or all of which could further increase the costs and consequences of a cybersecurity incident.

A growing number of legislative and regulatory bodies have adopted consumer notification and other requirements in the event that a consumer's personal information is accessed by unauthorized persons. It is likely that additional laws pertaining to the use, access, accuracy, and security of personal information will be adopted in the future. In the United States, federal and state laws provide for more than 50 disparate data breach notification regimes, all of which we may be subject to. Complying with such numerous and complex regulations in the event of unauthorized access would be expensive and difficult, and failure to comply with these regulations could subject us to regulatory scrutiny and additional liability.

If we fail to maintain and improve our systems, our certifications, our technology, and our interfaces with data and customers, demand for our services could be adversely affected.

In our industry, there are continuous improvements in computer hardware, network operating systems, programming tools, programming languages, operating systems, data matching, data filtering and other database technologies, as well as the use of the internet and emerging technologies, such as but not limited to, artificial intelligence. These improvements, as well as changes in customer preferences or regulatory requirements, may require changes in the technology used to gather and process our data and deliver our services. Our future success will depend, in part, upon our ability to:

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internally develop and implement new and competitive technologies;

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use leading third-party technologies effectively;

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respond to changing customer needs and regulatory requirements, including being able to bring our new products to the market quickly; and

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transition customers and data sources successfully to new interfaces or other technologies.

We cannot provide assurance that we will successfully implement new technologies, cause customers or data suppliers to implement compatible technologies or adapt our technology to evolving customer, regulatory, and competitive requirements. If we fail to respond, or fail to cause our customers or data suppliers to respond, to changes in technology, regulatory requirements or customer preferences, the demand for our services, the delivery of our services or our market reputation could be adversely affected. Additionally, our failure to implement important updates could affect our ability to successfully meet the timeline for us to generate cost savings resulting from our investments in improved technology. Failure to achieve any of these objectives would impede our ability to deliver strong financial results.

Furthermore, we may be required to obtain various industry or technical certifications under our contracts or otherwise to keep pace with our competitors. If we fail to achieve and maintain these key industry or technical certifications, our customers may stop doing business with us and we may not be able to win new business, which would negatively affect our revenue.

Issues in the development and use of artificial intelligence may result in reputational harm, liability, or other adverse consequences to our business.

We use certain machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies in our business, and we are making continuing investments in this area, including ongoing deployment and improvement of existing machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies. These technologies are complex and continually evolving, and we face significant competition from other companies. Also, lawmakers have proposed laws and rulemaking related to the development and use of these technologies. Likewise, regulatory agencies, such as the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), have used their existing authority to bring legal action against organizations who are alleged to have deceived or harmed consumers through their usage of these technologies. We may be required to comply with new laws and regulations, as well as develop additional policies and practices for using certain data within machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies, which may be costly and time consuming. The introduction of machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies into new or existing products may result in increased risks, such as the risk of government scrutiny, lawsuits, security risks, or other issues that could adversely affect our business, our reputation, and/or our financial results.

Also, artificial intelligence may create content that appears correct but is flawed or erroneous. Any flaws or errors discovered in our products after commercial release could result in loss of revenue or delay in revenue recognition, or loss of customers, any of which could adversely affect our business and results of operations. In addition, we could face claims for product liability. Defending a lawsuit, regardless of its merit, is costly and may divert management’s attention. In addition, if our business liability insurance coverage is inadequate or future coverage is unavailable on acceptable terms or at all, our financial condition could be harmed.

Legal, Regulatory and Compliance Risks

Our business is subject to various governmental regulations, laws, and orders, compliance with which may cause us to incur significant expenses or reduce the availability or effectiveness of our solutions, and the failure to comply with which could subject us to civil or criminal penalties or other liabilities.

Our business is subject to regulation under the GLBA, the DPPA, the FTC Act, and various other federal, state, and local laws and regulations, as well as - when we provide services to government agencies - applicable government procurement regulations and associated contract clauses. These laws and regulations, which generally are designed to protect consumers and to prevent the misuse of personal information are complex, change frequently, and have tended to become more stringent over time. We have already incurred significant expenses in our endeavors to comply with these laws.

Currently, public concern is high with regard to the collection, use, accuracy, correction, and sharing of personal information, including Social Security numbers, dates of birth, financial information, department of motor vehicle data, and other data which is personally identifiable or may be considered sensitive. In addition, many advocacy groups as well as some legislatures and government regulators believe that existing laws and regulations do not adequately protect privacy, and are otherwise concerned with businesses’ collection, storage, and use of personal information. Relatedly, several U.S. states have introduced and passed legislation to provide consumers with greater transparency and control over their personal information. Laws may allow consumers to request that businesses disclose to them what personal information is collected about them, delete or correct such personal information, and opt-them out of the sale or sharing of their personal information. There are approximately 20 states that have enacted some form of comprehensive data privacy legislation similar to the California Consumer Privacy Act and/or the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act. While these laws include specific exemptions, including exemptions for practices and activities conducted pursuant to the GLBA and DPPA, they apply to other portions of our business that are not conducted pursuant to these laws. Other states are actively considering privacy and security bills, and may pass laws, either similar or dissimilar to existing state privacy laws in the future. Furthermore, the U.S. Congress is considering legislation and several administrative agencies are considering or have proposed rulemaking, each with respect to data privacy and security. At this time, it is unclear whether Congress will pass a law or whether any administrative agencies will proceed with regulatory action. At this time, it is also unclear whether any federal requirements will supplement or preempt state-level data privacy and security laws. In the absence of additional federal legislation or rulemaking, federal administrative agencies such as the FTC and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) have increasingly used their existing authority to bring legal action against organizations who are alleged to have violated consumers’ privacy rights or failed to maintain adequate security measures.

These U.S. federal and state laws and regulations, which can be enforced by government entities or, in some cases, private parties, are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change. Keeping our business in compliance with or bringing our business into compliance with new laws may be costly and may affect our revenue and/or harm our financial results. In addition, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which we operate, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. In addition, new laws or regulations or changes in enforcement of existing laws or regulations applicable to our customers could affect the activities or strategies of such customers and, therefore, lead to reductions in their level of business with us.

The following legal and regulatory developments also could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, or results of operations:

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amendment, enactment or interpretation of laws and regulations that restrict the access and use of personal information and reduce the availability or effectiveness of our solutions or the supply of data available to customers;

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changes in public perception or the position of government actors in favor of further restrictions on information collection and sharing, which may lead to regulations that prevent full utilization of our solutions;

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failure of customers, resellers, distributors, strategic business partners, or vendors to comply with laws or regulations, where these third parties' failures could reflect negatively on us or require us to cease or limit our business with them;

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failure of our solutions to comply with current laws and regulations; and

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failure of our solutions to adapt to changes in the regulatory environment in an efficient, cost-effective manner.

Changes in applicable legislation or regulations that restrict or dictate how we collect, maintain, combine, and disseminate information could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. In the future, we may be subject to significant additional expense to ensure continued compliance with applicable laws and regulations and to investigate, defend or remedy actual or alleged violations. Any failure by us to comply with applicable laws or regulations could also result in significant liability to us, including liability to private plaintiffs as a result of individual or class action litigation, or may result in the cessation of our operations or portions of our operations or impositions of fines and restrictions on our ability to carry on or expand our operations. Moreover, our compliance with privacy laws and regulations and our reputation depend in part on our customers’ adherence to privacy laws and regulations and their use of our services in ways consistent with consumer expectations and regulatory requirements. Certain of the laws and regulations governing our business are subject to interpretation by judges, juries, and administrative entities, creating substantial uncertainty for our business. We cannot predict what effect the interpretation of existing or new laws or regulations may have on our business.

The outcome of litigation, inquiries, investigations, examinations, or other legal proceedings in which we are involved, in which we may become involved, or in which our customers or competitors are involved, could subject us to significant monetary damages or restrictions on our ability to do business.

