Item 1A.Risk Factors

Many of the factors that affect our business and operations involve risk and uncertainty. The factors described below are some of the risks that could materially negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Industry Specific Risk Factors

Overcapacity in the global steel industry could increase the level of steel imports into the United States, which may negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Global steel production overcapacity continues to be an ongoing risk to Nucor and the entire steel industry. The OECD has estimated that global steel production overcapacity could grow to 710 million tons in 2025, with additional capacity expected to come online over the next few years. China continues to be a significant contributor to excess steelmaking capacity, producing more than one billion tons of steel in each of the past five years, despite experiencing slower economic growth. Chinese steel producers are also investing in new steelmaking capacity in several countries in southeast Asia and Africa.

During periods of global economic weakness, the effects of this overcapacity are amplified because of weaker global demand for steel and steel products. Steel manufacturers in non-market economies, such as China, tend not to adjust their production levels in line with regional demand and instead export significant amounts of steel and steel products at prices that can be at or below their costs of production. In countries with non-market economies, the steel industry is often subsidized or owned in whole or in part by the government, which can provide these producers with cost advantages or cause their production decisions to be driven by political or social factors rather than price and demand signals. Surplus output from steel producers in these countries can flow into the U.S. market. These exports to the U.S. can result in downward pressure on realized steel prices for Nucor, adversely affecting our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

In 2018, a 25% tariff or quota limits were imposed under the first Trump Administration under Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act on all imported steel products for an indefinite period of time. However, over time the Section 232 measures were weakened through country exemptions, quota arrangements and individual product exclusions. As a result, the Section 232 program’s coverage narrowed significantly since its initial implementation, with duties eventually applicable to less than 20% of total import volumes. If the Section 232 or other import tariffs, quotas or duties expire or if others are further relaxed or repealed, or if relatively higher U.S. steel prices or a stronger U.S. dollar make it attractive for foreign steelmakers to export their steel products to the United States, despite the presence of import tariffs, quotas or duties, the resurgence of substantial imports of foreign steel could create downward pressure on U.S. steel prices.

Most recently, on February 10, 2025, President Trump issued an executive order reimposing Section 232 25% tariffs on steel imports from all sources, ending country and product exemptions, and broadening the application of the tariffs to fabricated steel products. This order is scheduled to go into effect on March 12, 2025. There can be no assurance as to when or if Section 232 or other import tariffs, quotas or other duties may be enacted, enforced, extended, modified or terminated in the future.

Our industry is cyclical and both recessions and prolonged periods of slow economic growth may negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Demand for most of our products is cyclical in nature and sensitive to general economic conditions. Our business supports cyclical industries, such as the construction, energy, metals service centers,

appliance and automotive industries. As a result, downturns in the U.S. economy or any of these industries could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We are unable to predict the duration of current economic conditions or the magnitude or timing of changes in economic activity. Future economic downturns, prolonged slow growth or stagnation in the economy, a sector-specific slowdown in one of our key end-use markets, such as nonresidential construction, or changes in inflation could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows, especially in light of the capital-intensive nature of our business.

Competition from other steel producers, imports or alternative materials may negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We face ongoing competition from other steel producers and imports that compete with our products on price, quality and service. The markets for our products are highly competitive and a number of firms, domestic and foreign, participate in the steel, steel products and raw materials markets. Depending on a variety of factors, including the cost and availability of raw materials, energy, technology, labor, transportation and capital costs, currency exchange rates, government subsidies of foreign steel producers and other global political and economic factors, our business may be materially adversely affected by more intense competitive forces.

In many applications, steel competes with other materials, such as concrete, aluminum, plastics, composites and wood. Increased use or availability of these materials in substitution for steel products could have a material adverse effect on prices and demand for our steel products.

Our business requires substantial capital investment and maintenance expenditures, and our capital resources may not be adequate to provide for all of our cash requirements.

Our business requires substantial expenditures for routine maintenance and to remain competitive. For the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, our total capital expenditures were approximately $7.46 billion. In the last three years we announced various substantial capital projects that we expect will increase production capacity, increase the efficiency of our operations and enhance our product offerings. Although we expect requirements for our business needs, including the funding of capital expenditures, debt service for financings and any contingencies, will be financed by internally generated funds, short-term commercial paper issuances, offerings of our debt securities or from borrowings under our $1.75 billion unsecured revolving credit facility, we cannot guarantee that this will be the case. Additional acquisitions, increases in interest rates or unforeseen events could require financing from additional sources.

Changes in the availability and cost of electricity and natural gas are subject to volatile market conditions which may negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Our steel mills are large consumers of electricity and natural gas. In addition, our DRI facilities are also large consumers of natural gas. We rely upon third parties for our supply of energy resources consumed in the manufacture of our products. The prices for and availability of electricity and natural gas can be volatile. They are often affected by weather, political, regulatory and economic factors beyond our control, and we may be unable to raise the price of our products to offset increased energy costs. Disruptions, including physical or information systems related issues, that impact the supply of our energy resources could temporarily impair our ability to manufacture our products for our customers. Increases in our energy costs that are not similarly applicable to our competitors' operations could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Our business and results of operations may be negatively affected by volatility in steel prices and the cost and availability of raw materials, particularly scrap steel.

We rely to an extent on outside vendors to supply us with key consumables such as graphite electrodes, alloys and other raw materials, including both scrap and scrap substitutes (e.g., prime scrap, pig iron and DRI) that are critical to the manufacture of our steel products. The raw material required to produce DRI is pelletized iron ore. Although we have vertically integrated our business by constructing our DRI facilities in Trinidad and Louisiana and also by acquiring our scrap processing and brokerage operations, DJJ, in 2008, we still must purchase most of our primary raw material, steel scrap, from numerous other sources located throughout the United States and internationally. Although we believe that the supply of scrap and scrap substitutes will remain adequate to operate our facilities, prices of these critical raw materials are volatile and are influenced by changes in scrap exports in response to changes in the scrap, scrap substitutes and iron ore demands of our global competitors, as well as volatility in currency rates and political conditions.

At any given time, we may be unable to obtain an adequate supply of these critical raw materials with price and other terms acceptable to us. The availability and prices of raw materials may also be negatively affected by new laws and regulations, allocation by suppliers, interruptions in production, accidents or natural disasters, war and other forms of armed conflict or political instability, changes in exchange rates, worldwide price fluctuations, including due to global political and economic factors, changes in governmental, business and consumer spending, inflation, increases in interest rates, labor shortages, and the availability and cost of transportation. Many countries that export steel into our markets restrict the export of scrap, protecting the supply chain of some foreign competitors. This trade practice creates an artificial competitive advantage for foreign producers that could limit our ability to compete in the U.S. market.

If our suppliers increase the prices of our critical raw materials, we may not have alternative sources of supply. In addition, to the extent that we have quoted prices to our customers and accepted customer orders for our products prior to purchasing necessary raw materials, we may be unable to raise the price of our products to cover all or part of the increased cost of the raw materials or pass along increased transportation costs. Also, if we are unable to obtain adequate, cost-effective and timely deliveries of our required raw materials, we may be unable to timely manufacture sufficient quantities of our products. This could cause us to lose sales, incur additional costs, experience margin compressions or suffer harm to our reputation and customer relationships, any of which may negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Our steelmaking processes, our DRI processes, and the manufacturing processes of many of our suppliers, customers and competitors are energy intensive and generate carbon dioxide and other GHGs. The regulation of these GHGs may negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Our operations are subject to numerous federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment, and, accordingly, we make provision in our financial statements for the estimated costs of compliance. There are inherent uncertainties in these estimates. Most notably, the uncertainty of policies, enforcement priorities, legislation and regulations related to climate change mitigation strategies pose the greatest risk.

As a carbon steel producer, Nucor could be increasingly affected both directly and indirectly by new or changing carbon policy decisions and mandates. Carbon is an essential raw material in Nucor’s steel production processes. Furthermore, Nucor steel mills use significant amounts of electricity as all of its mills utilize EAFs for 100% of their steel melting operations and the decarbonization of electricity generation may lead to high power costs and decreased reliability. Significant changes to the regional power grids serving our steel mills and/or new rulemaking or legislation affecting the operation of these power grids may negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Environmental regulation compliance and remediation could result in substantially increased costs and materially adversely impact our competitive position.

We incur significant costs to achieve and maintain compliance with environmental regulations and remediation obligations. The principal federal environmental laws include the CAA, which regulates air emissions; the CWA which regulates water withdrawals and discharges; the RCRA, which addresses solid and hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal; and the CERCLA, which governs releases of hazardous substances, and remediation of contaminated sites. Our operations are also subject to state and local environmental laws and regulations.

In addition to the above mentioned statutes, revisions to National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), including the implementation actions/decisions of environmental agencies, could make it significantly more difficult to obtain construction permits and permits to expand existing operations. Resulting cancellations, delays or unanticipated costs to these projects could negatively impact our ability to generate expected returns on our investments. Emission reductions for existing operations due to a NAAQS revision can also be required. These regulations can also increase our cost of energy, primarily electricity, which we use extensively in the steelmaking process. We may in the future incur substantially increased costs complying with such regulations, particularly if federal regulatory agencies were to change their enforcement posture with respect to such regulations.

Emerging customer preferences for greater product transparency and less GHG intensive materials may put us at a competitive disadvantage or reduce demand for our products.

The federal government and numerous states are considering establishing, or have already established, requirements for Environmental Product Declarations (“EPDs”) so that consumers may more readily evaluate the environmental impacts of products. California has enacted the “Buy Clean California Act” and California has also established Global Warming Potential benchmarks through EPDs for certain materials, including certain steel products. The federal government has also implemented a "Buy Clean" guidance associated with the Inflation Reduction Act. EPD legislation has caused Nucor to incur additional costs and has the potential to put Nucor and its customers at a disadvantage to foreign competitors unless standardized mechanisms are used to fully evaluate products produced by foreign producers.

General Risk Factors

We are subject to information technology and cybersecurity threats which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

We utilize various information technology systems to efficiently address business functions ranging from the operation of our production equipment to administrative computation to the storage of data such as intellectual property and proprietary business information. We also utilize third-party service providers for certain information technology services that are important to our operations. We continuously evaluate our cybersecurity systems and practices, assess potential threats, and improve our information technology networks, policies and procedures to address potential vulnerabilities. Despite efforts to assure secure and uninterrupted operations, threats from increasingly sophisticated cyberattacks or system failures could result in materially adverse operational disruptions or security breaches of our systems or those of our third-party service providers. These risks could result in disclosure or destruction of key proprietary information or personal data or reputational damage, theft of assets or trade secrets, or could adversely affect our ability to physically produce or transport steel, resulting in lost revenues, as well as delays in reporting our financial results. We also could be required to spend significant financial and other resources to remedy the damage caused by a cyber-security breach, including to repair or replace networks and information technology systems. We may also contend with potential liability for stolen information, increased cyber-security protection costs, litigation expense and increased insurance premiums.

Our operations are subject to business interruptions and casualty losses.

The steelmaking business is subject to numerous inherent risks, particularly unplanned events such as explosions, fires, other accidents, natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes or earthquakes, critical equipment failures, acts of terrorism, inclement weather and transportation interruptions. Nucor maintains property insurance for these types of losses but self-insures a significant portion of the program. Therefore, while our insurance coverage could offset a portion of the losses relating to some of those types of events, our results of operations and cash flows could be adversely impacted to the extent that any such losses are not covered by our insurance, or that there are significant delays in resolving our claims with our insurance providers.

