Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
$ in thousands, except per share data.
The purpose of this discussion and analysis is to provide information about the results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and capital resources of the Company. The discussion should be read in conjunction with the material presented in Item 8, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data,” of this Form 10-K.
Subsequent events have been considered through the date of this Form 10-K.
Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements
We make forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K that are subject to significant risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include statements regarding our profitability, liquidity, allowance for credit losses, interest rate sensitivity, market risk, growth strategy, and financial and other goals, and are based upon our management’s views and assumptions as of the date of this report. The words “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “projects,” “contemplates,” “anticipates,” “forecasts,” “intends,” or other similar words or terms are intended to identify forward-looking statements.
These forward-looking statements are based upon or are affected by factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from historical results or from any results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, effects of or changes in:
•
inflation and changes in interest rates that may reduce our margins or reduce the fair value of financial instruments,
•
the ability to maintain adequate liquidity by retaining deposit customers and secondary funding sources, especially if the Company’s or banking industry’s reputation becomes damaged,
•
the adequacy of the level of the Company’s allowance for credit losses, the amount of credit loss provisions required in future periods, and the failure of assumptions underlying the allowance for credit losses,
•
general and local economic conditions,
•
monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. Government, including policies of the U.S. Treasury, the OCC, the Federal Reserve, the CFPB and the FDIC, and the impact of any policies or programs implemented pursuant to financial reform legislation,
•
unanticipated increases in the level of unemployment in the Company’s market,
•
the quality or composition of the loan and/or investment portfolios,
•
demand for loan products,
•
deposit flows,
•
competition,
•
demand for financial services in the Company’s market,
•
the real estate market in the Company’s market,
•
laws, regulations and policies impacting financial institutions,
•
technological risks and developments, and cyber-threats, attacks or events,
•
the Company’s technology initiatives,
•
geopolitical conditions, including trade restrictions and tariffs, and acts or threats of terrorism and/or military conflicts, or actions taken by the U.S. or other governments in response to trade restrictions and tariffs, and acts or threats of terrorism and/or military conflicts,
•
the occurrence of significant natural disasters, including severe weather conditions, floods, health related issues, and other catastrophic events,
•
the Company's ability to identify, attract, and retain experienced management, relationship managers, and support personnel, particularly in a competitive labor environment,
•
performance by the Company’s counterparties or vendors,
•
applicable accounting principles, policies and guidelines, and
•
risks associated with mergers, acquisitions, and other expansion activities.
These risks and uncertainties should be considered in evaluating the forward-looking statements contained in this report. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on those statements, which speak only as of the date of this report. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the description of our “Risk Factors” in Item 1A. of this Form 10-K.
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Critical Accounting Policies
The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. The financial information contained within our statements is, to a significant extent, based on measures of the financial effects of transactions and events that have already occurred. A variety of factors could affect the ultimate value obtained when earning income, recognizing an expense, recovering an asset or relieving a liability. Although the economics of the Company’s transactions may not change, the timing of events that would impact the transactions could change.
Critical accounting policies are most important to the portrayal of the Company’s financial condition or results of operations and require management’s most difficult, subjective, and complex judgments about matters that are inherently uncertain. If conditions occur that differ from our assumptions, depending upon the severity of such differences, the Company’s financial condition or results of operations may be materially impacted. The Company designates the following policies as critical: those governing the allowance for credit losses, goodwill, the pension plan, core deposit intangibles and loans acquired in a business combination. The Company evaluates its critical accounting estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis and updates them as needed. Please refer to Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information on these and other accounting policies.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
This report refers to certain financial measures that are computed on a basis other than GAAP (“non-GAAP”). The Company uses certain non-GAAP financial measures to provide meaningful supplemental information regarding the Company’s operational performance and to enhance investors’ overall understanding of such financial performance. The methodology for determining these non-GAAP measures may differ among companies. Non-GAAP measures are supplemental and not a substitute for, or more important than, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP. Details on non-GAAP measures follow.
Net Interest Margin
The Company uses the net interest margin (non-GAAP) to measure profitability of interest generating activities, as a percentage of total interest-earning assets. The Company’s net interest margin is calculated on a fully taxable equivalent (“FTE”) basis. The portion of interest income that is nontaxable is grossed up to the tax equivalent by adding the tax benefit based on a tax rate of 21%. Annualized FTE net interest income is divided by total average earning assets to calculate the net interest margin. The following tables present the reconciliation of tax equivalent net interest income, which is not a measurement under GAAP, to net interest income, for the periods indicated.
Year Ended December 31,
Net interest income, FTE (non-GAAP) $ 37,365 $ 38,173
Net interest margin (non-GAAP) 2.19 % 2.38 %
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Efficiency Ratio
The efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) is computed by dividing noninterest expense by the sum of FTE net interest income and noninterest income, excluding certain items the Company’s management deems unusual or non-recurring. This is a non-GAAP financial measure that the Company believes provides investors with important information regarding operational efficiency. The components of the efficiency ratio calculation for the periods indicated are summarized in the following table.
Year Ended December 31,
Less: merger-related expense (2,916 ) -
Less: contract termination expense (1) (173 ) -
Less: proxy-related expense (2) - (786 )
Adjusted noninterest expense (non-GAAP) $ 31,919 $ 28,442
Noninterest income (GAAP) $ 8,960 $ 9,359
Less: realized securities loss, net - 3,332
Less: gain on contract contingency (3) - (232 )
Less: gain on sale of investment (4) - (2,971 )
Less: gain on BOLI settlement - (1,044 )
Adjusted noninterest income (non-GAAP) 8,960 8,444
Total income for efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) $ 46,325 $ 46,617
Efficiency ratio (non-GAAP) 68.90 % 61.01 %
(1)
Contract termination expense was recorded to reflect the Company's notification to a vendor that it intends to end its relationship in 2025.
(2)
Included in professional services in the Consolidated Statements of Income.
(3)
Gain recognized upon receipt of a contract contingency payment associated with the 2022 sale of a private equity investment.
(4)
Sale of the Company’s VISA Class B shares.
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Performance Summary
Key to understanding the Company’s results of operations and financial position is the acquisition of FCB and the impact of the interest rate environment. The acquisition of FCB on June 1, 2024 expanded the Company's footprint into desirable markets and increased its growth potential. The acquisition added to the balance sheet $118,743 in loans, $129,717 in deposits and $14,299 in equity. The Company also recorded one-time expenses of $2,916 and provision for credit loss of $1,290 associated with the merger. For more information on the acquisition, see Note 22: Business Combination.
Between March 2022 and July 2023, the Federal Reserve increased interest rates 525 basis points. The rapidity and magnitude of the change was unprecedented and spurred intense competitive pressure for deposits, affected the fair value of the Company’s securities, and dampened loan demand. The effects of the interest rate environment continued into 2024, however the Federal Reserve's 100 basis point interest rate cut between September and December eased deposit pricing pressure somewhat during the fourth quarter of 2024.
When comparing current and prior year results, items to note include the Company's 2023 special one-time dividend of $1 per common share, paid in addition to its usual bi-annual dividends. The dividend rewarded stockholders for the Company’s positive performance during 2022, which included a one-time pre-tax gain on the sale of a private equity investment. Related to the 2022 gain on the sale of a private equity investment, the Company recorded in 2023 pre-tax income of $232 upon receipt of a contract contingency payment. Also in 2023, the Company sold its VISA Class B shares and recognized a pre-tax gain of $2,971, and strategically sold securities, recording a pre-tax loss of $3,332. The Company recognized tax-free income of $1,044 for the settlement of a bank owned life insurance (“BOLI”) policy in 2023, and incurred expense in 2023 of $786 to respond to a proxy contest from an activist investor.
Summary information on results of operations, changes in key balances and asset quality is presented below. Expanded discussion is provided in subsequent sections.
Summary Results of Operations
The following tables present summary income, expenses and key performance indicators for the years indicated. Key performance indicators provide a summary of the Company’s results and allow comparison with results from prior years.
Year Ended December 31,
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses 1,227 (1,261 )
Year Ended December 31,
Summary Key Performance Indicators 2024 2023
Return on average assets 0.44 % 0.97 %
Return on average equity 5.17 % 12.59 %
Basic net income per common share $ 1.24 $ 2.66
Fully diluted net income per common share $ 1.24 $ 2.66
Net interest margin (1) 2.19 % 2.38 %
(1)
See "Non-GAAP Financial Measures" above.
