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10-K

Table of Contents

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM

10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

Commission File Number

001-34099

MASTECH DIGITAL, INC

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (412)

787-2100

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class Trading Symbol Name of exchangeon which registered

Common Stock, $.01 par value MHH NYSE American

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months, and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation

S-T

during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a

non-accelerated

filer, a smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule

12b-2

of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to

§240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule

12b-2

of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting stock held by

non-affiliates

of the registrant as of June 30, 2024 (based on the closing price on such stock as reported by NYSE American on such date) was $24,874,000.

The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock, par value $.01 per share, outstanding as of March 1, 2025 was 11,743,292.

Auditor Firm ID: 1195 Auditor Name: UHY LLP Auditor Location: Farmington Hills, Michigan

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement, prepared for the Annual Meeting of Shareholders scheduled for May 14, 2025 to be filed with the Commission, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form

10-K.

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MASTECH DIGITAL, INC.

2024 FORM 10-K

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS 2

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS 12

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS 27

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY 27

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES 30

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS 30

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES 30

PART II

ITEM 6. RESERVED 32

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK 45

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA 46

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES 80

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION 81

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS 81

PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 82

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION 82

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES 82

PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES 83

SIGNATURES 88

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PART I

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains statements that are not historical facts and that constitute “forward looking statements” within the meaning of such terms under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Actual outcomes and results may differ materially from those expressed in, or implied by, our forward-looking statements. Words such as “expects”, “intends”, “anticipates”, “believes”, “estimates”, “assumes”, “projects” and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. You should not rely solely on the forward-looking statements and should consider all uncertainties and risks throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including those described under “Risk Factors”. These statements are based on information currently available, and we undertake no obligation to update any forward-looking statement as circumstances change.

Factors or events that could cause results or performance to differ materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements include the following:

• our ability to retain existing clients and obtain new clients;

• changes in competitive conditions;

• our ability to introduce new service offerings;

• technological changes;

• changes in accounting standards, rules and interpretations;

• the terminability of many of our contracts without penalty to our clients;

• fluctuations due to currency exchange rate variations;

• changes in India’s geopolitical environment, laws, rules and regulations;

• the impact and success of new acquisitions;

• management’s ability to identify and manage risks;

• breach of our systems due to a cybersecurity attack;

• changes in privacy and information security laws, regulations and policies;

• seasonal weather conditions, climate change and severe weather;

• the transition of our finance and accounting functions from the U.S. to India.

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ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Overview

Mastech Digital, Inc. (referred to in this report as “Mastech Digital”, “Mastech”, the “Company”, “us”, “our” or “we”) is a provider of Digital Transformation IT Services. The Company offers data and analytics solutions; digital learning; and IT staffing services for both digital and mainstream technologies. Headquartered near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, we have approximately 1,500 consultants that provide services across a broad spectrum of industry verticals. We do not sell, lease or otherwise market computer software or hardware and essentially 100% of our revenue is derived from the sale of data and analytics, IT staffing and Digital Transformation services through our two reportable segments, Data and Analytics Services and IT Staffing Services.

Our Data and Analytics Services segment delivers specialized data management, data engineering, customer experience consulting, data analytics and cloud services to customers globally. Each of these services can be delivered using on-site and offshore resources.

Our IT Staffing Services segment combines technical expertise with business process experience to deliver a broad range of services in digital and mainstream technologies. Our digital technology services include data management and analytics, cloud, mobility, social and automation. Our Digital Transformation services also include staffing and project-based services around digital learning. Our mainstream technologies services include business intelligence / data warehousing; web services; enterprise resource planning & customer resource management; and e-Business solutions. We work with businesses and institutions with significant IT-spend and recurring staffing needs. We also support smaller organizations with their “project focused” temporary IT staffing requirements. Additionally, we provide offshore staffing services to our U.S.-based clients and local offshore clients, and recently added engineering staffing services to our portfolio of service offerings.

Sales and marketing of our services are handled by separate and distinct sales organizations within each of our two business segments. Our data and analytics services are marketed through 1) client partners who largely focus on new business development; and 2) technical relationship managers (principals) who focus on growing strong relationships within existing clients. Both account executives and technical relationship managers reside in the U.S., Canada, India and the U.K.

Our IT staffing and Digital Transformation services are marketed through account executives across the U.S. who deploy a telesales model, supplemented with client visits. This cost-effective model is aimed at System Integrators and other staffing clients, with a need to supplement their abilities to attract highly qualified temporary IT personnel. Additionally, we use a branch service sales model in select geographies within the U.S. The branch services model employs local sales and recruitment resources, aimed at establishing strong relationships with both end-clients and candidates.

We recruit for both segments through global recruitment centers largely located in India that deliver a full range of recruiting and sourcing services. Our centers employ approximately 175 recruiters and sourcers that focus on recruiting U.S.-based candidates to service a geographically-diverse client base in the U.S. Our ability to respond to client requests from our offshore recruiting centers, with their expanded search coverage, round-the-clock sourcing, and extensive pool of candidates, gives us the ability to deliver high-quality candidates to our clients in a timely fashion.

History and Developments

Historically, we operated as the former Professional Services segment of iGATE Corporation (“iGATE”). Mastech Digital, Inc. (f/k/a Mastech Holdings, Inc.) was incorporated in Pennsylvania as a wholly-owned subsidiary of iGATE on June 6, 2008, in anticipation of our spin-off from iGATE. On September 30, 2008, the Company was spun-off from iGATE and began operating as an independent public company. Together with our operating subsidiaries, we have over 37 years of history as a reliable provider of IT staffing services.

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Established in 1986, our business model focused on importing global IT talent to the U.S. to meet the growing demand for IT professionals. In the early 2000s, the demand for IT professionals declined, and the supply of IT resources quickly exceeded a declining demand. No longer was there a need to recruit abroad for technology talent, as supply was abundant in the U.S. Accordingly, we retooled our recruiting model to focus on the recruitment of U.S.-based IT talent. Given our extensive experience with the H1-B visa process, part of our recruiting efforts focused on attracting H1-B visa holders present in the U.S. at the time. This approach gave us access to a larger and differentiated recruiting pool when compared to many of our competitors.

In 2003, we launched our offshore global recruitment center model in an effort to meet an increase in industry demand with lower cost recruiting resources. Over the last twenty years, we have made significant investments in our offshore center to improve infrastructure, processes and effectiveness.

On June 15, 2015, we completed the acquisition of Hudson Global Resources Management, Inc.’s U.S. IT staffing business (“Hudson IT”). Hudson IT was a domestic IT staffing business with offices in Chicago, Boston, Tampa and Orlando. Hudson IT deployed a branch service business model that targeted clients that are direct end-users of IT staffing services. Additionally, as part of the Hudson IT acquisition, we acquired a digital learning services practice which became one of our technology practices.

In 2016, we changed our name to Mastech Digital, Inc. The name change was part of our rebranding initiative that reflects our transformation into a digital technologies company. The rebranding also included a logo change and a refreshed corporate website.

In 2017, we added specialized capabilities in delivering data management and analytics services to a global customer-base through the acquisition of the services division of InfoTrellis, Inc. (“InfoTrellis”), a project-based consulting services company with specialized capabilities in data management and analytics.

In 2018 and 2019, we significantly expanded our service offerings and capabilities within our Data and Analytics Services segment.

In 2020, we launched a new service offering in our IT Staffing Services segment branded as MAS-REMOTE. This new offering allows clients to transcend beyond self-imposed geographical boundaries to gain access to top talent in the U.S. and Canada and reflects learnings from the COVID-19 pandemic that remote workers can be equally or more effective. Also in 2020, we completed the acquisition of AmberLeaf Partners, Inc., (“AmberLeaf”), which enhanced our Data and Analytics Services segment’s capabilities with its expertise in customer experience consulting and managed services.

In 2021, we added cloud service capabilities to our Data and Analytics Services segment and expanded our IT Staffing Services segment’s MAS-REMOTE offering to include offshore staffing services.

In 2022, we established a new subsidiary in NOIDA, India to support our offshore staffing services business.

In late 2023, we expanded our services offerings to include engineering staffing services.

In 2024, we started a ServiceNow practice and focused on artificial intelligence technologies and applications across all of our businesses.

Operating Segments

Our revenues are generated from two business segments: Data and Analytics Services and IT Staffing Services. Details related to these two businesses are discussed separately below, while information about our employees, differentiators, intellectual property rights and various other aspects of our business is shown in the aggregate for Mastech Digital, Inc.

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Data and Analytics Services

Our Data and Analytics Services segment began with the acquisition of InfoTrellis, Inc.’s service business in July 2017. InfoTrellis, Inc. was founded by the engineering principals behind IBM’s Master Data Management (“MDM”) products and Informatica’s Customer 360 code-base. This acquisition provided Mastech InfoTrellis with a solid foundation upon which to build, as we acquired a business with one of the largest concentrations of technology-agnostic data management expertise in the marketplace. With our October 2020 acquisition of AmberLeaf, we gained complementary capabilities in customer experience consulting and managed services, as well as a roster of existing clients.

Today, professional service firms have increasingly focused their efforts on partnering with their clients on enterprise-wide Digital Transformation. Organizations that are not digitally-native are facing increased pressure to modernize the way they operate to remain competitive within their industry. The landscape of Digital Transformation providers is constantly changing with new entrants. There is constant positioning and re-positioning of existing providers to claim new and niche spaces within the transformation arena. Additionally, the components of “Digital Transformation” are open to interpretation. While there continues to be large scale discussion and a lack of consensus on what constitutes Digital Transformation, there is a general view that, at the core of the transformation is Data Modernization — migration from legacy platforms, processes and strategies to new, dynamic, cloud-based approaches that focus on solving business problems and driving business outcomes.

Data Modernization is the core focus of our Data and Analytics Services segment. We have partnered with industry leaders in this space and intend to continue to broaden our reach with new partners in the future. With our recent investments, our world class delivery center in Chennai, India provides us with the ability to increase capacity to nearly 500 concurrent team members, while providing white glove access to upwards of a dozen additional clients in their own dedicated “clean rooms”. We are also re-aligning ourselves to be a more dynamic, globally integrated organization across our traditional services offerings and to support our goal of expanding beyond niche services and providing full Data Modernization support to a wide range of organizations — from a $10 million start up to a Fortune 500 enterprise. Our mission is a simple one — we help clients put data in front of the people and machines where prudent decisions are made.

Sales and Marketing

Sales and Marketing at our Data and Analytics Services segment is a single, integrated function spanning across four groups in multiple locations: Marketing, Inside Sales, Principals, and Client Partners.

In addition to the above, our Partner / Alliance Relationships (such as those we have with IBM, Informatica and Oracle, among others) also provide us with a significant pipeline of opportunities and new business opportunities. Furthermore, prospective clients reach us through referrals from our existing client base, our reputation in the data & analytics domain, and through our industry partners.

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Once engaged with a prospect, our approach to value-delivery starts with the definition of a discrete business problem. We then master and manage our clients’ data and develop data products and deploy purpose-built advanced analytics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, to deliver greater business velocity, significant cost reduction, and greater corporate resilience.

