PKOH US Equity☆

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Our consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and its subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

General

We are a diversified international company providing world-class customers with a supply chain management outsourcing service, capital equipment used on their production lines, and manufactured components used to assemble their products. We operate through three reportable segments: Supply Technologies, Assembly Components and Engineered Products. Refer to Part 1, Item 1. Business for descriptions of our business segments.

Sale of Aluminum Products

On December 29, 2023, the Company completed the sale of its Aluminum Products business to Angstrom Automotive Group (“Angstrom”) for up to $50.5 million in cash and promissory notes, plus the assumption of approximately $3 million of finance lease obligations. The total purchase price consisted of a cash down payment of $20.0 million paid to the Company in December 2022; cash of $15.5 million paid to the Company at closing; and promissory notes totaling $15.0 million payable to the Company on December 31, 2024, of which $10.0 million is contingent on the Aluminum Products business attaining certain purchase commitments during 2024.

Subsequent Events

On January 26, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.125 per common share. The dividend was paid on February 23, 2024, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on February 9, 2024 and resulted in cash payments of $1.6 million.

Effective February 29, 2024, the Company acquired all of the outstanding shares of EMA Indutec GmbH (“EMA”), headquartered in Meckesheim, Germany, from the Aichelin Group, headquartered in Modling, Austria. EMA, a leading manufacturer of induction heating equipment and converters, operates through its two locations in Meckesheim, Germany and Beijing, China. The acquisition strengthens our global induction heating expertise throughout Europe and expands our portfolio of induction equipment brands and our aftermarket service capabilities. The cash purchase price for the acquisition was approximately $14 million.

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RESULTS FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS

This section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022. Discussions of 2021 items and year-over-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021 that are not included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K can be found in "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations" in Part II, Item 7 of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022. The amounts below exclude discontinued operations.

2023 Compared with 2022 and 2022 Compared with 2021

(Dollars in millions, except per share data)

SG&A expenses as a percentage of net sales 10.9 % 10.9 % 12.2 %

Gains on sales of assets, net (0.8) (2.4) (14.7) 1.6 * 12.3 *

Income tax (expense) benefit (8.5) 0.7 1.0 (9.2) * (0.3) 30 %

Basic:

Diluted:

* Calculation not meaningful

2023 Compared with 2022

Net Sales

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Net sales increased 11% to $1,659.7 million in 2023 compared to $1,492.9 million in 2022. This increase was primarily due to higher customer demand in all three of our business segments and increased product pricing.

The factors explaining the changes in segment net sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022 are contained in the “Segment Results” section below.

Cost of Sales and Gross Margin

Cost of sales increased 8% to $1,388.3 million in 2023 compared to $1,282.4 million in 2022. The increase in cost of sales was due to the increase in net sales described above. Gross margin was 16.4% in 2023 compared to 14.1% in 2022, driven by profit flow-through from the higher sales levels and the impact of our profit-enhancement initiatives, including increased product pricing.

SG&A Expenses

SG&A expenses increased to $181.5 million, or 10.9% of net sales, in 2023 from $162.2 million, or 10.9% of net sales, in 2022. The SG&A expense increase was driven by higher selling expenses as a result of higher sales levels; higher costs due to ongoing inflation; and higher employee costs. As a percentage of net sales, SG&A expenses were comparable year-over-year.

Restructuring and other special charges

During 2023, the Company recorded restructuring and other special charges of $6.6 million compared to $17.3 million in 2022. The charges in both periods relate primarily to plant closure and consolidation activities, including severance, and other initiatives in the Company’s Assembly Components and Engineered Products segments.

Gains on Sales of Assets, net

During 2023, in connection with the plant closure and consolidation initiatives, the Company sold real estate within its Engineered Products segment for cash proceeds of $1.4 million, resulting in a gain of $0.8 million. The Company also sold other real estate for cash proceeds of $0.6 million. The total net gain of $0.8 million was recorded on a separate line in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and excluded from segment income.

During 2022, in connection with its plant closure and consolidation initiatives, the Company sold assets within its Supply Technologies segment for cash proceeds of $1.5 million, resulting in a loss of $3.4 million; within its Assembly Components segment for cash proceeds of $4.4 million, resulting in a gain of $3.3 million; and within its Engineered Products segment for cash proceeds of $3.6 million, resulting in a gain of $2.5 million.The total net gain of $2.4 million was recorded on a separate line in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and excluded from segment income.

Other Components of Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits (“OPEB”)income, Net

Other components of pension and OPEB income, net was $2.5 million in 2023 compared to $11.1 million in 2022. The decrease in 2023 was due to lower returns on plan assets impacting 2023 compared to 2022.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net increased to $45.1 million in 2023 compared to $33.8 million in 2022. The increase was due to higher average interest rates and higher average outstanding borrowings in 2023 compared to 2022. Our average effective borrowing rate was 6.6% in 2023 compared to 5.1% in 2022.

Income Tax Expense/Benefit

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Income tax expense in 2023 was $8.5 million on pre-tax income of $41.5 million, for an effective tax rate of 20.5%, which approximated the U.S. statutory rate. The tax benefits of the foreign tax credit and research and development tax credit were offset by the tax expense of foreign earnings, global intangible low-taxed income and non-deductible expenses. Income tax benefit in 2022 was $0.7 million on pre-tax income of $10.7 million, driven by changes in estimates related to prior year federal research and development credits.

SEGMENT RESULTS

For purposes of measuring business segment performance, the Company utilizes segment operating income, which is defined as revenues less expenses identifiable to the product lines within each segment. The Company does not allocate items that are non-operating or unusual in nature or are corporate costs, which include but are not limited to executive and share-based compensation and corporate office costs. Segment operating income reconciles to consolidated income before income taxes by deducting corporate costs; certain non-cash and/or non-operating items; other components of pension and OPEB income, net; and interest expense, net.

Supply Technologies Segment

Year Ended December 31,

(Dollars in millions)

Segment operating income margin 7.7 % 6.4 % 6.9 %

2023 Compared to 2022

Net sales increased 7.3% in 2023 compared to the 2022 period due primarily to higher customer demand in many of the Company's key end markets, with the largest increases in the power sports, heavy-duty truck, and commercial aerospace, and increased demand for our proprietary fastener products.

Segment operating income increased $13.3 million to $59.0 million in 2023 compared to 2022, and segment operating income margin increased 130 basis points in 2023 compared to a year ago. These increases were driven by the higher sales levels and the impact of profit-enhancement actions, including increased product pricing.

Assembly Components Segment

Year Ended December 31,

(Dollars in millions)

Segment operating income (loss) $ 33.4 $ 1.1 $ (2.6)

Segment operating income (loss) margin 7.8 % 0.3 % (0.8) %

2023 Compared to 2022

Net sales increased 10.0% in 2023 compared to 2022. The sales increase was driven by increased product pricing and new programs implemented during the year.

Segment operating income was $33.4 million in 2023 compared to $1.1 million in 2022. The improvement in segment operating results in 2023 compared to 2022 was driven by the benefit of profit-improvement initiatives implemented over the

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past two years, including increased product pricing, and the higher sales levels. Restructuring and other special charges were $1.5 million in 2023 compared to $5.6 million in 2022.

Engineered Products Segment

Year Ended December 31,

(Dollars in millions)

Segment operating income (loss) $ 19.1 $ 14.8 $ (12.2)

Segment operating income (loss) margin 4.1 % 3.8 % (3.6) %

2023 Compared to 2022

Net sales were 19.3% higher in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase was driven by strong backlogs at the start of the year and higher customer demand in both our capital equipment business and our forged and machined products business.