Legal proceedings arise as part of the normal course of our business. These may include actions between us and a current or former employee, actions between us and a current former customer, individual consumer cases, class action lawsuits and inquiries, investigations, examinations, regulatory proceedings, or other actions brought by federal (e.g., the FTC or CFPB) or state (e.g., state attorneys general) authorities. The scope and outcome of these proceedings is often difficult to assess or quantify. Plaintiffs in lawsuits may seek recovery of large amounts and the cost to defend such litigation may be significant. There may also be adverse publicity and uncertainty associated with investigations, litigation, and orders (whether pertaining to us, our customers or our competitors) that could decrease customer acceptance of our services or result in material discovery expenses. In addition, a court-ordered injunction or an administrative cease-and-desist order or settlement may require us to modify our business practices or may prohibit conduct that would otherwise be legal and in which our competitors may engage. Many of the technical and complex statutes to which we are subject, including state and federal financial privacy requirements, may provide for civil and criminal penalties and may permit consumers to maintain individual or class action lawsuits against us and obtain statutorily prescribed damages. Additionally, our customers might face similar proceedings, actions, or inquiries which could affect their business and, in turn, our ability to do business with those customers.

While we maintain various insurance policies that we believe provide us with suitable coverage and protection in the event of litigation or other legal proceedings, those policies may contain exclusions or limitations, resulting in some cases in us retaining all or a portion of the risk of loss.

While we do not believe that the outcome of any pending or threatened legal proceeding, investigation, examination, or supervisory activity will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, such events are inherently uncertain and adverse outcomes could result in significant monetary damages, penalties, or injunctive relief against us. Furthermore, we review legal proceedings and claims on an ongoing basis and follow appropriate accounting guidance, including Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 450, “Contingencies,” when making accrual and disclosure decisions. We establish accruals for those contingencies where the incurrence of a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated, and we disclose the amount accrued and the amount of a reasonably possible loss in excess of the amount accrued, if such disclosure is necessary for our financial statements to not be misleading. To estimate whether a loss contingency should be accrued by a charge to income, we evaluate, among other factors, the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to make a reasonable estimate of the amount of the loss. We do not record liabilities when the likelihood that the liability has been incurred is probable, but the amount cannot be reasonably estimated.

Our bylaws designate the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware as the sole and exclusive forum for certain actions, including derivative actions, which could limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the Company and its directors, officers, other employees, or the Company's stockholders, and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.

Unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the sole and exclusive forum for (i) any derivative action or proceeding brought against or on behalf of the Company, (ii) any action asserting a claim of breach of a duty owed by any current or former director, officer, other employee or stockholder of the Company to the Company or the Company’s stockholders, (iii) any action asserting a claim arising pursuant to any provision of the Delaware General Corporation Law, (iv) any action as to which the Delaware General Corporation Law confers jurisdiction upon the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware, or (v) any action asserting a claim governed by the internal affairs doctrine, shall, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware (or, only if the Court of Chancery in the State of Delaware declines to accept jurisdiction over a particular matter, any state or federal court located within the State of Delaware). However, Section 27 of the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, and as such, the exclusive jurisdiction clauses set forth above would not apply to such suits. Furthermore, Section 22 of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act") provides for concurrent jurisdiction for federal and state courts over all suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder, and as such, the exclusive jurisdiction clauses set forth above would not apply to such suits.

Although we believe the exclusive forum provision benefits us by providing increased consistency in the application of Delaware law for the specified types of actions and proceedings, this provision may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum that it finds favorable for disputes with the Company and its directors, officers, or other employees, and may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims.

Business and Operations Risks

Our future operating results remain uncertain.

We need to generate greater revenue from the sale of our products and services if we are to sustain profitability. If we are unable to generate greater revenue, we may not be able to continue to achieve profitability and generate positive cash flow from operations in the future

We depend, in part, on strategic alliances and joint ventures to grow our business. If we are unable to develop and maintain these strategic alliances and joint ventures, our growth may be adversely affected.

An important focus of our business is to identify business relationships that can enhance our services, enable us to develop solutions that differentiate us from our competitors, drive users to our websites and monetize our data. We have entered into several alliance agreements or license agreements with respect to certain of our datasets and services and may enter into similar agreements in the future. These arrangements may require us to restrict our use of certain of our technologies or datasets among certain customer industries, restrict content on our websites, or grant licenses on terms that ultimately may prove to be unfavorable to us, any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Relationships with our alliance agreement partners may include risks due to incomplete information regarding the marketplace and commercial strategies of our partners, and our alliance agreements or other licensing agreements may be the subject of contractual disputes. If we or our alliance agreements’ partners are not successful in maintaining or commercializing the alliance agreements’ services, such commercial failure could adversely affect our business.

If we consummate any future acquisitions, we will be subject to the risks inherent in identifying, acquiring, and operating a newly acquired business.

We may, in the future, acquire additional businesses, which we believe could complement or expand our current business or offer growth opportunities. We may experience difficulties in identifying potential acquisition candidates that complement our current business at appropriate prices, or at all. We cannot assure you that our acquisition strategy will be successful. We may spend significant management time and resources in analyzing and negotiating acquisitions or investments that are not consummated. Furthermore, the ongoing process of integrating an acquired business is distracting, time consuming, expensive, and requires continuous optimization and allocation of resources. Additionally, if we use stock as consideration, this would dilute our existing shareholders and if we use cash, this would reduce our liquidity and impact our financial flexibility. We may seek debt financing for particular acquisitions, which may not be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. We face the risks associated with the business acquisition strategy, including:

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the potential disruption of our existing businesses, including the diversion of management attention and the redeployment of resources;

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entering new markets or industries in which we have limited prior experience;

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our failure in due diligence to identify key issues specific to the businesses we seek to acquire or the industries or other environments in which they operate, or, failure to protect against contingent liabilities arising from those issues;

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unforeseen, hidden, or fraudulent liabilities;

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our difficulties in integrating, aligning and coordinating organizations which will likely be geographically separated and may involve diverse business operations and corporate cultures;

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our difficulties in integrating and retaining key management, sales, research and development, production, and other personnel;

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the potential loss of key employees, customers, or distribution partners of the acquired business;

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our difficulties in incorporating the acquired business into our organization;

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the potential loss of customers, resellers, distributors, strategic business partners, or suppliers;

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our difficulties in integrating or expanding information technology systems and other business processes to accommodate the acquired business;

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the risks associated with integrating financial reporting and internal control systems, including the risk that significant deficiencies or material weaknesses may be identified in acquired entities;

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the potential for future impairments of goodwill and other intangible assets if the acquired business does not perform as expected;

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the inability to obtain necessary government approvals for the acquisition, if any; and

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our successfully operating the acquired business.

If we cannot overcome these challenges, we may not realize actual benefits from past and future acquisitions, which will impair our overall business results. If we complete an investment or acquisition, we may not realize the anticipated benefits from the transaction.

Our relationships with key customers may be materially diminished or terminated, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have established relationships with a number of customers, many of whom could unilaterally terminate their relationship with us or materially reduce the amount of business they conduct with us at any time. Market competition, customer requirements, customer financial condition, and customer consolidation through mergers or acquisitions also could adversely affect our ability to continue or expand these relationships. There is no guarantee that we will be able to retain or renew existing agreements, maintain relationships with any of our customers on acceptable terms or at all, or collect amounts owed to us from insolvent customers. The loss of one or more of our major customers could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we lose the services of key personnel, it could adversely affect our business.

Our future success depends, in part, on our ability to attract and retain key personnel. Our future also depends on the continued services of Derek Dubner, our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, James Reilly, our President, Daniel MacLachlan, our Chief Financial Officer, and other key employees in all areas of our organization, each of whom is important to the management of certain aspects of our business and operations and the development of our strategic direction, and each of whom may be difficult to replace. The loss of the services of these key individuals and the process to replace these individuals would involve significant time and expense and could significantly delay or prevent the achievement of our business objectives.

Further, the FTC and certain other government entities have indicated a desire to limit the allowability of agreements that are designed to prevent employees from competing with their former employers. If the enforceability of these types of “non-compete” agreements is affected by future lawmaking or regulatory action, it may impede our ability to ensure that former employees, who received training and experience through their employment with us, refrain from using their knowledge of our business and operations to compete with us.

Our revenue is concentrated in the U.S. market across a broad range of industries. When these industries or the broader financial markets experience a downturn, demand for our services and revenue may be adversely affected.