Our Practices

Mastech InfoTrellis builds a strong data foundation that delivers significant business value. Our expertise and technology practice stretches across four key domain areas.

Data-in-Motion:

We create connected and modern data systems with seamless data flow through:

Data-as-an-Asset:

We bridge data acquisition and activation with better data management through MDM, Data Governance, Data Privacy, and Data Warehousing solutions.

Data Activation:

We unlock insights for better business decision-making through:

Analytics, AI, and Data Sciences:

We drive informed decision-making with modern statistical techniques and analytics with a strong focus on:

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Geographic and Vertical Focus

Mastech InfoTrellis’ primary customer geographies are in North America; however, we have customers and prospects in Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. Our target clients are largely corporations with revenues exceeding $1 billion and include Fortune 500 organizations. Our typical project size, excluding our multi-year Center of Excellence contracts, is in the $500,000 to $2.5 million range depending on the scope and duration of the engagement. Our Center of Excellence contracts generally range from $4 million to $8 million. From a vertical perspective, customers in the financial services, retail, healthcare, manufacturing and government segments are significant users of our services. Below is a breakdown of customer revenue percentages for each industry vertical in 2024:

Financial Services 29 % Retail 13 %

Healthcare 27 % Other 8 %

Manufacturing 23 %

IT Staffing Services

In our IT Staffing Services business, we typically negotiate our business relationship by using one of three methods to gain agreement on the services to be provided. We either establish our relationship based on a simple standard term sheet; create a Statement of Work (“SOW”) specific to a project; or enter into a master service agreement with a client that describes the framework of our relationship. In each case, a client will submit to us positions and / or requirements that they plan on satisfying by using temporary contractors. We propose consultants to the client that we believe satisfy their needs and propose an hourly bill rate for each consultant submitted. The client will select our consultant or a competing firm’s consultant based on their view of quality, fit and pricing. Consultant specific contractual details, such as billable rates, are documented as an annex to the agreement type that is chosen by the client. While we have the ability to deliver our Digital Transformation services on a managed solutions basis, the vast majority of our assignments have been delivered as staffing assignments.

We generally do not enjoy exclusivity with respect to a client’s contractor needs. Most of our clients use multiple suppliers to satisfy their requirements and to ensure a competitive environment. Our success with any particular client is determined by (a) the quality and fit of our consultant; (b) our ability to deliver a quality consultant on a timely basis; and (c) pricing considerations. We invoice our clients on a weekly, bi-weekly or monthly basis, in accordance with the terms of our agreement. Typical credit terms require our invoices to be paid within 30 to 45 days of receipt by the client.

While our primary focus is on contract IT staffing and Digital Transformation services, we also provide permanent placement services for our clients when opportunities arise. Permanent placement revenues have historically represented approximately 1% of our total revenues. In late 2023, we expanded our staffing services to include an engineering service offering. In 2024, engineering revenues were less than 5% of IT staffing services revenues.

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Sales and Marketing

We target much of our marketing efforts toward businesses and institutions with significant budgets, recurring IT staffing and Digital Transformation needs, or new transformation efforts. We work to increase our engagements with our existing client relationships as well as continually developing new clients. Most of our strategic relationships are established at the vice president / sales director level.

Selling is conducted through account executives utilizing a sales model which is desirable to our clients’ needs. For clients with a need to supplement their own abilities to attract highly qualified temporary IT personnel and prefer a low-touch sales model, such as Systems Integrator and staffing clients, we generally deploy a centralized telesales model, complemented with client visits. We supplement these domestic sales efforts through our sales organization in India, whose account executives target smaller IT staffing clients utilizing a cost-effective offshore telesales model. For end-user clients, who typically prefer a higher-touch sales model, we generally utilize a branch service model which deploys sales and recruitment resources locally, or regionally, in select geographies within the U.S. Account executives generally are responsible for a combination of new business development efforts and expanding existing client relationships. Account executives at our branch operations call on, and meet with, potential new customers and are also responsible for maintaining existing client relationships within their geographic territory. These account executives are generally paired with recruiters and both receive incentive compensation based on revenue generation activities using a localized sales and recruitment model.

Many large end-users of IT staffing services retain a third party to provide vendor management services to centralize the consultant hiring process and reduce costs. Under this arrangement, the third-party managed service provider (“MSP”) retains control of the vendor selection and vendor evaluation process, which somewhat weakens the relationship built with the client. Our lower-cost centralized telesales model and highly efficient offshore recruiting model have better positioned us to respond to the growing use of MSPs.

Recruiting

We operate several small recruiting centers located in the U.S. and one significantly larger facility in NOIDA, India, that deliver a full range of recruiting and sourcing services. Our centers employ approximately 175 recruiters and sourcers who focus on recruiting U.S.-based candidates to service a geographically diverse client base in the U.S. Our ability to respond to client requests faster than the competition is critical for success in our industry as most staffing firms access the same candidate pool via job boards, websites and other recruitment tools. The combination of our offshore recruiting capabilities, investment in sourcing and recruiting processes, expanded search coverage, around-the-clock sourcing, and extensive candidate pools, gives us the ability to deliver high-quality candidates to our clients in a timely fashion.

We continue to invest in leading technologies and recruitment tools to enhance efficiencies. For example, we use artificial intelligence and web-based tools to expand the reach of our candidate searches. We also employ a state-of-the-art applicant tracking system that has recently been enhanced with proprietary toolkits and job board / internet interfacing capabilities, resulting in further operational efficiencies.

In late 2018, we significantly expanded our offshore recruitment offices in NOIDA which gave us the ability to nearly double our recruiter seats. This facility provides our offshore organization with state-of-the-art infrastructure and workforce amenities to attract top-quality recruiters and sourcers. This centralized offshore facility also affords us the ability to improve operational efficiencies compared to operating two offshore facilities.

We have access to large and differentiated recruiting pools due to our brand recognition with both U.S. citizens and H1-B visa holders in the U.S. Unlike most staffing firms that have a high concentration of either H1-B workers or W-2 hourly U.S. citizens, we have historically maintained a balance of H1-B and W-2 hourly employees. We believe that this balanced mix allows us to access a broader candidate pool than our primary competition.

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Technology and Client Focus of our IT Staffing and Digital Transformation Services

Our staffing delivery teams, spread across the U.S. and India, are segmented by 1) technologies, allowing us to reach deep and wide in our understanding of technology domains; and 2) client relationships which gives us a keen understanding of our clients’ needs and preferences. The delivery teams work in an integrated manner to provide quality IT talent with a faster turnaround time than many of our competitors. We have long-standing engagements with marquee brands and other premier global enterprises across various industries.

IT Staffing — Digital Technologies

Recognizing that a new breed of IT professionals adept in digital technologies is in high demand, we enhanced our recruitment capabilities to focus on digital technology skill sets. Today, Mastech Digital provides its clients with the ability to secure skill sets that encompass social, mobile, data, analytics, cloud-based technologies and automation. IT staffing for digital technologies is growing much faster than mainstream technologies, a trend that is expected to continue into the future. Digital technologies include the following areas:

• Social Analytics

• Social Blogging

• Social Campaign Management

• Enterprise Mobility Strategy

• Mobile Application Development

• Artificial Intelligence

• Data Engineering

• Data Analytics

• Data Science

• Cloud Strategy

• Cloud Implementation and Support

• Machine Learning

IT Staffing — Mainstream Technologies

A large part of our business today comes from IT staffing services around mainstream technologies. We provide services and have strategic relationships in many high-demand mainstream technology areas. Our IT professionals help design, develop, integrate, maintain and support mainstream technologies in the following areas:

• Mainframes

• Databases

• Middleware

• Enterprise Systems

• SoA and Web Services

• Verification and Validation

• Project Management

• Open Source (JAVA)

• Data Warehousing

• Microsoft (C, .NET, SQL)

• IT Administration

• IT Helpdesk and Support

• Business Analysis

Digital Learning Services

Our digital learning practice provides custom training programs for different organizational needs. With rich experience and proven success in handling several learning and performance engagements across industries, Mastech Digital’s team combines digital and physical learning modalities to ensure unified organizational behavior and augmented performance across teams. Mastech Digital’s learning paradigm consists of web-based learning, mobile learning, social learning, hybrid learning and virtual learning.

Geographic Presence & Industry Verticals

All of our IT staffing services revenues is generated from services provided in the U.S. We market our services on a national basis and have the ability to provide services in all 50 U.S. States. Our geographical

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concentration tends to track major client locations, such as California, Texas, Pennsylvania and Virginia, and in large metropolitan areas such as Chicago and New York City.

We provide these services across a broad spectrum of industry verticals, including: financial services, government, healthcare, retail, technology and telecommunications. Below is a breakdown of our IT Staffing Services revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024:

Financial Services 54 % Telecom 5 %

Government 8 % Retail 5 %

Technology 7 % Other 14 %

Healthcare 7 %

Mastech Digital, Inc.

Employees

At December 31, 2024, we had 902 North American employees and 623 employees offshore, in addition to 291 subcontracted professionals. None of our employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements governing their employment with our Company. We employ our consultants on both an hourly and salary basis. A large portion of our salaried employees are H1-B visa holders. We believe that we enjoy a good reputation within the H1-B visa community, which allows us to access a very broad candidate pool. The majority of our hourly employees are U.S. citizens. On average, we maintain a balanced composition of salaried and hourly employees. We believe that our employee relations are good.

Intellectual Property Rights

Our intellectual property consists primarily of proprietary processes; client, employee and candidate information; and proprietary rights of third parties from whom we license intellectual property. We also own the intellectual property and possess deep proprietary knowledge of the frameworks and products that we have built in our Mastech InfoTrellis business. We rely upon a combination of nondisclosure and other arrangements to protect our intellectual property.

Seasonality

Our consultants’ billable hours are affected by national holidays and vacation trends. Accordingly, we typically have lower utilization rates during the fourth quarter. Additionally, assignment completions tend to be higher near the end of the calendar year, which largely impact our revenue and gross profit performance during the subsequent quarter.

Our Competitive Position

We operate in highly competitive and fragmented industries, with largely low barriers to entry in our IT Staffing Services segment. In our Data and Analytics Services segment, we primarily compete with Cognizant, Tata Consultancy Services, Deloitte, Accenture, as well as with smaller boutique data and analytics firms. Many competitors are significantly larger and have greater financial resources in comparison to us. Our IT Staffing Services segment competes for potential clients with providers of outsourcing services, systems integrators, computer systems consultants, other staffing services firms and, to a lesser extent, temporary personnel agencies.

We believe that the principal competitive factors for securing and building client relationships are driven by the ability to precisely comprehend client requirements and by providing highly qualified personnel who are motivated to meet or exceed a client’s expectations. We must be able to do this efficiently to provide speed to market with pricing that is competitive and represents value to our clients. The principal competitive factors in

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attracting qualified personnel are compensation, availability, location, quality of projects and schedule flexibility. We believe that many of the professionals included in our database may also pursue other employment opportunities. Therefore, our responsiveness to the needs of these professionals is an important factor in our ability to be successful.