Segment operating income in 2023 increased $4.3 million, as profit flow-through from higher sales levels and implemented operational improvement initiatives contributed to higher profit and margins in this business. These factors partially offset by lower margins in our forged and machined products business. In addition, restructuring and other special charges were $4.9 million in 2023 and $8.4 million in 2022.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table summarizes the major components of cash flows:

Cash provided (used) by: (In millions)

Discontinued operations (9.2) (9.2) (40.8)

Effect of exchange rate on cash 0.9 (4.0) (1.3)

(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents $ (3.4) $ 4.1 $ (0.9)

Operating Activities

In 2023, we generated positive operating cash flow of $53.4 million compared to a cash outflow of $26.6 million in 2022. The positive cash flow in 2023 was driven by higher income from continuing operations in 2023 and improvement in working capital in 2023.

Investing Activities

Capital expenditures were $28.2 million in 2023 and $26.9 million in 2022. These capital expenditures were primarily for growth initiatives, with the majority in our Assembly Components and Engineered Products segments; for facility consolidation in Engineered Products segment; and to maintain existing operations.

In 2023 and 2022, we sold assets and received aggregate proceeds of $2.0 million and $9.5 million, respectively. See Note 5 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for additional information. Additionally, we received $15.5

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million in relation to the sale of our Aluminum Products business, and we spent $1.2 million in the aggregate in 2023 for acquisitions, of which $0.5 million related to the 2022 acquisition of Southern Fasteners & Supply, Inc.

Financing Activities

Cash used by financing activities in 2023 included debt repayments of $24.3 million, payments related to prior acquisitions of $2.9 million, dividends of $7.4 million, and payments of withholding taxes on share awards of $2.0 million.

Cash provided by financing activities in 2022 included debt borrowings of $73.2 million, proceeds from a third-party financing arrangement of $20.0 million in connection with the entry into the memorandum of understanding in connection with the sale of our Aluminum Products business, dividends of $7.0 million, and payments of withholding taxes on share awards of $1.6 million. The borrowings in 2022 were primarily used to fund higher working capital levels and the 2022 acquisitions.

Liquidity

Overall, we were able to pay down debt and fund capital expenditures in 2023 using cash flows from operations and proceeds from the sale of our discontinued operation. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for further discussion of our financing arrangements.

The following table summarizes our indicators of liquidity:

(Dollars in millions)

Cash and cash equivalents $ 54.8 $ 58.2

Gross debt (excluding unamortized debt issuance costs) $ 645.7 $ 669.1

Financing arrangement with third party, net $ — $ 20.0

Working capital (excluding cash) $ 406.0 $ 425.6

Net debt as a % of capitalization 64 % 66 %

Our liquidity needs are primarily for working capital and capital expenditures. Our primary sources of liquidity have been cash provided by operations, funds available from existing bank credit arrangements and the sale of our debt securities. Our existing financial resources, including working capital, available bank borrowing arrangements and anticipated cash from operations, are expected to be adequate to meet anticipated cash requirements for at least the next twelve months and for the foreseeable future thereafter, including but not limited to our ability to maintain current operations and fund capital expenditure requirements, service our debt and pay dividends.

As of December 31, 2023, we had $263.5 million outstanding under the revolving credit facility, and total liquidity of $166.0 million, which included cash and cash equivalents of $54.8 million and $111.2 million of unused borrowing availability.

The Company had cash and cash equivalents held by foreign subsidiaries of $44.6 million at December 31, 2023 and $47.8 million at December 31, 2022. We do not expect restrictions on repatriation of cash held outside the U.S. to have a material effect on our overall liquidity, financial condition or results of operations for the foreseeable future.

Senior Notes

In April 2017, Park-Ohio Industries, Inc. (“Park-Ohio”), the operating subsidiary of Park-Ohio Holdings Corp., completed the sale, in a private placement, of $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.625% Senior Notes due 2027 (the “Notes”). The net proceeds from the issuance of the Notes were used to repay in full our previously outstanding 8.125% Senior Notes due 2021 and our outstanding term loan, and to repay a portion of the borrowings then outstanding under our revolving credit facility.

Credit Agreement

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On September 13, 2023, Park-Ohio amended its Eighth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for a revolving credit facility in the amount of $405.0 million, including a $40.0 million Canadian revolving subcommitment and a European revolving subcommitment in the amount of $30.0 million. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, Park-Ohio has the option to increase the availability under the revolving credit facility by an aggregate incremental amount up to $70.0 million. The Credit Agreement matures on January 14, 2027.

Finance Leases

As of December 31, 2023, the Company had finance leases totaling $16.3 million.

Covenants

The future availability of bank borrowings under the revolving credit facility provided by the Credit Agreement is based on (1) our calculated availability under the Credit Agreement and (2) if such calculated availability decreases below $50.625 million, our ability to meet a debt service ratio covenant. If our calculated availability is less than $50.625 million, our debt service coverage ratio must be greater than 1.0. At December 31, 2023, our calculated availability under the Credit Agreement was $103.3 million; therefore, the debt service ratio covenant did not apply.

Failure to maintain calculated availability of at least $50.625 million and meet the debt service ratio covenant could materially impact the availability and interest rate of future borrowings. Our debt service coverage ratio could be materially impacted by negative economic trends, including inflation and supply chain disruptions. To make certain permitted payments as defined under the Credit Agreement, including but not limited to acquisitions and dividends, we must meet defined availability thresholds ranging from $37.5 million to $50.625 million, and a defined debt service coverage ratio of 1.15.

As our calculated availability under the Credit Agreement was above $50.625 million, we were also in compliance with the other covenants contained in the revolving credit facility as of December 31, 2023. While we expect to remain in compliance throughout 2024, declines in sales volumes in the future could adversely impact our ability to remain in compliance with certain of these financial covenants. Additionally, to the extent our customers are adversely affected by declines in the economy in general, they may be unable to pay their accounts payable to us on a timely basis or at all, which could make our accounts receivable ineligible for purposes of the revolving credit facility and could reduce our borrowing base and our ability to borrow under such facility.

Dividends

The Company paid dividends to shareholders of $6.4 million during 2023. On January 26, 2024, the Company's Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.125 per common share. The dividend was paid on February 23, 2024, to shareholders of record as of the close of business on February 9, 2024 and resulted in cash payments of $1.6 million. Although we currently intend to pay a quarterly dividend on an ongoing basis, all future dividend declarations will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and dependent upon then-existing conditions, including our operating results and financial condition, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, business prospects and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant.

Contractual and Other Obligations and Commitments

Our material cash commitments from known contractual and other obligations primarily consist of obligations for long-term debt and related interest, leases for properties and equipment and purchase obligations as part of normal operations. See Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for additional information regarding scheduled maturities of our long-term debt. See Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for additional information on leases. See Note 14 to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for additional information of future pension and postretirement benefit obligations.

Interest payable associated with our 6.625% Senior Notes due 2027 is $23.2 million due in the twelve months following December 31, 2023 and $53.1 million due thereafter.

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As of December 31, 2023, our undiscounted purchase obligations were $229.0 million due in the next twelve months and $4.2 million due thereafter under purchase orders and "take or pay" arrangements. These purchase obligations include all enforceable, legally binding agreements to purchase goods or services that specify all significant terms, regardless of the duration of the agreement, and exclude agreements with variable terms for which we are unable to estimate the minimum amounts.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have off-balance sheet arrangements, financing or other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons, other than the letters of credit disclosed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements, included elsewhere herein.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions which affect amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate the accounting policies and estimates that are used to prepare financial statements. Management has made their best estimates and judgments of certain amounts included in the financial statements, giving due consideration to materiality. We do not believe that there is great likelihood that materially different amounts would be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions related to the accounting policies described below. However, application of these accounting policies involves the exercise of judgment and use of assumptions as to future uncertainties and, as a result, actual results could differ from these estimates.