We acquire businesses and enter into joint ventures from time to time and we may encounter difficulties in integrating businesses we acquire.

We plan to continue to seek attractive opportunities to acquire businesses, enter into joint ventures and make other investments that strengthen Nucor. Realizing the anticipated benefits of acquisitions or other transactions will depend on our ability to operate these businesses and integrate them with our operations, effectively identify and manage risks, and cooperate with our strategic partners. Our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could be materially adversely affected if we are unable to successfully integrate these businesses or otherwise fail to realize the anticipated benefits of acquisitions or other transactions.

Risks associated with operating in international markets may negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Certain of our businesses and investments are located outside of the United States, in Canada, Mexico and in emerging markets. There are a number of risks inherent in doing business in or sourcing raw materials from such markets. These risks include, but are not limited to: unfavorable political or economic factors; local labor and social issues; changes in regulatory requirements; fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, interest rates and inflation; and complex foreign laws, treaties including tax laws, and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977. These risks could restrict our ability to operate our international businesses profitably and therefore have a negative impact on our financial position and results of operations. In addition, our reported results of operations and financial position could also be negatively affected by exchange rates when the activities and balances of our foreign operations are translated into U.S. dollars for financial reporting purposes.

Pandemics, epidemics and other public health emergencies in the future, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Our operations expose us to risks associated with pandemics, epidemics and other public health emergencies. A pandemic or any similar event may have negative impacts on our operations, supply chain, transportation networks and customers, which may compress our margins or impact demand for our steel products, including as a result of preventative and precautionary measures that we, other businesses and governments have taken or may take in the future.

In addition, the ability of our teammates and our suppliers’ and customers’ teammates to work may be significantly impacted by these types of public health emergencies. Our customers may be directly impacted by business interruptions or weak market conditions and may not be willing or able to fulfill their contractual obligations. Furthermore, the progression of and global response to these types of public health emergencies can cause and increase the risk of delays in construction activities and equipment deliveries related to our capital projects, including potential delays in obtaining permits from government agencies, as well as changes in the prices and availability of labor and equipment for capital projects.

The accounting treatment of equity method investments, goodwill and other long-lived assets could result in future asset impairments, which would reduce our earnings.

We periodically test our equity method investments, goodwill and other long-lived assets to determine whether their estimated fair value is less than their value recorded on our balance sheet. The results of this testing for potential impairment may be adversely affected by uncertain market conditions for the global steel industry, as well as changes in interest rates, commodity prices and general economic conditions. If we determine that the fair value of any of these assets is less than the value recorded on our balance sheet, and, in the case of equity method investments the decline is other than temporary, we would likely incur a non-cash impairment loss that would negatively impact our results of operations.

Tax increases and changes in tax laws and regulations or exposure to additional tax liabilities may negatively affect our business, results of operations, financial conditions and cash flows.

The steel industry and our business are sensitive to changes in taxes. As a company based in the United States, Nucor is more exposed to the effects of changes in U.S. tax laws than some of our major competitors. Our provision for income taxes and cash tax liability in the future could be adversely affected by changes in U.S. tax laws.

Nucor recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are believed to be more likely than not of being sustained. We cannot predict whether taxing authorities will conduct an audit challenging any of our tax positions and there can be no assurance as to the outcome of any challenges. If we are unsuccessful in any of these matters, we may be required to pay taxes for prior periods, interest, fines or penalties.

We are subject to legal proceedings and legal compliance risks.

We spend substantial resources ensuring that we comply with domestic and foreign regulations, contractual obligations and other legal standards. Notwithstanding this, we are subject to a variety of legal proceedings and legal compliance risks in respect of various issues, including regulatory, safety, environmental, employment, transportation, intellectual property, contractual, import/export, international trade and governmental matters that arise in the course of our business and in our industry. For information regarding our current significant legal proceedings, see “Item 3. Legal Proceedings.” A negative outcome in an unusual or significant legal proceeding or compliance investigation could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. While we believe that we have adopted appropriate risk management and compliance programs, the nature of our operations means that legal compliance risks will continue to exist and additional legal proceedings and other contingencies, the outcome of which cannot be predicted with certainty, will arise from time to time.

Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Nucor recognizes the importance of developing, implementing, and maintaining effective cybersecurity measures designed to protect our information systems and the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our data. We face a number of information technology and cybersecurity threats which could have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Notwithstanding the Company’s cybersecurity framework and preventative strategies, we may not be successful in preventing or mitigating a cybersecurity incident that could have a material adverse effect on us. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for a discussion of cybersecurity risks.

Risk Management and Strategy

Overview

We have developed and implemented a cybersecurity risk management program that is intended to enable us to assess, identify, and manage risk associated with cybersecurity threats. Our program is based on the Cybersecurity Framework promulgated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and other applicable industry standards, and includes the following key elements:

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identification and assessment of cybersecurity threats based on internal and external assessments and monitoring, information from internal stakeholders, and external publications and resources such as those made available by the United States Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency;

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technical and organizational safeguards designed to protect against identified threats, including documented policies and procedures, technical controls, and employee education and awareness;

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processes to detect the occurrence of cybersecurity events, and maintenance and regular testing of incident response and recovery and business continuity plans and processes; and

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a third-party risk management process to manage cybersecurity risks associated with our service providers, suppliers, and vendors.

The program is designed to foster a culture of cybersecurity risk management across the Company.

Integrated Overall Risk Management

Assessing, identifying, and managing cybersecurity-related risks is integrated into our overall risk management framework. The Company conducts an annual cybersecurity risk assessment and reports the most significant risks and associated planned mitigation strategies to the Audit Committee of the Board of Directors. The annual risk assessment is carried out under the supervision of the Executive Vice President of Business Services and General Counsel, the President of Nucor Business Technology, the Company’s Cybersecurity Director, and the Company’s Vice President and Corporate Controller. See “Governance” below. The Board also regularly receives focused presentations regarding cybersecurity risks from the Company’s Cybersecurity Director.

Third-Party Engagement

Due to the complexity and ever-changing nature of cybersecurity threats, Nucor engages a range of external experts to assist in its assessment, identification, and management of risks from cybersecurity threats. These include cybersecurity assessors, forensic and incident response experts, and auditors to review the Company’s cybersecurity posture and responsive efforts. Our relationships with these external partners enable us to leverage their expertise with the goal of maintaining best practices.

Oversight of Third-Party Risks

Our third-party service providers, suppliers, and vendors face their own risks from cybersecurity threats that could impact Nucor in certain circumstances. In response, we have implemented processes for overseeing and managing these risks. Those processes include limiting the exposure of our information systems to external systems to the least practicable amount, assessing the third parties’ information security practices before allowing them to access our information systems or data, requiring the third parties to implement appropriate cybersecurity controls in our agreements with them, and conducting ongoing monitoring of their compliance with those requirements. We also utilize third-party risk and compliance monitoring services to monitor our service providers, suppliers, and vendors and to augment the effectiveness of our risk mitigation efforts in this area.

Risks from Cybersecurity Threats

As of the date of this report, no risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of cybersecurity incidents we have experienced in the past, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition.

Governance

The Company seeks to ensure effective governance in managing risks associated with cybersecurity threats, as more thoroughly described below.

Board of Directors Oversight

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors is responsible for the oversight of risks from cybersecurity threats. The Audit Committee is composed of directors with a wide range of experience, including risk management and controls, and technology. See “Integrated Overall Risk Management” above.

Management’s Role in Cybersecurity Risk Management

A division of the Company known as Nucor Business Technology, or NBT, is responsible for the Company’s information technology needs, including cybersecurity risk assessment and management. NBT’s cybersecurity function is led by the Cybersecurity Director, who reports to the President of NBT, who in turn reports to the Company's Executive Vice President of Business Services and General Counsel and to the Chair, President, and Chief Executive Officer. The current Cybersecurity Director has more than twenty years of experience in the cybersecurity field and has broad expertise in cybersecurity threat assessments and detection, mitigation technologies, cybersecurity training, and incident response.

The Company also has a Risk Committee composed of the following members of the Company’s management:

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Executive Vice President of Business Services & General Counsel

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President, Nucor Business Technology

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Vice President and Corporate Controller

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Vice President and General Manager, Corporate Legal Affairs

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General Manager of Internal Audit

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Cybersecurity Director

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Director of Legal Compliance and Assistant Corporate Secretary

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Manager of External Reporting

The Risk Committee is responsible for overseeing the Company’s response to cybersecurity incidents.The Risk Committee and the Chair, President, and Chief Executive Officer inform the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors on cybersecurity risks.

Monitoring of Cybersecurity Incidents

The Cybersecurity Director implements and oversees our processes for regularly monitoring our information systems. This includes security measures and regular audits to identify potential issues. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, we have an established incident response plan that requires prompt notification of the Cybersecurity Director or their designee, who in turn oversees our assessment of and response to the incident. The Cybersecurity Director is also responsible for informing the Risk Committee

of cybersecurity incidents, which in turn has a detailed process for assessing the impacts of incidents and monitoring the Company’s mitigation and remediation efforts. Depending on the nature of the incident, this process also provides for escalating notification to senior executives, including the Chair, President, and Chief Executive Officer, the Executive Vice President of Business Services and General Counsel and to the Board of Directors.

Item 2.Properties

We own most of our principal operating facilities. These facilities, by segment, are as follows:

Location Approximatesquare footageof facilities Principal products

Steel mills:

Fontana, California 4,020,000 Flat-rolled steel

Hickman, Arkansas 2,750,000 Flat-rolled steel

Berkeley County, South Carolina 2,430,000 Flat-rolled steel, structural steel

Blytheville, Arkansas 2,220,000 Structural steel

Decatur, Alabama 2,010,000 Flat-rolled steel

Crawfordsville, Indiana 1,870,000 Flat-rolled steel

Norfolk, Nebraska 1,530,000 Steel shapes

Hertford County, North Carolina 1,350,000 Steel plate

Plymouth, Utah 1,300,000 Steel shapes

Ghent, Kentucky 1,260,000 Flat-rolled steel

Jewett, Texas 1,180,000 Steel shapes

Darlington, South Carolina 980,000 Steel shapes

Kankakee, Illinois 850,000 Steel shapes

Silao, Guanajuato, Mexico 680,000 Steel shapes

Seattle, Washington 660,000 Flat-rolled steel

Tuscaloosa, Alabama 610,000 Steel shapes

Memphis, Tennessee 600,000 Steel plate

Auburn, New York 510,000 Steel shapes

Jackson, Mississippi 490,000 Steel shapes

Brandenburg, Kentucky 490,000 Steel plate

Sedalia, Missouri 490,000 Steel shapes

Birmingham, Alabama 460,000 Steel shapes

Marion, Ohio 430,000 Steel shapes

Kingman, Arizona 380,000 Steel shapes

Frostproof, Florida 350,000 Steel shapes

Wallingford, Connecticut 240,000 Steel shapes

Steel products:

Norfolk, Nebraska 1,160,000 Joist, deck, cold finish bar

Arthur, Illinois 1,070,000 Overhead doors

St. Joe, Indiana 1,010,000 Joist, deck, fastener

Grapeland, Texas 830,000 Joists, deck

Chemung, New York 560,000 Joists, deck

Marseilles, Illinois 550,000 Steel tube

Florence, South Carolina 550,000 Joists, deck

Swansea, South Carolina 510,000 Building systems

Birmingham, Alabama 480,000 Steel tube

Fort Payne, Alabama 470,000 Joists, deck

Decatur, Alabama 470,000 Steel tube

Louisville, Kentucky 440,000 Steel tube

Trinity, Alabama 380,000 Steel tube

Eufaula, Alabama 360,000 Building systems

Chicago, Illinois 350,000 Steel tube

Waterloo, Indiana 350,000 Building systems

In the steel products segment, we have 92 operating facilities, excluding the locations listed above, in 39 states with 29 operating facilities in Canada and two in Mexico. Nucor Rebar Fabrication also operates multiple sales offices in Canada and certain other foreign locations. The steel products segment also includes Skyline Steel, LLC, our steel foundation distributor. NWS has leased square footage of approximately 630,000 square feet in Los Angeles, California, and has leased square footage of approximately 370,000 square feet in Houston, Texas.