Net income for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased when compared with the year ended December 31, 2023, due to net interest margin compression, merger related expenses and contract termination expense. The net interest margin as well as key noninterest income and expense items are discussed under “Income Statement” below.
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Summary Change in Key Balances
Key balances are presented in the following table as of the dates indicated:
December 31, Change
Loans, net of deferred fees and costs and the ACLL, increased when December 31, 2024 is compared with December 31, 2023, primarily due to the FCB acquisition. The higher interest rate environment continues to restrain loan demand. The Company is positioned to continue to make every loan that meets its underwriting standards.
Securities available for sale are presented at fair value as of each reporting date. The fair value of bonds moves inversely to interest rate changes and expectations of interest rate changes. Most of the Company’s securities were purchased during periods prior to the Federal Reserve’s interest rate increases that began in March of 2022. The portfolio decreased during 2024 due to maturities and pay downs. Further detail is provided in the “Balance Sheet” section below.
Customer deposits increased when December 31, 2024 is compared with December 31, 2023, primarily due to the FCB acquisition, supplemented by organic growth.
Total assets increased from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024, primarily due to the acquisition of FCB. Stockholders’ equity increased from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024 due to the acquisition of FCB and improvements in accumulated other comprehensive loss related to the market value of securities and the Company's pension plan.
Summary Asset Quality
Key indicators of the Company’s asset quality are presented in the following table as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
Loans past due 90 days or more, and still accruing 548 188
ACLL to loans net of deferred fees and costs 1.04 % 1.06 %
Net charge-off ratio 0.03 % 0.02 %
Ratio of ACLL to nonperforming loans 461.84 % 345.91 %
The Company monitors asset quality indicators in managing credit risk and in determining the ACLL and provision for credit losses. When December 31, 2024 is compared with December 31, 2023, nonaccrual loans improved. The net charge-off ratio and accruing loans past due 90 days or more increased, though remain at historically low levels.
The Company believes that sufficient resources have been dedicated to resolving problem assets, and exposure to loss is somewhat mitigated by sufficient collateralization. More information about nonaccrual and past due loans is provided in Note 1 and Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The Company continues to carefully monitor risk levels within the loan portfolio.
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Income Statement
The following provides information on the results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Net Interest Income
The Company’s primary source of revenue is net interest income, which is the difference between the interest and fees earned on loans and investments and the interest paid on customer deposits and other interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is affected by various factors, including the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy, U.S. fiscal policy, competitive pressure, the level and composition of the interest-earning assets and the composition of interest-bearing liabilities. Changes in the Federal Reserve’s target interest rate immediately affect the yield on the Company’s interest-bearing deposits in correspondent banks and affect other interest-earning assets over time.
The net interest margin for the year ended December 31, 2024 decreased when compared with the year ended December 31, 2023. Loans, adjustable rate securities and interest bearing deposit assets repriced upward, but did not fully offset higher interest expense. The Federal Reserve's interest rate cuts during the last four months of 2024 immediately decreased interest rates on deposits with pricing based on the prime interest rate, however current interest rates are still at a level that will allow interest income and the yield on earning assets to grow as adjustable loans reach repricing dates.
The frequency and/or magnitude of future changes in market interest are difficult to predict and may have a greater short-term impact on net interest income than adjustments by management. Please refer to the section titled “Analysis of Changes In Interest Income and Interest Expense” for further information related to rate and volume changes.
Analysis of Net Interest Earnings
The following table presents the major categories of interest‐earning assets and interest‐bearing liabilities, the interest earned or paid, the average yield or rate on the daily average balance outstanding, net interest income and net yield on average interest‐earning assets for the years indicated.
Year Ended December 31,
Interest-earning assets:
Interest-bearing liabilities:
Net interest margin 2.19 % 2.38 %
(1)
Loans are net of deferred fees and costs. Loans include loans held in portfolio and loans held for sale.
(2)
Net loan fees included in interest income in 2024 were $200. Net loan fees included in interest income in 2023 were $214.
(3)
Nonaccrual loans are included in average balances for yield computations.
(4)
Daily averages are presented at amortized cost.
(5)
Interest on nontaxable loans and securities is computed on an FTE basis using a Federal income tax rate of 21%.
(6)
Includes restricted stock.
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The following table reconciles net interest income on an FTE basis (non-GAAP) to net interest income on a GAAP basis for the years indicated.
December 31,
Net interest income, FTE (non-GAAP) $ 37,365 $ 38,173
Analysis of Changes in Interest Income and Interest Expense
The following table summarizes changes in interest income and interest expense resulting from changes in average asset and liability balances (volume) and changes in average interest rates (rate), when the year ended December 31, 2024 is compared with the year ended December 31, 2023.
Increase (Decrease) due to Changes in: Net Dollar
Rates(2) Volume(2) Change
Interest income: (1)
Nontaxable securities (7 ) (50 ) (57 )
Federal Funds Sold - 26 26
Interest expense:
Short-term borrowings (65 ) (233 ) (298 )
(1)
FTE basis using a Federal income tax rate of 21%.
(2)
Variances caused by the change in rate multiplied by the change in volume have been allocated to rate and volume changes proportional to the relationship of the absolute dollar amounts of the change in each.
The acquisition of FCB increased the volume of both loans and deposits, contributing to higher interest income and interest expense. The elevated rate environment increased interest income and while interest expense continued to rise, the increase moderated when compared with 2023. A portion of the Company’s taxable securities portfolio is subject to monthly repricing, while many of the Company’s loans are adjustable with repricing dates in the future. The volume of interest-bearing deposit assets increased due to higher customer deposits.
Interest Rate Sensitivity
Interest rate risk is the risk to earnings or capital arising from movements in market interest rates. When interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities reprice at different times or in different degrees or when call options are exercised, in response to change in market interest rates, future net interest income is impacted. When interest-earning assets mature or re-price more quickly than interest-bearing liabilities, the balance sheet is considered “asset sensitive”. An asset sensitive position will produce relatively more net interest income when interest rates rise and less net interest income when rates decline. Conversely, when interest-bearing liabilities mature or re-price more quickly than interest-earning assets in a given period, the balance sheet is considered “liability sensitive”. A liability sensitive position will produce relatively more net interest income when interest rates fall and less net interest income when rates increase.
The Company considers interest rate risk to be a significant risk and manages its exposure through policies approved by its Asset Liability Committee ("ALCO") and Board of Directors. ALCO reviews periodic reports of the Company's interest rate risk position, including results of simulation analysis. Simulation analysis applies interest rate shocks, hypothetical immediate shifts in interest rates, to the Company’s financial instruments and determines the impact to projected one-year net interest income and other key measures. The following table shows the results of rate shocks on net interest income projected for one year from the reporting date.
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Results of the net interest income simulation indicate that the Company is liability sensitive as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The simulation process requires certain estimates and assumptions including, but not limited to, asset growth, the mix of assets and liabilities, the interest rate environment and local and national economic conditions. Asset growth and the mix of assets can, to a degree, be influenced by management. Other areas, such as the interest rate environment and economic factors, cannot be controlled. In addition, competitive pressures can make it difficult to price deposits and loans in a manner that optimally minimizes interest rate risk. Actual results will differ from simulated results due to the timing, magnitude, and frequency of interest rate changes; changes in market conditions and customer behavior; and changes in management strategies.
While the asset/liability management program is designed to protect the Company over the long term, it does not provide near-term protection from interest rate shocks, as interest rate sensitive assets and liabilities do not by their nature move up or down in tandem in response to changes in the overall rate environment. The Company’s profitability in the near-term may be temporarily negatively affected in a period of rapidly rising or rapidly falling rates, because it takes some time for the Company’s portfolio to reflect changes to offering rates in response to a new interest rate environment.
Provision for (Recovery of) Credit Losses
Provision expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $1,227, reflecting provision for credit losses for funded loans of $1,242 and recovery of credit losses for unfunded loan balances of $15. Provision for funded loans included $1,290 in provision for non-PCD loans recorded upon acquisition date, offset by $48 resulting from changes in the Company's assessment of credit risk. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded a net recovery of $1,261, reflecting an improvement in portfolio metrics and economic conditions when compared with December 31, 2022. More information about the ACLL is provided in “Balance Sheet – Loans – Allowance for Credit Losses” below and in Notes 1 and 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Noninterest Income
The following table presents the Company’s noninterest income for the years indicated.