Certain accounting policies that require significant management estimates and are deemed critical to our results of operations or financial position are discussed below. On a regular basis, critical accounting policies are reviewed with the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors.

Revenue Recognition: We recognize revenue, other than from long-term contracts, when our obligations under the contact terms are satisfied and control transfers to the customer, typically upon shipment. Revenue from certain long-term contracts is accounted for over time, when products are manufactured or services are performed, as control transfers under these arrangements. We follow the input method since reasonably reliable estimates of revenue and costs of a contract can be made. See Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for additional disclosures on revenue.

Allowance for Obsolete and Slow-Moving Inventory: Inventories are valued using first-in, first-out or the weighted-average inventory method; stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value; and have been reduced by an allowance for obsolete and slow-moving inventories. The estimated allowance is based on management’s review of inventories on hand with minimal sales activity, which is compared to estimated future usage and sales. Inventories identified by management as slow-moving or obsolete are reserved for based on estimated selling prices less disposal costs. Though we consider these allowances adequate and proper, changes in economic conditions in specific markets in which we operate could have a material effect on allowances required.

Business Combinations: Business combinations are accounted for using the purchase method of accounting under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 805, "Business Combinations." This method requires the Company to record assets and liabilities of the business acquired at their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. Any excess of the cost of the acquisition over the fair value of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The Company uses valuation specialists to perform appraisals and assist in the determination of the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. These valuations require management to make estimates and assumptions including discount rates, rates of return on assets, long-term sales growth rates, and royalty rates.

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets: As required by ASC 350, “Intangibles - Goodwill and Other” (“ASC 350”), management performs impairment testing of goodwill at least annually, as of October 1 of each year, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. Management tests goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level. A reporting unit is an operating segment pursuant to ASC 280, “Segment Reporting”, or one level below the operating segment (component level) as determined by the availability of discrete financial information that is regularly reviewed by operating segment management.

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Our reporting units have been identified at the component level. For 2023, 2022 and 2021, we performed quantitative testing for each reporting unit with a goodwill balance.

Our annual goodwill impairment analysis utilizes a quantitative approach comparing the carrying amount of the reporting unit to its estimated fair value. To the extent that the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment charge is recorded. In applying the quantitative approach, we use an income approach and market multiple approach to estimate the fair value of the reporting unit. The income approach uses a number of factors, including future business plans, actual and forecasted operating results, and market data. The significant assumptions employed under this method include discount rates; revenue growth rates, including assumed terminal growth rates; and operating margins used to project future cash flows for a reporting unit. The discount rates utilized reflect market-based estimates of capital costs and discount rates adjusted for management’s assessment of a market participant’s view with respect to other risks associated with the projected cash flows of the individual reporting unit. Our estimates are based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which by nature are uncertain and unpredictable. We believe we incorporate ample sensitivity ranges into our analysis of goodwill impairment testing for a reporting unit, such that actual experience would need to be materially out of the range of expected assumptions in order for an impairment to remain undetected. We validate our estimates of fair value under the income approach by considering the implied control premium and conclude whether that premium is reasonable based on recent market transactions.

The results of testing as of October 1, 2023, 2022 and 2021 for all reporting units confirmed that the estimated fair values exceeded carrying values, and no impairment existed as of those dates. Based on our 2023 annual impairment test, we determined that the fair value of our Forged and Machined Products Group reporting unit, which is included in our Engineered Products segment, exceeded its carrying value by approximately 10% using the income approach as of the testing date. As such, we concluded that the goodwill of this reporting unit of $8.7 million was not impaired as of that date. This reporting unit was negatively impacted by equipment downtime and labor challenges, and while we believe that the current assumptions and estimates used in our goodwill testing are reasonable, supportable and appropriate, there can be no assurance that such assumptions and estimates will prove to be accurate predictions of future performance.

Additionally, we test all indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment at least annually, as of October 1 of each year, or more frequently if impairment indicators arise. In 2023, 2022 and 2021, we utilized a quantitative approach using the royalty relief method. The significant assumptions employed under this method include discount rates, revenue growth rates, including assumed terminal growth rates, and royalty rates. The discount rates utilized reflect market-based estimates of capital costs and discount rates adjusted for management’s assessment of a market participant’s view with respect to other risks associated with the projected cash flows of the individual reporting unit. Our estimates are based upon assumptions we believe to be reasonable, but which by nature are uncertain and unpredictable. We believe we incorporate ample sensitivity ranges into our analysis of intangible impairment testing, such that actual experience would need to be materially out of the range of expected assumptions in order for an impairment to remain undetected.

The results of testing as of October 1, 2023, 2022 and 2021 for all reporting units confirmed that the estimated fair value exceeded carrying values, and no impairment existed as of those dates.

See Notes 7 and 8 of the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere herein for additional disclosure on goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles.

Income Taxes: In accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), we account for income taxes under the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the currently enacted tax rates. Specifically, we measure gross deferred tax assets for deductible temporary differences and carryforwards, such as operating losses and tax credits, using the applicable enacted tax rates and apply the more likely than not measurement criterion.

In determining if it is more likely than not that all or some portion of a deferred tax asset will be realized, we consider the following factors: future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences; taxable income in prior years if carryback is permitted under the tax law; tax planning strategies that could accelerate taxable income; and future taxable income. Based on these factors, when we have determined that the realizability of certain domestic and foreign deferred tax assets is more likely than not to not be realized, a valuation allowance has been established.

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Further, at each interim reporting period, we estimate an effective income tax rate that is expected to be applicable for the full year. Significant judgment is involved regarding the application of global income tax laws and regulations and when projecting the jurisdictional mix of income. Additionally, interpretation of tax laws, court decisions or other guidance provided by taxing authorities influences our estimate of the effective income tax rates. As a result, our actual annual effective income tax rates and related income tax liabilities may differ materially from our interim estimated effective tax rates and related income tax liabilities. Any resulting differences are recorded in the period they become known.

Pension Plans: We and our subsidiaries have pension plans, principally noncontributory defined benefit or noncontributory defined contribution plans covering substantially all employees. The measurement of liabilities related to these plans is based on management’s assumptions related to future events, including interest rates, return on pension plan assets, rate of compensation increases, and health care cost trends. Pension plan asset performance in the future will directly impact our net income. We have evaluated our pension assumptions, considering current trends in interest rates and market conditions and believe our assumptions are appropriate.

We consult with our actuaries at least annually when reviewing and selecting the discount rates to be used. The discount rates used by the Company are based on yields of various corporate and governmental bond indices with actual maturity dates that approximate the estimated benefit payment streams of the related pension plans. The discount rates are also reviewed in comparison with current benchmark indices, economic market conditions and the movement in the benchmark yield since the previous fiscal year. The liability weighted-average discount rate for the defined benefit pension plan is 5.14% for 2023, compared with 5.48% in 2022. For the other postretirement benefit plan, the rate is 5.06% for 2023 and 5.41% for 2022. This rate represents the interest rates generally available in the United States, which is the Company’s only country with other postretirement benefit liabilities. Another assumption that affects the Company’s pension expense is the expected long-term rate of return on assets. The Company’s pension plans are funded. The weighted-average expected long-term rate of return on assets assumption is 7.75% for 2023 and 2022. In determining the expected return on plan assets, we consider both historical performance and an estimate of future long-term rates of return on assets similar to those in our plan. We consult with and consider opinions of financial and actuarial experts in developing appropriate return assumptions.