Our Strengths

We believe our strengths compared to industry peers include:

Established client-base

Our client base consists of large, medium-sized and small companies that span across multiple industry verticals. Long-standing relationships with corporate clients, blue-chip IT System Integrators and MSPs are a core component of our future growth strategy for our staffing business, while good relationships with customer influencers and C-level decision makers drives our Mastech InfoTrellis business. These relationships, exemplified by our consistently low customer attrition rate, reflect our focus and commitment to our customers.

Operational excellence

In our Data and Analytics Services business, our global delivery model is designed to ensure operational excellence by delivering higher value to our customers on project-based Mastech InfoTrellis engagements. Projects are delivered using our proprietary SMART Implementation Methodology — a multi-phased approach based on parts of the Rational Unified Process (RUP) and Agile development methodologies.

In the IT Staffing Services business, operational excellence largely relates to a firm’s ability to effectively recruit high quality talent. Our offshore recruitment operation gives us the ability to respond to clients’ staffing needs in a timely and cost-effective manner. Investments in sourcing and recruiting processes and leading technologies and recruitment tools have resulted in a highly scalable offshore recruiting model, which has delivered value to our clients.

Additionally, we employ a human resource management model, featuring portal technology as well as immigration support services, for our widely dispersed consultant base. This model enables us to maintain attrition rates that are lower than the industry averages for our salaried workforce.

Minority-owned status

Our businesses benefit with some clients from the fact that we are a large minority-owned staffing firm. We have received multiple awards for our commitment to diversity. We have been certified as a minority-owned business by the National Minority Supplier Development Council (“NMSDC”). This certification is attractive to certain existing and potential clients in the U.S. government and public-sector segments, where project dollars are specifically earmarked for diversity spending.

Attractive financial model

We have historically enjoyed a lower operating cost structure than our industry peers due to our low cost telesales in our IT Staffing Services segment and our offshore delivery models in both of our operating segments. These business models are cost-effective and allow us to quickly adjust our cost structure to changes in our business environment. Our blue-chip client base has resulted in high quality accounts receivable and a strong and predictable cash flow conversion metric. Additionally, we have an existing credit facility to support our organic and inorganic growth aspirations.

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Expertise in high-demand Digital Transformation IT skills

In our Data and Analytics Services segment, we have strong expertise in data management, data engineering, analytics and customer experience consulting — both in North America as well as offshore. Additionally, we have considerable industry experience by serving some of the world’s most-respected brands in financial services, manufacturing, retail and healthcare.

In our IT Staffing Services segment, we have substantial expertise in certain advanced technology IT skills, including: cloud, mobile, data & analytics, social media, artificial intelligence/machine learning and digital learning. We also have the capacity in both of our business segments to take advantage of our technical expertise in these high demand growth areas, as we are well positioned in terms of scale, capabilities, and a blue-chip client base.

Reportable Financial Segments

The Company has two reportable segments in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 280 “Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information”. Refer to Note 16 “Business Segments and Geographic Information” to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 herein for information about our two reportable segments.

Government Regulation

We recruit IT professionals on a global basis from time to time and, therefore, must comply with the immigration laws in the countries in which we operate. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 40% of our employee workforce was working under Mastech Digital sponsored H1-B temporary work visa. Statutory law limits the number of new H1-B petitions that may be approved in a fiscal year to enter the U.S. Legislation could be enacted limiting H1-B visa holders’ employment with staffing companies. In recent years, the vast majority of our H1-B hires were not subject to the annual quota limiting H1-B visas because they were already in the U.S. under H1-B visa status with other employers. Additionally, the U.S. Congress has considered, and may consider in the future, extensive changes to U.S. immigration laws regarding the admission of high-skilled temporary and permanent workers and increases in prevailing wage related to H1-B employees. Such changes, if enacted, may impact the types of H1-B temporary work visas that could be granted, the number of available H1-B temporary work permits, or the required prevailing wage that we are required to pay our H1-B employees, which in turn may have a negative impact on our revenues and profits.

Available Information

Our headquarters are located at 1305 Cherrington Parkway, Building 210, Suite 400, Moon Township, Pennsylvania 15108, and our telephone number is (412) 787-2100. The Company’s website is www.mastechdigital.com. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and other Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) filings, including any amendments to the foregoing reports, are available free of charge by accessing the Investors page of the Company’s website as soon as reasonably practical after such reports are filed with, or furnished to, the SEC.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider each of the following risk factors and all of the other information set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or incorporated by reference herein. Based on the information currently known to us, we believe that the following information identifies the most significant risk factors affecting our company. However, additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently believe to be immaterial may also adversely impact our business.

If any of the following risks and uncertainties develop into actual events, these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Risks Related to the Company’s Business and Operation

Lack of success in recruitment and retention of IT and data and analytics professionals may decrease our revenues and increase the costs needed to maintain our workforce.

Our business involves the delivery of professional services and is labor-intensive. Our success depends upon our ability to attract, develop, motivate and retain highly skilled professionals who possess the skills and experience necessary to deliver our services. Qualified IT and data and analytics professionals are in demand worldwide and are likely to remain a limited resource for the foreseeable future. There can be no assurance that these qualified professionals will be available to us in sufficient numbers, or that we will be successful in retaining current or future employees. Failure to attract and retain qualified professionals in sufficient numbers may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Historically, we have done much of our recruiting from outside of the country where the client work is performed. Accordingly, any perception among our IT professionals, whether or not well founded, that our ability to assist them in obtaining temporary work visa and permanent residency status has been diminished, could lead to significant employee attrition. Any significant employee attrition will increase expenses necessary to replace and retrain our professionals and could decrease our revenues if we are not able to provide sufficient numbers of these resources to our clients.

We may have difficulty maintaining client relationships if the trend towards utilizing Managed Service Providers (“MSPs”) continues.

Within our IT Staffing Services segment, many large users of staffing services are employing MSP’s to manage their contractor expenses in an effort to drive down overall costs. MSP clients represented approximately 36% of our IT Staffing Services Segment’s 2024 revenues and increased marginally in recent years. The general impact of this shift towards the MSP model has been to lower our gross margins. Should this trend towards utilizing the MSP model continue, it is likely that our gross margins will be pressured in the future. In addition, if large users of staffing services continue to employ MSPs, the relationship between us and those large users may be primarily conducted through MSPs, in which case we may have difficulty maintaining those client relationships because the MSP model uses the MSP as an intermediary between the staffing service provider and the end-user, and reduces our direct contact with the end-user.

We are dependent upon our Indian operations and there can be no assurance that our Indian operations will support our growth strategy and historical cost structure.

Our Indian recruitment and delivery centers depend greatly upon business and technology transfer laws in India, and upon the continued development of technology infrastructure. There can be no assurance that our Indian operations will support our growth strategy. The risks inherent in our Indian business activities include:

• unexpected changes in regulatory environments;

• foreign currency fluctuations;

• tariffs and other trade barriers;

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• difficulties in managing international operations; and

• the burden of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws and regulations.

Our failure to manage growth or attract and retain personnel, or a significant interruption in our ability to transmit data and voice efficiently, could have a material adverse impact on our ability to successfully maintain and develop our global recruitment and delivery centers and could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

The Indian rupee may increase in value relative to the dollar, increasing our costs. Although, we receive the vast majority of our revenues in U.S. dollars, we maintain a significant portion of our recruiting and delivery workforces in India, and those employees are paid in rupees. Therefore, any increase in the value of the rupee versus the dollar would increase our expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our quarterly operating results may be subject to significant variations.

Our revenues and operating results have historically been subject to significant variations from quarter to quarter depending on a number of factors, including the timing and number of client projects commenced and completed during the quarter, the number of working days in a quarter, employee hiring and attrition, and utilization rates during the quarter.

Our multi-year Center of Excellence service offering may be early terminated on short notice from the client, which could materially and adversely affect our business, backlog and future revenues.

Our Data and Analytics Services segment markets a multi-year service offering known as a Center of Excellence. This service provides our clients with a virtual extension of their internal team to assist with their data and analytics business strategies and objectives. These engagements are generally multi-year and provide added flexibility to the client by adjusting dedicated readily-available and appropriately skilled resources on an as needed basis. While these engagements provide opportunities to partner with and deeply understand a client’s data management and analytics longer-term objectives, these contracts generally can be early terminated by the client with a short-term notice. Should a client terminate an engagement early, this termination could materially impact our backlog of orders and adversely affect our business and future revenues.

Our strategy of expansion through the acquisition of additional companies may not be successful and may result in slower growth of our business and reduced operating margins.

We plan to gradually expand our operations through the acquisition of, or investment in, additional businesses and companies. We may be unable to identify businesses that complement our strategy for growth. If we do succeed in identifying a company with such a business, we may not be able to acquire the company, its relevant business or an interest in the company for many reasons, including:

• a failure to agree on the terms of the acquisition or investment;

• competition from other potential acquirers;

• a lack of capital to make the acquisition or investment; or

• the unwillingness of the company to partner with us.

If we are unable to acquire and invest in attractive businesses, our strategy for growth may be impaired. Even if we are able to complete one or more acquisitions, there can be no assurance that those completed acquisitions will result in successful growth, and the costs of completing an acquisition may reduce our margins.

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We have made in the past, and may make in the future, acquisitions which could require significant management attention, disrupt our existing business, result in dilution to our shareholders, deplete our cash reserves, increase our debt levels and adversely affect our financial results.

Acquisitions involve numerous risks, including the possibility that:

In addition to the foregoing, acquisitions may also cause us to:

• use a substantial portion of our cash reserves or incur debt;

• assume liabilities, including potentially unknown liabilities;

• incur amortization expenses related to certain intangible assets;

• become subject to intellectual property litigation or other litigation.

Acquisitions of technology companies and assets are inherently risky and subject to many factors outside of our control, and no assurance can be given that our prior or future acquisitions will be successful and will not materially adversely affect our business, operating results, or financial condition. Failure to manage and successfully integrate acquisitions could materially harm our business and operating results.

Our revenues are highly concentrated, and the loss of a significant client would adversely affect our business and revenues.

Our revenues are highly dependent on clients located in North America, as well as clients concentrated in certain industries. Economic slowdowns, changes in law and other restrictions or factors that affect the economic health of these industries may affect our business. For the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 54% of our revenues were derived from our top ten clients and approximately 49% of revenues came from financial services clients. Consequently, if our clients reduce or postpone their spending significantly, this may lower the demand for our services and negatively affect our revenues and profitability. Further, any significant decrease in the rate of economic growth may reduce the demand for our services and negatively affect our revenues and profitability.

We have in the past, and may in the future, derive a significant portion of our revenues from a relatively limited number of clients. These contracts are terminable without penalty, as are most of our contracts. The loss of any significant client or major project, or an unanticipated termination of a major project, could result in the loss of substantial anticipated revenues.

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Our leverage could materially and adversely affect our financial condition or operating flexibility and prevent us from fulfilling our obligations under our Credit Agreement.

At December 31, 2024, we had no outstanding borrowings under our Credit Agreement with PNC Bank and certain other lenders (the “Credit Agreement”) and unused borrowing capacity of $22.6 million under the revolving credit facility established by the Credit Agreement. Our level of indebtedness (which may increase) could have important consequences on our future operations, including the following:

• limiting our ability to execute on our existing share repurchase program.

In addition, we may incur additional indebtedness in the future and, if we incur new debt or other liabilities, the related risks that we face could intensify.

Our ability to make required payments or to refinance our indebtedness depends on our future performance, which will be affected by financial, business and economic conditions and other factors, many of which are not within our control. If our cash flows and capital resources are insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, or to sell assets, seek additional capital, or restructure or refinance our indebtedness. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service obligations. In addition, the terms of existing or future debt agreements and other factors may restrict us from pursuing any of these alternatives.

If we are in default under the Credit Agreement due to our inability to make the required payments, or if we otherwise fail to comply with the financial and other covenants contained therein, all of our debt thereunder could be accelerated and the lenders under our Credit Agreement could be permitted to foreclose on our assets securing such debt.

The covenants in our Credit Agreement impose restrictions that may limit our operating and financial flexibility.

The Credit Agreement contains financial covenants, including but not limited to, covenants related to the Company’s senior leverage ratio and fixed charge ratio (as defined under the Credit Agreement), and limitations on liens, indebtedness, guarantees and contingent liabilities, loans and investments, distributions, leases, asset sales, stock repurchases and mergers and acquisitions. These covenants and limitations may limit our ability to, among other things:

• create, incur or assume liens;

• make investments and loans;

• create, incur, assume or guarantee additional indebtedness;

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• pay dividends, or redeem or repurchase our capital stock;

• alter the business that we conduct;

• engage in certain transactions with officers, directors and affiliates;

• prepay, redeem or purchase other indebtedness;

• enter into certain agreements; and

• make material changes to accounting and reporting practices.

Operating results below current levels or other adverse factors, including increases in interest rates, could result in us being unable to comply with certain covenants contained in our Credit Agreement. If we violate these covenants and are unable to obtain waivers, our debt under the Credit Agreement would be in default, could be accelerated and could permit our lenders to foreclose on our assets securing the debt thereunder. If the indebtedness is accelerated, we may not be able to repay our debt or borrow sufficient funds to refinance it. Even if we are able to obtain new financing, it may not be on commercially reasonable terms or on terms that are acceptable to us. If our debt is in default for any reason, our cash flows, operating results, or financial condition could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, complying with these covenants may also cause us to take actions that may make it more difficult for us to successfully execute our business strategy and compete against companies that are not subject to such restrictions.

We must keep pace with the rapid technological changes that characterize the IT and data and analytics industries and our failure to do so could result in lower demand for services.

The IT staffing and data analytics services industries are characterized by rapid technological change, evolving industry standards, changing client preferences and new product introductions. Our success will depend in part on our ability to keep pace with industry developments. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in addressing these developments on a timely basis or that, if these developments are addressed, we will be successful in the marketplace. In addition, there can be no assurance that products or technologies developed by others will not render our services noncompetitive or obsolete. Our failure to address these developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

A significant number of organizations is attempting to migrate their IT business applications to advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence, cloud services, data science-based solution, mobility, and social analytics. As a result, our ability to remain competitive depends on several factors, including our ability to develop, train and hire employees with skills in advanced technologies. Our failure to hire, train and retain employees with such skills could have a material adverse impact on our future revenues.

Our Client’s “preferred vendor” contracts generally result in lower margins. In addition, we may not be able to maintain “preferred vendor” status with existing clients or obtain that status with new clients, which may lead to a decrease in the volume of business we obtain from these clients.

In our IT Staffing Services segment, we are party to several “preferred vendor” contracts, and we are seeking additional similar contracts in order to obtain new or additional business from large and medium-sized clients. Clients enter into these contracts to reduce their number of vendors and obtain better pricing in return for a potential increase in the volume of business to the preferred vendor. While these contracts are expected to generate higher volumes, they generally carry lower margins. Although we attempt to lower costs to maintain margins, there can be no assurance that we will be able to sustain margins on such contracts. In addition, the failure to be designated as a preferred vendor, or the loss of such status, may preclude us from providing services to existing or potential clients, except as a subcontractor, which could have a material adverse effect on the volume of business obtained from such clients.

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Our success depends upon the maintenance and protection of our intellectual property rights and processes, and any substantial costs incurred protecting such rights and processes may decrease our operating margins.

Our success depends in part upon certain methodologies and tools we use in designing, developing and implementing application systems and other proprietary intellectual property rights. We rely upon a combination of nondisclosure and other contractual arrangements and trade secrets, copyright and trademark laws to protect our proprietary rights and the proprietary rights of third parties from whom we license intellectual property. We enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and limit distribution of proprietary information. There can be no assurance that the steps we take in this regard will be adequate to deter misappropriation of proprietary information or that we will be able to detect unauthorized use and take appropriate steps to enforce our intellectual property rights. In the event of an unfavorable resolution of a dispute over our intellectual property rights, we may incur substantial costs or liabilities, which would decrease our operating margins.

Existing and potential customers may consider outsourcing their IT requirements to foreign countries, which could have an adverse effect on our ability to obtain new customers or retain existing customers.

In the past years, certain of our existing and potential customers started to use low-cost offshore outsourcing centers to perform technology-related work. Should this shift towards moving technology-related work to offshore outsourcing centers continue, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected.

We may be subject to liability to clients arising from our engagements.

Many of our engagements involve projects that are critical to the operations of our clients’ businesses and provide benefits that may be difficult to quantify. Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability for damages arising from errors, mistakes, omissions or negligent acts in rendering our services, there can be no assurance that our attempts to limit liability will be successful. Our failure or inability to meet a client’s expectations in the performance of our services could result in a material adverse change to the client’s operations and, therefore, could give rise to claims against us or damage our reputation, adversely affecting our business, operating results and financial condition.

We may face data protection, data security, and privacy risks in connection with privacy regulation.

Strict data privacy laws regulating the collection, transmission, storage and use of employee data and consumers’ personally identifying information are evolving in the U.S. and other jurisdictions in which we operate. These laws impose compliance obligations for the collection, use, retention, security, processing, transfer and deletion of personally identifiable information of individuals and creates enhanced rights for individuals. These changes in the legal and regulatory environments in the areas of customer and employee privacy, data security, and cross-border data flows could have a material adverse effect on our business, primarily through the impairment of our marketing and transaction processing activities, the limitation on the types of information that we may collect, process and retain, the resulting costs of complying with such legal and regulatory requirements and potential monetary forfeitures and penalties for noncompliance.

Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including intellectual property, our proprietary business information and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners, and personally identifiable information of our customers and employees, in our data center and on our networks. The secure processing, maintenance and transmission of this information is critical to our operations and business strategy. Our hybrid work-from-home business model may heighten risks of security breaches. Despite having implemented security measures to address risks of security breaches, we experienced a cybersecurity breach in 2022 involving a single employee email account and which indirectly impacted two Mastech InfoTrellis clients.

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We incurred an expense charge of $450,000 in 2022 related to this event, which included the cost of engaging external advisors. While we adopted certain remedial measures as a result of this incident, our information technology and infrastructure may still be vulnerable to security breaches and other disruptions, including attacks by hackers, or breaches due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such breach or disruption could compromise our networks and the information stored there could be accessed, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws that protect the privacy of personal information, and regulatory penalties, disrupt our operations and the services we provide to customers, damage our reputation, and cause a loss of confidence in our services, which could adversely affect our operating results and competitive position. We maintain cyber risk insurance, but this insurance may not be sufficient to cover all of our losses from any breaches of our networks.

We depend on the proper functioning of our information systems.

We are dependent on the proper functioning of information systems in operating our business. Critical information systems are used in every aspect of our daily operations, perhaps most significantly, in the identification and matching of staffing resources to client assignments and in the client billing and consultant or vendor payment functions. Our information systems may not perform as expected and are vulnerable to damage or interruption including natural disasters, fire or casualty theft, technical failures, terrorist acts, cybersecurity breaches, power outages, telecommunications failures, physical or software intrusions, computer viruses, employee errors or other events. Failure or interruption of our critical information systems may require significant additional capital and management resources to resolve, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. Additionally, many of our information technology systems and networks are cloud-based or managed by third parties, whose future performance and reliability we cannot control. The risk of a cyber-attack or security breach on a third party carries the same risks to us as those associated with our internal systems. There can be no assurance that such parties will not experience cybersecurity breaches that could adversely affect our employees, customers and businesses or that our audit or diligence processes will successfully deter or prevent such breach.

If our clients are subjected to cyber-attacks or data security breaches, it may result in damage to our business and the disclosure of our confidential information.

In addition to cybersecurity threats posed directly against us, our clients’ information systems are also vulnerable to an increasing threat of continually evolving cybersecurity risks. There is no guarantee that our clients have implemented procedures that are adequate to safeguard against all data security breaches. The failure of our clients to adequately safeguard against data security breaches could have a material adverse effect on our business and operations. The theft and/or breach of our clients’ data security could cause the disclosure and/or loss of our confidential information and data and result in significant costs. In addition, any cybersecurity damage to the networks or computer systems used by us or our clients could result in a claim for substantial damages against us and significant reputational harm, regardless of our responsibility for the failure.

If our insurance costs increase significantly, these incremental costs could negatively affect our financial results.

We purchase various insurance policies to limit or transfer certain risks inherent in our operations. These costs largely relate to obtaining and maintaining professional and general liability insurance policies. If the costs of carrying these insurance policies increase significantly, due to poor claims history or changes in market conditions, this could have an adverse impact on our profitability and financial condition.

We may not have adequate insurance for potential liabilities, including liabilities arising from litigation.

We are exposed to various possible claims relating to our business. In the ordinary course of business, we have, and in the future, may become the subject of various claims, lawsuits, and administrative proceedings

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seeking damages or other remedies concerning our operations, products, services, employees and other matters. Some of these claims may relate to the activities of businesses that we have acquired, even though these activities may have occurred prior to our acquisition of such businesses. While we maintain insurance to cover certain of our potential losses, we cannot ensure that our insurance will cover all claims or that insurance coverage will be available at economically acceptable rates. Our ability to obtain insurance, and the coverage levels, deductibles and premiums of our insurance, are all dependent on market factors, our loss history and our insurers’ perception of our overall risk profile. Our insurance may also require us to meet a deductible. Significant uninsured liabilities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Any disruption in the supply of power, IT infrastructure and telecommunications lines to our facilities could disrupt our business process or subject us to additional costs.

Any disruption in basic infrastructure, including the supply of power, could negatively impact our ability to provide timely or adequate services to our clients. We rely on a number of telecommunication services and other infrastructure providers to maintain communications between our various facilities and clients. Telecommunications networks are subject to failures and periods of service disruption which can adversely affect our ability to maintain active voice and data communications among our facilities and with our clients. This could disrupt our business process or subject us to additional costs, materially adversely affecting our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our inability to successfully recover should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem could cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm or legal liability.

Should we experience a disaster or other business continuity problem, such as an earthquake, hurricane, terrorist attack, pandemic, security breach, power loss, telecommunications failure or other natural or man-made disaster, our continued success will depend, in part, on the availability of our personnel, our office facilities, and the proper functioning of our computer, telecommunication and other related systems and operations. In such an event, we could experience near-term operational challenges with regard to particular areas of our operations. In particular, our ability to recover from any disaster, pandemic or other business continuity problem will depend on our ability to protect our technology infrastructure against damage from business continuity events that could have a significant disruptive effect on our operations. We could potentially lose client data or experience material adverse interruptions to our operations or delivery of services to our clients in a disaster. A disaster or pandemic, on a significant scale or affecting certain of our key operating areas within or across regions, or our inability to successfully recover should we experience a disaster, pandemic or other business continuity problem, could materially interrupt our business operations and cause material financial loss, loss of human capital, regulatory actions, reputational harm, damaged client relationships or legal liability. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic and governmental actions taken to curtail the spread of the virus had an impact on our employees, customers and third-party providers and impacted the level of economic activity. Any such disaster or other business continuity problem could have a material adverse impact on our revenues and profitability.

Risks posed by climate change may materially increase our compliance costs and adversely impact our profitability.

Climate change vulnerability is posing new threats and opportunities in the global economy. Climate change and measures adopted to address it can affect us, our clients and suppliers in myriad ways, depending on the nature and location of the businesses, the near-term capital expenditure needs, the regulatory environments where they operate and their strategic plans. Generally, climate risks and opportunities for companies and their investors fall into four categories:

• Physical risk from climate change;

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• Litigation risks for emitters of greenhouse gases.

Unmitigated climate change is likely to have severe physical impacts on companies with exposed assets or business operations, including Mastech Digital. Major environmental risks and liabilities can significantly impact future earnings. To the extent we are unable to comply with applicable regulations related to climate change, and such failure to comply results in material increases in compliance costs or litigation expenses, those costs or expenses will have an adverse effect on our profitability.

Our success depends upon retaining the services of our management team and key operating employees.

We are highly dependent on our management team and expect that our success will depend largely upon their efforts, expertise and abilities. Over the last several years, we have experienced turnover in the leadership of our businesses, and the loss of the services of any of our key executives for any reason could have a material adverse effect on our business. To attract and retain executives and other key employees in a competitive marketplace, we must provide a competitive compensation package, including cash-based and equity-based compensation. The loss or any sustained attrition of our key operating employees, or the failure to effectively integrate new members of our management team or key operating employees, could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our ability to establish and maintain client, consultant and candidate, professional and technical relationships.

Issues relating to our use of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies, combined with an uncertain legal and regulatory environment, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We use artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies in our operations and services. These technologies are subject to evolving laws, regulations, guidance, and industry standards, which may expose us to legal liability or regulatory risk, including with respect to third-party intellectual property, privacy, publicity, contractual, or other rights. The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies also presents emerging ethical and social issues and may draw public scrutiny or controversy, and may also create or assist in producing unexpected results, errors or inadequacies, any of which may not be easily detectable. Issues relating to our use of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies and the evolving legal and regulatory landscape applicable to such technologies may adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, and results of operations.

Risks Related to Governmental Regulations, Laws and Taxation

Government regulation of H1-B visas may materially affect our workforce and limit our supply of qualified IT professionals, or increase our cost of securing workers.

We recruit IT professionals on a global basis and, therefore, must comply with the immigration laws in the countries in which we operate, particularly the U.S. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 40% of our employee workforce was working under Mastech Digital sponsored H1-B temporary work visas. Applicable law limits the number of new H1-B petitions that may be approved in a fiscal year, and if we are unable to obtain H1-B visas for our employees in sufficient quantities or at a sufficient rate for a significant period of time, our business, operating results and financial condition could be adversely affected. Additionally, legislation could be enacted limiting H1-B visa holders’ employment with staffing and data analytics companies, which could result in reduced revenues and/or a higher cost of recruiting.

In recent years, the vast majority of our H1-B hires were not subject to the annual quota limiting H1-B visas because they were already in the U.S. under H1-B visa status with other employers. As a result, the negative

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impact on recruiting due to the exhaustion of recent H1-B quotas was not substantial. However, the subject of H1-B visas has recently become a political discussion point and the entire H1-B visa program could be significantly overhauled. If a new or revised H1-B visa program is implemented, there could be elements of the new/revised H1-B visa program that may not be advantageous to our business model thus adversely impacting our business, operating results or financial condition.

Reclassification of our independent contractors by tax or regulatory authorities could have a material adverse effect on our business model and/or could require us to pay significant retroactive wages, taxes and penalties.

We utilize individuals to provide certain services in connection with our business as qualified third-party independent contractors rather than as direct employees. As of December 31, 2024, approximately 15% of our workforce were independent contractors. Heightened state and federal scrutiny of independent contractor relationships could adversely affect us given that we utilize independent contractors to perform certain services. An adverse determination related to the independent contractor status of these subcontracted personnel could result in substantial taxes or other liabilities to us, which could result in a material adverse effect upon our business.

Restrictions on immigration or unjustified or discriminatory enforcement of immigration laws could increase our cost of doing business, cause us to change the way we conduct our business or otherwise disrupt our operations.

The success of our business is dependent on our ability to recruit IT and data and analytics professionals and to mobilize them to meet our clients’ needs. Immigration laws in the countries in which we operate are subject to legislative changes, as well as variations in the standards of application and enforcement due to political forces and economic conditions. It is difficult to predict the political and economic events that could affect immigration laws, or the restrictive impact they could have on obtaining or renewing work visas for our professionals.

Immigration change continues to attract significant attention in the public arena and in the current U.S. administration and Congress. If new immigration legislation is enacted in the U.S. or in the other jurisdictions in which we do business, such legislation may contain provisions that could make it more difficult or costly for us to recruit and retain IT professionals, and to a lesser extent data and analytics professionals. Additionally, there is uncertainty as to the position the U.S. will take with respect to immigration under the current administration or any new administration. As a result, we may incur additional costs to run our business or may have to change the way we conduct our operations, either of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. Also, if the enforcement of immigration laws by governmental authorities is unjustified or discriminatory, such enforcement could have the effect of disrupting our workforce.

The U.S. Congress, the current administration, or any new administration may make substantial changes to fiscal, tax, and other federal policies that may adversely affect our business.

In 2017, the U.S. Congress and the then-current administration made substantial changes to U.S. policies, which included comprehensive corporate and individual tax reform. In addition, the administration called for significant changes to U.S. trade, healthcare, immigration and government regulatory policy. With the transition to the Biden administration in early 2021, changes to U. S. policy have occurred and, since the start of the current administration in 2025, U.S. policy changes have been implemented at a rapid pace and additional changes are likely. Changes to U.S. policy implemented by the U.S. Congress, the current administration or any new administration have impacted and may impact, among other things, the U.S. and global economy, international trade relations, unemployment, immigration, healthcare, taxation, the U.S. regulatory environment, inflation and other areas. Although we cannot predict the impact, if any, of these changes to our business, they could adversely affect our business. Until we know what policy changes are made and how those changes impact our business and the business of our competitors over the long term, we will not know if, overall, we will benefit or be negatively affected by them.

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Adverse results in tax audits or interpretations of tax laws could have an adverse impact on our business.

We are subject to periodic federal, state and local tax audits for various tax years. We also need to comply with new, evolving or revised tax laws and regulations. The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 continues to require interpretation, and the new administration could modify key aspects of the tax code, which could materially affect our tax obligations and effective tax rate. Although we attempt to comply with all taxing authority regulations, adverse findings or assessments made by taxing authorities as the result of an audit could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Requirements of the Affordable Care Act may continue to increase our employee benefits costs and could negatively affect our operating results, cash flows and financial condition if such costs aren’t recovered with increases in client bill rates.

We provide healthcare coverage to our U.S.-based employees that are subject to the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”). Additional provisions of the ACA and the compliance of such may result in higher overall costs for the Company, which could have a negative impact on our operating results, cash flows and financial condition.

Issues in the development and use of artificial intelligence, combined with an uncertain regulatory environment, may result in reputational harm, liability, or other adverse consequences to our business operations.

We use machine learning and AI technologies in our offerings and business and we are making investments in expanding our AI capabilities. AI technologies are complex and rapidly evolving, and we face significant competition from other companies as well as evolving legal and regulatory landscapes. Laws and regulations applicable to AI continue to develop and may be inconsistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. For example, some U.S. states have proposed, and in certain cases enacted, legislation addressing aspects of the use and deployment of AI. The use of AI technologies in new or existing products may result in new or enhanced governmental or regulatory scrutiny, new or modified laws or regulations, claims, demands, and litigation, confidentiality, privacy, data protection, or security risks, ethical concerns, or other complications that could adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

Uncertainty around new and emerging AI technologies may require additional investment in the obtaining, developing and maintaining of proprietary datasets and machine learning models, development of new approaches and processes to provide attribution or remuneration to creators of training data, and development of appropriate protections, safeguards, and policies for handling the processing of data with AI technologies, which may be costly and could impact our expenses. AI technologies also present emerging legal, ethical and social issues, including with respect to potential or actual bias reflected in, or flawed outputs of, models. AI technologies that we make use of may produce or create outputs that appear correct but are factually inaccurate or otherwise flawed, which may expose us to brand or reputational harm, competitive harm, regulatory scrutiny, and/or legal liability.

Risks Related to Economic and Financial Conditions

We make estimates and assumptions in connection with the preparation of our consolidated financial statements and any changes to those estimates and assumptions could adversely affect our financial results.

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The application of these principles require us to make estimates and assumptions about certain items and future events that may affect our reported financial statements and our accompanying disclosure with respect to, among other things, revenue recognition, purchase accounting fair value measurements, contingent consideration and taxation related items. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable at the time they are made. These estimates and assumptions involve the use of judgment and can be subject to uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control. If our estimates or

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the assumptions underlying such estimates are incorrect, actual results may differ materially from our estimates and we may need to, among other things, revise revenues or recognize additional charges that could adversely impact our results of operations and our financial condition.

Negative or uncertain economic conditions in North America or elsewhere may adversely affect demand for our services.

Approximately 99% of our revenues are generated from clients located in North America. Our business depends on the overall demand for IT and data and analytics professionals and on the economic health of our clients. Weak economic conditions may force companies to reduce their IT staffing and data and analytics budgets and adversely affect demand for our services, thus reducing our revenues. Furthermore, economic uncertainty, including the concerns of our clients and other companies with respect to inflationary conditions in North America and elsewhere, has had and may continue to have an adverse impact on the demand for our services, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Our industries are highly competitive and fragmented, which may limit our ability to increase our prices for services.

The IT staffing services and data analytics services industries are highly competitive and served by numerous global, national, regional and local firms. Primary competitors include participants from a variety of market segments, including the major consulting firms, systems consulting and implementation firms, U.S.-based staffing services companies, data and analytics service companies, applications software firms, service groups of computer equipment companies, specialized consulting firms, programming companies and temporary staffing firms. Many of these competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and marketing resources and greater name recognition than we have. There are relatively few barriers to entry into many of our markets, and as such we may face additional competition from new entrants into our markets. In addition, there is a risk that clients may elect to increase their internal resources to satisfy their staffing and data and analytics needs. There can be no assurance that we will compete successfully with existing or new competitors in the staffing and data analytics services markets.

Regional conflicts in South Asia could adversely affect the Indian economy, disrupt our operations and cause our business to suffer.

South Asia has, from time to time, experienced instances of civil unrest and hostilities among neighboring countries, such as between India and Pakistan, India and China, and even within India. There have been military confrontations along the India-Pakistan and India-China borders from time to time. The potential for hostilities between India and Pakistan is possible due to past terrorist incidents in India, troop mobilizations along the border, and the geopolitical situation in the region. Military activity or terrorist attacks in the future could influence the Indian economy by disrupting communications and making travel more difficult. This, in turn, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Wage costs in India may increase, which may reduce our operating margins and reduce a competitive advantage of ours.

Our wage costs in India have historically been significantly lower than wage costs in the U.S. for comparably skilled professionals, and this has been one of our competitive advantages with respect to the costs of our Indian recruiting and delivery offices. However, wage increases in India may prevent us from sustaining this competitive advantage and may negatively affect our operating margins. We may need to increase the levels of our employee compensation more rapidly than in the past to retain talent. Unless we are able to continue to increase the efficiency and productivity of our employees, wage increases in the long term may reduce our overall margins.

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Negative economic or business conditions brought on by a global health pandemic, epidemic or outbreak may adversely affect demand for our services.

Our business depends on the overall demand for IT and data and analytics professionals and on the economic health of our clients. Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of a pandemic, epidemic or other outbreak on the economic and business climate. For example, the spread of the COVID-19 virus and the efforts taken to control its spread resulted in companies reducing their staffing and data and analytics budgets and adversely affected demand for our services. Furthermore, the impact of a virus or other outbreak and actions taken to curtail its spread could disrupt or materially impair the ability of our clients to operate their businesses. Any such disruption or impairment could lower the demand for our services, result in collection issues on our outstanding accounts receivable and have a material adverse impact on our revenues and profitability.

We are unable to predict the extent to which the global COVID-19 pandemic may adversely impact our business operations, financial performance and results of operations.

The COVID-19 pandemic and efforts to control its spread significantly curtailed the movement of people and goods and services worldwide in regions where we sell our services and conduct our business operations. The pandemic resulted in a global slowdown of economic activity, including travel restrictions and prohibitions of non-essential activities in some cases. Our revenues and operations were affected by a range of external factors related to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and to a lesser extent in 2021through 2024. Although we believe the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has been assessed and largely reflected in our 2024 financial results, the long-term magnitude and duration of the disruption and resulting decline in business activity is still highly uncertain and cannot be predicted. Furthermore, COVID-19 variants and efforts to control their spread could still continue to adversely affect our business, impact the demand for our services and alter the way we conduct our business, and we cannot predict the magnitude or duration of these effects.

To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic or the efforts taken to control its spread or the spread of COVID-19 variants adversely affects our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section. Because developments concerning the COVID-19 pandemic and the spread of COVID-19 variants have been and continue to be constantly evolving, additional impacts and risks may arise that we are not aware of or that we may not be able to appropriately or timely address.

If our clients are adversely affected by climate change or related compliance costs, this may reduce their spending and demand for our services, leading to a decrease in revenue.

In addition to emissions and climate change risks posed directly to Mastech Digital, we also have clients in varied industries such as healthcare, consumer products, manufacturing, technology, and retail, among others. Some of the clients may be significantly affected by climate change resulting in greater physical risk. This may lead to a reduction of demand and loss of business from such clients, which would impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Stock

The price of our common stock may fluctuate substantially, and your investment may decline in value.

The market price of our common stock may be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially due to many factors, including:

• actual or anticipated fluctuations in our results of operations;

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• our ability to integrate acquisitions;

• announcements of significant contracts by us or our competitors;

• changes in our pricing policies or the pricing policies of our competitors;

• loss of one or more of our significant customers;

• legislation;

• changes in market valuation or earnings of our competitors;

• the trading volume of our common stock;

• general economic conditions.

Evolving expectations around corporate responsibility practices, specifically related to environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) matters, may expose us to reputational and other risks.

Investors, shareholders, customers, suppliers and other third parties are increasingly focusing on ESG and corporate social responsibility endeavors and reporting. Certain institutional investors, investment funds, other influential investors, customers, suppliers and other third parties are also increasingly focused on ESG practices. If we do not adapt to or comply with evolving investor or stakeholder expectations and standards, or are perceived to have not responded appropriately, we may suffer from reputational damage, which could in turn materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and/or stock price. Further, this increased focus on ESG and corporate social responsibility may result in new regulations and/or third party requirements that could adversely impact our business, or certain shareholders reducing or eliminating their holdings of our stock. Additionally, an allegation that we have not taken sufficient action in these areas could negatively harm our reputation.

Our ownership is highly concentrated in two individuals and the interests of those individual shareholders may not coincide with yours.

Sunil Wadhwani and Ashok Trivedi, co-founders of the Company, beneficially own approximately 58% of Mastech Digital’s outstanding common stock as of December 31, 2024. Accordingly, Messrs. Wadhwani and Trivedi together have sufficient voting power to elect all the members of the Board of Directors and to effect transactions without the approval of our other shareholders, except for those limited transactions that require a supermajority vote under our bylaws or articles of incorporation. The interests of Messrs. Wadhwani and Trivedi may from time to time diverge from our interests. Mastech Digital’s Audit Committee consists of independent directors and addresses certain potential conflicts of interest and related party transactions that may arise between us and our directors, officers or our other affiliates. However, there can be no assurance that any conflicts of interest will be resolved in our favor.

Our results of operations and share price could be adversely affected if we are unable to maintain effective internal controls.

Internal controls related to the operation of our business are critical to our ability to provide accurate financial statements and an appropriate internal control environment. We are required to provide a report from management on our internal controls over financial reporting that includes an assessment of the effectiveness of these controls. Internal control over financial reporting has inherent limitations, including human error, the possibility that controls could be circumvented or become inadequate because of changing conditions. Because of

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these limitations, internal control over financial reporting might not prevent or detect all misstatements or fraud. Also, while the Company remediated over the course of the 2021 fiscal year two material weaknesses identified in 2020, the completion of this remediation does not provide assurance that the Company’s remediation or other controls will continue to operate properly. Furthermore, management’s report on the Company’s internal controls over financial reportingwas not subject to attestation by the Company’s independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to rules of the SEC that permit the Company to provide only management’s report in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. If we cannot maintain and execute adequate internal control over financial reporting or implement necessary new or improved controls that provide reasonable assurance of the reliability of our financial reporting and preparation of our financial statements for external use, we could suffer harm of our reputation, fail to meet our public reporting requirements on a timely basis, be unable to properly report our financial results, or be required to restate our financial statements, which could result in the loss of investor confidence and may adversely impact our stock price.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Risk Management and Strategy

Mastech Digital, Inc. recognizes the critical importance of developing, implementing, and maintaining robust cybersecurity measures to safeguard our information systems and protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our data.

Managing Material Risks & Integrated Overall Risk Management

The Company has strategically integrated cybersecurity risk management into its broader risk management framework to promote a company-wide culture of cybersecurity risk management. This integration ensures that cybersecurity considerations are an integral part of our decision-making processes at every level. In 2022, we improved this integration by hiring a senior executive to assume the responsibilities of both the Chief Information Officer (“CIO”) and Chief Information Security Officer (“CISO”) roles within our organization. Thus, our risk management team is 100% aligned to our IT department to continuously evaluate and address cybersecurity risks within the Company’s business objectives and operational needs.

Engage Third-parties on Risk Management

Recognizing the complexity and evolving nature of cybersecurity threats, Mastech Digital, Inc. engages with a range of external experts, including cybersecurity assessors, consultants, and auditors in evaluating and testing our risk management systems. These partnerships enable us to leverage specialized knowledge and insights, ensuring our cybersecurity strategies and processes remain at the forefront of industry best practices. Our collaboration with these third parties includes regular audits, threat assessments, and consultation on security enhancements. We have recently partnered with a cybersecurity company that specializes in third party-vendor risk management.

Oversee Third-party Risk

Because we are aware of the risks associated with third-party service providers, Mastech Digital, Inc. implements stringent processes to oversee and manage these risks. We conduct thorough security assessments of all third-party providers before engagement and maintain ongoing monitoring to ensure compliance with our cybersecurity standards. The monitoring includes quarterly assessments by our CIO / CISO and on an ongoing basis by our security engineers. This approach is designed to mitigate risks related to data breaches or other security incidents originating from third-parties.

Risks from Cybersecurity Threats

During 2022, we experienced a cybersecurity breach involving a single employee email account which indirectly impacted two Mastech InfoTrellis clients. Our security team identified the point of entry, decommissioned the affected laptop and email address, and changed email logins and passcodes for this email account. As a result of this incident, we engaged external advisors to validate our findings and remedial action steps. As part of this engagement, these advisors assisted us with a forensic analysis to determine whether any personally identifiable information (“PII”) was compromised as a result of this breach. For any such PII data determined to have been compromised, our advisors assisted us in determining the appropriate compliance steps.

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Governance

The Board of Directors is acutely aware of the critical nature of managing risks associated with cybersecurity threats. The Board has established robust oversight mechanisms to ensure effective governance in managing risks associated with cybersecurity threats because we recognize the significance of these threats to our operational integrity and stakeholder confidence.

Board of Directors Oversight

The Audit Committee is central to the Board’s oversight of cybersecurity risks and bears the primary responsibility for this domain. The Audit Committee is composed of board members with diverse expertise including risk management, technology, and finance, equipping them to oversee cybersecurity risks effectively.

Management’s Role Managing Risk

Our CIO / CISO and the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) play a pivotal role in informing the Audit Committee on cybersecurity risks. They provide comprehensive briefings to the Audit Committee on a regular basis, with a minimum frequency of twice per year. These briefings encompass a broad range of topics, including:

• Current cybersecurity landscape and emerging threats;

• Status of ongoing cybersecurity initiatives and strategies;

• Incident reports and learnings from any cybersecurity events; and

• Compliance with regulatory requirements and industry standards.

In addition to our scheduled meetings, the Audit Committee, CIO / CISO and CEO maintain an ongoing dialogue regarding emerging or potential cybersecurity risks. Together, they receive updates on any significant developments in the cybersecurity domain, ensuring the Board’s oversight is proactive and responsive. The Audit Committee actively participates in strategic decisions related to cybersecurity, offering guidance and approval for major initiatives. This involvement ensures that cybersecurity considerations are integrated into the broader strategic objectives of Mastech Digital, Inc. The Board of Directors conducts an annual review of the company’s cybersecurity posture and the effectiveness of its risk management strategies. This review helps in identifying areas for improvement and ensuring the alignment of cybersecurity efforts with the overall risk management framework.

Risk Management Personnel

Primary responsibility for assessing, monitoring, and managing our cybersecurity risks rests with our CIO / CISO, Mr. Philippe Bourdon. With over 20 years of experience in the field of cybersecurity, Mr. Bourdon brings a wealth of expertise to his role as the Company’s CIO / CISO. His background includes extensive experience as an enterprise CISO and is well-recognized within the industry. His

in-depth

knowledge and experience are instrumental in developing and executing our cybersecurity strategies. Our CIO / CISO oversees our governance programs, tests our compliance with standards, remediates known risks, and leads our employee training program.

Monitor Cybersecurity Incidents

The CIO / CISO is continually informed about the latest developments in cybersecurity, including potential threats and innovative risk management techniques. This ongoing knowledge acquisition is crucial for the effective prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents. The CIO / CISO implements and oversees processes for the regular monitoring of our information systems. This includes the

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deployment of advanced security measures and regular system audits to identify potential vulnerabilities. In the event of a cybersecurity incident, the CIO / CISO is equipped with a well-defined incident response plan. This plan includes immediate actions to mitigate the impact and long-term strategies for remediation and prevention of future incidents.

Reporting to Board of Directors

The CIO / CISO, in his capacity, regularly informs the Chief Financial Officer (CFO); our General Counsel; as well as the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of all aspects related to cybersecurity risks and incidents. This ensures that the highest levels of management are kept abreast of the cybersecurity posture and potential risks facing Mastech Digital, Inc. Furthermore, significant cybersecurity matters, and strategic risk management decisions are escalated to the Board of Directors, ensuring that they have comprehensive oversight and can provide guidance on critical cybersecurity issues.

Cybersecurity Threats / Incidents Effect on the Company Business Strategy Results of Operations and Financial Position

Cybersecurity is a business risk that the Company takes seriously. Since our 2022 cybersecurity incident, we have improved our processes; upgraded cybersecurity leadership and supporting personnel; and have committed significant investment dollars to cybersecurity risk mitigation efforts. These investments have had an impact on our results of operations in 2023 and 2024, as disclosed further in the “Results of Operations” section of Item 7 of this Form 10-K. However, our business objectives and strategic priorities have not been materially altered by the risk of cybersecurity threats. Furthermore, we do not believe that any risks we have identified since our 2022 cybersecurity incident have materially affected us or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. Despite our cybersecurity risk mitigation efforts, however, there can be no guarantee that we will not be the subject of future successful attacks, threats or incidents. Additional information on cybersecurity risks we face can be found in Item 1A “Risk Factors” under the heading “Risks Related to the Company’s Business and Operation,” which should be read in conjunction with the foregoing information.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Information regarding the principal properties leased by us and our subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 is set forth below:

Location Principal Use Occupying BusinessSegment ApproximateSquareFootage

Chicago, Illinois Executive, sales and recruiting IT Staffing 2,300

NOIDA, India Sales and recruiting office IT Staffing 39,900

Chennai, India Sales and delivery center Data and Analytics 35,400

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the ordinary course of our business, we are involved in a number of lawsuits and administrative proceedings. While uncertainties are inherent in the final outcome of these matters, management believes, after consultation with legal counsel, that the disposition of these proceedings should not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

Our common stock is traded on the NYSE American under the symbol “MHH”. We began trading “regular way” on the former American Stock Exchange (“AMEX”) on October 1, 2008.

On March 1, 2025, we had 80 registered holders of record of our common stock. This figure excludes an estimate of the indeterminate number of beneficial holders whose shares may be held by brokerage firms and clearing agencies. We currently do not pay recurring dividends on our common stock.

On February 8, 2023, the Company announced that the Board of Directors had authorized a share repurchase program of up to 500,000 shares of the Company’s common stock over a two-year period. Repurchases under the program may occur from time to time in the open market, through privately negotiated transactions, through block purchases or other purchase techniques, or by any combination of such methods, and the program may be modified, suspended or terminated at any time at the discretion of the Board of Directors. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company repurchased 9,222 shares of common stock at an average price of $8.70 per share under this program.

On February 19, 2025, the Company announced that the Board of Directors had authorized an extension of its previously announced share repurchase program for an additional year through February 8, 2026. Common shares available for share repurchase under this program totaled 423,079 on December 31, 2024.

Additionally, we do, from time to time, purchase shares to enable employees to satisfy their tax obligations related to the vesting of restricted stock, in accordance with the provisions of the Company’s Stock Incentive Plan, as amended. During 2024, the Company did not purchase any shares to satisfy such employee tax obligations.

A summary of our common stock repurchased during the quarter ended December 31, 2024 is set forth in the following table:

In October 2018, the Board of Directors of the Company approved the Mastech Digital, Inc. 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “Stock Purchase Plan”). The Stock Purchase Plan is intended to meet the requirements of Section 423 of the Code and required the approval of the Company’s shareholders to be qualified under Section 423 of the Code. On May 15, 2019, the Company’s shareholders approved the Stock Purchase Plan. Under the Stock Purchase Plan, 600,000 shares of common stock (subject to adjustment upon certain changes in the Company’s capitalization) are available for purchase by eligible employees who become participants in the Stock Purchase Plan. The purchase price per share is 85% of the lesser of (i) the fair market value per share of common stock on the first day of the offering period, or (ii) the fair market value per share of common stock on the last day of the offering period. For the year ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, stock purchases under the Stock Purchase Plan totaled 34,860 and 25,646 shares at an average purchase price of $6.40 and $8.03, respectively. At December 31, 2024, there were 432,059 shares available for purchases under the Plan.

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ITEM 6. RESERVED

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions as described under the heading “Forward-Looking Statements” included in Part I of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under “Item 1A. Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview:

We are a provider of Digital Transformation IT Services to mostly large and medium-sized organizations.

Our portfolio of offerings includes data management and analytics services, other Digital Transformation services, such as digital learning services, and IT staffing services.

We operate in two reporting segments — Data and Analytics Services and IT Staffing Services. Our data and analytics services are marketed on a global basis under the brand “Mastech InfoTrellis” and are delivered largely on a project basis with on-site and offshore resources. These capabilities and expertise were acquired through our acquisition of InfoTrellis and enhanced and expanded subsequent to the acquisition. In October 2020, we acquired AmberLeaf Partners, Inc. (“AmberLeaf”), a Chicago-based customer experience consulting firm. This acquisition enhanced our capabilities in customer experience strategy and managed services offerings for a variety of Cloud-based enterprise applications across sales, marketing and customer services organizations. Our IT staffing business combines technical expertise with business process experience to deliver a broad range of staffing services in digital and mainstream technologies, as well as our other Digital Transformation services.

Both business segments provide their services across various industry verticals, including: financial services; government; healthcare; manufacturing; retail; technology; telecommunications; and transportation. In our Data and Analytics Services segment we evaluate our revenues and gross profits largely by service line. In our IT Staffing Services segment, we evaluate our revenues and gross profits largely by sales channel responsibility. This analysis within both our reporting segments is multi-purposed and includes technologies employed, client relationships, and geographic locations.

Economic Trends and Outlook

Generally, our business outlook is highly correlated to general North American economic conditions, particularly with respect to our IT Staffing Services segment. During periods of increasing employment and economic expansion, demand for our services tends to increase. Conversely, during periods of contracting employment and / or a slowing global economy, demand for our services tends to decline. With economic expansion in 2010 through 2019 activity levels improved. However, as economic conditions strengthened, we experienced increased tightness in the supply side (skilled IT professionals) of our businesses. These supply-side challenges pressured resource costs and to some extent gross margins. As we entered 2020, we were encouraged by continued growth in the domestic job markets and expanding U.S. and global economies. However, with the COVID-19 pandemic surfacing in the first quarter of 2020, we realized that economic growth would quickly turn into recessionary conditions, which had a material impact on activity levels in both of our business segments. In 2021, we were encouraged by the global roll-out of vaccination programs and signs of economic improvement, however, the proliferation of COVID-19 variants caused some uncertainty and disruption in the global markets. In 2022 and 2023, COVID-19-related concerns seemed to subside, however, increased inflation, challenges in the

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financial sector related to increasing interest rates, and concerns about a possible recession created much uncertainty and impacted demand for our services in the second half of 2022 and the entire year of 2023. In 2024, economic conditions in North America improved over the course of the year as job market growth and inflationary outlooks showed positive signs of improvement. As we enter 2025, a new level of uncertainty and caution has returned to the marketplace, largely related to unknowns with respect to the incoming administration and the impact of the policies it is adopting. Currently, it is difficult to predict how market conditions are going to unfold over the course of 2025 and beyond.

In addition to tracking general economic conditions in the markets that we service, a large portion of our revenues is generated from a limited number of clients (see Item 1A, the Risk Factor entitled “Our revenues are highly concentrated, and the loss of a significant client would adversely affect our business and revenues”). Accordingly, our trends and outlook are additionally impacted by the prospects and well-being of these specific clients. This “account concentration” factor may result in our results of operations deviating from the prevailing economic trends from time to time.

Within our IT Staffing Services segment, a larger portion of our revenues has come from strategic relationships with systems integrators. Additionally, many large end users of IT staffing services are employing MSP’s to manage their contractor spending. Both of these dynamics may pressure our IT staffing gross margins in the future.

Recent growth in advanced technologies (social, cloud, data, analytics, mobility, automation) is providing opportunities within our IT Staffing Services segment. However, supply side challenges have proven to be acute with respect to many of these technologies.

Results of Operations

We operate and report our business in two reporting segments — Data and Analytics Services and IT Staffing Services.

Below is a tabular presentation of revenues and gross profit margins by segment for the periods discussed:

Revenues & Gross Margin by Segment

(Revenues in millions)

Years Ended December 31,

Data and Analytics Services $ 36.6 $ 34.4 $ 40.6

Gross Margin %

Data and Analytics Services 49.1 % 43.5 % 41.5 %

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Below is a tabular presentation of operating expenses by sales and marketing, operations, general and administrative, amortization of acquired intangible assets, employment-related claim, net of recoveries, goodwill impairment, severance expense and a cybersecurity breach for the periods discussed:

Selling, General & Administrative (“SG&A”) Expense Details

(Amounts in millions)

Years Ended December 31,

Data and Analytics Services Segment

Sales and Marketing $ 7.3 $ 6.5 $ 5.9

General & Administrative 6.7 8.9 5.4

Subtotal Data and Analytics Services $ 14.7 $ 16.7 $ 13.6

IT Staffing Services Segment

Sales and Marketing $ 9.1 $ 8.3 $ 9.5

Subtotal IT Staffing Services $ 32.3 $ 30.0 $ 33.0

Amortization of Acquired Intangible Assets $ 2.7 $ 2.8 $ 3.0

Employment-related Claim, net of Recoveries — 3.1 —

Goodwill Impairment — 5.3 —

Cybersecurity Breach — — 0.4

2024 Compared to 2023

Revenues

Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 totaled $198.9 million, compared to $201.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This 1.1% decline in total revenues reflected an increase in revenues of 6.6% in our Data and Analytics Services segment and a 2.6% revenue decrease in our IT Staffing Services segment. Both segments showed revenue run-rate improvements when comparing the fourth quarter of 2024 to the fourth quarter of 2023.

Our Data and Analytics Services segment’s 2024 revenues increased to $36.6 million from $34.4 million in 2023. This increase was largely due to an increase in client spending on existing projects and a strong bookings performance in the fourth quarter of 2023. Bookings in 2024 totaled $41 million, in-line with full year 2023’s bookings performance.

Our IT Staffing Services segment’s 2024 revenues declined modestly, compared to 2023 revenues due to a lower average level of billable consultants during the first half of 2024 compared to the first half of 2023. However, we ended 2024 with 1,008 billable consultants, compared to 946 billable consultants at the end of 2023, an increase of 6.6%. Our average IT staffing bill rate for 2024 totaled $82.77 per hour compared to $78.84 per hour in 2023. This bill rate increase was due to higher rates on new assignments and was reflective of the type of skill sets that we deployed. Permanent placement / fee revenues totaled $0.9 million in 2024, compared to $0.8 million a year ago.

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In 2024, we had two clients that exceeded 10% of total revenues (CGI = 14.5% and Allegis = 10.7%). In 2023, we had one client that exceeded 10% of total revenues (CGI = 22.5%). Our top ten clients represented 54% of total revenues in 2024 and 53% of total revenues in 2023. Additionally, our largest industry vertical, financial services, represented approximately 49% of total revenues in 2024, compared to approximately 50% in 2023.

Gross Margin

Gross profit increased to $55.6 million in 2024, compared to $51.0 million in 2023, an increase of 8.9% on a year-over-basis. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue totaled 27.9% in 2024, compared to 25.4% in 2023.

Gross margins from our Data and Analytics Services segment in 2024 were 49.1%, which was 560-basis points higher than the 43.5% gross margins that we achieved in 2023. The increase reflected higher utilization and improved delivery efficiencies during 2024 when compared to 2023.

Gross margins in our IT Staffing Services segment were 23.2% in 2024, compared to 21.6% in 2023. This 160-basis point increase was due to higher gross margins on new assignments and favorable medical claim experience related to our self-insured program during 2024 when compared to 2023.

Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses

SG&A expenses in 2024 totaled $51.8 million and represented 26.0% of total revenues, compared to $60.3 million or 30.0% of revenues in 2023. When excluding the amortization of acquired intangible assets and severance expenses in 2024, and the amortization of acquired intangible assets, severance expenses, an employment-related claim, net of recoveries, and goodwill impairment in 2023, the adjusted SG&A expenses related to operations as a percentage of revenues was 23.6% in 2024 versus 23.2% in 2023. The increase in SG&A as a percentage of revenues, excluding these items mentioned above, was largely due to higher sales expense in both business segments, partially offset by lower general and administrative expenses.

Fluctuations within SG&A expense components during 2024 compared to 2023 included the following:

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Other Income / (Expense) Components

In 2024, other income / (expense) consisted of net interest income of $606,000 and foreign exchange gains of $27,000. In 2023, other income / (expense) consisted of interest income of $319,000 and foreign exchange losses of ($75,000). The increase in interest income was due to a higher balance of cash on hand in 2024 compared to 2023, partially offset by interest rate reductions in 2024. Net foreign exchange gains (losses) in 2024 compared to 2023 reflected exchange rate variations between the Indian rupee and the Canadian dollar compared to the U.S. dollar.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense (benefit) for 2024 was $1.0 million and represented an effective tax rate on pre-tax income of 23.1%, compared to ($1.9 million) in 2023, which represented an effective tax rate on pre-tax (loss) of (21.0%). The 2024 effective tax rate compared to 2023 reflected a worthless stock deduction recognized on the dissolution of our Singapore entity in 2024.

2023 Compared to 2022

Revenues

Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2023 totaled $201.1 million, compared to $242.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This 17% decline in total revenues reflected a decrease in revenue of 15% in our Data and Analytics Services segment and a 17% revenue decrease in our IT Staffing Services segment. Both segments were impacted by economic uncertainty during the year.

Our Data and Analytics Services segment’s revenue declines were largely due to client spending reductions on existing projects and assignment delays on new order bookings. Bookings in 2023 totaled $42 million, of which $19 million was secured in the fourth quarter. Order bookings in 2022 approximated $36 million. With respect to 2023 bookings, several orders were multi-year assignments, which generate revenues over multiple reporting periods.

Our IT Staffing Services segment’s revenue decline was due to lower demand for our services as clients took a more conservative posture on spending, largely due to economic headwinds. Accordingly, our consultants-on-billing declined by 262-consultants in 2023 compared to a 53-consultant decrease in 2022. We ended 2023 with 946 consultants-on billing versus 1,208 consultants-on-billing at year-end 2022. Our average IT staffing bill rate for 2023 totaled $78.84 per hour compared to $80.64 per hour in 2022. This bill rate decline was due to lower rates on new assignments and was reflective of the type of skill sets that we deployed. Permanent placement / fee revenues totaled $0.8 million in 2023, compared to $2.1 million a year ago.

In both 2023 and 2022, we had one client that exceeded 10% of total revenues (CGI = 22.5% in 2023 and 22.2% in 2022, respectively). Our top ten clients represented 53% of total revenues in both 2023 and 2022. Additionally, our largest industry vertical, financial services, represented approximately 50% of total revenues in 2023 and 2022.

Gross Margin

Gross profit decreased to $51.0 million in 2023, compared to $63.2 million in 2022, a decrease of 19% on a year-over-basis. Gross profit as a percentage of revenue totaled 25.4% in 2023, compared to 26.1% in 2022.

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Gross margins from our Data and Analytics Services segment were 43.5%, which was 200-basis points higher than the 41.5% gross margins that we experienced in 2022. The increase largely reflected higher utilization in the 2023 period.

Gross margins in our IT Staffing Services segment were 21.6% in 2023, compared to 23.0% in 2022. This 140-basis point decline was due to lower permanent placement revenues in 2023 (80-basis point impact on gross margins) and higher medical claims related to our self-insured program in 2023 compared to 2022.

Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) Expenses

SG&A expenses in 2023 totaled $60.3 million and represented 30.0% of total revenues, compared to $51.0 million or 21.1% of revenues in 2022. When excluding the amortization of acquired intangible assets, employment-related claim, net of recoveries, goodwill impairment and severance expenses in 2023, and the amortization of acquired intangible assets, the cybersecurity breach and severance expenses in 2022, the adjusted SG&A expenses related to operations, as a percentage of revenues was 23.2% in 2023 versus 19.2% in 2022. The increase in SG&A as a percentage of revenues, excluding these items mentioned above, was largely due to higher sales and executive staff expenses in the Data and Analytics Services segment, offset by lower variable expenses in our IT Staffing Services segment.

Fluctuations within SG&A expense components during 2023 compared to 2022 included the following:

Other Income / (Expense) Components

In 2023, other income / (expense) consisted of net interest income of $319,000 and foreign exchange losses of ($75,000). In 2022, other income / (expense) consisted of interest expense of ($358,000) and foreign exchange

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gains of $650,000. The decline in interest expense and increase in interest income was largely due to no outstanding borrowings in 2023 and a higher balance of cash on hand in 2023. Net foreign exchange gains (losses) in 2023 compared to 2022 reflected exchange rate variations between the Indian rupee and the Canadian dollar compared to the U.S. dollar.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense (benefit) for 2023 was ($1.9 million) and represented an effective tax rate on pre-tax (loss) of (21.0%), compared to $3.8 million in 2022, which represented an effective tax rate on pre-tax income of 30.3%. The unfavorable 2023 effective tax rate was largely due to shortfalls in expected tax benefits on stock options and state income taxes.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Financial Conditions and Liquidity

On December 31, 2024, we had cash balances on hand of $27.7 million, no bank debt outstanding and approximately $22.6 million of borrowing capacity under our existing credit facility.

Historically, we have funded our business needs with cash generation from operating activities. In the data and analytics services and IT staffing services industries, investment in operating working capital levels (defined as current assets excluding cash and cash equivalents minus current liabilities, excluding short-term borrowings) is a significant use of cash. Controlling our operating working capital levels by closely managing our accounts receivable balance is an important element of cash preservation. Our accounts receivable “days sales outstanding” measurement (“DSO”) at year-end 2024 improved to 52-days compared to 53-days at year-end 2023.

Cash provided by operating activities, our cash and cash equivalent balances on hand at December 31, 2024 and current availability under our existing credit facility are expected to be adequate to fund our business needs over the next 12 months, including our share repurchase program, which was extended by our Board of Directors through February 8, 2026, but excluding any major acquisition-related activities.

Below is a tabular presentation of cash flow activities for the periods discussed:

Years Ended December 31,

(Amounts in millions)

Investing activities (0.9 ) (0.2 ) (0.8 )

Financing activities 0.7 (1.6 ) (10.4 )

Operating Activities

Cash provided by (used in) operating activities for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 totaled $7.2 million, $16.0 million and $12.6 million, respectively. In 2024, cash flows from operating activities included net income of $3.4 million, non-cash charges of $6.1 million and an increase in operating working capital of ($2.3 million). In 2023, cash flows from operating activities included a net (loss) of ($7.1 million), non-cash charges of $10.6 million and decreases in operating working capital of $12.5 million. In 2022, cash flows from operating activities included net income of $8.7 million, non-cash charges of $6.8 million and increases in operating working capital of ($2.9 million). The 2024 increase in operating working capital reflected higher activities levels as accounts receivable and prepaid expenses increased. The 2023 reduction in operating working capital was due to lower accounts receivable, reflecting significant revenue declines during the year. The 2022 increase in operating capital largely reflected a $2.3 million repayment of the COVID-19 payroll tax deferment program.

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We would expect operating working capital levels to increase should revenue grow in 2025. Accordingly, an increase in operating working capital would result in a reduction in cash generated from operating activities. We believe that DSOs are currently at the lower range of our expectations and will likely increase marginally should our data and analytics services revenues grow disproportionately to our total revenues, as solution businesses generally experience a higher DSO measurement than IT staffing organizations.

Investing Activities

Cash (used in) investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 totaled ($0.9 million), ($0.2 million) and ($0.8 million), respectively. In 2024, cash (used in) investing activities consisted entirely of capital expenditures – largely computer equipment and cyber-security related expenditures. In 2023, cash (used in) investing activities consisted of ($0.3 million) of capital expenditures and a $0.1 million recovery of non-current office lease deposits. In 2022, cash (used in) investing activities consisted of ($0.8 million) of capital expenditures, primarily related to system upgrade expenditures.

Financing Activities

In 2024, cash provided by financing activities totaled $0.7 million and included $0.2 million of proceeds from the issuance of common shares under our employee stock purchase plan and $0.5 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options, partially offset by the repurchase of common stock under the Company’s share repurchase program. In 2023, cash (used in) financing activities totaled ($1.6 million) and included ($1.1 million) of debt repayments, ($0.6 million) of common stock repurchases, partially offset by proceeds from our issuance of common shares under our employee stock purchase plan. In 2022, cash (used in) financing activities totaled ($10.4 million) and included debt repayments of ($12.0 million) partially offset by proceeds from the exercise of stock options and the issuance of common stock related to the Company’s employee stock purchase plan of $1.6 million.

Mastech Digital, Inc. MHH US Equity

MHH · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

ITEM 6. RESERVED

Mastech Digital, Inc. MHH US Equity☆

MHH · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

ITEM 6. RESERVED

Mastech Digital, Inc. MHH US Equity