Year Ended December 31, Change
Gain on sale of investment - 2,971 (2,971 ) NM
Realized securities loss, net - (3,332 ) 3,332 NM
Service charges on deposit accounts increased when the year ended December 31, 2024 is compared with the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to changes in fee structure, the FCB acquisition, and increased customer use of the Bank’s overdraft program. Service charges on deposit accounts also include account maintenance fees, ATM fees and wire transfer fees.
Other service charges and fees decreased when 2024 is compared with 2023, due to lower fees associated with letters of credit and one time fee income received in 2023. Other service charges and fees also include charges for official checks, income from the sale of checks to customers, safe deposit box rent, and income from commissions on the sale of credit life, accident and health insurance.
Credit and debit card fees, net, decreased when 2024 is compared with 2023 due to higher processing costs. Credit and debit card fees are presented net of certain processing expenses and are dependent on the volume of transactions.
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Trust income increased when the year ended December 31, 2024 is compared with the year ended December 31, 2023 due to higher volume. Trust fees are generated from a number of different types of accounts, including estates, personal trusts, employee benefit trusts, investment management accounts, attorney-in-fact accounts and guardianships. Trust income varies depending on the number and type of accounts under management and financial market conditions.
BOLI income decreased when 2024 is compared with 2023, due to a gain of $1,044 recorded in 2023 for settlement of a policy.
During 2023, the Company sold its VISA Class B securities, recognizing a gain of $2,971.
The gain on sale of mortgage loans increased from 2023 to 2024 as volume improved.
Other income includes dividends, adjustments to partnership basis in investments, commissions from investment and insurance sales and other miscellaneous components. During 2023, the Company recorded income of $232 upon receipt of a contract contingency payment.
The Company recorded a net loss on the sale of securities during 2023, discussed in further detail under the “Securities” section.
Noninterest Expense
The following table presents the Company’s noninterest expense for the years indicated.
Year Ended December 31, Change
Intangible asset amortization 237 - 237 NM
Net costs of other real estate owned - 31 (31 ) NM
Contract termination expenses 173 - 173 NM
Salaries and employee benefits, which include payroll taxes, health insurance, contributions to the employee stock ownership plan and employee 401(k), pension expense, incentives and salary continuation increased when 2024 is compared with 2023, reflecting the addition of FCB employees.
When the year ended December 31, 2024 is compared with the year ended December 31, 2023, occupancy, furniture and fixtures expense and data processing and ATM expense increased due to ATM upgrades, higher maintenance costs, and additional assets acquired from FCB.
FDIC assessment expense increased from 2023 to 2024, due to an expanded assessment base after the FCB acquisition.
Upon acquisition of FCB in 2024, the Company recognized a core deposit intangible asset that is amortized over 10 years.
Franchise tax expense increased from 2023 to 2024. Franchise taxes are levied by the states in which NBB operates and are based upon NBB’s total equity at the prior year-end, adjusted for real estate taxes and certain other items.
Professional services, which includes legal and other expenses decreased when 2024 is compared to 2023. During 2023, the Company incurred legal and consulting expenses of $786 to respond to a threatened proxy contest from an activist shareholder.
Merger-related expenses included legal, accounting, regulatory, and executive and employee severance costs associated with the FCB acquisition. The Company does not expect any further material expense related to the transaction.
During 2024, the Company recorded a contract termination expense when it gave formal notification to a vendor that it intends to end its relationship in 2025.
Other operating expenses increased when the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 are compared. The category of other operating expenses includes expense for marketing and business development, supplies, non-service pension cost and charitable donations. Marketing and business development expenses increased during 2024 for advertising campaigns associated with the FCB acquisition and the coming Roanoke branch. Multiple additional items increased by smaller amounts.
Included within other operating expense and data processing and ATM expense are expenses related to cybersecurity. These expenses include testing and vulnerability assessment, technological defenses, insurance and employee training. The cost of these measures was $365 for 2024 and $529 for 2023. The Company places high priority on cybersecurity. The decrease in expense reflects renegotiation of contracts and licensing.
Income Taxes
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Income tax expense for 2024 was $1,499 compared to $2,984 in 2023. The Company’s statutory tax rate was 21% for each year. The Company’s effective tax rates for 2024 and 2023 were 16.43% and 15.98%, respectively. The Company’s effective tax rate is lower than the statutory rate of 21% due to investments in tax-advantaged loans and securities. The Company's effective tax rate for 2024 was also affected by a significant portion of merger related expense that was not tax deductible. During 2023, the Company recognized a gain on the settlement of a BOLI policy that was not taxable. See Note 9 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information relating to income taxes.
Balance Sheet
The following provides information on the Company’s financial position as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
Loans
The Company’s loan categorization reflects its approach to loan portfolio management and includes six groups. Real estate construction loans include construction loans for residential and commercial properties, as well as land. Consumer real estate loans include conventional and junior lien mortgages, equity lines and investor-owned residential real estate. Commercial real estate loans are comprised of owner-occupied and leased nonfarm, nonresidential properties, multi-family residence loans and farmland. Commercial non-real estate loans include agricultural loans, operating capital lines and loans secured by capital assets. Public sector and industrial development authority (“IDA”) loans are extended to municipalities. Consumer non-real estate loans include automobile loans, personal loans, credit cards and consumer overdrafts. The following table presents the composition of the loan portfolio, excluding mortgage loans held for sale, as of the dates indicated.
December 31,
Less deferred fees and costs (663 ) (529 )
Allowance for credit losses on loans (10,262 ) (9,094 )
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A.
Maturities and Interest Rate Sensitivities
The following table presents maturities and interest rate sensitivities for total loans, loans with predetermined interest rates and loans with adjustable interest rates as of the dates indicated. Predetermined interest rates do not adjust throughout the life of the loan. Loans are presented on a gross basis.
< 1 Year 1-5 Years 6-15 Years >15 Years Total
Total loans:
Loans with predetermined interest rates:
Loans with adjustable interest rates:
B.
Modifications
In the ordinary course of business the Company modifies loan terms on a case-by-case basis for a variety of reasons. Modifications may include rate reductions, payment extensions of varying lengths of time, a change in amortization term or method or other arrangements. Modifications to consumer loans generally involve short-term payment extensions to accommodate specific, temporary circumstances. Modifications to commercial loans may include, but are not limited to, changes in interest rate, maturity, amortization and financial covenants.
The Company reviews modifications to determine whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty, including indicators of default, bankruptcy, going concern, insufficient projected cash flows and inability to obtain financing from other sources. Please refer to Note 5 of Notes to Financial Statements for information on modifications to loans for borrowers experience financial difficulty during the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.
During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company modified loans in the normal course of business for borrowers who were not experiencing financial difficulty. During 2024, the Company modified 875 loans totaling $130,347. During 2023, the Company provided modifications for competitive purposes to 757 loans totaling $89,006.
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C.
Summary of Loan Loss Experience
The following table provides information about the allowance for credit losses on loans, nonperforming assets and accruing loans past due 90 days or more as of the dates indicated:
December 31,
ACLL to loans, net of deferred fees and costs 1.04 % 1.06 %
Nonperforming loans to total loans, net of deferred fees and costs 0.22 % 0.31 %
Accruing loans past due 90 days or more $ 548 $ 188
More information about the level and calculation methodology of the allowance for credit losses on loans is provided in the sections “Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans” as well as Notes 1 and 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
D.
Analysis of Net Charge-Offs
The following tables show net charge-offs, average loan balance and the percentage of charge-offs to average loan balance for each of the Company’s loan segments at the end of each period. Average loans are presented net of deferred fees and costs.
Real estate construction $ - $ 66,654 0.00 %
Real estate construction $ - $ 58,214 0.00 %
The Company charges off commercial real estate loans at the time that a loss is confirmed. When delinquency status or other information indicates that the borrower will not repay the loan, the Company considers collateral value based upon a current appraisal or internal evaluation. Any loan amount in excess of collateral value is charged off and the collateral is taken into OREO.
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E.
Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
The Company’s risk analysis as of December 31, 2024 determined an ACLL of $10,262, or 1.04% of loans net of deferred fees and costs. This compares with an allowance of $9,094 as of December 31, 2023, or 1.06% of loans. For information on the Company’s policies on the ACLL, please refer to Note 1 and Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. To determine the appropriate level of the ACLL, the Company considers credit risk for individually evaluated loans and for groups of loans evaluated collectively.
Individually Evaluated Loans
Individually evaluated loans were $10,521 as of December 31, 2024, a decrease from $10,544 as of December 31, 2023. Please refer to Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information on the Company’s identification of individually evaluated loans. As of December 31, 2024, three individually evaluated loans were collateral dependent but were adequately collateralized and did not result in an individual allocation. The remaining individually evaluated loans were measured using the discounted cash flow method, resulting in an allocation of $80.
Collectively Evaluated Loans
Collectively evaluated loans totaled $978,092 with an ACLL of $10,182 as of December 31, 2024. At December 31, 2023, collectively evaluated loans totaled $846,631, with an allowance of $8,522.
Collectively evaluated loans are divided into pools based upon risk characteristics. Utilizing historical loss information and peer data, the Company calculates probability of default (“PD”) and loss given default (“LGD”) for each class, which is adjusted for a reasonable and supportable forecast. Cash flow projections based on each loan’s contractual terms are modified by the adjusted PD and LGD for its class. Loan classes are allocated additional loss estimates based upon the Company’s analysis of qualitative factors including economic measures, asset quality indicators, loan characteristics, and changes to internal Company policies and management.
Reasonable and Supportable Forecast
The Company applies national unemployment forecasts to project cash flows. The Company determined that 12 months represents a reasonable and supportable forecast period as of December 31, 2024, and set a period of 12 months to revert to historical losses on a straight-line basis. The forecast applied as of December 31, 2024 projects that unemployment will rise over the next 12 months to a higher level than the forecast applied as of December 31, 2023. The higher unemployment forecast increased the required level of the ACLL when December 31, 2024 is compared with December 31, 2023.
Qualitative Factors: Economic
The Company sources economic data pertinent to its market from the most recently available publications, including business and personal bankruptcy filings, the residential vacancy rate and the inventory of new and existing homes.
Higher bankruptcy filings indicate heightened credit risk and increase the ACLL, while lower bankruptcy filings have a beneficial impact on credit risk. Compared with data available at December 31, 2023, business bankruptcy filings and personal bankruptcy filings increased.
Residential vacancy rates and housing inventory impact the Company’s residential construction customers and the consumer real estate market. Higher levels increase credit risk. The residential vacancy rate available at December 31, 2024 increased from the data incorporated into the December 31, 2023 calculation, resulting in a higher allocation. Housing data available as of December 31, 2024 showed higher inventory than at December 31, 2023, resulting in a higher allocation.
Qualitative Factors: Asset Quality Indicators
Accruing past due loans are analyzed at the class level and compared with previous levels. Increases in past due loans indicate heightened credit risk. On a portfolio level, accruing loans past due 30-89 days were 0.30% of total loans at December 31, 2024, an increase from 0.19% at December 31, 2023.
Qualitative Factors: Other Considerations
The Company considers other factors that impact credit risk, including the interest rate environment, the competitive, legal and regulatory environments, changes in lending policies and loan review, changes in lending management, and high risk loans.
The interest rate environment impacts variable rate loans. The Federal Reserve’s substantial interest rate increases between March 2022 and July 2023 have increased and are expected to continue to increase payments on the Company’s variable rate loans as they reach contractual repricing dates, despite the Federal Reserve’s recent reduction in its target rate. The Company allocates additional reserve each time the Federal Reserve increases rates, under the expectation that higher payments may increase credit risk. After the rate increase has been in effect for one year, the allocation may be removed if management deems that the impact of the change has become integrated to the portfolio. As of December 31, 2024, the Company reduced its allocation from December 31, 2023.
The competitive, legal and regulatory environments were evaluated for changes that would affect credit risk. Higher competition for loans increases credit risk, while lower competition decreases credit risk. Compared with December 31, 2023, the competitive, legal and regulatory environments remained in similar postures and no changes were made to related allocations.
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Lending policies, loan review procedures and management’s experience influence credit risk. Policies and procedures remain similar to those at December 31, 2023. The Company added an allocation for the addition of FCB lenders and removed a previously added allocation recorded for the retirement of a long-time credit administration manager.
Levels of high risk loans are considered in the determination of the level of the ACLL. A decrease in the level of high risk loans within a class decreases the required allocation for the loan class, and an increase in the level of high risk loans within a class increases the required allocation for the loan class. Total high risk loans increased from the level at December 31, 2023, resulting in an increased allocation.
Unallocated Surplus
The unallocated surplus as of December 31, 2024 was $50, or 0.49% in excess of the calculated requirement. The unallocated surplus at December 31, 2023 was $350, or 4.00% in excess of the calculated requirement. The surplus provides some mitigation of current economic uncertainty that may impact credit risk.
Conclusion
The calculation of the appropriate level for the ACLL incorporates analysis of multiple factors and requires management’s prudent and informed judgment. Based on analysis of historical indicators, asset quality and economic factors, management believes the level of ACLL is reasonable for the credit risk in the loan portfolio as of December 31, 2024.
Please refer to Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on collectively evaluated loans, individually evaluated impaired loans and the unallocated portion of the allowance for credit losses on loans.
Allocation of the Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
The allowance for credit losses on loans has been allocated according to the amount deemed necessary to provide for anticipated losses within the categories of loans as of the dates indicated. Loans are presented net of deferred fees and costs. The following table presents information on the ACLL as of the dates indicated:
Unallocated 50 - - 350 - -
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Securities
The Company’s securities are designated as available for sale and as such, are reported at fair value. The following table presents information on securities available for sale as of the dates indicated.
As of December 31, Change
The securities portfolio is subject to the volatility and risk in the financial markets. The risk in financial markets, including interest rate risk and credit risk, affects the Company in the same way that it affects other institutional and individual investors. The fair value of available for sale securities is reflected on the Company's balance sheet. The unrealized loss in the Company’s investment portfolio is due to interest rate risk. The majority of the securities portfolio was purchased prior to the Federal Reserve’s rate increases during 2022 and 2023.
The Company’s Asset Liability Management Committee closely monitors all of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities in managing interest rate risk. During 2024, the Company did not purchase securities to replace matured securities. During the first half of 2023, the Company strategically selected and sold securities with an amortized cost of $46,850, realizing a loss of $3,332. The strategy for the sales prioritized enhancement of long-term earnings.
Credit risk in the Company’s investment portfolio is evaluated on an individual security basis. The Company’s investment portfolio includes corporate bonds. If the corporate issuers were to default, there could be a delay in the payment of interest, or there could be a loss of principal and accrued interest. To date, there have been no defaults in any of the corporate bonds held in the portfolio. The Company’s investment portfolio also contains a large percentage of municipal bonds. If economic forces reduce the ability of states and municipalities to make scheduled principal and interest payments on their outstanding indebtedness, or if their income from taxes and other sources declines significantly, states and municipalities could default on their bond obligations. There have been no defaults among the municipal bonds in the Company’s investment portfolio. As of December 31, 2024, there are no credit risk concerns with any of the Company’s securities.
In making investment decisions, management follows internal policy guidelines that help to limit risk by specifying parameters for both security quality and industry and geographic concentrations. Management regularly monitors the quality of the investment portfolio as part of its risk management function. An allowance for credit risk will be recorded if analysis indicates the presence of credit risk.
Additional information about securities available for sale can be found in Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Deposits
The following table presents deposits by category as of the dates indicated:
As of December 31, Change
Deposits, including noninterest-bearing demand deposits, interest-bearing deposits and interest-bearing time deposits are obtained in the Company’s markets through traditional marketing techniques. The Company’s deposits do not include any brokered deposits. Competition for deposits began impacting the Company during the latter part of 2022 and continued during 2023. Included in deposits as of December 31, 2024 are $113,605 acquired from FCB.
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A.
Average Amounts of Deposits and Average Rates Paid
Average amounts and average rates paid on deposit categories during the periods indicated are presented below:
Years Ended December 31,
AverageAmounts AverageRates Paid AverageAmounts AverageRates Paid
B.