Legal Contingencies: We are involved in a variety of claims, suits, investigations and administrative proceedings with respect to commercial, premises liability, product liability, employment, personal injury and environmental matters arising from the ordinary course of business. We accrue reserves for legal contingencies, on an undiscounted basis, when it is probable that we have incurred a liability, and we can reasonably estimate an amount. When a single amount cannot be reasonably estimated, but the cost can be estimated within a range and no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, we accrue the minimum amount in the range. Based upon facts and information currently available, we believe the amounts reserved are adequate for such pending matters. We monitor the development of legal proceedings on a regular basis and will adjust our reserves when, and to the extent, additional information becomes available.

Environmental

We have been identified as a potentially responsible party at third-party sites under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended, or comparable state laws, which provide for strict and, under certain circumstances, joint and several liability. We are participating in the cost of certain clean-up efforts at several of these sites. However, our share of such costs has not been material and based on available information, management does not expect our exposure at any of these locations to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity or financial condition.

We have been named as one of many defendants in a number of asbestos-related personal injury lawsuits. Our cost of defending such lawsuits has not been material to date and, based upon available information, management does not expect our future costs for asbestos-related lawsuits to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, liquidity or financial condition. We caution, however, that inherent in management’s estimates of our exposure are expected trends in claims severity, frequency and other factors that may materially vary as claims are filed and settled or otherwise resolved.

Seasonality; Variability of Operating Results

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The timing of orders placed by our customers has varied with, among other factors, orders for customers’ finished goods, customer production schedules, competitive conditions and general economic conditions. The variability of the level and timing of orders has, from time to time, resulted in significant periodic and quarterly fluctuations in the operations of our business units. Such variability is particularly evident in the industrial equipment business unit included in the Engineered Products segment, which typically ships a few large systems per year.

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Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain statements that are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. The words “believes”, “anticipates”, “plans”, “expects”, “intends”, “estimates” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements.

These forward-looking statements, including statements regarding future performance of the Company, that are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance and achievements, or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from expectations include, but are not limited to, the following: our ability to realize any contingent consideration from the sale of the Aluminum Products business; the impact supply chain and logistic issues have on our business, results of operations, financial position and liquidity; our substantial indebtedness; the uncertainty of the global economic environment; general business conditions and competitive factors, including pricing pressures and product innovation; demand for our products and services; the impact of labor disturbances affecting our customers; raw material availability and pricing; fluctuations in energy costs; component part availability and pricing; changes in our relationships with customers and suppliers; the financial condition of our customers, including the impact of any bankruptcies; our ability to successfully integrate recent and future acquisitions into existing operations, including the EMA acquisition; the amounts and timing, if any, of purchases of our common stock; changes in general economic conditions such as inflation rates, interest rates, tax rates, unemployment rates, higher labor and healthcare costs, recessions and changing government policies, laws and regulations, including those related to the current global uncertainties and crises, such as tariffs and surcharges; adverse impacts to us, our suppliers and customers from acts of terrorism or hostilities, including the conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East, or political unrest, including the rising tension between China and the United States; public health issues, including the outbreak of infectious diseases and any impact on our facilities and operations and our customers and suppliers; our ability to meet various covenants, including financial covenants, contained in the agreements governing our indebtedness; disruptions, uncertainties or volatility in the credit markets that may limit our access to capital; potential disruption due to a partial or complete reconfiguration of the European Union; increasingly stringent domestic and foreign governmental regulations, including those affecting the environment or import and export controls and other trade barriers; inherent uncertainties involved in assessing our potential liability for environmental remediation-related activities; the outcome of pending and future litigation and other claims and disputes with customers; our dependence on the automotive and heavy-duty truck industries, which are highly cyclical; the dependence of the automotive industry on consumer spending; our ability to negotiate contracts with labor unions; our dependence on key management; our dependence on information systems; our ability to continue to pay cash dividends, and the timing and amount of any such dividends; and the other factors we describe under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Any forward-looking statement speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. In light of these and other uncertainties, the inclusion of a forward-looking statement herein should not be regarded as a representation by us that our plans and objectives will be achieved. The Company assumes no obligation to update the information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, except to the extent required by law.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to market risk, including changes in interest rates. As of December 31, 2023, we are subject to interest rate risk on borrowings under the floating rate revolving credit facility provided by our Credit Agreement, which consisted of borrowings of $263.5 million at December 31, 2023. A 100-basis point increase in the interest rate would have resulted in an increase in interest expense on these borrowings of approximately $2.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

We are exposed to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our foreign subsidiaries generally conduct business in local currencies. We face translation risks related to the changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Amounts invested in our foreign operations are translated in U.S. dollars at the exchange rates in effect at the balance sheet date. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded as a component of Accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Shareholders' equity section of the accompanying Consolidated Balance Sheets. Sales and expenses at our foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable monthly average exchange rates. Therefore, changes in exchange rates may either positively or negatively affect our net sales and expenses from foreign operations as expressed in U.S. dollars.

Our largest exposures to commodity prices relate to metal, rubber compound and natural gas prices, which have fluctuated widely in recent years. We have no commodity swap agreements or forward purchase contracts.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Financial Data

Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) 36

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 38

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 44

Supplementary Financial Data 68

Schedule II — Valuation and Qualifying accounts 68

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Park-Ohio Holdings Corp.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated March 6, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.

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Quantitative Impairment Assessment of Goodwill

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1967.

Cleveland, Ohio

March 6, 2024

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Park-Ohio Holdings Corp.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our Opinion, Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income (loss), shareholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a) and our report dated March 6, 2024 expressed an unqualified Opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Cleveland, Ohio

March 6, 2024

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Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In millions, except share data)

ASSETS

Current assets:

Cash and cash equivalents $ 54.8 $ 58.2

Promissory note related to financing arrangement — 25.0

Current assets held-for-sale - discontinued operations — 107.2

Property, plant and equipment, net 184.9 181.1

Operating lease right-of-use assets 44.7 54.7

Intangible assets, net 73.3 78.7

Other long-term assets 28.1 16.9

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

Current liabilities:

Current portion of long-term debt and short-term debt 9.4 10.9

Current portion of operating lease liabilities 10.6 11.2

Accrued employee compensation 31.8 22.3

Financing arrangement liability — 45.0

Current liabilities held-for-sale - discontinued operations — 43.8

Long-term liabilities, less current portion:

Long-term operating lease liabilities 34.4 43.7

Deferred income taxes 9.0 10.6

Other long-term liabilities 10.4 10.7

Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries shareholders' equity:

Capital stock, par value $1 a share

Accumulated other comprehensive loss (43.7) (61.8)

Total Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries shareholders' equity 280.4 256.5

Noncontrolling interests 9.5 11.4

Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 1,340.7 $ 1,436.6

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Operations

Year Ended December 31,

(In millions, except per share data)

Selling, general and administrative expenses 181.5 162.2 155.9

Restructuring and other special charges 6.6 17.3 20.4

Gains on sales of assets, net (0.8) (2.4) (14.7)

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes 41.5 10.7 (1.1)

Income tax (expense) benefit (8.5) 0.7 1.0

Income (loss) from continuing operations 33.0 11.4 (0.1)

Loss (income) attributable to noncontrolling interest 1.0 (1.3) 1.2

Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax (Note 4) (26.2) (24.3) (25.9)

Earnings (loss) per common share attributable to ParkOhio common shareholders:

Basic:

Diluted:

Weighted-average shares used to compute earnings (loss) per share:

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Year Ended December 31,

(In millions)

Other comprehensive income (loss):

Pensions and other postretirement benefits, net of tax 10.4 (22.7) 8.9

Total other comprehensive income (loss) 18.1 (42.6) (1.1)

Total comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 24.9 (55.5) (27.1)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

Common Stock

(In whole shares) (In millions)

Comprehensive loss — — — (24.8) — (1.1) (1.2) (27.1)