Our customers, and therefore our business and revenue, sometimes depend on favorable macroeconomic conditions and are impacted by the availability of credit, the level and volatility of interest rates, inflation, tariffs, employment levels, consumer confidence, and housing demand. In addition, a significant amount of our revenue is concentrated in the U.S. market across a broad range of industries. Our customer base suffers when financial markets experience volatility, illiquidity, and disruption, which has occurred in the past and which could reoccur. Such market developments, and the potential for increased and continuing disruptions going forward, present considerable risks to our business and operations. Changes in the economy have resulted, and may continue to result, in fluctuations in volumes, pricing, and operating margins for our services. Recent inflation, and higher interest rates imposed to combat inflation, may reduce the demand for various commercial transactions. The imposition of tariffs by the United States on foreign goods, tensions over the imposition of such tariffs, and (both actual and anticipated) retaliation from other countries may exasperate these issues. This, in turn, may lead to a decline in the volume of services we provide to our customers in the banking or financial industry, or other industries that are affected by these types of disruptions. If businesses in these industries experience economic hardship, we cannot assure you that we will be able to generate future revenue growth and these types of disruptions could negatively impact our revenue and results of operations.

We could lose our access to data sources which could prevent us from providing our services.

Our products and services depend extensively upon continued access to and receipt of data from external sources, including data received from strategic partners and various government and public record databases. In some cases, we compete with our data suppliers. Our data suppliers could stop providing data, provide untimely data or increase the costs for their data for a variety of reasons, including a perception that our systems are insecure as a result of a data security breach, budgetary constraints, a desire to generate additional revenue, or for regulatory or competitive reasons. We could also become subject to increased legislative, regulatory, or judicial restrictions or mandates on the collection, disclosure, or use of such data, in particular if such data is not collected by our providers in a way that allows us to legally use the data. If we were to lose access to this external data or if our access or use were restricted or were to become less economical or desirable, our ability to provide services could be negatively impacted, which would adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations. We cannot provide assurance that we will be successful in maintaining our relationships with these external data source providers or that we will be able to continue to obtain data from them on acceptable terms or at all. Furthermore, we cannot provide assurance that we will be able to obtain data from alternative sources if our current sources become unavailable.

The foregoing risks are heightened with respect to our largest data supplier, with whom we have expanded our relationship while securing favorable business terms over the years. If we are unable to maintain our current relationship with our largest data supplier, our ability to provide services could be negatively impacted, as we would need to secure comparable data on similar terms, which would require significant time, expense, and resources, and may in the short-term adversely affect our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations and, if we are unable to establish a similar relationship with other data suppliers over time, could have a long-term material impact on our business and financial condition. Also see “Concentration of Suppliers” above.

We must adequately protect our intellectual property in order to prevent loss of valuable proprietary information.

We rely primarily upon a combination of patent, copyright, trademark, and trade secret laws, as well as other intellectual property laws, and confidentiality procedures and contractual agreements, such as non-disclosure agreements, to protect our proprietary technology. However, unauthorized parties may attempt to copy or reverse engineer aspects of our products or services or to obtain and use information that we regard as proprietary. Policing unauthorized use of our products or services is difficult, and we cannot be certain that the steps we have taken will prevent misappropriation of our intellectual property. If the protection of our intellectual property proves to be inadequate or unenforceable, others may be able to use our proprietary developments without compensation to us, resulting in potential cost advantages to our competitors.

Some of our systems and technologies are not covered by any copyright, patent, or patent application. We cannot guarantee that: (i) our intellectual property rights will provide us with a competitive advantage; (ii) our ability to assert our intellectual property rights against potential competitors or to settle current or future disputes will be effective; (iii) our intellectual property rights will be enforced in jurisdictions where competition may be intense or where legal protection may be weak; (iv) any of the patent, trademark, copyright, trade secret or other intellectual property rights that we presently employ in our business will not lapse or be invalidated, circumvented, challenged, or abandoned; (v) competitors will not design around our protected systems and technology; or (vi) that we will not lose the ability to assert our intellectual property rights against others.

Policing unauthorized use of our proprietary rights can be difficult and costly. Litigation, while it may be necessary to enforce or protect our intellectual property rights, could result in substantial costs and diversion of resources and management attention and could adversely affect our business, even if we are successful on the merits.

Additionally, third parties may independently develop intellectual property similar to ours, but without use of our trade secrets or proprietary information. In such cases, the value of our intellectual property may be diminished but we will lack any enforceable right or remedy.

We face intense competition from both start-up and established companies that may have significant advantages over us and our products.

The market for our products and services is intensely competitive. There are numerous companies competing with us in various segments of the data and analytics sector, and their products and services may have advantages over our products and services in areas such as conformity to existing and emerging industry standards, performance, price, ease of use, scalability, reliability, flexibility, product features, and technical support.

Our principal competitors in the data and analytics sector include RELX Group (LexisNexis), TransUnion, and Thomson Reuters. Current and potential competitors may have one or more of the following significant advantages:

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greater financial, technical, and marketing resources;

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better name recognition;

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Risk Management and Strategy

We have implemented and maintain a comprehensive information security program designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our critical systems and information, as well as to identify, assess, manage, mitigate, and respond to cybersecurity threats. Our systems and processes are assessed by independent third parties for compliance with: the International Standard Organization (“ISO”) 27001; System and Organization Controls (“SOC”) 2, Type 2; and Payment Card Industry Data Security Standards (“PCI DSS”) Level 1.

Our information security program includes the following key elements to help identify, manage, mitigate, and respond to cybersecurity threats:

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Risk assessments—We conduct risk assessments designed to help identify material cybersecurity risks, quantify the impact and probability of each risk, develop mitigating controls, and periodically reassess previously identified risks.

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Testing—We conduct regular testing of our systems and controls to help identify and address potential vulnerabilities.

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Technical safeguards—We utilize various technical safeguards to help protect our information systems from cybersecurity threats. We regularly review our technical safeguards and update them in accordance with recognized best practices and standards.

•

Business continuity and disaster recovery planning—We maintain business continuity and disaster recovery plans and periodically test those plans.

•

A cybersecurity incident response plan—We maintain a policy governing actions required for reporting and managing cybersecurity incidents. We have designated an Incident Response Team with clearly defined roles and responsibilities for managing all material aspects of our reporting and response plan.

•

Employee training and awareness programs—We provide training to our employees to help identify, avoid, and mitigate cybersecurity threats. Our employees participate in annual training, including insider threat awareness, simulated phishing exercises, and other awareness training.

•

Third-party risk management—We maintain a third-party risk management program that is designed to help identify, assess, manage, mitigate, and respond to risks associated with the Company’s suppliers and other third parties.

We regularly review our information security program and associated policies, making periodic updates as we deem necessary and appropriate in accordance with recognized best practices and standards.

Governance

Our information security program and cyber risk management program is managed and overseen by Jeff Dell, our Chief Information Officer (“CIO”) and a team of information security personnel reporting to the CIO. Our CIO reports directly to the CEO and is responsible for the assessment and management of material risks for cybersecurity threats. Mr. Dell brings over 30 years of experience in information technology and information security, working as an executive within data-driven companies for the last 20 years, including serving as CIO since our formation in August 2017 and continuing through our Spin-off from cogint. Mr. Dell holds a Bachelor of Science in Business from Arizona State University and has earned GCIA, GCWN, GWAPT and CISSP certifications. For additional information regarding Mr. Dell’s business experience, see Part 1, Item 1 Business – Information About Our Executive Officers included in this Annual Report.

Management holds monthly Information Security Management System (ISMS) meetings which include members of the executive management team as well as the CIO and other key individuals reporting to the CIO. Cybersecurity risks, threats, and vulnerabilities, as well as existing mitigating controls, are discussed in ISMS meetings. Our CIO also provides quarterly reports of our information security program, as well as any material cybersecurity risks, to the Board of Directors.

We did not experience a material cybersecurity incident during the year ended December 31, 2024, which has materially affected or is reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. However, the possibility of future cybersecurity incidents, as well as cybersecurity and technology risks more generally, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, cash flows or reputation. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors – Cybersecurity and Technology Risks” for more information.

Item 2. Properties.

Our headquarters are located at 2650 North Military Trail, Suite 300, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, where we lease 21,020 rentable square feet of office space in accordance with an 89-month lease agreement as amended and effective in January 2017. On September 20, 2023, we entered into an amendment to our corporate headquarters lease agreement to exercise an extension option for an additional 60 months through June 30, 2029. Our Seattle office is located at 1111 Third Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, where we lease 6,003 rentable square feet of office space in accordance with a 90-month lease agreement entered into in April 2017, which will expire in March 2025.