In the raw materials segment, we have 93 operating facilities in 19 states with one operating facility in Point Lisas, Trinidad. For our DRI facilities in Trinidad and Louisiana, a significant portion of the production process occurs outdoors. The Trinidad site, including leased land, is approximately 2 million square feet. The Louisiana site has approximately 174 million square feet of owned land with buildings that total approximately 72,500 square feet. DJJ has 74 operating facilities in 18 states along with multiple brokerage offices in the United States and certain other foreign locations.

The average utilization rates of all operating facilities in the steel mills, steel products and raw materials segments in 2024 were approximately 76%, 58% and 73% of production capacity, respectively.

We also own our principal executive offices in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Nucor is from time to time a party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. With respect to all such lawsuits, claims and proceedings, we record reserves when it is probable a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. We do not believe that any of these proceedings, individually or in the aggregate, would be expected to have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial position or cash flows. Nucor maintains liability insurance with self-insurance limits for certain risks.

During 2022, Nucor Steel Louisiana, our DRI facility located in St. James Parish, Louisiana, received allegations of violations of the Clean Air Act from the United States Environmental Protection Agency. A combined settlement is currently being negotiated with the United States Department of Justice, United States Environmental Protection Agency and the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality. We do not believe that any aggregate settlement for these allegations will be material to Nucor.

There were no other proceedings that were pending or contemplated under federal, state or local environmental laws that the Company reasonably believes may result in monetary sanctions of at least $1.0 million (the threshold chosen by Nucor as permitted by Item 103 of Regulation S-K promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, (the "Exchange Act"), and which Nucor believes is reasonably designed to result in disclosure of any such proceeding that is material to its business or financial condition).

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Information About Our Executive Officers

The following is a description of the names and ages of the executive officers of the Company, indicating all positions and offices with the Company held by each such person and each person’s principal occupation or employment during the past five years. Each executive officer of Nucor is elected by the Board of Directors and holds office from the date of election until removed by the Board.

Allen C. Behr (51), Executive Vice President of Raw Materials, was named EVP in May 2020. Mr. Behr began his career with Nucor in 1996 as Design Engineer at Nucor Building Systems-Indiana and

joined the start-up team at Nucor Building Systems-Texas in 1999. In 2001, he became the Engineering Manager at Nucor Building Systems-South Carolina and was promoted to General Manager in 2008. Mr. Behr became the General Manager of Vulcraft-South Carolina in 2011 and was promoted to Vice President in 2012. He was promoted to President of the Vulcraft/Verco group in 2014 and he served as General Manager of Nucor Steel-Texas from 2017 to 2019.

Brad Ford (46), Executive Vice President of Plate and Structural Products, became EVP in May 2023. Mr. Ford began his career at The David J. Joseph Company (DJJ) in 2001 as a Brokerage Representative and subsequently served as District Manager and International Trading Manager. In 2013, Mr. Ford became Commercial Vice President at DJJ's subsidiary, Trademark Metals Recycling LLC (TMR), and then served as President of TMR from 2015 to 2020. Mr. Ford became General Manager of Vulcraft-Indiana in 2020. He was promoted to Vice President of Nucor in 2022 and most recently served as Vice President and General Manager of Nucor Steel Decatur, LLC.

Noah Hanners (45), Executive Vice President of Sheet Products, became EVP in January 2023. Mr. Hanners began his career with Nucor in 2011 as Melt Shop Engineer at Nucor Steel South Carolina. He next served as Shift Supervisor and was then promoted to Melt Shop Manager at Nucor Steel Auburn, Inc. Mr. Hanners later served as General Manager of Nucor Tubular Products and General Manager of Nucor Steel Kankakee, Inc. and was promoted to Vice President in 2019. He served as the Vice President and General Manager of The David J. Joseph Company from 2019 to 2022.

John Hollatz (49), Executive Vice President of Fabricated Construction Products, was named EVP in May 2022. Mr. Hollatz began his career at Nucor in 1999 as Design Engineer at Vulcraft Indiana and then served as Sales Engineer and Sales Manager at Vulcraft Nebraska. Mr. Hollatz later served as General Manager of Nucor Building Systems South Carolina, General Manager of Vulcraft Indiana, and President of the Vulcraft/Verco group. He was promoted to Vice President and General Manager of Nucor Steel Decatur, LLC in 2016.

Stephen D. Laxton (54), Chief Financial Officer and Executive Vice President, became CFO in March 2022. Mr. Laxton began his career at Nucor in 2003 as General Manager of Business Development and was promoted to Vice President in 2014. Prior to joining Nucor, Mr. Laxton worked for Cinergy Corp., holding various positions including Director of Asset Management and Manager of Corporate Development.Prior to Cinergy, he held various financial roles with Ashland, Inc., North American Stainless and National City Bank.

Gregory J. Murphy (61), Executive Vice President of Business Services and General Counsel, was named EVP in January 2021. Mr. Murphy began his Nucor career in 2015 as Vice President and General Counsel. In 2020, he assumed additional responsibilities and was named General Counsel and Vice President of Legal, Environmental and Public Affairs. Prior to joining Nucor, Mr. Murphy was a Partner with the law firm of Moore & Van Allen PLLC, where he was the team leader of the Litigation Practice Group and served for a decade on the firm’s Executive Committee.

Daniel R. Needham (59), Executive Vice President of Commercial, was named EVP in May 2022. Mr. Needham began his career with Nucor in 2000 as Controller at Nucor Steel Hertford County. He subsequently served as Controller of Nucor Steel Decatur, LLC and Nucor Steel Utah. In 2011, Mr. Needham became General Manager of Nucor Steel Connecticut, Inc. He later served as General Manager of Nucor Steel Utah and was elected Vice President in 2016. In 2019, Mr. Needham was promoted to Vice President and General Manager of Nucor Steel Indiana. He served as the Executive Vice President of Bar, Engineered Bar and Rebar Fabrication Products from February 2021 to May 2022.

K. Rex Query (59), Executive Vice President of Strategy, was named EVP in January 2021. Mr. Query joined Nucor in 1990 as a financial analyst in the Corporate Office and subsequently served as Controller at Vulcraft South Carolina, Nucor Steel Berkeley and Nucor Steel Hertford. After serving as General Manager and Corporate Controller, Mr. Query was elected to Vice President in 2002 and served as General Manager at Nucor Steel Auburn, Inc., Nucor Steel Decatur, LLC, Nucor Steel South Carolina

and NCF as well as President of Nucor Europe. Most recently, Mr. Query served as President of Nucor’s Vulcraft/Verco group. Mr. Query is married to the sister of Mr. Topalian’s wife.

Randy J. Spicer (47), was named Executive Vice President of Bar and Rebar Fabrication Products, in May 2024. Mr. Spicer began his Nucor career in 2004 as Accounting Supervisor at Nucor Steel Indiana. In 2006, he joined the start-up team at Nucor Steel Memphis, Inc. as Controller and subsequently served as Controller and Hot Mill Manager at Nucor Steel Gallatin LLC. He was promoted to General Manager of Nucor Tubular Products North in 2020 and elected to Vice President in 2022. He most recently served as President of Nucor Tubular Products.

David A. Sumoski (58), was named Chief Operating Officer, in January 2021. He previously served as Executive Vice President from 2014 to 2020, most recently as EVP of Merchant and Rebar Products. He also served as General Manager of Nucor Steel Memphis, Inc. from 2012 to 2014 and as General Manager of Nucor Steel Marion, Inc. from 2008 to 2012. Mr. Sumoski was named Vice President in 2010. He began his career with Nucor as an electrical supervisor at Nucor Steel-Berkeley in 1995, later serving as Maintenance Manager.

Leon J. Topalian (56), has served as President and Chief Executive Officer since January 2020 and as Chair of the Board of Directors since September 2022. He previously served as President and Chief Operating Officer from September 2019 to December 2019, as Executive Vice President of Beam and Plate Products from 2017 to 2019 and as Vice President of Nucor from 2013 to 2017. He began his Nucor career at Nucor Steel-Berkeley in 1996, serving as a project engineer and then as cold mill production supervisor. Mr. Topalian was promoted to Operations Manager for Nucor’s former joint venture in Australia and later served as Melting and Casting Manager at Nucor Steel-South Carolina. He then served as General Manager of Nucor Steel Kankakee, Inc. from 2011 to 2014 and as General Manager of Nucor-Yamato from 2014 to 2017. Mr. Topalian is married to the sister of Mr. Query’s wife.

D. Chad Utermark (56), Executive Vice President of New Markets and Innovation, was named EVP in 2014. He previously served as General Manager of Nucor-Yamato from 2011 to 2014 and as General Manager of Nucor Steel-Texas from 2008 to 2011. He was named Vice President of Nucor in 2009. Mr. Utermark began his Nucor career as a utility operator at Nucor Steel-Arkansas in 1992, subsequently serving as shift supervisor and Hot Mill Manager at that division as well as Roll Mill Manager at Nucor Steel-Texas.

PART II

Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “NUE.” As of January 31, 2024, there were approximately 11,000 stockholders of record of our common stock.

Our share repurchase program activity for each of the three months and the quarter ended December 31, 2024 was as follows (in millions, except per share amounts):

For the Quarter Ended December 31, 2024 2 2

(1)

Includes commissions of $0.11 per share.

(2)

On May 11, 2023, the Company announced that its Board of Directors had approved a share repurchase program under which the Company is authorized to repurchase up to $4.00 billion of the Company’s common stock and terminated all previously authorized share repurchase programs. The share repurchase authorization is discretionary and has no expiration date.

Nucor has increased its base cash dividend every year since the Company began paying dividends in 1973. Nucor paid a total dividend of $2.16 per share in 2024 compared with $2.04 per share in 2023. In December 2024, the Board of Directors increased the base quarterly cash dividend on Nucor’s common stock to $0.55 per share from $0.54 per share. In February 2025, the Board of Directors declared Nucor’s 208th consecutive quarterly cash dividend of $0.55 per share payable on May 12, 2025 to stockholders of record on March 31, 2025.

See Note 16 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for a discussion regarding securities authorized for issuance under the Company’s stock-based compensation plans.

The stock performance graph required by Item 201(e) of Regulation S-K is incorporated into this report by reference from the Company's annual report to stockholders for the year ended December 31, 2024, which will be posted to the Company's website and furnished to the SEC subsequent to the date of this report. The stock performance graph shall not be deemed to be "filed" for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, nor shall it be deemed to be "soliciting material" subject to Regulation 14A or incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Exchange Act, except as shall be expressly set forth by specific reference in such filing.

Item 6.[Reserved].

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations of Nucor Corporation should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements of the Company and the accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations included in this report discusses our financial condition and results of operations as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Information concerning the year ended December 31, 2023 and a comparison of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 may be found under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2024.

Overview

While the U.S. economy and consumer confidence remained resilient in 2024, steel market demand softened, particularly in regard to high interest rate-sensitive construction sectors and due to economic and political uncertainty in the run-up to the presidential election. As a result, operating rates at our steel mills for the full year 2024 decreased slightly to 76% as compared to 78% for the full year 2023.

Legislation passed by Congress is providing more than $1.5 trillion to rebuild traditional infrastructure, build-out clean energy infrastructure and re-shore semiconductor chip manufacturing back to the United States. Funding from the Infrastructure Investment & Jobs Act (IIJA) is taking longer than expected to impact the steel market and has been less steel intensive than initially estimated. Since being signed into law, the CHIPS Act of 2022 has generated announcements for dozens of new semiconductor ecosystem projects in the U.S. representing more than $400 billion in private investments. Strong Buy America requirements in the IIJA and the Inflation Reduction Act will promote domestically produced steel being used to rebuild U.S. infrastructure and build-out new clean energy infrastructure. More than half of Nucor products are shipped into the construction market, and Nucor’s 100% domestically melted-and-poured steel and lower carbon footprint is expected to provide an additional advantage as states and localities look to rebuild infrastructure in a sustainable manner. It is unclear if the change in the presidential administration will impact any steel intensive projects funded under these federal programs going forward.

Our Challenges and Risks

Global steel production overcapacity continues to be an ongoing risk to Nucor and the health of the entire steel industry. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( the “OECD”) estimated that global crude steel production overcapacity would grow from approximately 632 million net tons in 2024 to approximately 710 million net tons in 2025.However, additional capacity continues to come online and China’s steel production, the largest steel producing country, is still near record levels. In 2024, China’s steel production was more than 1 billion tons for the fifth consecutive year. Circumvention of trade duties also continues to pose a risk, as countries route products through third-party countries to evade duties. Increasingly, China is seeking to evade trade duties by building new steelmaking capacity in other countries with a focus on neighboring countries in southeast Asia, as well as Africa.

An uncertainty we continue to face in our business is the price of our principal raw material, ferrous scrap, which is volatile and often increases or decreases rapidly in response to changes in domestic demand, unanticipated events that affect the flow of scrap into scrap yards, the availability of scrap substitutes, currency fluctuations and changes in foreign demand for scrap. In periods of rapidly increasing raw material prices in the industry, which are often also associated with periods of stronger or rapidly improving steel market conditions, being able to increase our prices for the products we sell quickly enough to offset increases in the prices we pay for ferrous scrap is challenging but critical to maintaining our profitability. We attempt to mitigate the scrap price risk by managing scrap inventory levels at the steel mills to match the anticipated demand over the next several weeks. Certain scrap

substitutes, including pig iron, have longer lead times for delivery than scrap, which can make this inventory management strategy difficult to achieve. Continued successful implementation of our raw material strategy, including key investments in DRI production, coupled with the scrap brokerage and processing services performed by our team at DJJ, give us greater control over our metallic inputs and thus also helps us to mitigate this risk. See "Item 1A. Risk Factors- Industry Specific Risk Factors" for further discussion of raw material risks.

During periods of stronger or rapidly improving steel market conditions, we are more likely to be able to pass through to our customers, relatively quickly, the increased costs of ferrous scrap and scrap substitutes, protecting our gross margins from significant erosion. During periods of weaker or rapidly deteriorating steel market conditions, weak steel demand, low industry utilization rates and the impact of imports create an even more intensified competitive environment and increased pricing pressure. All of those factors, to some degree, impact pricing, which increases the likelihood that Nucor will experience lower gross margins.

Although the majority of our steel sales are to spot market customers in North America who place their orders each month based on their business needs and our pricing competitiveness compared to both domestic and global producers and trading companies, we also sell contract tons, most notably in our sheet operations. Approximately 80% of our sheet sales were to contract customers in 2024, with the balance being sold in the spot market at the prevailing prices at the time of sale. Steel contract sales outside of our sheet operations are not significant. The amount of tons sold to contract customers at any given time depends on the overall market conditions at the time, how the end-use customers see the market moving forward and the strategy that Nucor management believes is appropriate to the upcoming period.

Nucor management considerations include maintaining an appropriate balance of spot and contract tons based on market projections and appropriately supporting our diversified customer base. The percentage of tons that is placed under contract also depends on the overall market dynamics and customer negotiations. In years of strengthening demand, we typically see an increase in the percentage of sheet sales sold under contract as our customers have an expectation that transaction prices will rapidly rise, and available capacity will quickly be sold out. To mitigate this risk, customers prefer to enter into contracts in order to obtain committed volumes of supply from the mills. The vast majority of our contracts include a method of adjusting prices on a periodic basis to reflect changes in the market pricing for steel and/or scrap. Market indices for steel generally trend with scrap pricing changes, but, during periods of steel market weakness, the more intensified competitive steel market environment can cause the sales price indices to decrease resulting in reduced gross margins and profitability. Furthermore, since the selling price adjustments are not immediate, there will always be a timing difference between changes in the prices we pay for raw materials and the adjustments we make to our contract selling prices. Contract sales typically have terms ranging from six to 12 months.

Our Strengths and Opportunities

We are North America’s most diversified steel producer. As a result, our short-term performance is not tied to any one market. We have numerous, large, strategic capital projects at various stages of progress that we believe will help us further diversify our product offerings and expand the markets that we serve. We expect these investments to grow our long-term earnings power by increasing our channels to market, expanding our product portfolio into higher value-added offerings, improving our cost structure and further building upon our market leadership positions.

We believe that Nucor’s raw material supply chain is another important strength. Our investment in DRI production facilities and scrap brokerage and processing businesses provides Nucor with significant flexibility in optimizing our raw materials costs. Additionally, having a portion of our raw materials supply under our control reduces risk associated with the global sourcing of raw materials.

Our highly variable, low-cost structure, combined with our financial strength and liquidity, have allowed us to successfully navigate cyclical steel industry market conditions in the past. In such times, our incentive-based pay system reduces our payroll costs, both hourly and salary, which helps to offset lower

selling prices. Our pay-for-performance system that is closely tied to our levels of production also allows us to keep our highly experienced workforce intact and to continue operating our facilities when some of our competitors with greater fixed costs are forced to shut down some of their facilities. Because we use EAFs to produce our steel, we can easily vary our production levels to match short-term changes in demand.

Evaluating Our Operating Performance

We report our results of operations in three segments: steel mills, steel products and raw materials. Most of the steel we produce in our mills is sold to outside customers (80% in both 2024 and 2023), but a significant percentage is used internally by many of the facilities in our steel products segment (20% in both 2024 and 2023).

We begin measuring our performance by comparing our net sales, both in total and by individual segment, during a reporting period with our net sales in the corresponding period in the prior year. In doing so, we focus on changes in and the reasons for such changes in the two key variables that have the greatest influence on our net sales: average sales price per ton during the period and total tons shipped to outside customers.

We also focus on both dollar and percentage changes in gross margins, which are key drivers of our profitability, and the reasons for such changes. There are many factors from period to period that can affect our gross margins. One consistent area of focus for us is changes in “metal margins,” which is the difference between the selling price of steel and the cost of scrap and scrap substitutes. Increases or decreases in the cost of scrap and scrap substitutes that are not offset by changes in the selling price of steel can quickly compress or expand our margins and reduce or increase our profitability.

Changes in marketing, administrative and other expenses, particularly profit sharing and other variable incentive-based payment costs, can have a material effect on our results of operations for a reporting period as well. These costs vary significantly from period to period as they are based upon changes in our pre-tax earnings and other profitability metrics that are a reflection of our pay-for-performance system that is closely tied to our levels of production.

Evaluating Our Financial Condition

We evaluate our financial condition each reporting period by focusing primarily on the amounts of and reasons for changes in cash provided by operating activities, our current ratio, the turnover rate of our accounts receivable and inventories, the amounts of and reasons for changes in cash used in or provided by investing activities (including projected capital expenditures) and financing activities and our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments position at period end. We believe that our conservative financial practices have served us well in the past and are serving us well today. As a result, we believe our financial position remains strong.

Comparison of 2024 to 2023

Results of Operations

Nucor reported consolidated net earnings of $2.03 billion, or $8.46 per diluted share, in 2024, which decreased compared to $4.53 billion, or $18.00 per diluted share, in 2023. Earnings decreased across all three operating segments in 2024 as compared to 2023. The primary driver for the decrease in earnings in 2024 as compared to 2023 was the decreased earnings of the steel products segment. The steel products segment experienced decreased average selling prices and lower volumes in 2024 as compared to 2023. The decrease in profitability of our joist and deck businesses had the greatest impact on the decrease in profitability of the steel products segment in 2024 as compared to 2023, as average selling prices and volumes continued to moderate from the historically high levels reached in 2022. Despite comparable volumes, earnings in the steel mills segment decreased in 2024 as compared to

2023 primarily due to lower average selling prices which drove lower metal margins. Also contributing to the decrease in earnings in the steel mills segment in 2024 as compared to 2023 was the increase in pre-operating and start-up costs related to several growth investments that are in various stages of construction or start-up within the segment. Earnings in the raw materials segment decreased in 2024 as compared to 2023 due to the decreased profitability of DJJ’s scrap processing operations and the impact of an $83 million impairment charge of a long-term note receivable that management determined was no longer collectible.

The following discussion will provide greater quantitative and qualitative analysis of Nucor’s performance in 2024 as compared to 2023.

Net Sales

Net sales to external customers by segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in millions):

Year Ended December 31,

Total net sales to external customers $ 30,734 $ 34,714 -11 %

Net sales for 2024 decreased 11% from the prior year. Average sales price per ton decreased 10% from $1,377 in 2023 to $1,241 in 2024. Total tons shipped to outside customers decreased 2% from 25,205,000 tons in 2023 to 24,767,000 tons in 2024.

In the steel mills segment, sales tons for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Net sales for the steel mills segment decreased 7% in 2024 compared to the prior year due to an 7% decrease in the average sales price per ton, from $1,084 in 2023 to $1,013 in 2024. Average selling prices for our sheet, bar, structural, and plate mills decreased in 2024 as compared to 2023.

Outside sales tonnage for the steel products segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Net sales for the steel products segment decreased 21% in 2024 from the prior year due to a 12% decrease in the average sales price per ton, from $2,845 in 2023 to $2,510 in 2024, as well as a 10% decrease in volumes.

Net sales for the raw materials segment increased 3% in 2024 from the prior year, primarily due to increased volumes at DJJ’s brokerage operations. In 2024, approximately 93% of outside sales for the raw materials segment were from the brokerage operations of DJJ, and approximately 4% of outside sales were from the scrap processing operations of DJJ (92% and 4%, respectively, in 2023).

Gross Margins

In 2024, Nucor recorded gross margins of $4.10 billion (13%), which was a decrease from $7.82 billion (23%) in 2023:

•

The primary driver for the decrease in gross margins in 2024 as compared to 2023 was the decrease in gross margins in the steel products segment. Gross margins decreased across most businesses within the segment due to lower volumes and decreased average selling prices. The largest decreases were at our joist and deck businesses, as average selling prices and volumes continued to moderate from the historically high levels reached in 2022.

•

Gross margins in the steel mills segment decreased 2024 compared to 2023 due to decreased metal margins. The average scrap and scrap substitute cost per gross ton used decreased 6% from $421 in 2023 to $394 in 2024. Despite the decrease in average scrap and scrap substitute costs in 2024 compared to 2023, metal margins decreased as the decrease in average selling prices was greater than the decrease in average scrap and scrap substitute costs.

Scrap prices are driven by the global supply and demand for scrap and other iron-based raw materials used to make steel. Scrap prices are stable as we begin 2025.

•

Pre-operating and start-up costs of new facilities increased to approximately $594 million in 2024 as compared to approximately $400 million in 2023. Pre-operating and start-up costs in 2024 primarily related to the plate mill in Kentucky, the sheet mill being built in West Virginia, and the melt shop being built in Arizona. Pre-operating and start-up costs in 2023 primarily related to the plate mill then being built in Kentucky, the sheet mill being built in West Virginia, and the micro mill being built in North Carolina. Nucor defines pre-operating and start-up costs, all of which are expensed, as the losses attributable to facilities or major projects that are either under construction or in the early stages of operation. Once these facilities or projects have attained a utilization rate that is consistent with our similar operating facilities, they are no longer considered by Nucor to be in start-up.

•

Gross margins in the raw materials segment decreased significantly in 2024 as compared to 2023 due to the decreased profitability of our scrap processing operations.

Marketing, Administrative and Other Expenses

A major component of marketing, administrative and other expenses is profit sharing and other incentive compensation costs. These costs, which are based upon and fluctuate with Nucor’s financial performance, decreased from 2023 to 2024 due to the decreased profitability of the Company. In 2024, profit sharing costs consisted of $298 million, including the Company’s matching contribution, made to the Company’s Profit Sharing and Retirement Savings Plan for qualified employees ($611 million in 2023). Other employee bonus costs also fluctuate based on Nucor’s achievement of certain financial performance goals, including achieving record earnings, and comparisons of Nucor’s financial performance to peers in the steel industry and other companies. Stock-based compensation included in marketing, administrative and other expenses decreased by 4% to $52 million in 2024 compared with $54 million in 2023 and includes expenses associated with vesting of stock awards granted in prior years.

Equity in Earnings of Unconsolidated Affiliates

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates was $30 million in 2024 and $13 million in 2023. The increase in equity method investment earnings from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to decreased losses at NJSM. In October 2023, Nucor purchased an additional 1% interest in NJSM, bringing our investment in NJSM to a 51% controlling interest. Beginning in the fourth quarter of 2023, Nucor has accounted for NJSM on a consolidated basis.

Losses and Impairments of Assets

Included in 2024 net earnings were $137 million of losses and impairments of assets (none in 2023). During the third quarter of 2024, management determined that it was probable that a long-term note receivable in the raw materials segment would no longer be collectable and recorded an $83 million impairment charge to fully reserve the note receivable. The other primary component of losses and impairments of assets in 2024 was a $40 million impairment charge of certain assets, mostly property, plant, and equipment, net, related to a business in the steel products segment.

Interest Expense (Income)

Net interest expense (income) for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in millions):

Year Ended December 31,

Interest (income) expense, net $ (30 ) $ (30 )

Interest expense decreased in 2024 compared to 2023 due to an increase in capitalized interest. Interest income decreased in 2024 compared to 2023 due to lower average investments and a decrease in average interest rates on investments.

Earnings Before Income Taxes and Noncontrolling Interests

The following table presents earnings before income taxes and noncontrolling interests by segment for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in millions). The changes between periods were driven by the quantitative and qualitative factors previously discussed.

Year Ended December 31,

Corporate/eliminations (960 ) (1,137 )

Earnings before income taxes and noncontrolling interests $ 2,902 $ 6,273

Noncontrolling Interests

Noncontrolling interests represent the income attributable to the noncontrolling partners of Nucor’s joint ventures, Nucor-Yamato, CSI and NJSM. Nucor owns a 51% controlling interest in each of Nucor-Yamato, CSI and NJSM. The decrease in earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests in 2024 as compared to 2023 was due to the decreased earnings of Nucor-Yamato and CSI. Furthermore, the decrease in earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests was due to the losses of NJSM, for which results were consolidated beginning in the fourth quarter of 2023 following Nucor's purchase of an additional 1% interest in NJSM to bring the total investment to a 51% controlling interest.

Provision for Income Taxes

The Company’s effective tax rate in 2024 was 20.09% compared with 21.68% in 2023. The 2024 effective tax rate includes an increased impact, when compared to 2023, related to federal tax credits and the change in relative proportions of net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests to total pre-tax earnings between the periods.

The Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) is currently examining Nucor’s 2015, 2019, and 2020 federal income tax returns. Nucor has concluded U.S. federal income tax matters for tax years through 2014, and for the tax years 2016 and 2018. The tax years 2021 through 2023 remain open to examination by the IRS. The 2015 through 2021 Canadian income tax returns for Nucor Rebar Fabrication Group Inc. (formerly known as Harris Steel Group Inc.) and certain related affiliates are currently under examination by the Canada Revenue Agency. The tax years 2016 through 2023 remain open to examination by other major taxing jurisdictions to which Nucor is subject (primarily Canada, Trinidad & Tobago, and other state and local jurisdictions).

Net Earnings and Return on Equity

Nucor reported net earnings of $2.03 billion, or $8.46 per diluted share, in 2024, compared to net earnings of $4.53 billion, or $18.00 per diluted share, in 2023. Net earnings attributable to Nucor stockholders as a percentage of net sales were 6.6% and 13.0% in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Return on average stockholders’ equity was 9.8% and 23.0% in 2024 and 2023, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We believe our financial strength is a key strategic advantage, particularly during recessionary business cycles. We carry the highest credit ratings of any steel producer headquartered in North America, with an A- long-term rating from Standard and Poor’s, a Baa1 long-term rating from Moody’s and an A- long-term rating from Fitch. Our credit ratings are dependent, however, on many factors, both qualitative and quantitative, and are subject to change at any time. The disclosure of our credit ratings is made to enhance investors’ understanding of our sources of liquidity and the impact of our credit ratings on our cost of funds.

Nucor’s cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments and restricted cash and cash equivalents position remained strong at $4.14 billion as of December 31, 2024, compared with $7.13 billion as of December 31, 2023. Approximately $970 million and $1.05 billion of the cash and cash equivalents position as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, was held by our majority-owned joint ventures. Cash flows provided by operating activities provide us with a significant source of liquidity. When needed, we have external short-term financing sources available, including the issuance of commercial paper and borrowings under our bank credit facilities.

We also issue long-term debt securities from time-to-time. On March 11, 2022, Nucor completed the issuance and sale of $550 million aggregate principal amount of its 3.125% Notes due 2032 (the “2032 Notes”) and $550 million aggregate principal amount of its 3.850% Notes due 2052 (the “2052 Notes” and, together with the 2032 Notes, the “2032/2052 Notes”). The net proceeds from the issuance and sale of the 2032/2052 Notes were used along with cash on hand to redeem all of the outstanding $600 million aggregate principal amount of our 4.125% Notes due 2022 (the “2022 Notes”) and $500 million aggregate principal amount of our 4.000% Notes due 2023 (the “2023 Notes”) pursuant to the terms of the indenture governing the 2022 Notes and the 2023 Notes.

On April 25, 2022, Nucor redeemed all $500 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 2023 Notes using a portion of the net proceeds from the issuance and sale of the 2032/2052 Notes. On August 15, 2022, Nucor redeemed all $600 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 2022 Notes using the remaining portion of the net proceeds from the issuance and sale of the 2032/2052 Notes.

On May 23, 2022, Nucor completed the issuance and sale of $500 million aggregate principal amount of its 3.950% Notes due 2025 (the “2025 Notes”) and $500 million aggregate principal amount of its 4.300% Notes due 2027 (the “2027 Notes”).

We expect to continue to have adequate access to the capital markets at a reasonable cost of funds for liquidity purposes when needed.

Selected Measures of Liquidity and Capital Resources

(Dollars in millions)

December 31,

Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,558 $ 6,383

Restricted cash and cash equivalents - 4

Current ratio 2.5 3.6

The current ratio, which is calculated by dividing current assets by current liabilities, was 2.5 at year-end 2024 compared with 3.6 at year-end 2023. The current ratio was impacted by lower cash and cash equivalents and the increase in the current portion of long-term debt at December 31, 2024.

In 2024, total accounts receivable turned approximately every five weeks and inventories turned approximately every ten weeks. These ratios compare with accounts receivable turnover of approximately every five weeks and inventory turnover of approximately every 11 weeks for 2023.

Funds provided by operations, cash and cash equivalents, short-term investments, restricted cash and cash equivalents and new borrowings under existing credit facilities are expected to be adequate to meet future capital expenditures, current debt maturities and working capital requirements for existing operations for at least the next 24 months. We also believe we have adequate access to capital markets for liquidity purposes.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have a simple capital structure with no off-balance sheet arrangements or relationships with unconsolidated special purpose entities that we believe could have a material impact on our financial condition or liquidity.

Capital Allocation Strategy

We believe that our conservative financial practices have served us well in the past and are serving us well today. Nucor’s financial strength allows for a consistent, balanced approach to capital allocation throughout the business cycle. Nucor’s highest capital allocation priority is to invest in our business for profitable growth over the long term. We have historically done this by investing to optimize our existing operations, initiate greenfield expansions and make acquisitions. Our second priority is to return capital to our stockholders through cash dividends and share repurchases. We intend to return a minimum of 40% of our net earnings to our stockholders through dividends and share repurchases, while maintaining a debt-to-capital ratio that supports a strong investment grade credit rating. Nucor returned approximately $2.7 billion in capital to its stockholders in the form of base dividends and share repurchases in 2024.

Our cash flows for each period were as follows:

(Dollars in millions)

December 31,

Net cash provided by operating activities $ 3,979 $ 7,112

Net cash used in investing activities (3,734 ) (2,496 )

Net cash used in financing activities (3,058 ) (2,593 )

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (16 ) 3

Operating Activities

For 2024 compared to 2023, the $3.13 billion decrease in cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by a decrease in net earnings and changes in operating assets and liabilities. Net earnings decreased $2.59 billion over the prior year, which included $137 million of non-cash losses and impairments of assets in 2024 (none in 2023). The changes in operating assets and liabilities resulted in a net inflow of $156 million and $858 million in 2024 and 2023, respectively. The changes in working capital were primarily due to a decrease in accounts receivable and inventories from year-end 2023 to year-end 2024. Accounts receivable at the end of 2024 decreased from the prior year-end resulting in a cash inflow of $319 million due to a decrease in the sales volumes and price per ton compared to the prior year. From year-end 2023 to year-end 2024, inventories decreased resulting in an inflow of $518 million due primarily to an 18% decrease in raw material tons. This compares to inventories at year-end 2023 increasing from year-end 2022 and resulting in a $75 million cash outflow. Salaries, wages and related accruals decreased $385 million due to lower current year profit sharing accrual and other benefit related accruals. Accounts payable decreased resulting in a $321 million cash outflow due to the decreases in inventory mentioned previously.

Investing Activities

Our business is capital intensive; therefore, cash used in investing activities primarily represents capital expenditures for the construction of new facilities, the expansion and upgrading of existing facilities and the acquisition of other companies. The $1.24 billion increase in cash used in investing activities was primarily due to $758 million used in 2024 to fund acquisitions compared to $71 million used to fund acquisitions in 2023. $565 million of this was used in the acquisition of Rytec in 2024. Cash used for capital expenditures increased by $959 million to $3.17 billion in 2024 as compared to $2.21 billion in 2023. The increase in capital expenditures was primarily due to the sheet mill under construction in West Virginia, the sheet mill expansion in Indiana and the rebar micro mill under construction in North Carolina. Capital expenditures for 2025 are estimated to be approximately $3.00 billion. The projects that we anticipate will have the largest capital expenditures in 2025 are the sheet mill under construction in West Virginia, the construction of two manufacturing locations to expand NTS, and the galvanizing line at our sheet mill in South Carolina.

Financing Activities

The primary uses of cash were: (i) stock repurchases of $2.22 billion in 2024 as compared to $1.55 billion in 2023, an increase of $663 million; (ii) cash dividends to stockholders of $522 million in 2024 as compared to $515 million in 2023; and (iii) distributions to noncontrolling interests of $352 million in 2024 as compared to $435 million in 2023, a decrease of $83 million. In 2022, Nucor issued $500 million aggregate principal amount of the 2025 Notes, $500 million aggregate principal amount of the 2027 Notes, $550 million aggregate principal amount of the 2032 Notes and $550 million aggregate principal amount of the 2052 Notes. On April 25, 2022, Nucor redeemed all $500 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 2023 Notes. On August 15, 2022, Nucor redeemed all $600 million aggregate principal amount outstanding of the 2022 Notes.

Our $1.75 billion revolving credit facility is undrawn and has a maturity date of November 5, 2026. The revolving credit facility includes only one financial covenant, which is a limit of 60% on the ratio of funded debt to total capital. In addition, the undrawn revolving credit facility contains customary non-financial covenants, including a limit on Nucor’s ability to pledge the Company’s assets and a limit on consolidations, mergers and sales of assets. As of December 31, 2024, Nucor’s funded debt to total capital ratio was 24.5%, and Nucor was in compliance with all covenants under the credit facility.

Market Risk

Nucor’s largest exposure to market risk is in our steel mills and steel products segments. Our utilization rates for the steel mills and steel products facilities for the fourth quarter of 2024 were 74% and 54%, respectively. A significant portion of our steel mills and steel products segments’ sales are into the commercial, industrial and municipal construction markets. Our largest single customer in 2024 represented approximately 5% of sales and consistently pays within terms. In the raw materials segment, we are exposed to price fluctuations related to the purchase of scrap steel, pig iron and iron ore. Our exposure to market risk is mitigated by the fact that our steel mills use a significant portion of the products of this segment and the prices we receive for our steel and steel products tend to be correlated with the prices we pay for these materials.

Nucor manages interest rate risk by using a combination of variable-rate and fixed-rate debt. At December 31, 2024, approximately 21% of Nucor’s long-term debt was comprised of instruments with variable interest rates, primarily industrial development revenue bonds ("IDRBs") that are adjusted weekly. The remaining 79% of Nucor’s long-term debt was at fixed rates. Future changes in interest rates are not expected to significantly impact earnings. From time to time, Nucor makes use of interest rate swaps to manage interest rate risk. As of December 31, 2024, there were no such contracts outstanding. Nucor’s investment practice is to invest in securities that are highly liquid with short maturities. As a result, we do not expect changes in interest rates to have a significant impact on the value of our investment securities recorded as short-term investments.

Nucor also uses derivative financial instruments from time to time to partially manage its exposure to price risk related to purchases of natural gas used in the production process, as well as steel, scrap, copper and aluminum purchased for resale to its customers. In addition, Nucor uses forward foreign exchange contracts from time to time to hedge cash flows associated with certain assets and liabilities, firm commitments and anticipated transactions. Nucor generally does not enter into derivative instruments for any purpose other than hedging the cash flows associated with specific volumes of commodities that will be purchased, processed or sold in future periods or hedging the exposures related to changes in the fair value of outstanding fixed-rate debt instruments and foreign currency transactions. Nucor recognizes all derivative instruments in the consolidated balance sheets at fair value.

The Company is exposed to foreign currency risk primarily through its operations in Canada, Europe and Mexico. We periodically use derivative contracts to mitigate the risk of currency fluctuations.

Dividends

Nucor has increased its base cash dividend every year since it began paying dividends in 1973. Nucor paid aggregate dividends of $2.16 per share in 2024, compared with aggregate dividends of $2.04 per share in 2023. In December 2024, the Board of Directors increased the regular quarterly cash dividend on Nucor’s common stock to $0.55 per share. Nucor returned approximately $2.73 billion in capital to its stockholders in the form of base dividends and share repurchases in 2024. In February 2025, the Board of Directors declared Nucor’s 208th consecutive quarterly cash dividend of $0.55 per share payable on May 12, 2025 to stockholders of record as of March 31, 2025.

Contractual Obligations and Other Commercial Commitments

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and other commercial commitments as of December 31, 2024 for the periods presented (in millions):

Payments Due By Period

(1)

Interest is estimated using applicable rates at December 31, 2024 for Nucor’s outstanding fixed-rate and variable-rate debt.

(2)

Nucor enters into contracts for the purchase of scrap and scrap substitutes, iron ore, electricity, natural gas, and other raw materials and related services. These contracts include multi-year commitments and minimum annual purchase requirements and are valued at prices in effect on December 31, 2024, or according to the contract language. These contracts are part of normal operations and are reflected in historical operating cash flow trends. We do not believe such commitments will adversely affect our liquidity position.

(3)

Purchase obligations include commitments for capital expenditures on operating machinery and equipment.

(4)

Other long-term obligations include amounts associated with Nucor’s early-retiree medical benefits, management compensation and guarantees.

Note: In addition to the amounts shown in the table above, $212 million of unrecognized tax benefits have been recorded as liabilities, and we are uncertain as to if or when such amounts may be settled. Related to these unrecognized tax benefits, we have also recorded a liability for potential penalties and interest of $50 million at December 31, 2024.

Outlook

We expect earnings in the steel mills and steel products segments to be similar in the first quarter of 2025 as compared to the fourth quarter of 2024. Earnings in the raw materials segment are expected to decrease in the first quarter of 2025 relative to the fourth quarter of 2024. We expect higher corporate, administrative and tax impacts in the first quarter of 2025 than realized in the fourth quarter of 2024 which may result in lower net earnings overall.

Capital deployment is expected to decrease in 2025 with planned capital expenditures of approximately $3.0 billion, continued evaluation of acquisitions, and share repurchases expected to moderate. As we have in the past, we intend to allocate capital to investments that advance our strategy

to grow the core and expand beyond, with the goal of keeping Nucor in a position of strength well into the future.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at year end and the reported amount of revenues and expenses during the year. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates, including those related to the valuation allowances for receivables, the carrying value of non-current assets and reserves for environmental obligations and income taxes. Our estimates are based on historical experience and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Accordingly, actual costs could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We believe the following critical accounting policies affect our significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Inventories

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value. The Company records any amount required to reduce the carrying value of inventory to net realizable value as a charge to cost of products sold. Scrap and scrap substitute costs are a very significant component of the raw material, semi-finished and finished product inventory balances. The vast majority of the Company’s inventory is recorded on the first-in, first-out method. Production costs are applied to semi-finished and finished product inventory from the approximate period in which they are produced.

Long-Lived Asset Impairments

We evaluate our property, plant and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets for potential impairment on an individual asset basis or at the lowest level asset grouping for which cash flows can be independently identified. Asset impairments are assessed whenever circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of those productive assets could exceed their projected undiscounted cash flows. In developing estimated values for assets that we currently use in our operations, we utilize judgments and assumptions of future undiscounted cash flows that the assets will produce. When it is determined that an impairment exists, the related assets are written down to estimated fair market value. Certain long-lived asset groupings were tested for impairment during the fourth quarter of 2024. Undiscounted cash flows for each asset grouping were estimated using management’s long-range estimates of market conditions associated with each asset grouping over the estimated useful life of the principal asset within the group. Our undiscounted cash flow analysis indicated that the tested long-lived asset groupings were recoverable as of December 31, 2024. Management determined that no long-lived asset impairment testing was required in 2023.

Goodwill and Intangibles

Goodwill is tested annually for impairment and whenever events or circumstances change that would make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. We perform our annual impairment analysis as of the first day of the fourth quarter each year. The evaluation of impairment involves comparing the current estimated fair value of each reporting unit to the recorded value, including goodwill.

When appropriate, Nucor performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. For certain reporting units, it

is necessary to perform a quantitative analysis. In these instances, a discounted cash flow model is used to determine the current estimated fair value of these reporting units. Significant assumptions used to determine the fair value of each reporting unit as part of our annual testing (and any required interim testing) include: (i) expected cash flow for the five-year period following the testing date (including market share, sales volumes and prices, raw materials and other costs to produce and estimated capital needs); (ii) an estimated terminal value using a terminal year growth rate determined based on the growth prospects of the reporting unit; (iii) a discount rate based on management’s best estimate of the after-tax weighted-average cost of capital; and (iv) a probability-weighted scenario approach by which varying cash flows are assigned to certain scenarios based on the likelihood of occurrence. Management considers historical and anticipated future results, general economic and market conditions, the impact of planned business and operational strategies and all available information at the time the fair values of its reporting units are estimated. Those estimates and judgments may or may not ultimately prove appropriate.

Our fourth quarter 2024 annual goodwill impairment analysis did not result in an impairment charge. Management does not believe that future impairment of these reporting units is probable. However, the performance of certain businesses that comprise our reporting units requires continued improvement. An increase of approximately 50 basis points in the discount rate, a critical assumption in which a minor change can have a significant impact on the estimated fair value, would not result in an impairment charge. See Note 8 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the results of the Company’s 2024 annual goodwill impairment analysis.

Nucor will continue to monitor operating results within all reporting units throughout 2025 in an effort to determine if events and circumstances require further interim impairment testing. Otherwise, all reporting units will again be subject to the required annual qualitative and/or quantitative impairment test during our fourth quarter of 2025. Changes in the judgments and estimates underlying our analysis of goodwill for possible impairment, including expected future operating cash flows and discount rate, could decrease the estimated fair value of our reporting units in the future and could result in an impairment of goodwill.

Equity Method Investments

Investments in joint ventures in which Nucor shares control over the financial and operating decisions but in which Nucor is not the primary beneficiary are accounted for under the equity method. Each of the Company’s equity method investments is subject to a review for impairment if, and when, circumstances indicate that a decline in value below its carrying amount may have occurred. Examples of such circumstances include, but are not limited to, a significant deterioration in the earnings performance or business prospects of the investee; missed financial projections; a significant adverse change in the regulatory, tax, economic or technological environment of the investee; a significant adverse change in the general market condition of either the geographic area or the industry in which the investee operates; and recurring negative cash flows from operations. When management considers the decline to be other than temporary, the Company would write down the related investment to its estimated fair market value. An other-than-temporary decline in carrying value is determined to have occurred when, in management’s judgment, a decline in fair value below carrying value is of such length of time and/or severity that it is considered long-term.

In the event that an impairment review is necessary, we calculate the estimated fair value of our equity method investments using a probability-weighted multiple-scenario income approach. Management’s analysis includes three discounted cash flow scenarios (best case, base case and recessionary case), which contain forecasted near-term cash flows under each scenario. Generally, (i) the best case scenario contains estimates of future results ranging from slightly higher than recent operating performance to levels that are consistent with historical operating and financial performance; (ii) the base case scenario contains estimates of future results ranging from generally in line with recent operating performance to levels that are more conservative than historical operating and financial performance; and (iii) the recessionary case scenario contains estimates of future results which include limited growth resulting only from operational cost improvements and limited benefits of new higher-value product

offerings. Management determines the probability that each cash flow scenario will come to fruition based on the specific facts and circumstances of each of the preceding scenarios, with the base case typically receiving the majority of the weighting.

Key assumptions used to determine the fair value of our equity method investments include: (i) expected cash flow for the five-year period following the testing date (including market share, sales volumes and prices, raw materials and other costs to produce and estimated capital needs); (ii) an estimated terminal value using a terminal year growth rate determined based on the growth prospects of the investment; (iii) a discount rate based on management’s best estimate of the after-tax weighted-average cost of capital; and (iv) a probability-weighted scenario approach by which varying cash flows are assigned to certain scenarios based on the likelihood of occurrence. Management considers historical and anticipated future results, general economic and market conditions, the impact of planned business and operational strategies and all available information at the time the fair values of its investments are estimated. Those estimates and judgments may or may not ultimately prove appropriate.

Nucor reviews its equity method investments for impairment if and when circumstances indicate that a decline in fair value below their carrying amounts may have occurred. There were no triggering events that caused management to pursue additional testing of our equity method investments in 2024.

Income Taxes

We utilize the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the liability method, deferred taxes are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using tax rates expected to be in effect during the years in which the basis differences reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that some of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. We recognize the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within operations are recognized as a component of interest expense and other expenses.

Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Certain statements made in this report, or in other public filings, press releases, or other written or oral communications made by Nucor, which are not historical facts are forward-looking statements subject to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties which we expect will or may occur in the future and may impact our business, financial condition and results of operations. The words “anticipate,” “believe,” “expect,” “intend,” “project,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “could” and similar expressions are intended to identify those forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements reflect the Company’s best judgment based on current information, and, although we base these statements on circumstances that we believe to be reasonable when made, there can be no assurance that future events will not affect the accuracy of such forward-looking information. As such, the forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance, and actual results may vary materially from the projected results and expectations discussed in this report. Factors that might cause the Company’s actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to: (1) competitive pressure on sales and pricing, including pressure from imports and substitute materials; (2) U.S. and foreign trade policies affecting steel imports or exports; (3) the sensitivity of the results of our operations to general market conditions, and in particular, prevailing market steel prices and changes in the supply and cost of raw materials, including pig iron, iron ore and scrap steel; (4) the availability and cost of electricity and natural gas which could negatively affect our cost of steel production or result in a delay or cancellation of existing or future drilling within our natural gas drilling programs; (5) critical equipment failures and business interruptions; (6) market demand for steel products, which, in the case of many of our products, is driven by the level of nonresidential construction activity in the United States; (7) impairment in the recorded value of inventory, equity investments, fixed assets, goodwill or other long-lived assets; (8) uncertainties and volatility surrounding the global economy, including excess world capacity for steel production, inflation and interest rate changes; (9) fluctuations in currency conversion

rates; (10) significant changes in laws or government regulations affecting environmental compliance, including legislation and regulations that result in greater regulation of greenhouse gas emissions that could increase our energy costs, capital expenditures and operating costs or cause one or more of our permits to be revoked or make it more difficult to obtain permit modifications; (11) the cyclical nature of the steel industry; (12) capital investments and their impact on our performance; (13) our safety performance; (14) our ability to integrate businesses we acquire; (15) the impact of any pandemic or public health situation; and (16) the risks discussed in “Item 1A. Risk Factors” of this report.

Caution should be taken not to place undue reliance on the forward-looking statements included in this report. We assume no obligation to update any forward-looking statements except as may be required by law. In evaluating forward-looking statements, these risks and uncertainties should be considered, together with the other risks described from time to time in our reports and other filings with the SEC.

Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

In the ordinary course of business, Nucor is exposed to a variety of market risks. We continually monitor these risks and develop strategies to manage them.

Interest Rate Risk – Nucor manages interest rate risk by using a combination of variable-rate and fixed-rate debt. At December 31, 2024, approximately 21% of Nucor’s long-term debt was comprised of instruments with variable interest rates, primarily IDRBs that are adjusted weekly. The remaining 79% of Nucor’s long-term debt was at fixed rates. Future changes in interest rates are not expected to significantly impact earnings. Nucor also occasionally makes use of interest rate swaps to manage net exposure to interest rate changes. As of December 31, 2024, there were no such contracts outstanding. Nucor’s investment practice is to invest in securities that are highly liquid with short maturities. As a result, we do not expect changes in interest rates to have a significant impact on the value of our investment securities recorded as short-term investments.

Commodity Price Risk – In the ordinary course of business, Nucor is exposed to market risk for price fluctuations of raw materials and energy, principally scrap, steel, other ferrous and nonferrous metals, alloys and natural gas. We attempt to negotiate the best prices for our raw material and energy requirements and to obtain prices for our steel products that match market price movements in response to supply and demand. In periods of strong or stable demand for our products, we are more likely to be able to effectively reduce the normal time lag in passing through higher raw material costs so that we can maintain our gross margins. When demand for our products is weaker, this becomes more challenging. Our DRI facilities in Trinidad and Louisiana provide us with flexibility in managing our input costs. DRI is particularly important for operational flexibility when demand for prime scrap increases due to increased domestic steel production.

Natural gas produced by Nucor’s production operations is being sold to third parties to partially offset our exposure to changes in the price of natural gas consumed by our Louisiana DRI facility and our steel mills in the United States.

Nucor also periodically uses derivative financial instruments to hedge a portion of our exposure to price risk related to natural gas purchases used in the production process and to hedge a portion of our steel, scrap, aluminum and copper purchases and sales. Gains and losses from derivatives designated as hedges are deferred in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes on the consolidated balance sheets and recognized in net earnings in the same period as the underlying physical transaction. At December 31, 2024, accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes included $1 million in unrealized net-of-tax gains for the fair value of these derivative instruments. Changes in the fair values of derivatives not designated as hedges are recognized in net earnings each period. The following table presents the negative effect on pre-tax earnings of a hypothetical change in the fair value of the derivative instruments outstanding at December 31, 2024, due to an assumed 10% and 25% change in the market price of each of the indicated commodities (in millions):

CommodityDerivative 10% Change 25% Change

Natural gas $ 11 $ 28

Other commodities 9 23

Any resulting changes in fair value would be recorded as adjustments to accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes or recognized in net earnings, as appropriate. These hypothetical losses would be partially offset by the benefit of lower prices paid or higher prices received for the physical commodities.

Foreign Currency Risk – Nucor is exposed to foreign currency risk primarily through its operations in Canada, Europe and Mexico. We periodically use derivative contracts to mitigate the risk of currency fluctuations. Open foreign currency derivative contracts at December 31, 2024 and 2023 were insignificant.

Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Index to Financial Statements

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting 50

Consolidated Balance Sheets 54

Consolidated Statements of Earnings 55

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income 56

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity 57

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 58

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 59

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

Nucor’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management assessed the effectiveness of Nucor’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013).

Based on its assessment, management concluded that Nucor’s internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, has audited the effectiveness of Nucor’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 as stated in their report which is included herein.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Nucor Corporation

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Nucor Corporation and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of earnings, of comprehensive income, of stockholders’ equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Goodwill Impairment Assessment – Certain Reporting Unit in the Steel Products Segment

As described in Notes 2 and 8 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $4,288 million as of December 31, 2024, and the goodwill associated with the Steel Products segment was $2,816 million, of which a portion relates to a certain reporting unit. Goodwill is tested annually for impairment, on the first day of the fourth quarter, and whenever events or circumstances change that would make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. The evaluation of impairment involves comparing the current estimated fair value of each reporting unit to the recorded value, including goodwill. Based on the results of the qualitative assessment, it may be necessary to perform a quantitative analysis. In these instances, a discounted cash flow model is used to determine the current estimated fair value of these reporting units. As disclosed by management, significant assumptions used to determine the fair value of a reporting unit include (i) expected cash flow for the five-year period following the testing date (including market share, sales volumes and prices, raw material costs and other costs to produce and estimated capital needs); (ii) an estimated terminal value using a terminal year growth rate determined based on the growth prospects of the reporting unit; (iii) a discount rate based on management’s best estimate of the after-tax weighted-average cost of capital; and (iv) a probability-weighted scenario approach by which varying cash flows are assigned to certain scenarios based on the likelihood of occurrence.

The principal considerations for our determination that performing procedures relating to the goodwill impairment assessment for a certain reporting unit in the Steel Products segment is a critical audit matter are (i) the significant judgment by management when developing the fair value estimate of a certain reporting unit in the Steel Products segment and (ii) a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions related to sales volumes and prices.

Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating audit evidence in connection with forming our overall opinion on the consolidated financial statements. These procedures included testing the effectiveness of controls relating to management’s goodwill impairment assessments, including controls over the valuation of a certain reporting unit in the Steel Products segment. These procedures also included, among others, (i) testing management’s process for developing the fair value estimate of a certain reporting unit in the Steel Products segment; (ii) evaluating the appropriateness of the discounted cash flow model; (iii) testing the completeness and accuracy of underlying data used in the discounted cash flow model; and (iv) evaluating the reasonableness of the significant assumptions used by management related to sales volumes and prices. Evaluating management’s assumptions related to sales prices and volumes involved evaluating whether the assumptions used by management were reasonable considering (i) the current and past performance of the reporting unit; (ii) the consistency with external market and industry data; and (iii) whether the assumptions were consistent with evidence obtained in other areas of the audit.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Charlotte, North Carolina

February 27, 2025

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1989.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In millions)

December 31,

ASSETS

Current assets:

Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,558 $ 6,383

Restricted cash and cash equivalents — 4

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

Current liabilities:

Current portion of long-term debt and finance lease obligations 1,042 74

Salaries, wages and related accruals 903 1,326

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 975 1,056

Long-term debt and finance lease obligations due after one year 5,683 6,649

Deferred credits and other liabilities 1,863 1,973

Commitments and contingencies

Equity

Nucor stockholders’ equity:

Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes (208 ) (162 )

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EARNINGS

(In millions, except per share data)

Year Ended December 31,

Costs, expenses and other:

Marketing, administrative and other expenses 1,123 1,585 1,997

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates (30 ) (13 ) (11 )

Losses and impairments of assets 137 — 102

Interest (income) expense, net (30 ) (30 ) 170

Earnings before income taxes and noncontrolling interests 2,902 6,273 10,245

Net earnings before noncontrolling interests 2,319 4,913 8,079

Earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests 292 388 472

Net earnings attributable to Nucor stockholders $ 2,027 $ 4,525 $ 7,607

Net earnings per share:

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(In millions)

Year Ended December 31,

Net earnings before noncontrolling interests $ 2,319 $ 4,913 $ 8,079

Other comprehensive income (loss):

Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests 292 388 472

Comprehensive income attributable to Nucor stockholders $ 1,981 $ 4,500 $ 7,585

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In millions, except per share data)

Nucor Stockholders

Accumulated Total

Additional Other Treasury Stock Nucor

Total Shares Amount Capital Earnings Loss Shares Amount Equity Interests

Other comprehensive income (loss) (22 ) — — — — (22 ) — — (22 ) —

Stock options exercised 23 — — (3 ) — — (0.4 ) 26 23 —

Stock option expense 5 — — 5 — — — — 5 —

Amortization of unearned compensation 5 — — 5 — — — — 5 —

Cash dividends declared ($2.01 per share) (527 ) — — — (527 ) — — — (527 ) —

Distributions to noncontrolling interests (332 ) — — — — — — — — (332 )

Acquisition 428 — — — — — — — — 428

Other comprehensive income (loss) (25 ) — — — — (25 ) — — (25 ) —

Stock options exercised 12 — — (3 ) — — (0.2 ) 15 12 —

Stock option expense 5 — — 5 — — — — 5 —

Amortization of unearned compensation 6 — — 6 — — — — 6 —

Cash dividends declared ($2.07 per share) (517 ) — — — (517 ) — — — (517 ) —

Distributions to noncontrolling interests (435 ) — — — — — — — — (435 )