Stock-based compensation — — 6.5 — — — — 6.5

Restricted stock awards issued 202,848 0.2 (0.2) — — — — —

Restricted stock cancelled (11,917) — — — — — — —

Dividends — — — (6.3) — — (0.7) (7.0)

Purchase of treasury stock (191,983) — — — — (5.5) — — (5.5)

Increase in Park-Ohio ownership interest — — 1.1 — — — (1.1) —

Comprehensive (loss) income — — — (14.2) — (42.6) 1.3 (55.5)

Stock-based compensation — — 7.2 — — — — 7.2

Restricted stock awards issued 331,455 0.3 (0.3) — — — — —

Restricted stock cancelled (17,249) — — — — — — —

Dividends — — — (6.4) — — (0.6) (7.0)

Purchase of treasury stock (94,867) — — — — (1.6) — — (1.6)

Comprehensive income (loss) — — — 7.8 — 18.1 (1.0) 24.9

Stock-based compensation — — 6.5 — — — — 6.5

Restricted stock awards issued 386,983 0.4 (0.4) — — — — —

Restricted stock cancelled (10,973) — — — — — — —

Dividends — — — (6.5) — — (0.9) (7.4)

Purchase of treasury stock (112,106) — — — — (2.0) — — (2.0)

Year Ended December 31,

Cash dividends per common share $ 0.50 $ 0.50 $ 0.50

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. and Subsidiaries

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Year Ended December 31,

OPERATING ACTIVITIES FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS (In millions)

Income (loss) from continuing operations $ 33.0 $ 11.4 $ (0.1)

Stock-based compensation 6.5 7.2 6.5

Gain on sales of assets, net (0.8) (2.4) (14.7)

Deferred income taxes (7.2) (8.3) (5.8)

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Prepaid and other current assets (1.2) (11.1) 1.2

Accounts payable and accrued expenses 3.3 33.1 36.6

INVESTING ACTIVITIES FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS

Purchases of property, plant and equipment (28.2) (26.9) (22.3)

Proceeds from sales of assets 2.0 9.5 20.3

Proceeds from sale of discontinued operations 15.5 — —

Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired (1.2) (23.3) (5.4)

FINANCING ACTIVITIES FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS

(Payments on) proceeds from revolving credit facility, net (22.3) 64.8 77.6

Payments on term loans and other debt (7.2) (3.6) (6.3)

Proceeds from other long-term debt 4.3 3.5 2.3

Proceeds from (payments on) finance lease facilities, net 0.9 8.5 (0.3)

Proceeds from down payment for sale of discontinued operations — 20.0 —

Payments related to prior acquisitions (2.9) — —

Purchases of treasury stock — — (2.5)

Payments of withholding taxes on stock awards (2.0) (1.6) (3.0)

DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS1:

Total used by operating activities (2.9) (1.0) (31.1)

Total used by investing activities (3.9) (4.8) (8.8)

Total used by financing activities (2.4) (3.4) (0.9)

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash 0.9 (4.0) (1.3)

(Decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (3.4) 4.1 (0.9)

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 58.2 54.1 55.0

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 54.8 $ 58.2 $ 54.1

Income taxes paid (received), net $ 7.3 $ 10.7 $ (1.0)

(1) - Our continuing operations exclude the results of our Aluminum Products business unit, which was sold December 29, 2023 and presented in discontinued operations for all periods presented.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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PARK-OHIO HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in millions, except per share data.)

NOTE 1 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Consolidation and Basis of Presentation: Park-Ohio Holdings Corp. (“ParkOhio,” “we” or the “Company”) is a diversified international company providing world-class customers with a supply chain management outsourcing service, capital equipment used on their production lines, and manufactured components used to assemble their products. The Company operates three reportable segments: Supply Technologies, Assembly Components and Engineered Products. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and all of its majority-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company does not have off-balance sheet arrangements or financing with unconsolidated entities or other persons, other than the letters of credit disclosed in Note 9. The Company leases certain real properties owned by related parties as described in Note 13. Transactions with related parties are not material to the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Discontinued Operations: During the fourth quarter of 2022, we determined that our Aluminum Products business met the held-for-sale and discontinued operations accounting criteria. Accordingly, the Company has reported the held-for-sale assets and liabilities, the operating results and the cash flows of Aluminum Products in discontinued operations for all periods presented throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K. On December 29, 2023, the Company sold this business to Angstrom Automotive Group (“Angstrom”) for approximately $50 million in cash and promissory notes, plus the assumption of approximately $3 million of financial lease obligations. Unless otherwise indicated, amounts and activity in this Annual Report are presented on a continuing operations basis. See Note 4, “Discontinued Operations,” for further information.

Accounting Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash Equivalents: The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents.

Accounts Receivable and Allowance for Doubtful Accounts: Accounts receivable are recorded at net realizable value. Accounts receivable are reduced by an allowance for amounts that may become uncollectible in the future. The allowance for doubtful accounts was $3.6 million and $3.8 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company’s policy is to measure expected credit losses on accounts receivable based on historical experience, current conditions and reasonable forecasts. During 2023 and 2022, we sold, without recourse, $130.6 million and $131.3 million, respectively, of accounts receivable to mitigate accounts receivable concentration risk and to increase working capital efficiency. Sales of accounts receivable are reflected as a reduction of accounts receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the proceeds are included in cash flows from operating activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Expense in the amount of $2.4 million and $1.0 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively, related to the discount on sale of accounts receivable is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Inventories: Inventories are valued using first-in, first-out or the weighted-average inventory method and stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

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PARK-OHIO HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Major Classes of Inventories December 31, 2023 December 31, 2022

Raw materials and supplies $ 107.6 $ 105.0

Other Inventory Items

Inventory reserves $ (42.9) $ (38.5)

Consigned inventory $ 9.7 $ 11.5

Property, Plant and Equipment: Property, plant and equipment is carried at cost. Additions and improvements that extend the lives of assets are capitalized, and expenditures for repairs and maintenance are charged to operations as incurred. Depreciation of fixed assets, including amounts capitalized under finance leases, is computed by the straight-line method based on the estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from five to 40 years for buildings, and three to 20 years for machinery and equipment.

The following table summarizes property, plant and equipment:

Land and land improvements $ 9.0 $ 9.0

Leased property under finance leases 28.9 28.3

Total property, plant and equipment 464.3 436.7

Less: Accumulated depreciation 279.4 255.6

Property, plant and equipment, net $ 184.9 $ 181.1

Year Ended December 31,

Goodwill and Indefinite-Lived Assets: In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 350, “Intangibles — Goodwill and Other” (“ASC 350”), goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets are not amortized but rather are tested annually for impairment as of October 1, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate there may be an indicator of impairment in accordance with ASC 350. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level and is based on the net assets of each reporting unit, including goodwill and intangible assets, compared to its fair value. Our reporting units have been identified one level below the operating segment level. The Company completed its annual goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles impairment testing as of October 1 of each year, noting no impairment. To determine fair value for goodwill testing purposes, the Company uses an income approach, utilizing a discounted cash flow model based on forecasted cash flows and weighted average cost of capital, and a market multiple approach. To determine fair value for indefinite-lived intangibles testing, the Company uses a relief-of-royalty method.

See Notes 7 and 8 for additional disclosures about goodwill and indefinite-lived intangibles.

Impairment of Other Long-Lived Assets: Other long-lived assets, including operating lease right-of-use assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying amount may not be recoverable. Upon indications of impairment, assets and liabilities are grouped at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. The asset group would be considered impaired if the

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PARK-OHIO HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

estimated future net undiscounted cash flows generated by the asset group are less than its carrying value. Impairment losses are measured by comparing the estimated fair value of the asset group to its carrying value.