On December 20, 2024, we entered into a new non-cancellable 80-month lease agreement for our new Seattle office space of 6,709 rentable square feet, located at 520 Pike Tower, Seattle, Washington 98101, with the lease term preliminarily set to commence on May 1, 2025.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Information with respect to certain legal proceedings is included in Note 13, “Commitments and contingencies,” included in “Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements” contained in Part II, Item 8 of this 2024 Form 10-K, and is incorporated herein by reference. For additional discussion of certain risks associated with legal proceedings, see Item 1A, “Risk Factors” above.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not Applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Our common stock is listed on The NASDAQ Capital Market (“NASDAQ”) under the symbol “RDVT,” and began regular-way trading on March 27, 2018.

On December 3, 2024, we declared the Special Cash Dividend on our common stock of $0.30 per share, payable on or about February 14, 2025, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on January 31, 2025. Except for the above-mentioned Special Cash Dividend, we have not declared or paid other dividends or made any other distributions in respect of our common stock since March 27, 2018. There is no assurance that we will continue to declare or pay cash dividends in the future.

As of February 24, 2025, there were 13,938,623 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. As of February 24, 2025, there were 23 record holders of our common stock.

Recent Sale of Unregistered Securities

None.

Repurchases of Equity Securities

On May 2, 2022, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the repurchase of up to $5.0 million of the Company's common stock, and subsequently on December 19, 2023 and March 28, 2024, the Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of an additional $5.0 million each, bringing the total authorization to $15.0 million (the "Stock Repurchase Program"). The Stock Repurchase Program does not obligate the Company to repurchase any shares and may be modified, suspended, or terminated at any time and for any reason at the discretion of the Board of Directors.

The Company did not repurchase any common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2024 pursuant to the Stock Repurchase Program, and the approximate dollar value of shares that may yet be purchased under the Stock Repurchase Program is approximately $4.6 million.

Shares of common stock withheld as payment of withholding taxes in connection with the vesting of equity awards are also treated as common stock repurchases. Those withheld shares of common stock are not required to be disclosed under Item 703 of Regulation S-K and accordingly are excluded from the amounts mentioned above.

Item 6. [Reserved].

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

You should read the following discussion in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included in this 2024 Form 10-K. This 2024 Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (the “PSLRA”), Section 27A of the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act, about our expectations, beliefs, or intentions regarding our business, financial condition, results of operations, strategies, or prospects. You can identify forward-looking statements by the fact that these statements do not relate strictly to historical or current matters. Rather, forward-looking statements relate to anticipated or expected events, activities, trends, or results as of the date they are made. Because forward-looking statements relate to matters that have not yet occurred, these statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from any future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Many factors could cause our actual activities or results to differ materially from the activities and results anticipated in forward-looking statements. These factors include those contained in Part I, “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this 2024 Form 10-K. We do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements, except as required by law. We intend that all forward-looking statements be subject to the safe harbor provisions of the PSLRA. These forward-looking statements are only predictions and reflect our views as of the date they are made with respect to future events and financial performance.

Overview

Red Violet, Inc., a Delaware corporation, is dedicated to making the world a safer place and reducing the cost of doing business. We build proprietary technologies and apply analytical capabilities to deliver identity intelligence. Our technology powers critical solutions, which empower organizations to operate with confidence. Our solutions enable the real-time identification and location of people, businesses, assets, and their interrelationships. These solutions are used for purposes including identity verification, risk mitigation, due diligence, fraud detection and prevention, regulatory compliance, and customer acquisition. Our AI/ML-driven identity intelligence platform, CORETM, is purpose-built for the enterprise, yet flexible enough for organizations of all sizes, bringing clarity to massive datasets by transforming data into intelligence. We drive workflow efficiency and enable organizations to make better data-driven decisions.

Organizations are challenged by the structure, volume, velocity, and disparity of data. Our platform and applications provide real-time analytics, transforming the way our customers interact with information by presenting connections and relevance of information otherwise unattainable, which drives actionable insights and better outcomes. Leveraging cloud-native proprietary technology and applying machine learning and advanced analytical capabilities, CORE provides essential solutions to public and private sector organizations through intuitive, easy-to-use analytical interfaces. With massive data assets consisting of public record, proprietary, and publicly-available data, our differentiated information and innovative platform and solutions deliver identity intelligence – entities, relationships, affiliations, interactions, and events. Our solutions are used today to enable frictionless commerce, to ensure safety, and to reduce fraud and the concomitant expense borne by society.

While our platform powers a vast array of solutions for our customers, we presently market our solutions primarily through two brands, IDITM and FOREWARN®. IDI is a leading-edge, analytics and information solutions provider delivering actionable intelligence to an expansive and diverse set of industries in support of use cases such as the verification and authentication of consumer identities, due diligence, prevention of fraud and abuse, legislative compliance, and debt recovery. idiCORETM is IDI's flagship product. idiCORE is a next-generation, investigative solution used to address a variety of organizational challenges, including, but not limited to, due diligence, risk mitigation, identity authentication, and regulatory compliance, by financial services companies, insurance companies, healthcare companies, law enforcement and government, identity verification platforms, collections, law firms, retail, telecommunication companies, corporate security, and investigative firms. FOREWARN is an app-based solution currently tailored for the real estate industry, providing instant knowledge prior to face-to-face engagement with a consumer, helping professionals identify and mitigate risk. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, IDI had 8,926 and 7,875 billable customers and FOREWARN had 303,418 and 185,380 users, respectively. We define a billable customer of IDI as a single entity that generated revenue during the last three months of the period. Billable customers are typically corporate organizations. In most cases, corporate organizations will have multiple users and/or departments purchasing our solutions, however, we count the entire organization as a discrete customer. We define a user of FOREWARN as a unique person that has a subscription to use the FOREWARN service as of the last day of the period. A unique person can only have one user account.

We generate substantially all of our revenue from licensing our solutions. Customers access our solutions through a hosted environment using an online interface, batch processing, API, and custom integrations. We recognize revenue from licensing fees (a) on a transactional basis determined by the customer’s usage, (b) via a monthly fee or (c) from a combination of both. Revenue pursuant to pricing contracts containing a monthly fee is recognized ratably over the contract period. Pricing contracts are generally annual contracts or longer, with auto renewal. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, 77% and 79% of total revenue was attributable to customers with pricing contracts, respectively, versus 23% and 21% attributable to transactional customers, respectively.

We endeavor to understand our customers’ needs at the moment of first engagement. We continuously engage with our customers and evaluate their usage of our solutions throughout their life cycle, to maximize utilization of our solutions and, hence, their productivity. Our go-to-market strategy leverages (a) an inside sales team that cultivates relationships, and ultimately closes business, with their end-user markets, (b) a strategic sales team that provides a more personal, face-to-face approach for major accounts within certain industries, and (c) distributors, resellers, and strategic partners that have a significant foothold in many of the industries that we have not historically served, as well as to further penetrate those industries that we do serve. We employ a “land and expand” approach. Our sales model generally begins with a trial followed by an initial purchase on a transactional basis or minimum-committed monthly spend. As organizations derive benefits from our solutions, we are able to expand within organizations as additional use cases are presented across departments, divisions, and geographic locations, and customers become increasingly reliant on our solutions in their daily workflow.

In order for us to continue to develop new products, grow our existing business and expand into additional markets, we must generate and sustain sufficient operating profits and cash flow in future periods. This will require us to generate additional sales from current products and new products currently under development. We continue to build out our sales organization to drive current products and to introduce new products into the marketplace.

Industry Trends and Uncertainties

Operating results are affected by the following factors that impact the data and analytics sector in the United States:

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The macroeconomic conditions, including the availability of affordable credit and capital, interest rates, inflation, employment levels, and consumer confidence, influence our revenue. Macroeconomic conditions also have a direct impact on overall technology, marketing, and advertising expenditures in the U.S. As marketing budgets are often more discretionary in nature, they are easier to reduce in the short term as compared to other corporate expenses. Future widespread economic slowdowns in any of the industries or markets our customers serve could reduce the technology and marketing expenditures of our customers and prospective customers.

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Our revenue is also significantly influenced by industry trends, including the demand for business analytics services in the industries we serve. Companies are increasingly relying on business analytics and related technologies to help process data in a cost-efficient manner. As customers have gained the ability to rapidly aggregate data generated by their own activities, they are increasingly expecting access to real-time data and analytics from their service providers as well as solutions that fully integrate into their workflows. The increasing number and complexity of regulations centered around data and provision of information services makes operations for businesses in the data and analytic sector more challenging.

•

The enactment of new or amended legislation or industry regulations pertaining to consumer or private sector privacy issues could have a material adverse impact on information and marketing services. Legislation or industry regulations regarding consumer or private sector privacy issues could place restrictions upon the collection, sharing, and use of information that is currently legally available, which could materially increase our cost of collecting and maintaining some data. These types of legislation or industry regulations could also prohibit us from collecting or disseminating certain types of data, which could adversely affect our ability to meet our customers’ requirements and our profitability and cash flow targets.

Company Specific Trends and Uncertainties

Our operating results are also directly affected by company-specific factors, including the following:

•

Some of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical, sales and marketing resources, better name recognition, and a larger customer base. Even if we introduce advanced products that meet evolving customer requirements in a timely manner, there can be no assurance that our new products will gain market acceptance.

•

Certain companies in the data and analytics sector have expanded their product lines or technologies in recent years as a result of increased investment and acquisitions. We anticipate increased competition from data and analytics suppliers. Increased competition in the data and analytics sector could result in significant price competition, reduced profit margins or loss of market share, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. There can be no assurance that we will be able to compete successfully in the future with current or new competitors.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with US GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to the revenue recognition, allowance for doubtful accounts, useful lives of intangible assets, recoverability of the carrying amounts of goodwill and intangible assets, share-based compensation, and income tax provision. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

We believe the following critical accounting policies govern our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue recognition

We recognize revenue in accordance with ASC 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers” (“Topic 606”). Under this standard, revenue is recognized when control of goods or services is transferred to the Company’s customers, in an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services. Our performance obligation is to provide on demand information and identity intelligence solutions to our customers by leveraging our proprietary technology and applying machine learning and advanced analytics to our massive data repository. The pricing for the customer contracts is based on usage, a monthly fee, or a combination of both.

Revenue is generally recognized on (a) a transactional basis determined by the customers’ usage, (b) a monthly fee, or (c) a combination of both. Revenue pursuant to transactions determined by the customers’ usage is recognized when the transaction is complete, and either party may terminate the transactional agreement at any time. Revenue pursuant to contracts containing a monthly fee is considered to be a single performance obligation consisting of a series of distinct services, and is recognized ratably over the contract period, which is generally 12 months, and the contract shall automatically renew for additional, successive 12-month terms unless written notice of intent not to renew is provided by one party to the other at least 30 days or 60 days prior to the expiration of the then current term. Variable fees are allocated to each distinct month in the series for which they are earned. Our revenue is recorded net of applicable sales taxes billed to customers.

Available within Topic 606, we have applied the portfolio approach practical expedient in accounting for customer revenue as one collective group, rather than individual contracts. Based on our historical knowledge of the contracts contained in this portfolio and the similar nature and characteristics of the customers, we have concluded the financial statement effects are not materially different than if accounting for revenue on a contract by contract basis.

Revenue is recognized over a period of time. Our customers simultaneously receive and consume the benefits provided by our performance as and when provided. Furthermore, we have elected the “right to invoice” practical expedient, available within Topic 606, as our measure of progress, since we have a right to payment from a customer in an amount that corresponds directly with the value of our performance completed-to-date. In some arrangements, a right to consideration for our performance under the customer contract may occur before invoicing to the customer, resulting in an unbilled accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2024, the current and noncurrent portion unbilled accounts receivable of $0.9 million and $1.1 million, respectively, were included within accounts receivable and other noncurrent assets, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets. As of December 31, 2023, the current and noncurrent portion unbilled accounts receivable of $0.8 and $0.4, respectively, were included within accounts receivable and other noncurrent assets, respectively, on the consolidated balance sheets. Our revenue arrangements do not contain significant financing components.

For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, 77% and 79% of total revenue was attributable to customers with pricing contracts, respectively, versus 23% and 21% attributable to transactional customers, respectively. Pricing contracts are generally annual contracts or longer, with auto renewal.

If a customer pays consideration before we transfer services to the customer, those amounts are classified as deferred revenue. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the balance of deferred revenue was $0.7 million, all of which is expected to be realized in the next 12 months. In relation to the deferred revenue balance as of December 31, 2023, $0.7 million was recognized into revenue during the year ended December 31, 2024.

As of December 31, 2024, $22.3 million of revenue is expected to be recognized in the future for performance obligations that are unsatisfied or partially unsatisfied, related to pricing contracts that have a term of more than 12 months, of which $11.3 million of revenue will be recognized in 2025, $6.5 million in 2026, $3.8 million in 2027, $0.6 million in 2028, and $0.1 million in 2029. The actual timing of recognition may vary due to factors outside of our control. We exclude variable consideration related entirely to wholly unsatisfied performance obligations and contracts and recognizes such variable consideration based upon the right to invoice the customer.

Sales commissions are incurred and recorded on an ongoing basis over the term of the customer relationship. These costs are recorded in sales and marketing expenses.

In addition, we elected the practical expedient to not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less and (ii) contracts for which we recognize revenue at the amount to which we have the right to invoice for services performed.

Allowances for doubtful accounts

We maintain allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. Management determines whether an allowance needs to be provided for an amount due from a customer depending on the aging of the individual receivable balance, recent payment history, contractual terms and other qualitative factors such as status of business relationship with the customer. Historically, our estimates for doubtful accounts have not differed materially from actual results. The amount of the allowance for doubtful accounts was $0.2 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, which was included within accounts receivable, net, in the consolidated balance sheets.

Income taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes,” which requires the use of the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the asset and liability method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are computed based upon the difference between the financial statement and income tax basis of assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rate applicable when the related asset or liability is expected to be realized or settled. Deferred income tax expenses or benefits are based on the changes in the asset or liability each period. If available evidence suggests that it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized, a valuation allowance is required to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. Prior to the third quarter of 2023, primarily due to cumulative pre-tax losses, management determined a full valuation allowance was necessary to reduce the deferred tax assets to the amount that is more likely than not to be realized. During the third quarter of 2023, we released the valuation allowance previously recorded on our deferred tax assets. We concluded that, due to our established historical cumulative positive income before income taxes plus permanent differences for the recent years, projections of future taxable income, and the reversal of taxable temporary differences, the realization of the deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 is more likely than not.

ASC 740 clarifies the accounting for uncertain tax positions. This interpretation requires that an entity recognizes in the consolidated financial statements the impact of a tax position, if that position is more likely than not of being sustained upon examination, based on the technical merits of the position. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. The Company’s accounting policy is to accrue interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, if and when required, as interest expense and a component of other expenses, respectively, in the consolidated statements of operations.

Intangible assets other than goodwill

Our intangible assets are initially recorded at the capitalized actual costs incurred, their acquisition cost, or fair value if acquired as part of a business combination, and amortized on a straight-line basis over their respective estimated useful lives, which are the periods over which the assets are expected to contribute directly or indirectly to the future cash flows of the Company. The Company’s intangible assets represent software developed for internal use. Intangible assets have estimated useful lives of 5-10 years.

In accordance with ASC 350-40, “Software—internal use software,” we capitalize eligible costs, including personnel-related expenses, share-based compensation, and travel expenses incurred by relevant employees, and other relevant costs of developing internal-use software that are incurred in the application development stage when developing or obtaining software for internal use. Once the software developed for internal use is ready for its intended use, it is amortized on a straight-line basis over its useful life.

Goodwill

In accordance with ASC 350, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other,” goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment, or when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable, by assessing qualitative factors or performing a quantitative analysis in determining whether it is more likely than not that its fair value exceeds the carrying value. A quantitative assessment involves determining the fair value of each reporting unit using market participant assumptions. An entity should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value up to the amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. We have assessed that we have one operating segment and one reporting unit, and the consolidated net assets, including existing goodwill and other intangible assets, are considered to be the carrying value of the reporting unit.

On October 1, 2024 and 2023, we performed qualitative assessments on the reporting unit and, based on this assessment, no events have occurred to indicate that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carry amount. We did not record a goodwill impairment loss during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and as of December 31, 2024, there was no accumulated goodwill impairment loss.

For purposes of reviewing impairment and the recoverability of goodwill, we must make various assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and other factors in determining the fair value of the reporting unit, including market multiples, discount rates, etc.

Impairment of long-lived assets

Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their respective useful lives and, along with other long-lived assets, are evaluated for impairment periodically whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their related carrying amounts may not be recoverable in accordance with ASC 360-10-15, “Impairment or Disposal of Long-Lived Assets.” In evaluating long-lived assets for recoverability, including finite-lived intangibles and property and equipment, the Company uses its best estimate of future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset and eventual disposition in accordance with ASC 360-10-15. To the extent that estimated future undiscounted cash inflows attributable to the asset, less estimated future undiscounted cash outflows, are less than the carrying amount, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to the difference between the carrying value of such asset and its fair value. Assets to be disposed of and for which there is a committed plan of disposal, whether through sale or abandonment, are reported at the lower of carrying value or fair value less costs to sell.

Asset recoverability is an area involving management judgment, requiring assessment as to whether the carrying value of assets can be supported by the undiscounted future cash flows. In calculating the future cash flows, certain assumptions are required to be made in respect of highly uncertain matters such as revenue growth rates, gross margin percentages and terminal growth rates.

We did not record an impairment loss of long-lived assets during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Share-based compensation

We account for share-based compensation to employees in accordance with ASC 718, “Compensation—Stock Compensation.” Under ASC 718, we measure the cost of employee services received in exchange for an award of equity instruments based on the grant-date fair value of the award and, for those awards subject only to service condition, recognizes the costs on a straight-line basis over the period the employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award, which generally is the vesting period. For awards with performance and service conditions, we begin recording share-based compensation when achieving the performance criteria is probable and we recognize the costs using the accelerated attribution method. We account for forfeitures as they occur.

We have issued share-based awards with performance-based vesting criteria. Achievement of the milestones must be probable before we begin recording share-based compensation expense. When the performance-based vesting criteria is considered probable, we begin to recognize compensation expense at that time. In the period that achievement of the performance-based criteria is deemed probable, US GAAP requires the immediate recognition of all previously unrecognized compensation since the original grant date. As a result, compensation expense recorded in the period that achievement is deemed probable could include a substantial amount of previously unrecorded compensation expense related to the prior periods. For any share-based awards where performance-based vesting criteria is no longer considered probable, previously recognized compensation cost would be reversed. As of December 31, 2024, no amortization of share-based compensation expense has been recognized for 95,000 RSUs subject to Criteria Four, as defined in Note 10, “Share-based compensation,” included in “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements,” because the Company determined that it is not probable that related performance criteria will be met.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

See Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data – Note 2. Summary of significant accounting policies - (r) Recently issued accounting standards.”

Fourth Quarter Financial Results

For the three months ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the three months ended December 31, 2023:

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Total revenue increased 30% to $19.6 million.

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Gross profit increased 43% to $13.7 million. Gross margin increased to 70% from 64%.

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Adjusted gross profit increased 37% to $16.1 million. Adjusted gross margin increased to 82% from 78%.

•

Net income was $0.9 million compared to a net loss of $1.1 million, which resulted in earnings of $0.06 per basic and diluted share. Net income margin was 4% compared to a net loss margin of 7%.

•

Adjusted EBITDA increased 68% to $4.5 million. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased to 23% from 18%.

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Adjusted net income increased 390% to $1.3 million, which resulted in adjusted earnings of $0.10 and $0.09 per basic and diluted share, respectively.

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Cash from operating activities increased 59% to $6.7 million.

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Cash and cash equivalents were $36.5 million as of December 31, 2024.

Full Year Financial Results

For the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023:

•

Total revenue increased 25% to $75.2 million.

•

Gross profit increased 33% to $51.8 million. Gross margin increased to 69% from 65%.

•

Adjusted gross profit increased 30% to $61.2 million. Adjusted gross margin increased to 81% from 78%.

•

Net income was $7.0 million compared to $13.5 million (inclusive of a one-time deferred income tax benefit of $10.3 million in 2023), which resulted in earnings of $0.51 and $0.50 per basic and diluted share, respectively. Net income margin decreased to 9% from 22%.

•

Adjusted EBITDA increased 44% to $23.6 million. Adjusted EBITDA margin increased to 31% from 27%.

•

Adjusted net income increased 42% to $11.5 million, which resulted in adjusted earnings of $0.83 and $0.82 per basic and diluted share, respectively.

•

Cash from operating activities increased 59% to $24.0 million.

Use and Reconciliation of Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Management evaluates the financial performance of our business on a variety of key indicators, including non-GAAP metrics of adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per share, adjusted gross profit, adjusted gross margin, and free cash flow ("FCF"). Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure equal to net income (loss), the most directly comparable financial measure based on US GAAP, excluding interest income, income tax (benefit) expense, depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation expense, litigation costs, and write-off of long-lived assets and others. We define adjusted EBITDA margin as adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue. Adjusted net income is a non-GAAP financial measure equal to net income (loss), the most directly comparable financial measure based on US GAAP, excluding share-based compensation expense, amortization of share-based compensation capitalized in intangible assets, and discrete tax items, and including the tax effect of adjustments. We define adjusted earnings per share as adjusted net income divided by the weighted average shares outstanding. We define adjusted gross profit as revenue less cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization), and adjusted gross margin as adjusted gross profit as a percentage of revenue. We define FCF as net cash provided by operating activities reduced by purchase of property and equipment and capitalized costs included in intangible assets.

The following is a reconciliation of net income (loss), the most directly comparable US GAAP financial measure, to adjusted EBITDA:

Three Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31,

Write-off of long-lived assets and others 3 19 92 77

Net income (loss) margin 4 % (7 %) 9 % 22 %

Adjusted EBITDA margin 23 % 18 % 31 % 27 %

The following is a reconciliation of net income (loss), the most directly comparable US GAAP financial measure, to adjusted net income:

Three Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31,

Discrete tax items(1) - - - (10,272 )

Earnings per share:

Adjusted earnings per share:

Weighted average shares outstanding:

(1) During the three months ended September 30, 2023, a one-time income tax benefit of $10.3 million was recognized as a result of the release of the valuation allowance previously recorded on our deferred tax asset and cumulative research and development tax credit, which were excluded to calculate the adjusted net income.

(2) The tax effect of adjustments is calculated using the expected federal and state statutory tax rate. The expected federal and state income tax rate was approximately 26.00% for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2024, and 25.75% for the three and twelve months ended December 31, 2023.

(3) For the three months ended December 31, 2023, diluted weighted average shares outstanding for adjusted diluted earnings per share are calculated by the inclusion of unvested RSUs, which were not included in US GAAP diluted weighted average shares outstanding due to the Company's net loss position for such period.

The following is a reconciliation of gross profit, the most directly comparable US GAAP financial measure, to adjusted gross profit:

Three Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31,

Adjusted gross margin 82 % 78 % 81 % 78 %

The following is a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable US GAAP measure, to FCF:

Three Months Ended December 31, Year Ended December 31,

Less:

Purchase of property and equipment (17 ) (24 ) (169 ) (122 )

In order to assist readers of our consolidated financial statements in understanding the operating results that management uses to evaluate the business and for financial planning purposes, we present non-GAAP measures of adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per share, adjusted gross profit, adjusted gross margin, and FCF as supplemental measures of our operating performance. We believe they provide useful information to our investors as they eliminate the impact of certain items that we do not consider indicative of our cash operations and ongoing operating performance. In addition, we use them as an integral part of our internal reporting to measure the performance and operating strength of our business.

We believe adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per share, adjusted gross profit, adjusted gross margin, and FCF are relevant and provide useful information frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in their evaluation of the operating performance of companies similar to ours and are indicators of the operational strength of our business. We believe adjusted EBITDA eliminates the uneven effect of considerable amounts of non-cash depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation expense, and the impact of other non-recurring items, providing useful comparisons versus prior periods or forecasts. Adjusted EBITDA margin is calculated as adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue. We believe adjusted net income provides additional means of evaluating period-over-period operating performance by eliminating certain non-cash expenses and other items that might otherwise make comparisons of our ongoing business with prior periods more difficult and obscure trends in ongoing operations. Adjusted net income is a non-GAAP financial measure equal to net income (loss), excluding share-based compensation expense, amortization of share-based compensation capitalized in intangible assets, and discrete tax items, and including the tax effect of adjustments. We define adjusted earnings per share as adjusted net income divided by the weighted average shares outstanding. Our adjusted gross profit is a measure used by management in evaluating the business’s current operating performance by excluding the impact of prior historical costs of assets that are expensed systematically and allocated over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which may not be indicative of the current operating activity. Our adjusted gross profit is calculated by using revenue, less cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization). We believe adjusted gross profit provides useful information to our investors by eliminating the impact of non-cash depreciation and amortization, and specifically the amortization of software developed for internal use, providing a baseline of our core operating results that allow for analyzing trends in our underlying business consistently over multiple periods. Adjusted gross margin is calculated as adjusted gross profit as a percentage of revenue. We believe FCF is an important liquidity measure of the cash that is available, after capital expenditures, for operational expenses and investment in our business. FCF is a measure used by management to understand and evaluate the business’s operating performance and trends over time. FCF is calculated by using net cash provided by operating activities, less purchase of property and equipment and capitalized costs included in intangible assets.

Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per share, adjusted gross profit, adjusted gross margin, and FCF are not intended to be performance measures that should be regarded as an alternative to, or more meaningful than, financial measures presented in accordance with US GAAP. In addition, FCF is not intended to represent our residual cash flow available for discretionary expenses and is not necessarily a measure of our ability to fund our cash needs. The way we measure adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per share, adjusted gross profit, adjusted gross margin, and FCF may not be comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies, and may not be identical to corresponding measures used in our various agreements.

Quarterly Financial Data (unaudited)

The following tables set forth the Company's unaudited quarterly consolidated statements of operations data and reconciliations of certain directly comparable US GAAP financial measures to non-GAAP financial measures, including adjusted EBITDA, adjusted EBITDA margin, adjusted net income, adjusted earnings per share, adjusted gross profit, adjusted gross margin, and FCF for each of the eight quarters in the two-year period ended December 31, 2024. The Company has prepared the quarterly unaudited consolidated statements of operations data on a basis consistent with the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this 2024 Form 10-K. In the opinion of management, the financial information in these tables reflects all adjustments, consisting only of normal recurring adjustments, which management considers necessary for a fair presentation of this data. This information should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this 2024 Form 10-K. The results of historical periods are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future period.

Three Months Ended

Costs and expenses:

Earnings (loss) per share:

Weighted average shares outstanding:

Three Months Ended

Write-off of long-lived assets and others 2 - 56 19 7 - 82 3

Net income (loss) margin 5 % 9 % 79 % (7 %) 10 % 14 % 9 % 4 %

Three Months Ended

Discrete tax items - - (10,272 ) - - - - -

Earnings (loss) per share:

Adjusted earnings per share:

Weighted average shares outstanding:

Three Months Ended

Less:

Results of Operations

Year ended December 31, 2024 compared to year ended December 31, 2023

Revenue. Revenue increased $15.0 million or 25% to $75.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $60.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Revenue from new customers increased $1.0 million or 18%, base revenue from existing customers increased $11.6 million or 25%, and growth revenue from existing customers increased $2.4 million or 33%. Our IDI billable customer base grew from 7,875 customers as of December 31, 2023 to 8,926 customers as of December 31, 2024, and our FOREWARN user base grew from 185,380 users to 303,418 users during that same period. Revenue from new customers represents the total monthly revenue generated from new customers in a given period. A customer is defined as a new customer during the first six months of revenue generation. Base revenue from existing customers represents the total monthly revenue generated from existing customers in a given period that does not exceed the customers' trailing six-month average revenue. A customer is defined as an existing customer six months after their initial month of revenue. Growth revenue from existing customers represents the total monthly revenue generated from existing customers in a given period in excess of the customers' trailing six-month average revenue.

Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization). Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) increased $0.9 million or 7% to $14.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $13.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Our cost of revenue primarily includes data acquisition costs. Data acquisition costs consist primarily of the costs to acquire data either on a transactional basis or through flat-fee data licensing agreements, including unlimited usage agreements. We continue to enhance the breadth and depth of our data through the addition and expansion of relationships with key data suppliers, including our largest data supplier, which accounted for 45% and 48% of our total data acquisition costs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Other cost of revenue items include expenses related to third-party infrastructure fees.

As the construct of our data costs is primarily a flat-fee, unlimited usage model, the cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue decreased to 19% for the year ended December 31, 2024 from 22% for the year ended December 31, 2023. We expect that cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue will continue to decrease over the coming years as our revenue increases. Historically, at scale, the industry business model’s cost of revenue will trend between 15% and 30% as a percentage of revenue.

Sales and marketing expenses. Sales and marketing expenses increased $4.0 million or 29% to $17.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $13.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Sales and marketing expenses consist of personnel-related expenses, advertising, marketing and agency expenses, travel expenses, and share-based compensation expense, incurred by our sales team, and provision for bad debts. The increase during the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to an increase of $4.1 million in personnel-related expenses, $0.3 million in advertising, marketing and agency expenses, and $0.2 million in share-based compensation expense, which was partially offset by the decrease of $0.7 million in provision for bad debts.

General and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses increased $3.5 million or 15% to $25.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $22.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our general and administrative expenses consisted primarily of personnel-related expenses of $13.8 million and $11.8 million, share-based compensation expense of $5.3 million and $4.9 million, and professional fees of $4.2 million and $3.2 million, respectively.

Depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization expenses increased $1.2 million or 14% to $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in depreciation and amortization for the year ended December 31, 2024 resulted primarily from the amortization of software developed for internal use that became ready for its intended use after December 31, 2023.

Interest income, net. Interest income increased $0.1 million or 5% to $1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This was primarily due to interest income earned on investments in certain money market funds.

Income before income taxes. Income before income taxes increased $5.5 million or 143% to $9.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $3.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to the increase in revenue, decrease in our cost of revenue as a percentage of revenue, and decrease in provision for bad debts of $0.7 million, which was partially offset by the increase in personnel-related expenses of $6.1 million, share-based compensation expense of $0.6 million, professional fees of $1.0 million, and depreciation and amortization of $1.2 million.

Income tax expense (benefit). Income tax expense of $2.3 million was recognized for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to income tax benefit of $9.7 million, inclusive of a one-time deferred income tax benefit as a result of the release of the valuation allowance previously recorded on deferred tax asset and the cumulative research and development tax credit, for the year ended December 31, 2023. Beginning from the third quarter of 2023, the Company released the valuation allowance previously recorded against its deferred tax assets as the Company concluded that the realization of the deferred tax assets is more likely than not. See Note 8, “Income Taxes,” included in “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.”

Net income. Net income was $7.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $13.5 million (inclusive of a one-time deferred income tax benefit of $10.3 million) for the year ended December 31, 2023, as a result of the foregoing.

Effect of Inflation

We believe the persistent inflationary pressure throughout 2024 and 2023 has contributed to deteriorating macroeconomic conditions and increased recession fears, causing businesses to slow their spending, which have resulted in, and may continue to result, in fluctuations in volumes, pricing, and operating margins for our services. Also, higher interest rates imposed to combat inflation, may reduce the demand for credit, which may lead to a decline in the volume of services we provide to our customers in the banking or financial industry, or other industries that are affected by these types of disruptions. However, the rates of inflation experienced in recent years have had no material impact on our financial statements as we have attempted to recover increased costs by increasing prices for our services, to the extent permitted by contracts and competition.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash flows provided by operating activities. For the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash provided by operating activities was $24.0 million, primarily the result of the net income of $7.0 million, adjusted for certain non-cash items (consisting of share-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, write-off of long-lived assets, provision for bad debts, noncash lease expenses, and deferred income tax expense (benefit)) totaling $18.5 million, and the cash used as a result of changes in assets and liabilities of $1.5 million, primarily the result of the increase in accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other current assets, and other noncurrent assets, and the decrease in operating lease liabilities, which was partially offset by the increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other current liabilities. For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was $15.1 million, primarily the result of the net income of $13.5 million, adjusted for certain non-cash items, as mentioned above, totaling $5.6 million, and the cash used as a result of changes in assets and liabilities of $4.1 million, primarily the result of the increase in accounts receivable and prepaid expenses and other current assets, and the decrease in accounts payable and operating lease liabilities.

Cash flows used in investing activities. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $9.6 million and $9.1 million, respectively, primarily as a result of capitalized costs included in intangible assets.

Cash flows used in financing activities. For the year ended December 31, 2024, net cash used in financing activities was $9.9 million, resulting from the taxes paid related to the net share settlement of vesting of RSUs of $4.1 million, and the result of $5.9 million paid in aggregate for the repurchase of common stock pursuant to a stock repurchase program that the Board of Directors authorized on May 2, 2022 (the "Stock Repurchase Program"), authorizing the repurchase of up to $5.0 million of our common stock. Subsequently on each of December 19, 2023 and March 28, 2024, the Board of Directors approved the repurchases of an additional $5.0 million of our common stock under the Stock Repurchase Program. For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used in financing activities was $5.7 million, the result of $2.0 million in taxes paid related to the net share settlement of vesting of RSUs, and $3.7 million paid in aggregate for the repurchase of common stock pursuant to the Stock Repurchase Program.

As of December 31, 2024, we had material commitments under certain data licensing agreements of $13.7 million. We anticipate funding our operations using available cash and cash flow generated from operations within the next twelve months.

We reported net income of $7.0 million and $13.5 million (inclusive of a one-time deferred income tax benefit of $10.3 million as a result of the release of valuation allowance previously recorded against our deferred tax assets and the cumulative research and development tax credit) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had a total shareholders’ equity balance of $86.6 million.

As of December 31, 2024, we had cash and cash equivalents of $36.5 million. Based on projections of growth in revenue and operating results in the next twelve months, and the available cash and cash equivalents held by us, we believe that we will have sufficient cash resources to finance our operations and expected capital expenditures for the next twelve months.

Subject to revenue growth and our ability to generate positive cash flow, we may have to raise capital through the issuance of additional equity and/or debt, which, if we are able to obtain, could have the effect of diluting stockholders. Any equity or debt financings, if available at all, may be on terms which are not favorable to us.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any outstanding off-balance sheet guarantees, interest rate swap transactions or foreign currency forward contracts. In addition, we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts. In our ongoing business, we do not enter into transactions involving, or otherwise form relationships with, unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships that are established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This 2024 Form 10-K contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the PSLRA, Section 27A of the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Such forward-looking statements contain information about our expectations, beliefs or intentions regarding our product development and commercialization efforts, business, financial condition, results of operations, strategies or prospects. You can identify forward-looking statements by the fact that these statements do not relate strictly to historical or current matters. Rather, forward-looking statements relate to anticipated or expected events, activities, trends or results as of the date they are made. Because forward-looking statements relate to matters that have not yet occurred, these statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from any future results expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

Many factors could cause our actual activities or results to differ materially from the activities and results anticipated in forward-looking statements. These factors include the following:

•

If we fail to respond to rapid technological changes in the data and analytics sector, we may lose customers and/or our products and/or services may become obsolete.

•

If we fail to maintain and improve our systems, our certifications, our technology, and our interfaces with data and customers, demand for our services could be adversely affected.

•

Issues in the development and use of artificial intelligence may result in reputational harm, liability, or other adverse consequences to our business.

•

Our future operating results remain uncertain.

•

If we consummate any future acquisitions, we will be subject to the risks inherent in identifying, acquiring, and operating a newly acquired business.

•

Our relationships with key customers may be materially diminished or terminated, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

•

If we lose the services of key personnel, it could adversely affect our business.

•

We could lose our access to data sources which could prevent us from providing our services.

•

We must adequately protect our intellectual property in order to prevent loss of valuable proprietary information.

•

We face intense competition from both start-up and established companies that may have significant advantages over us and our products.

•

There may be further consolidation in our end-customer markets, which may adversely affect our revenue.

•

To the extent the availability of free or relatively inexpensive consumer and/or business information increases, the demand for some of our services may decrease.

•

If our newer products do not achieve market acceptance, revenue growth may suffer.

•

Our products and services can have long sales and implementation cycles, which may result in substantial expenses before realizing any associated revenue.

•

If our outside service providers and key vendors are not able to or do not fulfill their service obligations, our operations could be disrupted and our operating results could be harmed.

•

Consolidation in the data and analytics sector may limit market acceptance of our products and services.

•

We may incur substantial expenses defending against claims of infringement.

•

Environmental issues, including any future reporting obligations in connection with environmental issues, may adversely impact our business and operations.

•

Our stock price has been and may continue to be volatile, and the value of an investment in our common stock may decline.

•

Future issuances of shares of our common stock in connection with acquisitions or pursuant to our stock incentive plan could have a dilutive effect on your investment.

•

The concentration of our stock ownership may limit individual stockholder ability to influence corporate matters.

•

There is no assurance that we will continue to declare or pay dividends on our common stock in the future.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

As a smaller reporting company as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act, we are not required to include information otherwise required by this item.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Our Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes thereto, together with the report thereon of our independent registered public accounting firm are filed as part of this report, beginning on page F-1.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d–15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2024. We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Based on the evaluation of disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act), the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) for the Company. Management, under the supervision of and with the participation of the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an assessment of the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (the "COSO") of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Management concluded that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) was effective as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There were no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with management's evaluation pursuant to Rules 13a-15(d) or 15d-15(d) of the Exchange Act during the last fiscal quarter of 2024 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls and Procedures and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives. In addition, the design of disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints and that management is required to apply judgment in evaluating the benefits of possible controls and procedures relative to their costs.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

No officers or directors had any contract, instruction, or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” in effect at any time during the quarter or year ended December 31, 2024.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The information required by this item (other than certain information required by Item 401 of Regulation S-K with respect to our executive officers, which is provided under Item 1, “Business” of Part I of this 2024 Form 10-K) is incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2024.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the definitive proxy statement for our 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be filed with the SEC within 120 days of December 31, 2024.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

(a) List of documents filed as part of this report:

1. Financial Statements: The information required by this item is contained in Item 8 of this 2024 Form 10-K.

2. Financial Statement Schedules: The information required by this item is included in the consolidated financial statements contained in Item 8 of this 2024 Form 10-K.

3. Exhibits: The following exhibits are filed as part of, or incorporated by reference into, this 2024 Form 10-K.

Incorporated by Reference Filed

Exhibit No. Exhibit Description Form File No. Exhibit Filing Date Herewith

19.1** Insider Trading Policy. X

21.1 Subsidiaries of Red Violet, Inc. X

23.1 Consent of Grant Thornton LLP. X

+ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

* This certification is deemed furnished and not filed for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, or otherwise subject to the liability of that section, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference into any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

** Certain portions of this exhibit (indicated by “####”) have been redacted pursuant to Regulation S-K, Item 601(a)(6).

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

Registrants may voluntarily include a summary of information required by Form 10-K under this Item 16. The Company has elected not to include such summary information.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

February 27, 2025 RED VIOLET, INC.

By: /s/ Derek Dubner

Derek Dubner

Chief Executive Officer

By: /s/ Daniel MacLachlan

Daniel MacLachlan

Chief Financial Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature Title Date

/s/ Derek Dubner Chief Executive Officer and Chairman February 27, 2025

Derek Dubner (Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Daniel MacLachlan Chief Financial Officer February 27, 2025

Daniel MacLachlan (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

/s/ Peter Benz Director February 27, 2025

Peter Benz

/s/ Steven D. Rubin Director February 27, 2025

Steven D. Rubin

/s/ Lisa Stanton Director February 27, 2025

Lisa Stanton

/s/ William Livek Director February 27, 2025

William Livek

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Index to Financial Statements

Page

Consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 F-3

Notes to consolidated financial statements F-7

F-1

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Shareholders

Red Violet, Inc.

Opinion on the financial statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Red Violet, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical audit matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2017.

Fort Lauderdale, Florida

February 27, 2025

F-2

RED VIOLET, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

ASSETS:

Current assets:

Prepaid expenses and other current assets 1,627 1,113

Property and equipment, net 545 592

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:

Current liabilities:

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 2,881 1,989

Current portion of operating lease liabilities 406 569

Dividend payable 4,181 -

Noncurrent operating lease liabilities 1,592 1,999

Shareholders' equity:

Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 98,531 $ 92,990

See notes to consolidated financial statements

F-3

RED VIOLET, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Amounts in thousands, except share data)

Year Ended December 31,

Costs and expenses:

Cost of revenue (exclusive of depreciation and amortization) 13,997 13,069

Depreciation and amortization 9,562 8,352

Income tax expense (benefit) 2,317 (9,691 )

Earnings per share:

Weighted average shares outstanding:

See notes to consolidated financial statements

F-4

RDVT US Equity

RDVT · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Item 2. Properties.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Item 6. [Reserved].

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

RDVT US Equity☆

RDVT · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Item 2. Properties.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Item 6. [Reserved].

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Item 9B. Other Information.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

RDVT US Equity