Acquisition 75 — — — — — — — — 75

Other comprehensive income (loss) (46 ) — — — — (46 ) — — (46 ) —

Stock options exercised 4 — — (1 ) — — (0.1 ) 5 4 —

Stock option expense 5 — — 5 — — — — 5 —

Amortization of unearned compensation 10 — — 10 — — — — 10 —

Cash dividends declared ($2.17 per share) (518 ) — — — (518 ) — — — (518 ) —

Distributions to noncontrolling interests (352 ) — — — — — — — — (352 )

Acquisition — — — — — — — — — —

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In millions)

Year Ended December 31,

Operating activities:

Net earnings before noncontrolling interests $ 2,319 $ 4,913 $ 8,079

Adjustments:

Deferred income taxes (116 ) 21 (47 )

Distributions from affiliates 25 34 57

Equity in earnings of unconsolidated affiliates (30 ) (13 ) (11 )

Losses and impairments of assets 137 — 102

Changes in assets and liabilities (exclusive of acquisitions and dispositions):

Salaries, wages and related accruals (385 ) (291 ) 155

Other operating activities (72 ) 11 (92 )

Investing activities:

Investment in and advances to affiliates — (35 ) —

Sale of business 1 — 100

Disposition of plant and equipment 17 15 32

Acquisitions (net of cash acquired) (758 ) (71 ) (3,553 )

Other investing activities (12 ) (36 ) (10 )

Financing activities:

Net change in short-term debt 105 (25 ) (59 )

Proceeds from issuance of long-term debt, net of discount — — 2,092

Repayment of long-term debt (10 ) (10 ) (1,111 )

Bond issuance costs — — (13 )

Proceeds from exercise of stock options 4 12 23

Distributions to noncontrolling interests (352 ) (435 ) (332 )

Proceeds from government incentives — — 275

Other financing activities (13 ) (17 ) (25 )

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (16 ) 3 (6 )

Non-cash investing activity:

Change in accrued plant and equipment purchases $ 115 $ 1 $ 5

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

NUCOR CORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

YEARS ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2024, 2023 AND 2022

1. Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation

Nature of Operations

Nucor is principally a manufacturer of steel and steel products, as well as a scrap broker and processor, with operating facilities and customers primarily located in North America.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include Nucor and its controlled subsidiaries, including Nucor-Yamato Steel Company (Limited Partnership) (“Nucor-Yamato”), of which Nucor owns 51%; California Steel Industries, Inc. (“CSI”), of which Nucor owns 51%; and Nucor-JFE Steel Mexico, S. de R.L. de C.V. ("NJSM"), of which Nucor owns 51%. All intercompany transactions are eliminated.

Distributions are made to noncontrolling interest partners in Nucor-Yamato in accordance with the limited partnership agreement by mutual agreement of the general partners. At a minimum, sufficient cash is distributed so that each partner may pay its U.S. federal and state income taxes.

Distributions are made to noncontrolling interest partners in CSI in accordance with the stockholder agreement.

Distributions are made to the noncontrolling interest partner in NJSM in accordance with the joint venture agreement.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from these estimates.

2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents are recorded at cost plus accrued interest, which approximates fair value, and have original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase. Cash and cash equivalents are maintained primarily with a few high-credit quality financial institutions.

Short-term Investments

Short-term investments are recorded at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses on investments classified as available-for-sale are recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) if material. Management determines the appropriate classification of its investments at the time of purchase and re-evaluates such determination at each balance sheet date.

Inventories

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost, except for property, plant and equipment acquired through acquisitions which is recorded at acquisition date fair value. With the exception of our natural gas wells, depreciation primarily is provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Depletion of all capitalized costs associated with our natural gas producing properties is expensed on a unit-of-production basis by individual field as the gas from the proved developed reserves is produced. The costs of acquiring unproved natural gas leasehold acreage are capitalized. When proved reserves are found on unproved properties, the associated leasehold cost is transferred to proved properties. Unproved leases are reviewed periodically for any impairment triggering event, and a valuation allowance is provided for any estimated decline in value. The costs of planned major maintenance activities are capitalized as part of other current assets and amortized over the period until the next scheduled major maintenance activity. All other repairs and maintenance activities are expensed when incurred.

Goodwill and Other Intangibles

Goodwill is the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets of businesses acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested annually for impairment and whenever events or circumstances change that would make it more likely than not that an impairment may have occurred. We perform our annual impairment analysis as of the first day of the fourth quarter each year. The evaluation of impairment involves comparing the current estimated fair value of each reporting unit, which is a level below the operating segment, to the recorded value, including goodwill. When appropriate, Nucor performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Based on the results of the qualitative assessment, it may be necessary to perform a quantitative analysis. In these instances, a discounted cash flow model is used to determine the current estimated fair value of these reporting units. A number of significant assumptions and estimates are involved in the application of the discounted cash flow model to forecast operating cash flows, which could include market growth and market share, sales volumes and prices, raw materials and other costs to produce, discount rate and estimated capital needs. Management considers historical experience and all available information at the time the fair values of its reporting units are estimated. Assumptions in estimating future cash flows are subject to a high degree of judgment and complexity. Changes in assumptions and estimates may affect the fair value of goodwill and could result in impairment charges in future periods.

Finite-lived intangible assets are amortized over their estimated useful lives on a straight-line or accelerated basis.

Long-Lived Asset Impairments

Equity Method Investments

Investments in joint ventures in which Nucor shares control over the financial and operating decisions but in which Nucor is not the primary beneficiary are accounted for under the equity method. Each of the Company’s equity method investments is subject to a review for impairment if, and when, circumstances indicate that a decline in fair value below its carrying amount may have occurred. Examples of such circumstances include, but are not limited to, a significant deterioration in the earnings performance or business prospects of the investee; missed financial projections; a significant adverse change in the regulatory, tax, economic or technological environment of the investee; a significant adverse change in the general market condition of either the geographic area or the industry in which the investee operates; and recurring negative cash flows from operations. If management considers the decline to be other than temporary, the Company would write down the related investment to its estimated fair market value.

Revenue Recognition

Nucor recognizes revenue when obligations under the terms of contracts with our customers are satisfied and collection is reasonably assured; generally, obligations under the terms of contracts are satisfied upon shipment or when control is transferred. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration expected to be received in exchange for transferring the goods. In addition, revenue is deferred when cash payments are received or due in advance of performance. See Note 23 for further information.

Income Taxes

Nucor utilizes the liability method of accounting for income taxes. Under the liability method, deferred taxes are determined based on the temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities using tax rates expected to be in effect during the years in which the basis differences reverse. A valuation allowance is recorded when it is more likely than not that some of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

Nucor recognizes the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized as a component of interest expense and other expenses.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes the cost of stock-based compensation as an expense using fair value measurement methods. The assumptions used to calculate the fair value of stock-based compensation granted are evaluated and revised for new grants, as necessary, to reflect market conditions and experience.

Foreign Currency Translation

For Nucor’s operations where the functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar, assets and liabilities have been translated at year-end exchange rates, and income and expenses have been translated using average exchange rates for the respective periods. Adjustments resulting from the process of translating an entity’s financial statements into the U.S. dollar have been recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) and are included in net earnings only upon sale or liquidation of the underlying investments. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in net earnings in the period they occur.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In December 2023, new accounting guidance was issued related to income tax disclosures. The new guidance requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity’s effective tax rate reconciliation as well as additional information on income taxes paid. The new guidance is effective on a prospective basis for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is also permitted

for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. This new guidance will likely result in additional required disclosures when adopted. The Company is evaluating the impact that the adoption of this new guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, new accounting guidance was issued that requires the disaggregated disclosure of specific expense categories, including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, and amortization, within relevant income statement captions. The new accounting guidance also requires disclosure of the total amount of selling expenses along with the definition of selling expenses. The new accounting guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027. Adoption of this new accounting guidance can either be applied prospectively to consolidated financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the consolidated financial statements. Early adoption is also permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact that the adoption of this new guidance will have on its consolidated financial statements.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, new accounting guidance was issued that updates reportable segment disclosure requirements by requiring disclosures of significant reportable segment expenses that are regularly provided to the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”) and included within each reported measure of a segment's profit or loss. This new guidance also requires disclosure of the title and position of the individual identified as the CODM and an explanation of how the CODM uses the reported measures of a segment’s profit or loss in assessing segment performance and deciding how to allocate resources. The new guidance is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We adopted this guidance retrospectively on December 31, 2024. As a result, we have enhanced our segment disclosures to include the presentation of cost of sales by segment and the disclosure of our CODMs. The adoption of this accounting guidance affects only our disclosures, with no impacts to our financial condition and results of operations.

3. Short-term Investments

Nucor held $581 million of short-term investments as of December 31, 2024 ($747 million as of December 31, 2023). The investments held as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 consisted mainly of certificates of deposit (“CD’s”), commercial paper, corporate bonds and U.S. government securities, which were classified as available-for-sale. Interest income on the CD’s and corporate bonds was recorded as earned.

Realized and unrealized gains or losses have been deemed immaterial for disclosure by Nucor management.

4. Accounts Receivable

An allowance for credit losses is maintained for estimated losses resulting from the inability of our customers to make required payments. Accounts receivable are stated net of the allowance for credit losses of $115 million at December 31, 2024 ($127 million at December 31, 2023 and $200 million at December 31, 2022).

5. Inventories

Inventories consisted of approximately 34% raw materials and supplies and 66% finished and semi-finished products at December 31, 2024 (37% and 63%, respectively at December 31, 2023). Nucor’s manufacturing process consists of a continuous, vertically integrated process from which products are sold to customers at various stages throughout the process. Since most steel products can be classified as either finished or semi-finished products, these two categories of inventory are combined.

6. Leases

We lease certain equipment, office space and land. Leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheet.

Most leases include one or more options to renew, with renewal terms that can extend the lease term from one to five years or sometimes more. The exercise of lease renewal options is at our sole discretion and we consider these options in determining the lease term used to establish our right-of-use assets and lease liabilities. Certain leases also include options to purchase the leased property. The depreciable life of assets and leasehold improvements is limited by the expected lease term, unless there is a transfer of title or a purchase option reasonably certain of exercise.

We determine that a contract contains a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. In evaluating whether we have the right to control the use of an identified asset, we assess whether or not we have the right to control the use of the identified asset and to obtain substantially all of the economic benefit from the use of the identified asset.

As most of our leases do not provide an implicit rate, we use our incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments.

Certain of our lease agreements include payments that adjust periodically for consumption of goods provided by the right-of-use asset in excess of contractually determined minimum amounts and for inflation. These variable lease payments are not significant. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Supplemental statement of earnings information related to our leases is as follows (in millions):

Year Ended December 31,

Operating lease cost Cost of products sold $ 18 $ 27 $ 24

Operating lease cost Marketing, administrative andother expenses 11 3 3

Total operating lease cost $ 29 $ 30 $ 27

NUE US Equity

NUE · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

Item 1A.Risk Factors

Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Item 2.Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Item 6.[Reserved].

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

NUE US Equity☆

NUE · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

Item 1A.Risk Factors

Item 1B.Unresolved Staff Comments

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Item 2.Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Item 5.Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Item 6.[Reserved].

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Item 8.Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

NUE US Equity