Fair Values of Financial Instruments: Certain financial instruments are required to be recorded at fair value. The Company measures financial assets and liabilities at fair value in three levels of inputs. The three-tier fair value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in the valuation methodologies, is as follows:

Level 1 — Valuations based on quoted prices for identical assets and liabilities in active markets.

Level 2 — Valuations based on observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar assets and liabilities in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data.

Level 3 — Valuations based on unobservable inputs reflecting our own assumptions, consistent with reasonably available assumptions made by other market participants. These valuations require significant judgment.

Changes in assumptions or estimation methods could affect the fair value estimates; however, we do not believe any such changes would have a material impact on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. The carrying value of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable and borrowings under the Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 9) approximate fair value at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 because of the short-term nature of these instruments. The fair values of long-term debt and pension plan assets are disclosed in Note 9 and Note 14, respectively.

The Company has not changed its valuation techniques for measuring fair value during 2023, and there were no transfers between levels during the periods presented.

Pensions: We account for our pensions in accordance with ASC Topic 715, "Compensation — Retirement Benefits." Net actuarial gains and losses are amortized to expense when they exceed the 10% accounting corridor, based on the greater of the plan assets or benefit obligations, over an average employee's future service period. Refer to Note 14 for more information.

Income Taxes: The Company accounts for income taxes under the asset and liability method, whereby deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on temporary differences between the financial reporting and the tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the current enacted tax rates. In determining these amounts, management determined the probability of realizing deferred tax assets, taking into consideration factors including historical operating results, cumulative earnings and losses, expectations of future earnings, taxable income and the extended period of time over which the postretirement benefits will be paid. As required by ASC 740, “Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”), the Company records valuation allowances if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that all or some portion of our deferred tax assets will not be realized.

We have elected to account for global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) as a current period expense. The impact of GILTI at December 31, 2023 and 2022 was tax expense of $2.4 million and $1.8 million, respectively.

Revenue Recognition: The Company recognizes revenue, other than from long-term contracts within the Engineered Products segment, when its obligations under the contract terms are satisfied and control transfers to the customer, typically upon shipment. Revenue from certain long-term contracts is accounted for over time, as products are manufactured or services are performed, as control transfers over time under these arrangements. We follow this method since reasonably reliable estimates of revenue and costs of a contract can be made. See Note 2 for additional disclosure on revenue.

Cost of Sales: Cost of sales is primarily comprised of direct materials and supplies consumed in the manufacture of product; manufacturing labor, depreciation expense and direct overhead expense; and shipping and handling costs.

Concentration of Credit Risk: The Company sells its products to customers in diversified industries. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers’ financial condition but does not require collateral to support customer receivables. The Company establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts based upon factors surrounding the credit risk of specific customers, historical trends, current conditions and reasonable forecasts. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company had uncollateralized receivables with five customers in the automotive industry, each with several locations, aggregating $26.3 million and $28.1 million, respectively, which represented approximately 10% and 11%, respectively, of the

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PARK-OHIO HOLDINGS CORP. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Company’s trade accounts receivable. During 2023 and 2022, sales to these customers amounted to approximately $259.5 million and $218.5 million, respectively, which represented approximately 16% and 15%, respectively, of the Company’s net sales.

Environmental: The Company expenses environmental costs related to existing conditions resulting from past or current operations and from which no current or future benefit is discernible. Costs that extend the life of the related property or mitigate or prevent future environmental contamination are capitalized. The Company records a liability when environmental assessments and/or remedial efforts are probable and can be reasonably estimated. The estimated liability of the Company is not reduced for possible recoveries from insurance carriers and is undiscounted.

Foreign Currency Translation: The functional currency of the Company's subsidiaries outside the United States is the local currency. Financial statements are translated into U.S. dollars at year-end exchange rates for assets and liabilities and weighted-average exchange rates during the period for revenues and expenses. The resulting translation adjustments are recorded in Accumulated other comprehensive loss in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. Gains and losses resulting from foreign currency transactions, including intercompany transactions that are not considered long-term investments, are included in the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

Warranties: The Company estimates the amount of warranty claims on sold products that may be incurred based on current and historical data. The actual warranty expense could differ from the estimates made by the Company based on product performance.The following table presents the changes in the Company’s product warranty liability:

Year Ended December 31,

Balance at January 1 $ 5.2 $ 7.2 $ 6.4

Claims paid during the year (2.1) (2.3) (1.9)

Foreign currency translation 0.2 (0.7) (0.4)

Weighted-Average Number of Shares Used in Computing Earnings (Loss) Per Share: The following table sets forth the weighted-average number of shares used in the computation of earnings (loss) per share:

Year Ended December 31,

(In whole shares)

Outstanding stock awards with exercise prices greater than the average price of the common shares are anti-dilutive and are not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the anti-dilutive shares were 0.1 million, 0.2 million and 0.6 million, respectively.

Accounting Standards Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This guidance requires additional annual and interim disclosures for reportable segments. This new standard does not affect the recognition, measurement or financial statement presentation. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This guidance requires additional annual disclosures for income taxes. This new standard does not affect the recognition, measurement or financial statement presentation. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024.

No other recently issued ASUs are expected to have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

NOTE 2 — Revenue

Substantially all of the Company’s contracts have a single performance obligation to transfer products to or, in limited cases, perform services for the customer. Accordingly, the Company recognizes revenue when its obligations under the contract terms are satisfied and control transfers to the customer. Revenue is recognized at an amount that reflects the consideration the Company expects to receive in exchange for the good or service, including estimated provisions for rebates, discounts, returns and allowances. The Company sells its products both directly to customers, and in limited cases, through distributors, generally under agreements with payment terms between 30-90 days; the Company has no financing components.

The majority of the Company’s revenue is derived from contracts (i) with an original contract length of one year or less, or (ii) for which it recognizes revenue at the amount at which it has the right to invoice as products or services are delivered. The Company has elected the practical expedient not to disclose the value of remaining performance obligations associated with these types of contacts.

The Company also has certain contracts which contain performance obligations that are immaterial in the context of the contract with the customer. The Company has elected the practical expedient not to assess whether these promised goods or services are performance obligations.

Supply Technologies provides our customers with Total Supply ManagementTM, a proactive solutions approach that manages the efficiencies of every aspect of supplying production parts and materials to our customers’ manufacturing floor, from strategic planning to program implementation. Within this segment, contracts routinely consist of a long-term agreement or master service agreement with quantity and pricing specified through individual purchase orders. Revenue is recognized at a point in time, which is the shipping point, as that is when control transfers to the customer.

Assembly Components designs, develops and manufactures: highly efficient, high pressure direct fuel injection fuel rails and pipes; fuel filler pipes that route fuel from the gas cap to the gas tank; and flexible multi-layer plastic and rubber assemblies used to transport fuel from the vehicle's gas tank and then, at extreme high pressure, to the engine's fuel injector nozzles. Within this segment, contracts routinely consist of a long-term agreement or master service agreement with quantity and pricing specified through individual purchase orders. Revenue is recognized at a point in time, which is at the shipping point, as that is when control transfers to the customer.