Uninsured Deposits
FDIC insurance covers deposits of up to $250 per depositor. As of December 31, 2024, $741,063 of the Bank’s deposits were uninsured. Municipal deposits, which account for 23.58% of the Company’s deposits, have additional security from bonds pledged as collateral, in accordance with state regulation. Of the Company’s non-municipal deposits, 22.38% are uninsured.
The following table presents time deposits that exceed $250 as of the date indicated.
Derivatives and Market Risk Exposures
The Company engages in derivative financial instruments associated with its secondary market operation, recorded within other assets and other liabilities. Please refer to Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information on derivative valuation. The Company is not a party to derivatives with off-balance sheet risks such as futures, forwards, swaps, and options.
The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risks such as commitments to extend credit, standby letters of credit, and recourse obligations in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. See Note 13 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information relating to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk. Management does not plan any future involvement in high risk derivative products.
The Company’s investments in mortgage-backed securities are primarily through the Government National Mortgage Association and Federal National Mortgage Association. See Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information on securities.
The Company’s securities and loans are subject to credit and interest rate risk, and its deposits are subject to interest rate risk. Management considers credit risk when a loan is granted and monitors credit risk after the loan is granted. The Company maintains an allowance for credit losses to absorb losses in the collection of its loans. See Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information relating to the allowance for credit losses on loans. See Note 14 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information relating to concentrations of credit risk.
The effects of changing interest rates are primarily managed through adjustments to the loan portfolio and deposit base, to the extent competitive factors allow. Adjustments for asset and liability management are made when securities are called or mature and funds are subsequently reinvested. Securities may be sold for reasons related to credit quality, to maintain compliance with regulatory limitations or for interest rate risk management. No trading activity is planned in the foreseeable future.
See Interest Rate Sensitivity for further details on asset liability management and Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information relating to fair value of financial instruments.
Liquidity
Liquidity measures the Company’s ability to meet its financial commitments at a reasonable cost. Demands on the Company’s liquidity include funding additional loan demand and accepting withdrawals of existing deposits. The Company has diverse liquidity sources, including customer and purchased deposits, customer repayments of loan principal and interest, sales, calls and maturities of securities, Federal Reserve discount window borrowing, short-term borrowing, and FHLB advances.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company had borrowing capacity of $300,667 from the FHLB and $174,632 of borrowing capacity at the Federal Reserve discount window, with no amounts advanced against those lines. The Company assumed FHLB borrowings from FCB, which it repaid during the week following acquisition. Periodically during 2023, the Company accessed FHLB and Federal
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Reserve discount window borrowings to reinforce liquidity. The advances were fully repaid, due to the success of the Company’s deposit strategy. As of December 31, 2024, the Company did not have purchased deposits, discount window borrowings or short-term borrowings.
The Company considers its security portfolio for typical liquidity needs, within accounting, legal and strategic parameters. Portions of the securities portfolio are pledged to meet state requirements for public funds deposits. Discount window borrowings also require pledged securities. Increased/decreased liquidity from public funds deposits or discount window borrowings results in increased/decreased liquidity from pledging requirements. The Company monitors public funds pledging requirements and unpledged available for sale securities accessible for liquidity needs.
Regulatory capital levels determine the Company’s ability to use purchased deposits and the Federal Reserve discount window. As of December 31, 2024, the Company is considered well capitalized and does not have any restrictions on purchased deposits or borrowing ability at the Federal Reserve discount window.
The Company monitors factors that may increase its liquidity needs. Some of these factors include deposit trends, large depositor activity, maturing deposit promotions, interest rate sensitivity, maturity and repricing timing gaps between assets and liabilities, the level of unfunded loan commitments and loan growth. As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s liquidity is sufficient to meet projected trends.
To monitor and estimate liquidity levels, the Company performs stress testing under varying assumptions on credit sensitive liabilities and the sources and amounts of balance sheet and external liquidity available to replace outflows. The Company’s Contingency Funding Plan sets forth avenues for rectifying liquidity shortfalls. As of December 31, 2024, the analysis indicated adequate liquidity under the tested scenarios.
The Company utilizes several other strategies to maintain sufficient liquidity. Loan and deposit growth are managed to keep the loan to deposit ratio within the Company’s internally-set target range. As of December 31, 2024, the loan to deposit ratio was 60.07%. The investment strategy takes into consideration the term of the investment, and securities in the available for sale portfolio are laddered based upon projected funding needs.
In the normal course of business, we enter into certain contractual obligations, including obligations to make future payments on lease arrangements, contractual commitments with depositors, and service contracts. The table below presents our significant contractual obligations as of the dates indicated, except for pension and other postretirement benefit plans, which are included in Note 8 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
Payments Due by Period
December 31, 2024 Total Less Than 1 Year 1-3 Years 4-5 Years More Than 5 Years
(1)
Includes contracts with a minimum annual payment of $100.
As of December 31, 2024, the Company was not aware of any other known trends, events or uncertainties that have or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our liquidity. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has no material commitments for long-term debt or for capital expenditures, other than commitments for capital expenditures associated with building the Roanoke branch location.
Capital Resources
The following table presents components of stockholders’ equity:
As of December 31, Change
Total stockholders’ equity increased when December 31, 2024 is compared with December 31, 2023, due to issuance of equity for the FCB acquisition and improvement in the value of assets held by the Company's retirement plan reflected in accumulated other comprehensive loss. The largest component of stockholders’ equity, retained earnings, decreased slightly from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024. While earnings were lower in 2024 when compared to 2023, the Company maintained its regular semiannual dividend.
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The Company qualifies as a small bank holding company under the Federal Reserve’s Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement, which exempts bank holding companies with less than $3 billion in assets from reporting consolidated regulatory capital ratios and from minimum regulatory capital requirements. NBB is subject to various capital requirements administered by banking agencies, including an additional capital conservation buffer in order to make capital distributions or discretionary bonus payments. Risk-based capital ratios are calculated in compliance with OCC rules based on the Basel III Capital Rules and presented below.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
The Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements as of December 31, 2024 are detailed in the table below. All are due in less than one year.
Payments Due by Period Total Less Than 1 Year
Mortgage loans with potential recourse 10,303 10,303
In the normal course of business the Company’s banking affiliate extends lines of credit to its customers. The Bank also issues two types of standby letters of credit to customers: financial standby letters of credit that guarantee payment to facilitate customer purchases and performance letters of credit that guarantee payment if the customer fails to perform a specific obligation. Associated revenue from letters of credit was $31 in 2024. Amounts drawn upon these lines and letters of credit vary at any given time depending on the business needs of the customers. While it would be possible for customers to fully draw on approved lines of credit and for beneficiaries to call all letters of credit, historically this has not occurred. In the event of a sudden and substantial draw on these lines, the Company would manage liquidity using cash on hand, borrowing capacity, or sale of investments or loans.
The Company sells mortgages on the secondary market subject to recourse agreements. The mortgages originated must meet strict underwriting and documentation requirements for the sale to be completed. The Company estimates a potential loss reserve for recourse provisions. The amount is not material as of December 31, 2024. To date, no recourse provisions have been invoked.
Operating leases are for buildings used in the Company’s day-to-day operations.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
See Note 1 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information relating to recent accounting pronouncements.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Not applicable.
Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of National Bankshares, Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of National Bankshares, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matters
The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.
Allowance for Credit Losses – Collectively Evaluated Loans
Description of the Matter
As further described in Note 1 (Summary of Significant Accounting Policies) and Note 5 (Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans and Nonperforming Assets) to the consolidated financial statements, the allowance for credit losses on loans (ACLL) is a valuation allowance that represents management’s best estimate of expected credit losses on loans measured at amortized cost considering available information, from internal and external sources, relevant to assessing collectability over the loans’ contractual terms. Loans which share common risk characteristics are pooled and collectively evaluated by the Company using historical data, modified by peer data, as well as assessments of current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future conditions. The Company’s ACLL related to collectively evaluated loans represented $10.2 million of the total recorded ACLL of $10.3 million as of December 31, 2024. The collectively evaluated ACLL consists of quantitative and qualitative components.
The Company uses a discounted cash flow method for all of its pools except for bankcards, which are measured using the historical loss rate adjusted for the forecast. These estimates consider large amounts of data in tabulating default, loss given default, and
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prepayment speeds and require complex calculations as well as management judgment in the selection of appropriate inputs. In addition to the quantitative component, the collectively evaluated ACLL also includes a qualitative component which aggregates management’s assessment of available information relevant to assessing collectability that is not captured in the quantitative loss estimation process. Factors considered by management in developing its qualitative estimates include: changes in lending policies; management experience; economic conditions; loans past due; competitive, legal and regulatory environment; and other loan characteristics. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.
Management exercised significant judgment when estimating the ACLL on collectively evaluated loans. We identified the estimation of the collectively evaluated ACLL as a critical audit matter as auditing the collectively evaluated ACLL involved especially complex and subjective auditor judgment in evaluating management’s assessment of the inherently subjective estimates.
The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:
•
Obtaining an understanding of the Company’s process for determining its ACLL, including the underlying methodology and significant inputs to the calculation.
•
Substantively testing management’s process for measuring the collectively evaluated ACLL, including:
•
Evaluating the conceptual soundness, assumptions, and key data inputs of the Company’s discounted cash flow methodology, including the identification of loan pools, the probability of default and loss given default rate inputs, and the prepayment/curtailment rate inputs for each pool.
•
Evaluating management’s selection of forecasting inputs and testing the accuracy of management’s incorporation of its forecasts in the collectively evaluated ACLL estimate.
•
Evaluating the completeness and accuracy of data inputs used as a basis for the qualitative factors.
•
Evaluating the qualitative factors for directional consistency in comparison to prior periods and for reasonableness in comparison to underlying supporting data.
•
Testing the mathematical accuracy of the ACLL for collectively evaluated loans including both the discounted cash flow and qualitative factor components of the calculations.
Business Combinations – Fair Value of Acquired Loans
Description of the Matter
As described in Note 22 (Business Combination) to the financial statements, the Company completed its acquisition of
Frontier Community Bank (“FCB”) on June 1, 2024 for total consideration of $16.3 million. The transaction was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, assets acquired and liabilities assumed were recorded at fair value on the acquisition date, including acquired loans with an aggregate fair value of $118.7 million. Determining the acquired fair values, particularly in relation to the loan portfolio, is inherently subjective and involves significant judgment regarding the methods and assumptions used to estimate fair value. In determining the fair value of loans acquired, management must determine whether or not acquired loans have evidence of more-than-insignificant credit deterioration at acquisition, the amount and timing of cash flows expected to be collected, and market discount rates, among other assumptions. Changes in these assumptions could have a significant impact on the fair value of the loans acquired and the amount of goodwill recorded.
We identified the acquisition date fair value of acquired loans as a critical audit matter as auditing this estimate is especially complex and requires subjective auditor judgment. Auditing this estimate required a high level of judgment in evaluating management’s identification of loans with evidence of credit deterioration, the need for specialized skill in development and application of subjective assumptions in estimated cash flows, and the size of the acquired loan portfolio.
The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:
•
Obtaining an understanding of the Company’s business combination accounting practices and internal controls, including the process of:
•
The appropriateness of the valuation approach and methodology.
•
Review of valuation specialist valuation, including financial information, data, assumptions utilized and key inputs, specifically as it relates to the valuation for acquired loans.
•
Substantively testing management’s process, including the use of our own valuation specialist to assess the Company’s methods and significant assumptions utilized in determining the fair value of the acquired loan portfolio and evaluating whether the assumptions used were reasonable with respect to market participant views and other factors.
•
Testing the completeness and accuracy of loans determined to have credit deterioration at acquisition and evaluating the reasonableness of the criteria utilized by management in making the determination.
•
Testing the accuracy of the data utilized in the development of acquisition date fair values by confirming, on a sample basis, select data.
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/s/ Yount, Hyde & Barbour, P.C.
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2000.
Winchester, Virginia
March 28, 2025
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Consolidated Balance Sheets
Assets
Federal funds sold 299 -
Mortgage loans held for sale 619 406
Loans:
Less deferred fees and costs (663 ) (529 )
Less: allowance for credit losses (10,262 ) (9,094 )
Core deposit intangible, net 1,863 -
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders' Equity
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net (61,765 ) (64,866 )
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Income
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share data) 2024 2023
Interest Income
Interest on federal funds sold 26 -
Interest on interest-bearing deposits 4,070 1,982
Interest on securities – nontaxable 1,345 1,391
Interest Expense
Interest on borrowings 2 300
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses 1,227 (1,261 )
Noninterest Income
Service charges on deposit accounts 2,898 2,518
Other service charges and fees 229 297
Credit and debit card fees, net 1,448 1,678
Gain on sale of investment - 2,971
Gain on sale of mortgage loans 168 107
Realized securities loss, net - (3,332 )
Noninterest Expense
Occupancy, furniture and fixtures 2,339 2,005
Intangible asset amortization 237 -
Net costs of other real estate owned - 31
Merger-related expenses 2,916 -
Contract termination 173 -
Basic net income per common share $ 1.24 $ 2.66
Fully diluted net income per common share $ 1.24 $ 2.66
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding, basic 6,161,428 5,889,687
Dividends declared per common share $ 1.51 $ 2.51
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income
For the Year Ended December 31,
Other Comprehensive Income, Net of Tax
Other comprehensive income, net of tax 3,101 18,900
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders’ Equity
Stock based compensation 42 – – 42
Other comprehensive income, net of tax of $825 – – 3,101 3,101
Stock based compensation 128 – – 128
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
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Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow
For the Year Ended December 31,
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses 1,227 (1,261 )
Deferred income tax (benefit) expense (884 ) 750
Depreciation of premises and equipment 900 754
Loss on sale of securities available for sale, net - 3,332
Amortization of core deposit intangible 237 -
Accretion of fair value of acquired loans (802 ) -
Amortization of fair value of acquired time deposits and leases 267 -
Origination of mortgage loans held for sale (10,516 ) (7,624 )
Proceeds from sale of mortgage loans held for sale 10,471 7,325
Gain on sale of mortgage loans held for sale (168 ) (107 )
Gain on other real estate owned - (1 )
Loss on disposal of repossessed assets - 4
Increase in cash value of bank-owned life insurance (1,120 ) (982 )
Loss on disposal of premises and equipment, net 1 -
Contribution to defined benefit plan 3,000 -
Equity based compensation expense 128 42
Net change in:
Accrued interest receivable 181 (312 )
Accrued interest payable (89 ) 1,310
Net cash provided by operating activities 9,438 15,523
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Proceeds from repayments of mortgage-backed securities 12,516 12,984
Net change in restricted stock 169 (323 )
Purchase of loan participations (15,334 ) (7,997 )
Collection of loan participations 15,759 7,200
Loan originations and principal collections, net (14,306 ) (3,594 )
Proceeds from disposal of other real estate owned - 663
Proceeds from sale of repossessed assets - 14
Recoveries on loans charged off 270 283
Purchases of premises and equipment (3,256 ) (1,492 )
Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment 46 -
BOLI settlement - 712
Cash acquired in the acquisition, net of cash paid 6,898 -
Net cash provided by investing activities 15,786 53,188
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Repayment of borrowings (5,230 ) -
Net cash used in financing activities (3,710 ) (53,537 )
Net change in cash and cash equivalents 21,514 15,174
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 86,603 71,429
Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 108,117 $ 86,603
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For the Year Ended December 31,
Supplemental Disclosures of Cash Flow Information
Cash payments for:
Interest on deposits and borrowings $ 33,679 $ 20,240
Supplemental Disclosure of Noncash Activities
Loans charged against the allowance for credit losses $ 519 $ 478
Loans transferred to repossessed assets - 11
Unrealized holding gain on securities available for sale 587 23,880
Minimum pension liability adjustment 3,339 44
Supplemental Disclosures of Noncash Transactions Included In Acquisition
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
$ in thousands, except per share data.
Note 1: Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of National Bankshares, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the National Bank of Blacksburg, and National Bankshares Financial Services, Inc. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The accounting and reporting policies of the Company conform to GAAP and to general practices within the banking industry. Subsequent events have been considered through the filing date of this Form 10-K. The following summarizes significant accounting policies.
Use of Estimates
In preparing consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated balance sheet and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses, loans acquired in a business combination, evaluation of impairment of goodwill, evaluation of impairment of core deposit intangibles, and pension obligations.
Reclassifications
Certain amounts reported in prior years have been reclassified to conform to the current year’s presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the Company’s net income or stockholders’ equity.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
For purposes of the consolidated statements of cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash and amounts due from banks, interest-bearing deposits and Fed funds sold. The Company invests over-night funds in interest-bearing deposits at other banks, including the FHLB, the Federal Reserve and other entities. Interest-bearing deposits are carried at cost.
Securities
Certain debt securities that management has the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity may be classified as “held to maturity” and recorded at amortized cost. Trading securities are recorded at fair value with changes in fair value included in earnings. Securities not classified as held to maturity or trading, are classified as “available for sale” and recorded at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income, net of tax. The Company uses the interest method to
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recognize in interest income purchase premiums and discounts over the term of the securities. Gains and losses on the sale of securities are recorded on the trade date and are determined using the specific identification method.
Allowance for Credit Losses – Available for Sale Securities
For available for sale securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company evaluates the securities to determine whether the decline in the fair value below the amortized cost basis (impairment) is due to credit-related factors or noncredit-related factors. Any impairment that is not credit related is recognized in other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. Credit-related impairment is recognized as an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) on the balance sheet, limited to the amount by which the amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value, with a corresponding adjustment to earnings. Both the ACL and the adjustment to net income may be reversed if conditions change. However, if the Company intends to sell an impaired available for sale debt security or more likely than not will be required to sell such a security before recovering its amortized cost basis, the entire impairment amount must be recognized in earnings with a corresponding adjustment to the security’s amortized cost basis. Because the security’s amortized cost basis is adjusted to fair value, there is no ACL in such a situation.
In evaluating available for sale debt securities in unrealized loss positions for impairment and the criteria regarding its intent or requirement to sell such securities, the Company considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and the results of reviews of the issuers’ financial condition, among other factors.
Changes in the allowance for credit losses are recorded as provision for (recovery of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the ACL when management believes the uncollectability of an available for sale debt security is confirmed or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met.
Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses. Accrued interest receivable on securities of $3,171 as of December 31, 2024 and $3,281 as of December 31, 2023, along with accrued interested receivable on loans, is included in accrued interest receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Equity Securities
Equity securities with readily-determinable fair values are measured at fair value using the “exit price notion”. Changes in fair value are recognized in net income. Equity securities without readily-determinable fair values are recorded as other assets at cost less impairment, if any, and adjusted for changes resulting from observable price changes in orderly transactions for identical or similar securities of the same issuer.
Loans Held for Sale
Loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried at the lower of cost or estimated fair value on an individual loan basis. Net unrealized losses, if any, are recognized through a valuation allowance by charges to income. The Company releases mortgage servicing rights when loans are sold on the secondary market.
Loans
The Company, through its banking subsidiary, provides mortgage, commercial, and consumer loans to customers. Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future, or until maturity or payoff, are reported at their outstanding unpaid principal balances adjusted for the allowance for credit losses, any purchase premium or discount, and deferred fees or costs. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Purchase premium or discount is recognized as an adjustment of the related loan yield using the interest method.
The Bank’s loan policy is updated and approved by the Board of Directors annually and disseminated to lending and loan portfolio management personnel to ensure consistent lending practices. The policy communicates the Company’s risk tolerance by prescribing underwriting guidelines and procedures, including approval limits and hierarchy, documentation standards, requirements for collateral and loan-to-value limits, debt coverage, overall creditworthiness and guarantor support. Of primary consideration is the repayment ability of the borrowers and (if secured) the collateral value in relation to the principal balance. Collateral lowers risk and may be used as a secondary source of repayment. The credit decision must be supported by documentation appropriate to the type of loan, including current financial information, income verification, cash flow analysis, tax returns, credit reports, collateral information, guarantor verification, title reports, appraisals (where appropriate) and other documents.
The Company’s loans are grouped into six segments: real estate construction, consumer real estate, commercial real estate, commercial non-real estate, public sector and IDA, and consumer non-real estate. Each segment is subject to certain risks that influence pricing, loan structures, approval requirements, reserves, and ongoing credit management.
Real Estate Construction Loans. Real estate construction loans are subject to general risks from changing commercial building and housing market trends and economic conditions that may impact demand for completed properties and the costs of completion. Completed properties that do not sell or become leased within originally expected timeframes may impact the borrower’s ability to service the debt. Construction loans are underwritten against projected cash flows from rental income, business and/or personal income from an owner-occupant or the sale of the property to an end-user. Associated risks may be mitigated by requiring fixed-price
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construction contracts, performance and payment bonding, controlled disbursements, and pre-sale contracts or pre-lease agreements. Risks specific to the borrower are also evaluated, including previous repayment history, debt service ability, and current and projected loan-to value ratios for the collateral.
Consumer Real Estate Loans. The Bank offers a variety of first mortgage and junior lien loans secured by primary residences within our markets. The credit quality of consumer real estate is subject to risks associated with the borrower’s repayment ability and collateral value. Credit decisions are primarily based on loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratios, debt-to-income (“DTI”) ratios, liquidity and net worth. Income and financial information is obtained from personal tax returns, personal financial statements and employment documentation. A maximum LTV ratio of 80% is generally required. The DTI ratio is limited to 43% of gross income.
Consumer real estate mortgages may have fixed interest rates for the entire term of the loan or variable interest rates subject to change after the first, third, or fifth year. Variable rates are based on the weekly average yield of United States Treasury Securities and are underwritten at fully-indexed rates.
Home equity loans are secured primarily by second mortgages on residential property. The underwriting policy for home equity loans generally permits aggregate (the total of all liens secured by the collateral property) borrowing availability up to 80% of the appraised value of the collateral. We offer both fixed rate and variable rate home equity loans, with variable rate loans underwritten at fully-indexed rates. Decisions are primarily based on LTV ratios, DTI ratios, liquidity and credit history. We do not offer home equity loan products with reduced documentation.
We do not offer certain high risk loan products such as interest-only consumer mortgage loans, hybrid loans, payment option adjustable rate mortgages (“ARMs”), reverse mortgage loans, loans with initial teaser rates or any product with negative amortization. A hybrid loan begins as a fixed rate mortgage and after a set number of years, automatically adjusts to an ARM. Payment option ARMs usually have adjustable rates, for which borrowers choose their monthly payment of either a full payment, interest only, or a minimum payment which may be lower than the payment required to reduce the balance of the loan in accordance with the originally underwritten amortization.
Commercial Real Estate Loans. Commercial real estate loans generally are secured by first mortgages on real estate, including multifamily residential real estate, commercial real estate occupied by the owner/borrower, and commercial real estate leased to non-owners. Properties financed include retail centers, office space, hotels and motels, apartments, and industrial properties. Loans in the commercial real estate segment are impacted by economic risks from changing commercial real estate markets, rental markets for multi-family housing and commercial buildings, and economic factors that would impact the businesses housed by the commercial real estate. Underwriting decisions are based upon an analysis of the economic viability of the collateral and creditworthiness of the borrower. The Bank obtains appraisals from qualified certified independent appraisers to establish the value of collateral properties. The loan amount is generally limited to 80% of the lower of cost or appraised value and is individually determined based on the property type, quality, location and financial strength of any guarantors. The property’s projected net cash flows compared to the debt service (often referred to as the “debt service coverage ratio”) is required to be 115% or greater and is computed after deduction for a vacancy factor and property expenses, as appropriate. Borrower cash flow may be supplemented by a personal guarantee from the principal(s) of the borrower and guarantees from other parties. The Bank may employ stress testing techniques on higher balance loans to determine repayment ability in a changing rate environment before granting loan approval. The Bank requires title insurance, fire, extended coverage casualty insurance and flood insurance, if appropriate, in order to protect the security interest in the underlying property.
Commercial Non-Real Estate Loans. Commercial non-real estate loans are secured by collateral other than real estate, or are unsecured. Credit risk for commercial non-real estate loans is subject to economic conditions, borrower repayment ability and collateral value (if secured). Commercial and agricultural loans primarily finance equipment acquisition, expansion, working capital, and other general business purposes. Because these loans have a higher degree of risk, the Bank generally obtains collateral such as inventory, accounts receivables or equipment and personal guarantees from the borrowing entity’s principal owners. The Bank’s policy limits lending up to 60% of the appraised value for inventory, up to 90% of the lower of cost of market value of equipment and up to 70% for accounts receivables less than 90 days old. Credit decisions are based upon an assessment of the financial capacity of the applicant, including the primary borrower’s ability to repay within proposed terms, a risk assessment, financial strength of guarantors and adequacy of collateral. Credit agency reports of individual owners’ credit history supplement the analysis.
Public Sector and IDA Loans. Public sector and IDA loans are extended to municipalities and related entities within the Bank’s geographical footprint. Borrowers include general taxing authorities such as a city or county, industrial/economic development authorities or utility authorities. Credit risk stems from the entity’s ability to repay through either a direct obligation or assignment of specific revenues from an enterprise or other economic activity. Repayment sources are derived from taxation, such as property taxes and sales taxes, or revenue from the project financed with the loan. The Company’s underwriting considers economic and population trends of the municipality and the municipality’s reserves, pension liabilities and other liabilities.
Consumer Non-Real Estate Loans. Consumer non-real estate includes credit cards, automobile and other consumer loans. Credit cards and certain other consumer loans are unsecured, while collateral is obtained for automobile loans and other consumer loans. Credit risk stems primarily from the borrower’s ability to repay. Our procedures for underwriting consumer loans include an assessment of an applicant’s overall financial capacity, including credit history and the ability to meet existing obligations and payments on the proposed loan. If the loan is secured by an automobile or other collateral, the underwriting process also includes a comparison of the value of the collateral security to the proposed loan amount. We require borrowers to maintain collision insurance on loans secured by automobiles.
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Past due status and nonaccrual designation
A loan is considered past due when a payment of principal and/or interest is due but not paid. Credit card payments not received within 30 days after the statement date, real estate loan payments not received within the payment cycle and all other non-real estate secured loans for which payment is not made within the required payment cycle are considered 30 days past due. Management closely monitors loans past due 30-89 days and loans past due 90 or more days.
The Company considers multiple factors when determining whether to discontinue accrual of interest on individual loans. Generally loans are placed in nonaccrual status when collection of interest and/or full principal is considered doubtful. Interest accrual is discontinued at the time a commercial real estate loan or commercial non-real estate loan is 90 days delinquent unless the credit is well secured and in the process of collection. Loans modified to provide relief from payments of interest or principal for more than 90 days are designated nonaccrual. Accrued interest is reversed against income when a loan is placed in nonaccrual status. Any interest payments received during a loan’s nonaccrual period are credited to the principal balance of the loan.
Loans in nonaccrual are reviewed on an individual loan basis to determine whether they may return to accrual status. To return to accrual status, the Company’s evaluation must determine that the underlying cause of the original delinquency or weakness has been resolved, such as receipt of new guarantees and/or increased cash flows that cover the debt service, and that future payments are reasonably assured.
Charge-off policy
The Company’s charge-off policy meets or is more stringent than the minimum standards required by regulators. When available information confirms that a specific loan or a portion thereof, within any loan class, is uncollectible the amount is charged off against the allowance for credit losses. Additionally, losses on consumer real estate and consumer non-real estate loans are typically charged off no later than when the loans are 120-180 days past due, and losses on loans secured by residential real estate or by commercial real estate are charged off by the time the loans reach 180 days past due, in compliance with regulatory guidelines. Accordingly, secured loans may be charged down to the estimated value of the collateral, with previously accrued unpaid interest reversed. Subsequent charge-offs may be required as a result of changes in the market value of collateral or other repayment prospects.
Credit quality indicators
Credit quality indicators, which the Company terms risk grades, are assigned through the Company’s credit review function for larger loans and selective review of loans that fall below credit review thresholds. Credit quality is rated based on the loan’s payment history, the borrower’s current financial situation and value of the underlying collateral.
Loans that do not indicate heightened risk are graded as “pass.” Loans that appear to have elevated credit risk because of frequent or persistent past due status, which is less than 75 days, or that show weakness in the borrower’s financial condition are risk graded “special mention.” Loans with frequent or persistent delinquency exceeding 75 days or that have a higher level of weakness in the borrower’s financial condition are graded “classified.” Classified loans have regulatory risk ratings of “substandard” and “doubtful.”
Sales, purchases and reclassification of loans
The Company finances consumer real estate mortgages under “best efforts” contracts with mortgage purchasers. The mortgages are designated as held for sale upon initiation. There have been no major reclassifications from portfolio loans to held for sale. Mortgages held for sale are not included in the calculation of the allowance for credit losses.
Occasionally, the Company purchases or sells participations in loans. All participation loans purchased met the Company’s normal underwriting standards at the time the participation was entered. Participation loans are included in the appropriate portfolio balances to which the allowance methodology is applied.
Modified Loans
When a borrower requests a modification to a loan, the Company evaluates the request to determine whether the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. Loans modified for borrowers experiencing financial difficulty are risk rated according to credit quality indicators as discussed above, and are subject to the Company’s standard ACL process as discussed below.
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Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans
The Company estimates the ACLL based on amortized cost basis, which is the amount at which a loan is originated, adjusted for net deferred fees or costs, premium or discount, collection of cash, and charge-offs. In the event that collection of principal becomes uncertain, the Company has policies in place to reverse accrued interest in a timely manner. Therefore, the Company has made a policy election to exclude accrued interest from the measurement of the ACLL. Accrued interest receivable on loans of $3,299 as of December 31, 2024 and $3,032 as of December 31, 2023, along with accrued interested receivable on securities, is included in accrued interest receivable in the Consolidated Balance Sheet.
Intrinsic to the Company’s policy on estimating the ACLL are policies regarding loan pools, nonaccruals, past due status, collateral valuation, charge-offs and risk ratings. The Company measures expected credit losses on loans on a collective (pool) basis, when the loans share similar risk characteristics, such as collateral type and intended use, repayment source, and (if applicable) the borrower’s business model. The Company has identified the following pools of loans with similar risk characteristics for measuring expected credit losses:
The Company’s methodologies for estimating the ACLL consider available relevant information about the collectability of cash flows, including historical losses, reasonable and supportable forecasts of economic conditions, and current economic and portfolio conditions. The difference between cash flow estimates and amortized cost is the ACLL.
The Company uses a discounted cash flow (“DCF”) method for all of its pools except for bankcards, which are measured using the historical loss rate adjusted for the forecast. For loans using the DCF method, cash flows are projected at the instrument level and discounted using the loan’s effective interest rate. Cash flows are generated using each loan’s payment attributes, adjusted for pool-level information on the PD, LGD and prepayment speeds. Default is defined as full or partial charge-off, nonaccrual status or past due 90 days or more. PDs for each pool are calculated using the Company’s historical data, modified by peer data, to ensure a full economic cycle is reflected in the estimate. PDs are then adjusted for the forecast.
The Company designated national unemployment as its forecast variable. Multiple forecasts from reputable and independent third parties are sourced to inform the Company’s reasonable and supportable forecasting of current expected credit losses. The forecast is applied over a horizon selected by the Company’s management at each reporting date, typically of one year and not to exceed two years, after which loss rates revert to long-term historical loss experience on a straight line basis over a period determined by management, of up to three years. The forecast horizon and reversion period are applied consistently to the entire portfolio.
The results of DCF calculations are modified by allocations for qualitative factors to account for changes in variables that may affect credit risk. The Company considers and allocates for changes in lending policies, management experience, economic conditions, loans past due, competitive, legal and regulatory environments and other factors. Qualitative factors are benchmarked to historical data and are adjusted based upon quantitative analysis.
Loans that do not share risk characteristics are evaluated on an individual basis. The Company designates as individually evaluated loans for which foreclosure is probable, loans in nonaccrual status, and loans that exceed $400 and are risk graded “special mention” or “classified” (together known as “criticized”). The fair value of individually evaluated loans is measured using the fair value of collateral (“collateral method”) or the DCF method.
The collateral method is applied to individually evaluated loans for which foreclosure is probable. The collateral method is also applied to individually evaluated loans when borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty and repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral (“collateral dependent”). The ACLL is measured based on the difference between the fair value of the collateral and the amortized cost basis of the loan as of the measurement date. When repayment is expected to be from the operation of the collateral, the ACLL is calculated as the amount by which the amortized cost basis of the loan exceeds the present value of expected cash flows from the operation of the collateral. When repayment is expected to be from the sale of the collateral, the ACLL is calculated as the amount by which the loan’s amortized cost basis exceeds the fair value of the underlying collateral less estimated cost to sell. The ACLL may be zero if the fair value of the collateral at the measurement date exceeds the amortized cost basis of the loan.
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