Engineered Products operates a diverse group of niche manufacturing businesses that design and manufacture a broad range of highly-engineered products, including induction heating and melting systems, pipe threading systems and forged and machined products. Engineered Products also produces and provides services and spare parts for the equipment it manufactures. In this segment, revenue is recognized for certain revenue streams at a point in time, and over time for other revenue streams. For point in time arrangements, revenue is recognized at the shipping point, as that is when control transfers to the customer. For over time arrangements, revenue is recognized over the time during which products are manufactured or services are performed, as control transfers under these arrangements over a period of time. Over time arrangements represent 18% of the Company's total consolidated sales for the year ended December 31, 2023. The Company uses the input method to calculate the contract revenues to be recognized, which utilizes costs incurred to date in relation to total expected costs to satisfy the Company’s performance obligation under the contract. Incurred costs represent work performed and therefore best depict the transfer of control to the customer.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

For over time arrangements, contract liabilities relate to advances or deposits received from the Company’s customers before revenue is recognized. These amounts, which totaled $53.9 million and $52.6 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are recorded as Other accrued expenses in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

For over time arrangements, contract assets relate to revenue recognized in advance of billings to customers under long-term contracts accounted for under percentage of completion. These amounts, which totaled $59.9 million and $56.7 million at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, are recorded as Other current assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company has elected to account for shipping and handling as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer its products. As such, shipping and handling fees billed to customers in a sales transaction are recorded in Net sales, and shipping and handling costs incurred are recorded in Cost of sales. The Company has elected to exclude from Net sales any value-added, sales or other taxes which it collects concurrent with revenue-producing activities.

We disaggregate our revenue by product line and geographic region of our customer, as we believe these criteria best depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenues and cash flows are affected by economic factors. See details in the tables below.

Year Ended December 31,

PRODUCT LINE

Engineered specialty fasteners and other products 101.7 95.9 80.0

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GEOGRAPHIC REGION

GEOGRAPHIC REGION

GEOGRAPHIC REGION

NOTE 3 — Segments

The Company operates three reportable segments: Supply Technologies, Assembly Components and Engineered Products. For purposes of measuring business segment performance, the chief operating decision maker utilizes segment operating income (loss), which is defined as revenues less expenses identifiable to the product lines within each segment. The Company does not allocate items that are non-operating; unusual in nature; or are corporate costs, which include but are not limited to executive and share-based compensation and corporate office costs. Segment operating (loss) income reconciles to consolidated income (loss) before income taxes by deducting corporate costs, certain non-cash and/or non-operating items; Other components of pension and other postretirement benefits (“OPEB”) income, net; and interest expense, net.

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Results by business segment were as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Net sales:

Segment operating income (loss):

Gains on sales of assets, net 0.8 2.4 14.7

Year Ended December 31,

Capital expenditures:

Supply Technologies $ 6.3 $ 3.4 $ 4.1

Assembly Components 8.4 8.2 7.6

Depreciation and amortization expense:

Supply Technologies $ 6.6 $ 6.0 $ 5.5

Identifiable assets:

Assets held-for-sale by discontinued operations — 107.2 122.1

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

At December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, approximately 67%, 71% and 71%, respectively, of the Company’s assets were located in the United States.

NOTE 4 — Discontinued Operations

On December 29, 2023, the Company completed the sale of its Aluminum Products business to Angstrom for approximately $50 million in cash and promissory notes, plus the assumption of approximately $3 million of finance lease obligations. The total purchase price consisted of a cash down payment of $20.0 million paid to the Company in December 2022; cash of $15.5 million paid to the Company at closing; and promissory notes totaling $15.0 million payable to the Company on December 31, 2024, of which $10.0 million is contingent on the Aluminum Products business attaining certain purchase commitments during 2024. In connection with the sale agreement, the promissory note of $25.0 million previously issued to the Company was deemed to be satisfied in full.

Year Ended December 31,

Selling, general and administrative 15.8 14.2 11.5

Restructuring and other special charges — 3.9 4.0

Goodwill impairment — — 4.6

Loss from operation of discontinued operations (3.4) (30.5) (31.4)

Loss on sale of discontinued operations (28.3) — —

Loss on classification as held-for-sale — (1.8) —

Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax $ (26.2) $ (24.3) $ (25.9)

(1) - Interest expense includes an allocation of interest that is not directly attributable to our Aluminum Products business, totaling $3.0 million, $2.5 million and $2.6 million in 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

NOTE 5 — Plant Closure and Consolidation

During 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company incurred the following expenses related to plant closure and consolidation in connection with its profit-improvement actions across its businesses.

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Facility Related Costs Severance and Other Total

Assembly Components $ 0.5 $ — $ 0.5

Engineered Products 2.7 1.9 4.6

Assembly Components $ 5.6 $ — $ 5.6

Engineered Products 8.2 0.2 8.4

Assembly Components $ 3.8 $ — $ 3.8

The actions in the Assembly Components segment were primarily in connection with actions taken to close and consolidate its extrusion operations in Tennessee and its fuel operations in Michigan, to relocate certain production to lower-cost facilities with open capacity, and to complete other cost-reduction actions.

The actions in the Engineered Product segment were primarily in connection with plant closure and consolidation of multiple locations, and to complete other cost-reduction actions in this segment.

In connection with the above actions, the Company sold certain real estate for cash proceeds and gains on sales as follows. Gains are recorded on a separate line in the Consolidated Statements of Operations and are excluded from segment operating income.

Cash Proceeds from Sales of Assets Net Book Value Gains on Sales of Assets

NOTE 6 — Acquisitions

In July 2022, the Company acquired Charter Automotive (Changzhou) Co. Ltd. (“Charter”) for $9.3 million, net of cash acquired. Charter, which is included in our Supply Technologies segment, is headquartered in Changzhou, China and is strategic to our existing fastener manufacturing business, will accelerate the global growth of the Company's proprietary products to electric vehicle and other auto-related platforms.

The Company has paid $7.6 million for Charter as of December 31, 2023 and is scheduled to pay the remaining balance throughout 2024.

In August 2022, the Company acquired Southern Fasteners & Supply, Inc. (“Southern Fasteners”) for $18.7 million, net of cash acquired. The purchase price included cash of $16.7 million paid at closing plus $0.5 million paid in 2023 (included in Business acquisitions, net of cash acquired in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows) and a $1.5 million Note that will be paid to the seller in 2024. Southern Fasteners, which is included in our Supply Technologies segment, is headquartered in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Southern Fasteners provides commercial fasteners and industrial supplies to a diverse base of maintenance, repair and operations (“MRO”) and original equipment manufacturing (“OEM”) customers throughout the United

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

States and specializes in the design of customized inventory programs for its customers. Southern Fasteners complements Supply Technologies’ continued efforts to grow the initiatives centered around industrial supply and MRO products to our global OEM customer base.

In 2021, the Company acquired NYK Component Solutions Limited (“NYK”). NYK, which is included in our Supply Technologies segment, is headquartered in Southampton, United Kingdom and is a leading distributor of circular connectors and accessories for use in aerospace, defense, and other industrial applications. NYK provides complementary products to our existing products in Supply Technologies.

The Company paid $7.2 million for NYK, including $5.4 million in cash at closing and an additional $0.6 million in 2022 and $1.3 million in 2023 related to contingent considerations based on profitability over the two years after the acquisition.

NOTE 7 — Goodwill

The changes in the carrying amount of goodwill by reportable segment are as follows:

Supply Technologies Assembly Components Engineered Products Total

Acquisition 6.2 — — 6.2

Foreign currency translation (1.4) (0.2) (1.7) (3.3)

Foreign currency translation 0.7 0.1 0.5 1.3

NOTE 8 — Other Intangible Assets

* Not applicable, as these tradenames have an indefinite life.

Amortization expense of other intangible assets as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Amortization expense $ 6.7 $ 6.6 $ 6.9

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

We estimate amortization expense for the five years subsequent to 2023 as follows:

NOTE 9 — Financing Arrangements

Debt consists of the following:

Carrying Value at

Finance leases Various Various 16.3 18.5

Other Various Various 15.9 15.3

Less: Current portion of long-term debt and short-term debt (9.4) (10.9)

Less: Unamortized debt issuance costs (2.9) (3.1)

Total long-term debt, net $ 633.4 $ 655.1

On September 13, 2023, Park-Ohio Industries, Inc. (“Park-Ohio”), the operating subsidiary of the Company, entered into the Eighth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”). The Credit Agreement provides for a revolving credit facility in the amount of $405.0 million, including a $40.0 million Canadian revolving subcommitment and a European revolving subcommitment in the amount of $30.0 million. Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, Park-Ohio has the option to increase the availability under the revolving credit facility by an aggregate incremental amount up to $70.0 million. The Credit Agreement matures on January 14, 2027. As of December 31, 2023, we had borrowing availability of $103.3 million under the Credit Agreement.

In April 2017, Park-Ohio completed the issuance, in a private placement, of $350.0 million aggregate principal amount of 6.625% Senior Notes due 2027 (the “Notes”). Interest on the Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on April 15 and October 15 of each year, and the Notes mature on April 15, 2027. The Notes are unsecured senior obligations of Park-Ohio and are guaranteed on an unsecured senior basis by the 100% owned material domestic subsidiaries of Park-Ohio.

The following table represents fair value information of the Notes, classified as Level 1, at December 31, 2023 and 2022. The fair value was estimated using quoted market prices.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Maturities of short-term and long-term debt, excluding finance leases, during each of the five years subsequent to December 31, 2023 are as follows:

Foreign subsidiaries of the Company had $11.8 million of borrowings at December 31, 2023 and $10.9 million at December 31, 2022.

We had outstanding bank guarantees and letters of credit under our credit arrangements of approximately $32.8 million at December 31, 2023 and $41.0 million at December 31, 2022.

The weighted average interest rate on all debt was approximately 6.6% in 2023, 5.1% in 2022 and 4.8% in 2021.

NOTE 10 — Income Taxes

Income (loss) from continuing operations before income taxes consists of the following:

Year Ended December 31,

Income taxes consists of the following:

Year Ended December 31,

Current expense (benefit):

Deferred (benefit) expense:

Income tax expense (benefit) $ 8.5 $ (0.7) $ (1.0)

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

In 2023, the effective tax rate of 20.5% approximated the U.S. statutory rate of 21%, as the tax benefits of the foreign tax credit and research and development tax credit were offset by the tax expense of foreign earnings, GILTI and non-deductible expenses.

In 2022, the Company completed a research and development tax credit study for the current year as well as U.S. tax years open under statute. The completed study resulted in additional research and development tax credit benefits being recorded in 2022.

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (“CARES”) Act was enacted on March 27, 2020 to address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Significant impacts of the CARES Act include the ability to carry back a net operating loss five years and an increase of the Internal Revenue Code Section 163(j) interest expense disallowance limitations from 30% to 50% of adjusted taxable income. The Company has recorded a significant benefit for the impact of the net operating loss carryback, which provides for refunds related to tax years in which the U.S. tax rate was 35% versus the current U.S. tax rate of 21%. This additional tax benefit of 14% increased the 2021 tax benefit.

A reconciliation of income tax expense (benefit) computed by applying the statutory federal income tax rate to income tax benefit as recorded is as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Income tax expense (benefit) at U.S. statutory rate $ 8.7 $ 2.3 $ (0.2)

Effect of state income taxes, net (1.1) 0.3 (0.3)

Effect of foreign operations 4.4 3.0 1.9

Valuation allowance (1.3) 0.8 (0.1)

Uncertain tax positions 0.3 0.4 (0.3)

Non-deductible items 2.3 (0.2) 0.9

Equity compensation 1.4 1.4 0.6

CARES Act NOL carryback — — (3.1)

Foreign tax credit (4.3) (4.1) (1.4)

Other tax credits (3.3) (5.6) (0.4)

Other, net (0.2) (0.6) —

Income tax expense (benefit) as recorded $ 8.5 $ (0.7) $ (1.0)

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

Significant components of the Company’s net deferred income tax assets and liabilities are as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Deferred income tax assets:

Postretirement benefit obligation $ 0.3 $ 0.4

Net operating loss and credit carryforwards 18.9 17.8

Operating lease liabilities 11.3 13.3

Capitalized research and development expenditures 13.1 10.8

Disallowed interest 11.5 7.9

Total deferred income tax assets 75.9 69.5

Deferred income tax liabilities:

Lease right-of-use assets 11.3 13.3

Total deferred income tax liabilities 64.8 66.0

Net deferred income tax assets prior to valuation allowances 11.1 3.5

Valuation allowances (7.3) (8.6)

Net deferred income tax asset (liability) $ 3.8 $ (5.1)

At December 31, 2023, the Company has U.S., state and foreign net operating loss carryforwards as well as U.S. foreign tax credit carryforwards and research and development tax credit carryforwards for income tax purposes. The foreign net operating loss carryforward is $26.9 million, of which $13.9 million expires between 2024 and 2043 and the remainder has no expiration date. The Company has a tax benefit from a state net operating loss carryforward of $3.9 million, of which $3.5 million expires between 2024 and 2043 and the remainder has no expiration date. The Company also has a non-consolidated U.S. net operating loss carryforward of $1.2 million that expires between 2036 and 2038. The Company has recorded a valuation allowance of $7.1 million against these net operating loss carryforwards in jurisdictions where those losses are not expected to be realized. The foreign tax credit carryforward is $1.9 million and expires between 2031 and 2033. The U.S. research and development tax credit carryforward is $3.6 million and expires between 2042 and 2043.

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company was in a cumulative three-year loss position. The Company has determined that it was more likely than not that its U.S. deferred tax assets will be realized. The Company reviews all valuation allowances related to deferred tax assets and will reverse these valuation allowances, partially or totally, when appropriate under ASC 740.

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows:

Unrecognized Tax Benefit — January 1 $ 0.8 $ 1.0 $ 2.1

Gross Increases to Tax Positions Related to Prior Years — 0.3 —

Gross Decreases related to settlements with taxing authorities — — (0.1)

Expiration of Statute of Limitations (0.3) (0.5) (1.0)

Unrecognized Tax Benefit — December 31 $ 0.5 $ 0.8 $ 1.0

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS — (Continued)

The total amount of unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the effective tax rate is $0.1 million at both December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. During 2023 and 2022, the Company recognized a tax benefit of approximately $0.1 million in net interest and penalties due to the expiration of various uncertain tax positions. The Company had approximately $0.1 million for the payment of interest and penalties accrued at both December 31, 2023 and 2022. It is reasonably possible that, within the next twelve months, the amount of gross unrecognized tax benefits could be reduced by approximately $0.1 million as a result of the closure of tax statutes related to existing uncertain tax positions.

The Company is subject to taxation in the U.S. and various state and foreign jurisdictions. The Company’s tax years for 2015 through 2023 remain open for examination by the Internal Revenue Service and 2008 through 2023 remain open for examination by various state and foreign taxing authorities.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company has accumulated undistributed earnings generated by our foreign subsidiaries of approximately $237.9 million. Because $135.9 million of such earnings have previously been subject to the one-time transition taxes required by the U.S. Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”), any additional taxes due with respect to such earnings or the excess of the amount for financial reporting over the tax basis of our foreign investments would generally be limited to foreign withholding and state income taxes. We intend, however, to indefinitely reinvest these earnings and expect future U.S. cash generation to be sufficient to meet future U.S. cash needs.

NOTE 11 — Stock-Based Compensation

The Company follows the provisions of ASC 718, “Compensation — Stock Compensation” (“ASC 718”), which requires all share-based payments to employees to be recognized in the income statement based on their grant date fair values. Compensation expense for awards with service conditions only that are subject to graded vesting is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the vesting period.

A summary of time-based and performance-based activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows: