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ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS

You should carefully consider the following risk factors, as well as other information contained in this Annual Report, including our financial statements and the notes related to those statements. The occurrence of any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect our business, prospects, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow.

Risks Related to Our Operations

We may be unsuccessful in opening new company-operated or franchised restaurants or in establishing new markets, which could adversely affect our growth.

One of the key means to achieving our growth strategy is and will be through opening new restaurants and operating those restaurants on a profitable basis. In fiscal 2025, we plan to open one to two company-operated restaurant and our franchisees intend to open eight to nine. The ability to open new restaurants is dependent upon a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control, including our and our franchisees’ abilities to: identify available and suitable restaurant sites; compete for restaurant sites; reach acceptable agreements regarding the lease or purchase of locations; obtain or have available the financing required to acquire and operate a restaurant, including construction and opening costs; respond to unforeseen engineering or environmental problems with leased premises; avoid the impact of inclement weather and natural and man-made disasters; hire, train, and retain the skilled management and other employees necessary to meet staffing needs; obtain, in a timely manner and for an acceptable cost, required licenses, permits, and regulatory approvals; respond effectively to any changes in local, state, and federal law and regulations that adversely

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affect our and our franchisees’ costs or abilities to open new restaurants; and control construction and equipment cost increases for new restaurants.

If we are unable to successfully manage these risks and open new restaurants or sign new franchisees as anticipated, or if restaurant openings are significantly delayed, we could face increased costs and lower than anticipated sales and earnings in future periods.

As part of our longer-term growth strategy, we may enter into geographic markets in which we have little or no prior operating or franchising experience, including through company-operated restaurant growth and franchise development agreements. For example, we are pursuing the new development agreements covering territories in Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Idaho and Washington State. We currently have two restaurants in Colorado. We plan on opening our first locations in New Mexico, El Paso, Idaho and Washington State. The challenges of entering new markets include (i) difficulties in hiring and training experienced personnel, (ii) unfamiliarity with local real estate markets and demographics, (iii) consumer unfamiliarity with our brand, and (iv) competitive and economic conditions, consumer tastes, and discretionary spending patterns that are different from and more difficult to predict or satisfy than in our existing markets. Any failure on our part to recognize or respond to these challenges may adversely affect the success of any new restaurants. Expanding our franchise system requires the implementation, expense, and successful management of enhanced business support systems, management information systems, and financial controls, as well as additional staffing, franchise support, and capital expenditures and working capital.

Due to brand recognition and logistical synergies, as part of our growth strategy, we, at times, need to open new restaurants in areas where we have existing restaurants. The operating results and comparable restaurant sales for our restaurants could be adversely affected due to increasing proximity among our restaurants and due to market saturation.

We may not be able to compete successfully, including with other quick-service and fast casual restaurants.

The food service industry, and particularly its QSR and fast casual segments, is intensely competitive. Competition in our industry is primarily based on price, convenience, quality of service, brand recognition, ambience, restaurant location, type and quality of food, food safety, and our market position is based on balancing price and quality. These competitive factors are particularly applicable in markets in which we have expanded relatively rapidly or have recently expanded and continue to expand.

We compete with national, regional and locally owned limited-service restaurants, fast casual restaurants, and full-service restaurants. In addition, many of our competitors have greater name recognition nationally or in some of the local markets in which we have shops. Particularly, the greater Los Angeles area, the primary market in which we compete, consists of what we believe to be the most competitive Mexican-inspired QSR and fast casual market in the United States. We expect competition in this market and in each of our other markets to continue to be intense, because consumer trends are favoring LSRs that offer healthier menu items made with better-quality products, and many LSRs are responding to these trends. Moreover, we may also compete with companies outside the QSR and fast casual segment of the restaurant industry. For example, competitive pressures can come from deli sections and in-store cafés of several major grocery store chains, including those targeted at consumers who want higher-quality food, as well as from convenience stores, cafeterias and other dining outlets. Meal kit delivery companies and other eat-at-home options also present some degree of competition for our restaurants. If our company-operated and franchised restaurants cannot compete successfully, especially with other QSR and fast casual restaurants, in new and existing markets, we could lose customers and our revenue could decline, which may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We are vulnerable to changes in political and economic conditions such as trade policies, tariff and import regulations by the United States, as well as consumer preferences.

The restaurant industry is dependent upon consumer discretionary spending, which may be affected by general global economic conditions or other business conditions that may affect the desire or ability of our customers to purchase our products, including recessions or inflationary pressures, which have caused, and may continue to cause, increased labor, commodity and other restaurant operating costs. In addition, we may be affected by higher consumer debt and interest rates, adverse conditions in the mortgage housing markets, high unemployment levels, increases in gas prices, declines in median income growth, lower consumer confidence, lower consumer discretionary spending and uncertainties due to geopolitical turmoil and potential national or international security concerns. If the economy experiences a significant

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decline, our business, results of operations, our ability to access the capital markets and our ability to comply with the terms of our secured revolving credit facility could be materially and adversely affected, and we and our franchisees might decelerate the number and timing of new restaurant openings and/or the number of planned restaurant remodels. An actual or feared outbreak of disease, epidemic or pandemic, changes to regional or local economic conditions affecting consumer spending, or increased food or energy costs could also reduce consumer transactions or impose practical limits on pricing that could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flow. In addition, political developments regarding U.S. relations with Mexico may harm our business. For example, increases in tariffs, restrictions on trade, or deterioration in American political or economic relations with Mexico could harm our brand and profitability. Changes in trade, labor, or immigration policy could raise our input prices, or reduce the supply of immigrants, who are in many cases our customers or employees, diminishing our sales and increasing our labor costs. In addition, factors that decrease consumer spending or increase security costs, such as social unrest, terrorist attacks or military action, may adversely affect our business.

Current uncertainties about increases in tariffs of imported products from countries, including Mexico, may have an adverse effect on our Company. On February 1, 2025, the U.S. government proposed tariffs up to 25% on imports from certain countries, including Mexico and Canada, and implemented other tariffs on countries including China. Some of our produce, packaging and other items are procured from outside of the U.S. (including from Mexico, Canada and China), and any new or increased import duties, tariffs, trade sanctions or taxes, or other changes in U.S. trade or tax policy could result in higher food and supply costs that would adversely impact our financial results. While we are still evaluating the potential impacts of these proposed tariffs, as well as our ability to mitigate their related impacts, we anticipate it might adversely impact our revenue and cost of goods sold in the United States.

If the provisions of these tariffs are maintained as proposed, we may need to take measures including increasing our menu prices in response. Higher menu prices or the perceived value of our meals relative to competitors may lead consumers to reduce their spending in our restaurants or switch to competitors’ value or lower-priced meals. If competitive or other factors prevent us from offsetting these higher costs through menu price increases, our profitability may decline, which could negatively impact our restaurant transactions, business, and comparable restaurant sales. The ultimate impact of any tariffs will depend on various factors, including if any tariffs are ultimately implemented, the timing of implementation, and the amount, scope and nature of the tariffs.

Additionally, changes in consumer health perceptions or trends in eating habits may also adversely affect our business if we are unable to effectively adapt our menu offerings. Our success is dependent upon continued customer acceptance of our Mexican-inspired food and customer health perceptions regarding our products. A decrease in American consumers’ interest in Mexican-inspired food or chicken-based food, or changes in customer health perceptions of our food, could harm our brand and profitability. We cannot make any assurances regarding our ability to effectively respond to changes in consumer preferences or our ability to develop new products that appeal to consumer preferences.

If we are unable to attract, develop, assimilate, and retain employees, we may not be able to grow or successfully operate our business.

Our success depends in part upon our ability to attract, train, assimilate, and retain a sufficient number of employees, including crewmembers, managers and shift leaders, who understand and appreciate our culture, are able to represent our brand effectively and establish credibility with our customers. If we are unable to hire and retain restaurant employees capable of consistently providing a high level of customer service, understanding of our customers, and knowledge of our offerings, our ability to open new restaurants may be impaired, the performance of our existing and new restaurants could be adversely affected, and our brand image may be negatively impacted. Our growth strategy will require us to attract, train, and assimilate even more restaurant employees. Our ability to do so may be adversely affected by labor shortages.

Our business could be negatively affected by regional geographic concentrations.

Our company-operated and franchised restaurants in the greater Los Angeles area generated, in the aggregate, approximately 72.0% of our revenue in fiscal 2024 and approximately 71.3% in fiscal 2023. Adverse changes in demographic, unemployment, economic, or regulatory conditions in the greater Los Angeles area or in the State of California, including, enforcement policies for and changes in immigration law, have had and may continue to have material adverse effects on our business.

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We also may be negatively affected by weather conditions specific to the Los Angeles region, including fires, earthquakes, or other natural disasters. Additionally, outside of Los Angeles, many of our restaurants are clustered around major cities in Northern California, Texas, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and elsewhere, and prolonged or severe inclement weather could affect our sales at restaurants in locations that experience such conditions. Localized disasters, especially exacerbated by climate change, including wildfires, hurricanes, and flooding, could impair our assets and operations in those areas. Any other events disrupting businesses, consumer discretionary spending or our employee population in the greater Los Angeles area could also have an outsized negative impact on our business or results of operations.

Our inability or failure to execute our business continuity and response plan following a major disaster such as a natural disaster, terrorism, social unrest or a cybersecurity incident affecting our corporate facilities could materially adversely affect our business.

Our corporate systems and support for our restaurant operations are handled primarily at our corporate headquarters. We have business continuity and response plans in place to address major disasters, including natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, flooding and wildfires, as well as man-made disasters such as terrorism, social unrest and cybersecurity incidents. However, if we are unable or fail to fully implement such plans, we may be unable to carry out essential corporate functions or we may be delayed in our recovery of data or required reporting and compliance, which could have a material adverse effect on our business or expose us to legal liabilities. In addition, threats from major disasters are constantly evolving, which may make it difficult for us to predict, plan for and protect against such threats, and our business continuity and response plan may not adequately address or protect against all threats we face.

Our long-term success depends in part on our ability to effectively identify and secure appropriate sites for new restaurants.

In order to build new restaurants, we must first identify markets where we can enter or expand our footprint, taking into account numerous factors, including the location of our current restaurants, local economic trends, population density, area demographics, cost of construction and real estate and geography. Then we must secure appropriate restaurant sites, which is one of our biggest challenges. There are numerous factors involved in identifying and securing an appropriate restaurant site, including: evaluating size of the site, traffic patterns, local retail, residential and business attractions and infrastructure that will drive high levels of customer traffic and sales; competition in new markets, including competition for restaurant sites; financial conditions affecting developers and potential landlords, such as the effects of macro-economic conditions and the credit market (including the potential for rising interest rates), which could lead to these parties delaying or canceling development projects (or renovations of existing projects), in turn reducing the number of appropriate restaurant sites available; developers and potential landlords obtaining licenses or permits for development projects on a timely basis; proximity of potential restaurant sites to existing restaurants; anticipated commercial, residential and infrastructure development near the potential restaurant site; and availability of acceptable lease terms and arrangements, including construction costs.

In addition, competition for restaurant sites in our target markets can be intense, and development and leasing costs are increasing. Given the numerous factors involved, we may not be able to successfully identify and secure attractive restaurant sites in existing, adjacent or new markets, or we may fail to develop, profitably operate or meet our projections for new restaurants at such sites, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have incurred, and may continue to incur, significant impairment of certain of our assets, in particular in our new markets.

The recognition of impairment charges may adversely affect our future operations and results. In assessing the recoverability of our property and equipment assets, we consider changes in economic conditions and make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and other factors. There is uncertainty in the projected undiscounted future cash flows used in our impairment review analysis, which requires the use of estimates and assumptions. If actual performance does not achieve the projections, or if the assumptions used change in the future, we may be required to recognize impairment charges in future periods, and such charges could be material. Given the difficulty in projecting results for newer restaurants in newer markets, as well as the impact of the current macroeconomic environment, we monitor the recoverability of the carrying value of the assets of several restaurants on an ongoing basis. Asset impairments to new units or future capital expenditures could present additional exposure. Closures could also require

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additional expenditures. Furthermore, franchised unit closings could result in the loss of franchise revenue and have other adverse effects on us.

Changes in food, supply costs, especially for chicken, labor, construction and utilities could adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our profitability depends in part on our ability to anticipate and react to changes in the cost of food, supplies, labor, construction and utilities. In 2024, the costs of certain commodities, labor, and other inputs necessary to operate our restaurants have increased. For example, our labor and regulatory compliance have been adversely impacted as a result of AB 1228 which increased the minimum wage at fast food restaurants such as ours to $20 an hour on April 1, 2024. As a result of AB 1228, our labor and regulatory compliance costs increased significantly. See the risk titled “Matters relating to employment and labor law may adversely affect our business” below for more information. In addition, we are susceptible to increases in food costs as a result of factors beyond our control, such as general economic conditions, seasonal economic fluctuations, weather conditions including wildfires and flooding, global demand, food shortages, food safety concerns, infectious diseases, fluctuations in the U.S. dollar, cyber-attacks, transportation issues, product recalls, and government regulations, including tariffs and other import restrictions on foreign produce and other goods. For example, since 2022 we experienced inflationary pressures due to supply chain disruptions that adversely impacted and may continue to adversely impact our business and results of operations. Environmental and weather-related issues, which have been exacerbated by climate change, such as freezes, drought, wildfires, hurricanes and flooding, may also lead to increases, temporary or permanent, or spikes in the prices of some ingredients, such as produce and meat. Any increase in the prices of the ingredients most critical to our menu, in particular chicken, as well as corn, cheese, avocados, beans, rice, and tomatoes, could adversely compress our margins, or cause us to raise our prices, reducing customer demand. Alternatively, in the event of cost increases with respect to one or more of our raw ingredients, we might choose to temporarily suspend serving menu items, such as guacamole or one or more of our salsas, rather than pay the increased cost.

Our principal food product is chicken. In fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022, the cost of chicken included in our product cost was approximately 9.3%, 10.0%, and 11.0%, respectively, of our revenue from company-operated restaurants. Material increases in the cost of chicken could materially and adversely affect our business, operating results, and financial condition. Changes in the cost of chicken are impacted by a number of factors, including seasonality, increases in the cost of grain, disease, and other factors that affect domestic and international supply of and demand for chicken products. Additionally, environmental and animal rights regulations or voluntary programs have in the past led to increases, and could lead to future increases in, the cost or supply of chicken and other foods. We often ask our suppliers to use fixed price contracts or other financial risk management strategies to reduce potential price fluctuations in the cost of chicken and other commodities. We have implemented menu price increases in the past to significantly offset increased chicken prices, due to competitive pressures and compressed profit margins. We may not be able to offset all or any portion of increased food and supply costs, or labor, construction and utility costs through higher menu prices in the future. If we implement further menu price increases in the future to protect our margins, average check size and restaurant transactions could be materially and adversely affected, at both company-operated and franchised restaurants.

Public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic have had, and may in the future have, a significant negative impact on our business, sales, results of operations and financial condition.

Pandemics, epidemics or other public health crises, such as the COVID-19, have disrupted, and may continue to disrupt, our restaurant operations, including by causing temporary closures of some restaurants, closures of dining rooms, limited capacity restrictions and/or decreased operating hours for some restaurants due to government mandates and/or staffing shortages.

If future public health emergencies at a significant number of our locations require us to temporarily close those locations for disinfection or result in a large number of our employees becoming ill or quarantined and being unable to work, our business and results of operations could be further adversely affected, which may also impact our financial condition. Such public health crises may also adversely affect our ability to implement our growth plans, including delays in the opening or construction of new restaurants or the remodel of existing restaurants. For example, the global pandemic resulting from the outbreak of COVID-19 disrupted our restaurant operations from 2020 to 2023. In response to federal, state and local mandates that were aimed at limiting the spread of COVID-19, or due to staffing shortages, we and our franchisees experienced temporary closures of some restaurants, closures of dining rooms, limited capacity restrictions and/or decreased operating hours for some restaurants.

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If in the event of another public health crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, emerge, our sales and operating costs may be materially adversely affected, which could impact our asset values, including goodwill, derivative instruments and property and equipment assets, as well as our ability to meet certain covenant provisions in our debt arrangementsin future periods, and have a material adverse effect on our financial results, future operations and liquidity.

Even after a new public health crisis has subsided, we may continue to experience negative impacts to our financial results due to the public health’s crisis impact on the economy in general, globally, nationally and in the local markets in which we operate, including the availability of credit generally, adverse impacts on our liquidity, and/or decreases in consumer discretionary spending that depress demand for our products. In addition, the perceived risk of infection or a resurgence or concern of a resurgence of COVID-19or other similar diseases may continue to adversely affect traffic to our restaurants and, in turn, may have a material adverse effect on our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations. We are also subject to all of the foregoing risks in connection with the outbreak of other diseases, epidemics or pandemics, or similar public threats or fear of such events.

Social media and negative publicity could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Negative publicity, including information posted on social media platforms, at one or more of our restaurants relating to food safety, sanitation, employee relationships or other matters can adversely affect us, regardless of whether an allegation is valid or whether we are held to be responsible. Adverse information posted on social media platforms can quickly reach a wide audience and resulting harm to our reputation may be immediate, without affording us an opportunity to correct or otherwise respond to the information. It is challenging to monitor and anticipate developments on social media in order to respond in an effective and timely manner. As a result, social media may exacerbate the risks we face related to negative publicity. In addition, the negative impact of any adverse publicity relating to one restaurant may extend far beyond the restaurant involved to affect some or all of our other restaurants, including our franchised restaurants. The risk of negative publicity is particularly great with respect to our franchised restaurants, because we are limited in the manner in which we can regulate them, especially on a real-time basis. A similar risk exists with respect to food service businesses unrelated to us, if customers mistakenly associate those unrelated businesses with our operations.

A variety of additional risks associated with our use of social media include the possibility of improper disclosure of proprietary information, exposure of personally identifiable information of our employees or guests, fraud, or the publication of out-of-date information, any of which may result in material liabilities or reputational damage. Furthermore, any inappropriate use of social media platforms by our employees could also result in negative publicity that could damage our reputation, or lead to litigation that increases our costs.

We rely on our ability to continue to expand our digital business, delivery orders and catering is uncertain, and these new business lines are subject to various risks.

If we are not able to maintain the growth of our digital business, it may be difficult for us to achieve our planned sales growth. We rely on third-party providers to fulfill delivery orders, and the ordering and payment platforms used by these third parties, or our mobile app or online ordering system, could be damaged or interrupted by technological failures, user errors, cybersecurity incidents or other factors, which may adversely impact our sales through these channels and could negatively impact our brand. Additionally, our delivery partners may make errors or fail to make timely deliveries, leading to customer disappointment that may negatively impact our brand. We also incur additional costs associated with using third-party service providers to fulfil these digital orders. Additionally, our delivery partners own the customer data for orders placed on their platform and may use such customer data to encourage customers to order from other restaurants or delivery platforms. The third-party restaurant delivery business is intensely competitive, with a number of players competing for market share, online traffic, capital, and delivery drivers and other people resources. The third-party delivery services with which we work may struggle to compete effectively, and if they were to cease or curtail operations or fail to provide timely delivery services in a cost-effective manner, or if they give greater priority on their platforms to our competitors, our delivery business may be negatively impacted.

We have also introduced catering offerings on both a pick-up and delivery basis, and customers may choose our competitors’ catering offerings over ours, be disappointed with their experience with our catering, or experience food safety problems if they do not serve our food in a safe manner, which may negatively impact us. Such delivery and catering offerings also increase the risk of illnesses associated with our food because the food is transported and/or served by third parties in conditions we cannot control.

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We do not have a long history with our catering offering and it is difficult for us to anticipate the level of sales they may generate. In addition, using third-party providers to fulfill delivery orders may result in operational challenges, both in fulfilling orders made through these channels and in operating our restaurants as we balance fulfillment of these orders with service of our traditional in-restaurant guests. Any such operational challenges may negatively impact the customer experience associated with our digital, delivery or catering orders, the guest experience for our traditional in-restaurant business, or both. These factors may adversely impact our sales and our brand reputation.

Food-borne illness and other food safety and quality concerns may negatively impact our business and profitability.

Incidents or reports of food- or water-borne illness or other food safety issues, food contamination or tampering, employee hygiene or cleanliness failures, or improper employee conduct at our restaurants could lead to product liability or other claims. Such incidents or reports, have in the past, and could in the future, negatively affect our brand and reputation as well as our business, revenues, and profits.

Furthermore, our reliance on third-party food processors makes it difficult to monitor food safety compliance, and may increase the risk that a food-borne illness would affect multiple locations rather than a single restaurant. Some food-borne illness incidents could be caused by third-party food suppliers and transporters outside of our control. New illnesses resistant to our current precautions may develop in the future, or diseases with long incubation periods could arise that could cause claims or allegations on a retroactive basis. One or more instances of food-borne illness in one of our company-operated or franchised restaurants has in the past and could in the future negatively affect sales at all of our restaurants if highly publicized. This risk would exist even if it were later determined that an illness had been wrongly attributed to one of our restaurants.

Additionally, even if food or water-borne illnesses or other food safety issues or incidents were not identified at El Pollo Loco restaurants, our restaurant sales could be adversely affected, both financially and otherwise, if instances of similar incidents or reports at other QSRs or restaurant chains were highly publicized. In addition, our restaurant sales could be adversely affected by publicity regarding other high-profile illnesses such as avian flu that customers may associate with our food products.

Failure to receive timely deliveries of food or other supplies could result in a loss of revenue and materially and adversely impact our operations.

Our and our franchisees’ ability to maintain consistent quality menu items and prices significantly depends upon our ability to acquire fresh food products, including the highest-quality chicken and related items, from reliable sources, in accordance with our specifications and on a timely basis. Shortages or interruptions in the supply of fresh food products, caused by unanticipated demand, problems in production, distribution or otherwise in the supply chain, contamination of food products, an outbreak of poultry disease, inclement weather, or other conditions, could materially and adversely affect the availability, quality, and cost of ingredients, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. We have contracts with a limited number of suppliers for the chicken and other food and supplies for our restaurants. Further, increases in fuel prices could result in increased distribution costs. In addition, one company distributes substantially all of the products that we receive from suppliers to company-operated and franchised restaurants. If that distributor or any supplier fails to perform as anticipated or seeks to terminate agreements with us, or if there is any disruption in any of our supply or distribution relationships for any reason, including our ability to replace any lost distributor or supplier, our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows could be materially and adversely affected. If we or our franchisees temporarily close a restaurant or remove popular items from a restaurant’s menu as a result of such a disruption, that restaurant may experience a significant reduction in revenue if our customers change their dining habits as a result.

Our level of indebtedness, and restrictions under our credit facility, could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our level of indebtedness could have significant effects on our business, such as: limiting our ability to borrow additional amounts to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, debt service requirements, execution of our growth strategy, and other purposes; requiring us to dedicate a portion of our cash flow from operations to pay interest on our debt, which could reduce availability of our cash flow to fund working capital, capital expenditures, acquisitions, execution of our growth strategy, and other general corporate purposes; making us more vulnerable to adverse changes in general economic, industry, government regulatory, and competitive conditions in our business by

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limiting our ability to plan for and react to changing conditions; placing us at a competitive disadvantage compared with our competitors with less debt; and exposing us to risks inherent in interest rate fluctuations, because our borrowings are at variable rates of interest, which could result in higher interest expense in the event of increases in interest rates.

In addition, we may not be able to generate sufficient cash flow from our operations to repay our indebtedness when it becomes due and to meet our other cash needs. If we are not able to pay our debts as they become due, we will be required to pursue one or more alternative strategies, such as selling assets, refinancing or restructuring our indebtedness, or selling additional debt or equity securities. We may not be able to refinance our debt or sell additional debt or equity securities or our assets on favorable terms, if at all, and if we have to sell our assets, that sale may negatively affect our ability to generate revenue.

Our secured revolving credit facility contains a number of covenants that, among other things, restrict, subject to certain exceptions, our ability to (i) incur additional indebtedness, (ii) issue preferred stock, (iii) create liens on assets, (iv) engage in mergers or consolidations, (v) sell assets, (vi) make investments, loans, or advances, (vii) make certain acquisitions, (viii) engage in certain transactions with affiliates, (ix) authorize or pay dividends, and (x) change our lines of business or fiscal year. In addition, our secured revolving credit facility requires us (i) to maintain, on a consolidated basis, a minimum consolidated fixed charge coverage ratio and (ii) not to exceed a maximum lease adjusted consolidated leverage ratio. Our ability to borrow under our secured revolving credit facility depends on our compliance with these tests. Events beyond our control, including changes in general economic and business conditions, may affect our ability to meet these tests. We cannot guarantee that we will meet these tests in the future, or that our lenders will waive any failure to meet these tests.

Further, we are a holding company with no material direct operations. Our principal assets are the equity interests that we indirectly hold in our operating subsidiary, El Pollo Loco, Inc. (“EPL”), which owns our operating assets. As a result, we are dependent on loans, dividends, and other payments from EPL, our operating company and indirect wholly owned subsidiary, and from EPL Intermediate, Inc. (“Intermediate”), our direct wholly owned subsidiary, to generate the funds necessary to meet our financial obligations and to pay dividends on our common stock. Our subsidiaries are legally distinct from us and may be prohibited or restricted from paying dividends or otherwise making funds available to us under certain conditions.

Our marketing programs may not be successful, and our new menu items, advertising campaigns, and restaurant designs and remodels may not generate increased sales or profits.

We incur costs and expend other resources in our marketing efforts on new menu items, advertising campaigns, and restaurant designs and remodels, to raise brand awareness and to attract and retain customers. Our initiatives may not be successful, resulting in expenses incurred without the benefit of higher revenues. Further, if our marketing and advertising strategies are not successful, we may be forced to engage in additional promotional activities to attract and retain customers, including offers for free or discounted food, and any such additional promotional activities could adversely impact our profitability. Additionally, some of our competitors have greater financial resources than we do, enabling them to spend significantly more on marketing, advertising, and other initiatives. Should our competitors increase spending on marketing, advertising, and other initiatives, or our marketing funds decrease for any reason, or should our advertising, promotions, new menu items, and restaurant designs and remodels be less effective than those of our competitors or not resonate with our customers, there could be a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.

Adverse changes in the economic environment may affect our franchisees, with adverse consequences to us.

Adverse changes in the economic environment, including inflation and increased labor and supply costs, could result in our franchisees filing for bankruptcy or becoming delinquent in their payments to us, which could have significant adverse impacts on our business, due to loss or delay in payments of (i) royalties, (ii) information technology (“IT”) support service fees, (iii) contributions to our advertising funds, and (iv) other fees. Bankruptcies by our franchisees could (i) prevent us from terminating their franchise agreements, so that we could offer their territories to other franchisees, (ii) negatively impact our market share and operating results, as we might have fewer well-performing restaurants, and (iii) adversely impact our ability to attract new franchisees.

Franchisees may not have access to the financial or management resources that they need to open the restaurants contemplated by their agreements with us, or be able to find suitable sites on which to develop those restaurants.

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Franchisees may not be able to negotiate acceptable lease or purchase terms for restaurant sites, obtain necessary permits and government approvals, or meet construction schedules. Any of these problems could slow our growth and reduce our franchise revenue. Additionally, our franchisees typically depend on financing from banks and other financial institutions, which may not always be available to them, in order to construct and open new restaurants. For these reasons, franchisees operating under development agreements may not be able to meet the new restaurant opening dates required under those agreements. Also, we sublease certain restaurants to some existing California franchisees. If any such franchisees cannot meet their financial obligations under their subleases, or otherwise fail to honor or default under the terms of their subleases, especially where state franchise laws may limit our ability to terminate or modify these franchise arrangements, we will be financially obligated under a master lease and could be materially and adversely affected. In the past, franchisees have entered bankruptcy or receivership, which have in the past and can in the future lead to sale or closure of franchises, cause underperformance or underinvestment in capital expenditures, or lead to nonpayment of us or other creditors, and these circumstances could recur in the future.

We have limited control with respect to the operations of our franchisees, which could have a negative impact on our business.

As of December 25, 2024, approximately 65% of our restaurants were franchised restaurants, therefore, our success relies on the financial success and cooperation of our franchisees, yet we have limited influence over their operations. Franchisees are independent business operators. They are not our employees, and we do not exercise control over the day-to-day operations of their restaurants. We provide training and support to franchisees, and set and monitor operational standards, but the quality of franchised restaurants may be diminished by any number of factors beyond our control. Consequently, franchisees may fail to operate their restaurants in fashions consistent with our standards and requirements, or to hire and train qualified managers and other restaurant personnel. If franchisees do not operate to our expectations, our image and reputation, and the images and reputations of other franchisees, may suffer materially, and system-wide sales could decline significantly.

If our relations with existing or potential franchisees deteriorate, restaurant performance and our development pipeline could suffer.

Our growth depends on maintaining amicable relations with our franchisees, including their participation in and adherence to our restaurant operating guidelines. Because our ability to control our franchisees is limited, disagreement may lead to inaction by our franchisees with respect to our initiatives, or even disputes with our franchisees, in court, arbitration or otherwise, including disputes related to an actual or alleged violation of contractual, statutory or common law obligations. Such disputes occur from time to time as we continue to offer franchises due to our size and the general nature of the franchisor-franchisee relationship. Unfavorable judgments, awards or settlements relating to franchisee disputes could result in monetary or injunctive relief against us, including the voiding of non-compete, territorial exclusivity, or other development-related provisions upon which we rely to protect our brand, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Disputes with franchisees also divert the attention, time, and financial resources of our management and our franchisees from our restaurants, which could have a material adverse effect on our (and our franchisees’) business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows, as well as our ability to attract new franchisees. Even our success in franchisee disputes could damage our (or our franchisees’) finances or operations, as well as our relationships with our franchisees and our ability to attract new franchisees given the negative connotations of any franchisor-franchisee disputes.

Our self-insurance programs may expose us to significant and unexpected costs and losses.

We currently maintain employee health insurance coverage on a self-insured basis. We do maintain stop loss coverage which sets a limit on our liability for both individual and aggregate claim costs.

We currently record a liability for our estimated cost of claims incurred and unpaid as of each balance sheet date. Our estimated liability is recorded on an undiscounted basis and includes a number of significant assumptions and factors, including historical trends, expected costs per claim, actuarial assumptions, and current economic conditions. Our history of claims activity for all lines of coverage is closely monitored, and liabilities are adjusted as warranted based on changing circumstances. It is possible, however, that our actual liabilities may exceed our estimates of loss. We may also experience an unexpectedly large number of claims that result in costs or liabilities in excess of our projections, and therefore we may be required to record additional expenses. For these and other reasons, our self-insurance reserves could prove to be inadequate, resulting in liabilities in excess of our available insurance and self-insurance. If a

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successful claim is made against us and is not covered by our insurance or exceeds our policy limits, our business may be negatively and materially impacted.

We are locked into long-term and non-cancelable leases, and may be unable to renew leases at the ends of their terms.

Many of our restaurant leases are non-cancelable and typically have initial terms of up to 20 years with up to four renewal terms of five years that we may exercise at our option. Even if we close a restaurant, we may remain committed to perform our obligations under the applicable lease, which could include, among other things, payment of the base rent for the balance of the lease term. In addition, in connection with leases for restaurants that we will continue to operate, we may, at the end of the lease term and any renewal period for a restaurant, be unable to renew the lease without substantial additional cost, if at all. As a result, we may close or relocate the restaurant, which could subject us to construction and other costs and risks. Additionally, the revenue and profit, if any, generated at a relocated restaurant might not equal the revenue and profit generated at its prior location.

If we are unable to achieve our social and environmental sustainability goals, our reputation and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition to financial performance, companies increasingly are being judged by their performance on a variety of environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) factors. Investors, governmental agencies and self-regulatory organizations, including the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), the NYSE and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”), have increasingly focused on social and environmental sustainability achievements and disclosures, including with respect to climate change, energy use, packaging and waste, human rights, sustainable supply chain practices, animal health and welfare and water use. Achievement of our goals are subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of our control and may prove to be more difficult and costly than we anticipate. These risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, our ability to achieve our ESG goals within currently projected costs and expected timeframes; unforeseen operational and technological difficulties; the success of our collaboration with our suppliers and other third parties; and competitive pressures. Failure to achieve our goals could damage our reputation and relationships with our guests, investors and other stakeholders, which could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and stock price. Further, different stakeholder groups have divergent views on ESG matters, which increases the risk that any action or lack thereof with respect to ESG matters will be perceived negatively by at least some stakeholders and adversely impact our reputation and business. Anti-ESG sentiment has gained some momentum across the United States. If we do not successfully manage ESG-related expectations across these varied stakeholder interests, we may face scrutiny, reputational risk, lawsuits, or market access restrictions from these parties regarding our ESG initiatives.

Risks Related to Information Technology and Data Security

Information technology system failures or breaches of our network security could interrupt our operations and adversely affect our business.

From time to time, we experience cybersecurity incidents within our information systems. These cybersecurity incidents have included, and, may in the future include, those caused by physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, malware, worms, attacks by hackers or foreign governments, ransomware, unauthorized access through the use of compromised credentials and tampering, including through social engineering such as phishing attacks, coordinated denial-of-service attacks, exploitation of design flaws, bugs or security vulnerabilities and similar breaches, or intentional or unintentional acts by employees or other insiders with access privileges. In the past, these cybersecurity incidents have resulted in, and in the future could result in, among other things, temporary system disruptions or shutdowns or unauthorized access to confidential information. These events have in the past resulted in, and could in the future also result in misappropriation of our or our customers’ personal information or other proprietary or confidential information, breach of our legal, regulatory or contractual obligations, delays in our operations, or inability to access or rely upon critical business records or systems. In some cases, it may be difficult to anticipate or immediately detect such incidents and the damage they cause. We may be required to expend significant financial resources to protect against or to remediate such security breaches, including the cost of providing notification to affected individuals and governmental authorities. In addition, our operations depend upon our ability to protect our information systems against damage from physical theft, fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, and other catastrophic events and disruptive problems. Any unauthorized access of our systems or the information stored on such systems, damage or failure of our

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computer systems or network infrastructure that causes an interruption in our operations could damage our reputation, subject us to litigation or to actions by regulatory authorities, harm our business relations or increase our security and insurance costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Additionally, we rely on third-party service providers and technologies to operate certain critical business systems to process sensitive information in a variety of contexts, including, without limitation, our point-of-sale devices, cloud-based infrastructure, encryption and authentication technology, employee email, and other similar functions. While we endeavor to review and monitor these third parties’ information security practices and technologies, we cannot always ensure these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place, or they will not suffer unexpected power losses or computer system or data network failures that negatively impacts the information technology systems or solutions on which we rely. If our third-party service providers experience a cybersecurity incident or other type of interruption or if an unexpected flaw or failed software update related to third-party software used in our information systems occurs, even if inadvertent, our information systems may become disabled or inaccessible and access to our data and other business information may be limited, which could materially disrupt our operations.

If we are unable to protect our customers’ payment method data or personal information, we could be exposed to data loss, litigation, liability, and reputational damage.

We collect and retain internal and customer data, including personally identifiable information of our employees and customers. In connection with the collection and retention of this information, we are subject to legal and compliance risks and associated liability related to privacy and data protection requirements. Due to enhanced scrutiny from the general public, data privacy regulations as well as their interpretations and criteria for enforcement, continue to be subject to frequent change, and there are likely to be other jurisdictions that propose or enact new or emerging data privacy requirements in the future. The complexity of these privacy and data protection laws may result in significant costs arising from compliance and from any non-compliance, whether or not due to our negligence, and could affect our brand reputation and our results of operations. It is possible that measures we have taken to prevent the occurrence of security breaches and other cybersecurity incidents may not be adequate and we may in the future become subject to claims or proceedings for purportedly fraudulent transactions arising out of the actual or alleged theft of credit/debit card information. Any such claims or proceedings could distract our management team members from running our business, adversely affect our reputation, and cause us to incur significant unplanned losses and expenses.

For example, we are also subject to federal and state laws regulating the collection and use of personal information of our employees and customers, including the California Consumer Privacy Act (“CCPA”), which took effect January 1, 2020, and the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”), which was approved in November 2020, and beginning in January 2023 imposed additional data protection obligations on companies doing business in California, including rights of access, correction, deletion and opt-outs from sale of personal information or sharing of personal information for cross-context behavioral advertising. We may also be subject to data privacy laws in other jurisdictions that we have expanded or are planning to expand into, such as Colorado and Texas. Such data privacy laws impose similar requirements as the CCPA and CPRA. In addition, while we have implemented cookies notices and settings, there is the risk of class action claims arising from the use of cookies and other tracking technologies under the California Invasion of Privacy Act given the evolving nature of court decisions interpreting that law.

In addition, our ability to accept credit/debit cards as payment in our restaurants and online depends on us maintaining our compliance status with standards set by the PCI Security Standards Council, which require certain levels of system security and procedures to protect our customers’ credit/debit card information as well as other personal information.

Compliance with these standards and regulations may impose significant costs on us. Further, while we have implemented policies and procedures designed to ensure compliance with the CCPA and other applicable state data privacy, the manner in which the California Attorney General and the CPPA may interpret and enforce the CCPA and other state attorneys general may enforce their data privacy laws is uncertain. The potential effects of the CCPA and CRPA and other applicable state privacy laws are far-reaching and may require us to modify our data processing practices and policies and incur substantial costs and expenses in an effort to comply with these regulations. There is also the potential for increased regulatory enforcement by the state agencies empowered to enforce these laws, including the recently formed California Privacy Protection Agency. Noncompliance with the CCPA, CRPA and other privacy laws could result in injunctions, fines and/or proceedings against us by governmental agencies or others.

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Risks Related to Intellectual Property

The failure to enforce and maintain our trademarks and protect our other intellectual property could materially and adversely affect our business, including our ability to establish and maintain brand awareness.

The success of our business strategy depends on our ability to use our existing trademarks and service marks in order to increase brand awareness and further develop our branded products. If our efforts to protect our intellectual property are inadequate, or if any third-party misappropriates or infringes upon our intellectual property, whether in print, on the Internet, or through other media, our brands and branded products could fail to maintain or achieve market acceptance and the value of our brands could be harmed, materially and adversely affecting our business. In addition, the laws of some foreign countries do not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as do the laws of the United States. Any litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights will likely be costly and may not be successful.

We maintain the recipe for our chicken marinade, as well as certain proprietary standards, specifications, and operating procedures, as trade secrets or confidential proprietary information. We may not be able to prevent the unauthorized disclosure or use of our trade secrets or proprietary information, despite the existence of confidentiality agreements and other measures. While we try to ensure that the quality of our brands and branded products is maintained by all of our franchisees, we cannot be certain that these franchisees will not take actions that adversely affect the value of our intellectual property or reputation. If any of our trade secrets or proprietary information were to be disclosed to or independently developed by a competitor, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

In addition, we may face claims of infringement that could interfere with our ability to market our restaurants and promote our brand. Any such litigation may be costly and could divert resources from our business. Moreover, if we are unable to successfully defend against such claims, we may be prevented from using our trademarks or service marks in the future and may be liable for damages, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Government Regulation and Litigation

Matters relating to employment and labor law may adversely affect our business.

Various federal, state and local labor laws govern our relationships with our employees and affect operating costs. These laws include employee classifications as exempt or non-exempt, minimum wage requirements, unemployment tax rates, workers’ compensation rates, citizenship requirements, and other wage and benefit requirements for employees classified as non-exempt. Significant additional government regulations and new laws mandating increases in minimum wages or benefits such as health insurance could materially affect our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flow. In particular, our labor and regulatory compliance have been adversely impacted as a result of AB 1228, signed into law by Governor Newsom on September 28, 2023, which repealed and replaced the FAST Act on January 1, 2024. Pursuant to AB 1228, the minimum wage at fast food restaurants that are part of brands which have more than 60 establishments nationwide was increased to $20 an hour on April 1, 2024, and a Fast Food Council created by AB 1228 will have limited power to approve annual wage increases until 2029. Under the law, the Fast Food Council also has the power to develop and propose minimum standards for fast food workers, including standards for working hours, working conditions, and health and safety. As a result of AB 1228, we have experienced an increase in our labor and regulatory compliance costs and we expect these costs will continue to increase in 2025 and that our results of operations and profitability will be adversely affected if we are not able to implement other measures to counter these increased costs. Further, this law could prompt similar legislation in other states. In addition, the unionization of our employees and of the employees of our franchisees could materially affect our business, financial condition, operating results, and cash flow.

Employee claims against us or our franchisees based on, among other things, wage and hour violations, discrimination, harassment, or wrongful termination may also create not only legal and financial liability but negative publicity that could adversely affect us and divert our financial and management resources that could otherwise be used to benefit the future performance of our operations. These types of employee claims could also be asserted against us, on a co-employer theory, by employees of our franchisees. A significant increase in the number of these claims, or an increase in the number of successful claims, could materially and adversely affect our business, brand image, employee recruitment, financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

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We are from time to time the target of class action lawsuits and other claims proceedings, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Our business is subject to the risk of litigation by employees, customers, suppliers, stockholders, and others through private actions, class actions, administrative proceedings, regulatory actions, and other litigation, including actions regarding workplace and employment conditions, discrimination, and similar matters, and we are currently a party to wage and hour class action lawsuits. See additional information presented in Note 14 “Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Matters” in the accompanying “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report. Occasionally, our customers file complaints or lawsuits against us alleging that we are responsible for some illnesses or injuries that they suffered at or after a visit to one of our restaurants, including actions seeking damages resulting from food-borne illnesses or accidents in our restaurants. We are also subject to a variety of other claims from third parties arising in the ordinary course of our business, including contract claims. The restaurant industry has also been subject to a growing number of claims that the menus and actions of restaurant chains have led to the obesity of certain of their customers. We may also be subject to lawsuits from our employees, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, or others alleging violations of federal or state laws regarding workplace and employment conditions, discrimination, and similar matters.

Regardless of whether any claims against us are valid and whether we are liable, claims may be expensive to defend against and divert time and money away from operations. In addition, claims may generate negative publicity, which could reduce customer traffic and sales. Insurance may not be available at all or in sufficient amounts to cover any liabilities with respect to these or other matters. A judgment or other liability in excess of our insurance coverage for any claims, or any adverse publicity resulting from claims, could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

If we or our franchisees face labor shortages or increased labor costs, our results of operations and growth could be adversely affected.

Labor is a primary component in the cost of operating our company-operated and franchised restaurants. Labor shortages and increased labor costs are subject to numerous internal and external factors, including higher employee-turnover rates, changes in immigration policy including barriers to immigrants entering, working in, or remaining in the United States, regulatory changes, prevailing wage rates, including increases in federal, state, or local minimum wages or in other employee benefit costs (including costs associated with health insurance coverage or workers’ compensation insurance), and increased competition we face from other companies for qualified employees. Since 2023, we have continued to experience a competitive and tight labor market. A sustained labor shortage could lead to increased costs, such as increased overtime incurred to meet the demands of our customers and increased wage rates to attract and retain employees. Any failure to meet our staffing needs or any material increases in employee turnover rates could adversely affect our business and results of operations, including our ability to grow our restaurant base. See also our risk factor titled “Public health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic have had, and may in the future have, a significant negative impact on our business, sales, results of operations and financial condition” above for labor shortage risks we may face in connection with pandemics, epidemics and other public health emergencies, such as COVID-19.

Federally-mandated, state-mandated, or locally-mandated minimum wages have recently increased in several jurisdictions, including state and county mandates in California, and will be further raised in the future, including as a result of the AB 1228 in California. Although we have been able to substantially offset these cost pressures through various actions, such as increasing menu prices, managing menu mix, and productivity improvements, we expect these cost pressures to continue into 2025 and we may not be able to offset cost increases in the future. In addition, increases in menu prices by us and our franchisees to cover increased labor costs could have the effect of lowering sales, which would thereby reduce our margins and the royalties that we receive from franchisees. Also, reduced margins of franchisees could make it more difficult to sell franchises.

We are subject to extensive laws, government regulation, and other legal requirements and our failure to comply with existing or new laws and regulations could adversely affect our operational efficiencies, ability to attract and retain talent and results of operations.

Our business is subject to extensive federal, state and local laws and regulations, including those relating to the preparation, sale and labeling of food and beverages, labor and employment practices and working conditions, health, sanitation, safety and fire standards, building and zoning requirements, registration, offer, sale, termination and renewal of franchises, public accommodations and safety conditions, environmental matters, and consumer protection and

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privacy obligations. See “Item 1. Business—Regulation and Compliance” in this Annual Report for further information. We are also subject to laws and regulations concerning our compliance as a public company, including disclosure and governance matters, including accounting and tax regulations, SEC and The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) disclosure requirements.

Compliance with these laws and regulations, and future new laws or changes in these laws or regulations that impose additional requirements, can be costly. Any failure or perceived failure to comply with these laws or regulations could result in, among other things, revocation of required licenses, administrative enforcement actions, fines and civil and criminal liability.

Changes in health, safety, construction, labor, environmental, or other laws or regulations, including changes to or repeal of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“PPACA”), could impose costs upon us, including transition costs. Such transition costs could include uncertainties about how the new laws or regulations might be interpreted, enforced, or litigated by either regulators or private parties. Such changes could also have economic implications for our customers. For example, changes to health insurance law could diminish our customers’ disposable incomes and thus reduce their frequency of eating or ordering out, even from QSR or fast casual restaurants, including us.

Legislation and regulations regarding certain of our menu offerings, new information or attitudes regarding diet and health, or adverse opinions about the health effects of consuming our menu offerings, could affect consumer preferences and negatively impact our results of operations.

Government regulation and changes in consumer eating habits resulting from shifting attitudes regarding diet and health or new information regarding changes in the health effects of consuming our menu offerings may impact our business. These changes have resulted in, and may continue to result in, the enactment of laws and regulations that impact the ingredients and nutritional content of our menu offerings, or laws and regulations requiring us to disclose the nutritional content of our food offerings. Certain government authorities have adopted or may adopt laws and regulations regarding trans-fats, sodium, sodas or other ingredients or products used or sold by our restaurants. While only a small number of our ingredients contain trans-fats in trace amounts, these regulations may require us to limit or remove ingredients from our products, which could affect product tastes, customer satisfaction levels, and sales volumes. Transitioning to higher-cost ingredients may also hinder our ability to operate in certain markets and proposed tax increases on certain products, such as sodas, may affect sales volumes of those products. In addition, a number of states, counties, and cities have enacted menu labeling laws requiring multi-unit restaurant operators to disclose certain nutritional information to customers.

For example, federal and state regulations, such as the federal PPACA, establishes uniform requirements for certain restaurants to post certain nutritional information on their menus. Specifically, the PPACA requires certain chain restaurants to publish the total number of calories of standard menu items on menus and menu boards, along with a statement that puts this calorie information in the context of a total daily calorie intake. The PPACA also requires covered restaurants to provide to consumers, upon request, a written summary of detailed nutritional information for each standard menu item, among other requirements. In addition, a number of states, counties, and cities have enacted menu labeling laws imposing requirements for additional menu disclosure, such as sodium content. An unfavorable report on, or reaction to, our menu ingredients, the size of our portions or the nutritional content of our menu items could negatively influence the demand for our offerings. These and other requirements may increase our expenses, slow customers’ ordering process, or negatively influence the demand for our offerings; all of which can have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial position, as well as on the restaurant industry in general.

We may become subject to liabilities arising from environmental laws that could likely increase our operating expenses and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We are subject to federal, state, and local laws, regulations, and ordinances that:

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In particular, under applicable environmental laws, we may be responsible for remediation of environmental conditions and subject to associated liabilities, including liabilities for cleanup costs, personal injury, or property damage, relating to our restaurants and the land on which our restaurants are located, regardless of whether we lease or own the restaurants or land in question and regardless of whether such environmental conditions were created by us or by a prior owner or tenant. If we are found liable for the costs of remediation of contamination at any of our properties, our operating expenses would likely increase and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. See above under “Item 1. Business—Environmental Matters.”

Risks Related to Ownership of Our Common Stock

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly due to seasonality and other factors, some of which are beyond our control, which could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly because of several factors, including but not limited to: increases and decreases in sales; profitability of our restaurants; labor availability and costs for personnel; changes in interest rates; macroeconomic conditions, both nationally and locally; negative publicity relating to the consumption of products we serve; changes in consumer preferences and competitive conditions; impairment of property and equipment assets and any loss on and exit costs associated with restaurant closures; expansion to new markets; the timing of new restaurant openings and related expense; restaurant operating costs for our newly-opened restaurants; increases in infrastructure costs; and fluctuations in commodity prices.

Seasonal factors, including weather disruptions, and the timing of holidays also cause our revenue to fluctuate from quarter to quarter. Our revenue per restaurant is typically lower in the first and fourth quarters due to reduced January and December transactions and higher in the second and third quarters due to higher transactions, reflecting the seasonality trends in our operating markets. As a result of seasonality, our quarterly and annual results of operations and key performance indicators such as company restaurant revenue and comparable restaurant sales may fluctuate. Accordingly, results for any one quarter are not necessarily indicative of results to be expected for any other quarter or for any year and comparable restaurant sales for any particular future period may decrease. In the future, operating results may fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors. In that event, the price of our common stock would likely decrease.

Future offerings of debt or equity securities by us may adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

In the future, we may attempt to obtain financing, or to further increase our capital resources, by issuing additional shares of our common stock or by offering other equity securities, or debt, including senior or subordinated notes, debt securities convertible into equity, or shares of preferred stock. Opening new company-operated restaurants in existing and new markets could require substantial additional capital in excess of cash from operations. We would expect to finance the capital required for new company-operated restaurants through a combination of additional issuances of equity, corporate indebtedness, and cash from operations.

Issuing additional shares of our common stock or other equity securities or securities convertible into equity may dilute the economic and voting rights of our existing stockholders, reduce the market price of our common stock, or both. In a liquidation, holders of any such debt securities or preferred stock, and lenders with respect to other borrowings, could receive distributions of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock. Debt securities convertible into equity could be subject to adjustments in their conversion ratios under certain circumstances, increasing the number of equity securities issuable upon conversion. Preferred stock, if issued, could have a preference with respect to liquidating distributions, or a preference with respect to dividend payments that could limit our ability to pay dividends to the holders of our common stock. Our decision to issue securities in any future offering will depend on market conditions and other factors beyond our control that may adversely affect the amount, timing, or nature of our future offerings. Thus, holders of our common stock bear the risk that our future offerings may reduce the market price of our common stock and dilute their stockholdings in us.

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Delaware law, our organizational documents, our shareholder rights agreement and our existing and future debt agreements may impede or discourage a takeover, depriving our investors of the opportunity to receive a premium for their shares.

We are a Delaware corporation, and the anti-takeover provisions of Delaware law impose various impediments to the ability of a third-party to acquire control of us, even if a change of control would be beneficial to our existing stockholders. In addition, provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and by-laws may make it difficult for, or prevent, a third-party from acquiring control of us without the approval of our Board of Directors. Among other things, these provisions: provide for a classified board of directors with staggered three-year terms; do not permit cumulative voting in the election of directors, which would allow a minority of stockholders to elect director candidates; delegate the sole power to a majority of the board of directors to fix the number of directors; provide the power to our Board of Directors to fill any vacancy on our Board of Directors, whether such vacancy occurs as a result of an increase in the number of directors or otherwise; authorize the issuance of “blank check” preferred stock without any need for action by stockholders; eliminate the ability of stockholders to call special meetings of stockholders; establish advance notice requirements for nominations for election to our Board of Directors or for proposing matters that can be acted on by stockholders at stockholder meetings; and provide that, on or after the date that Trimaran Pollo Partners, L.L.C ceases to beneficially own at least 40% of the total votes eligible to be cast in the election of directors, a 75% supermajority vote will be required to amend or repeal provisions relating to, among other things, the classification of the board of directors, the filling of vacancies on the board of directors, and the advance notice requirements for stockholder proposals and director nominations.

In addition, in certain circumstances, the shareholder rights plan adopted by our Board of Directors in August 2023 would cause dilution to a person or group that acquires a large block of our common stock and thereby make it more difficult for such person or group to acquire the Company. See “Shareholder activism could cause us to incur significant expense, disrupt our business, result in a proxy contest or litigation and impact our stock price” below for additional information regarding our shareholder rights plan.

Furthermore, our secured revolving credit facility imposes, and we anticipate that documents governing our future indebtedness may impose, limitations on our ability to enter into change of control transactions. Under our secured revolving credit facility, the occurrence of a change of control transaction can constitute an event of default permitting acceleration of the debt, thereby impeding our ability to enter into change of control transactions. The foregoing factors could impede a merger, takeover, or other business combination, or discourage a potential investor from making a tender offer for our common stock, which, under certain circumstances, could reduce the market value of our common stock.

These provisions, either alone or in combination with each other, give our current directors and executive officers a substantial ability to influence the outcome of a proposed acquisition of the Company. These provisions would apply even if an acquisition or other significant corporate transaction was considered beneficial by some of our shareholders. If a change in control or change in management is delayed or prevented by these provisions, the market price of our securities could decline.

Shareholder activism could cause us to incur significant expense, disrupt our business, result in a proxy contest or litigation and impact our stock price.

We may be subject to shareholder activism in the future, which could result in substantial costs and divert management’s and our Board of Directors’ attention and resources from our business. Such shareholder activism could give rise to perceived uncertainties as to our future, adversely affect our relationships with our employees, customers, or suppliers and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. We may be required to incur significant fees and other expenses related to activist shareholder matters, including for third party advisors. We may be subjected to a proxy contest or to litigation by activist investors. Our stock price has been and could be subject to significant fluctuation or otherwise be adversely affected by the events, risks and uncertainties of any shareholder activism.

For example, on August 4, 2024, the Board of Directors approved and entered into an amendment to the Rights Agreement (the “Amendment”, and together with the Rights Agreement, the “Amended Rights Agreement”).

Among other things, the Amendment increased the Beneficial Ownership (as defined in the Amended Rights Agreement) triggering threshold for being deemed an Acquiring Person (as defined below), unless one of the enumerated

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exceptions is applicable, from 12.5% to 15.0%. In all other respects, the terms of the Rights Agreement remain unmodified and in full force and effect.

Under the Amended Rights Agreement, the Rights are generally exercisable only in the event that a person or group of affiliated or associated persons (such person or group being an “Acquiring Person”), other than certain exempt persons, acquires (or commences a tender offer or exchange offer the consummation of which would result in) Beneficial Ownership of 15.0% or more of the outstanding shares. In such case (with certain limited exceptions), each holder of a Right (other than the Acquiring Person, whose Rights shall become void) will have the right to receive, upon exercise at the then current exercise price of the Right, shares of our common stock (or, if the Board of Directors so elects, cash, securities, or other property) having a value equal to two times (2x) the exercise price of the Right. Refer to “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data —Note 16, Shareholder Rights Agreement” for further details on the Amended Rights Agreement.

ITEM 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

The Company has multi-layer processes to assess, identify and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats. These processes are integrated into the Company’s enterprise risk management as part of its overall risk management strategy.

A cross-functional team of senior leadership assesses potential material risks to the business and the Company’s ability to meet strategic priorities, including risks from cybersecurity threats. The Company’s senior leadership receives updates from relevant functional heads or other subject matter specialists on these potential material risks as well as the processes or other steps being taken to manage or mitigate the risks. The team includes senior leaders in areas of importance to Company priorities, including the Company’s Chief Privacy Officer, who is also our Senior Vice President of Information Technology and the Chief Legal Officer. The Company’s senior leadership assesses and prioritizes risk based on impact to shareholders, operations, and strategic priorities, among other factors.

The Chief Privacy Officer oversees the Company’s information security program and is responsible for the day-to-day information risk management activities through the internal information security team, and outside resources. The SVP, Chief Privacy Officer, who has over 30 years of IT and IT security experience, 21 of which are at the Company, employs a team of information technology experts, including a dedicated Cyber Security Analyst. The VP, Chief Privacy Officer and the Cyber Security Analyst are further supported by other members of the IT department.

The Company’s processes to assess, identify and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats include, but are not limited to, the following:

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The Company also has in place an Incident Response Plan that enables it to quickly categorize, respond, and escalate to senior leadership and the Audit Committee of the Board, real or potential cybersecurity incidents in a manner designed to mitigate overall business impact.

In connection with the Company’s review and approval for potential new vendors, the Company assesses the data types or Personally Identifiable Information that the vendor may maintain, store or access and reviews the adequacy of their cybersecurity procedures and legal protections. Legal counsel and the SVP, Chief Privacy Officer review the cyber and contractual protections and consider the overall risk profile considering the type of agreement, data involved, vendor, and jurisdiction, among other factors. Vendors deemed to have insufficient controls balancing the relevant criteria will not be approved.

The Board of Directors is kept apprised of material risks from cybersecurity threats through the Audit Committee. The Audit Committee is responsible for overseeing threats to the Company, including those involving cyber threats, and reviewing the Company’s protocols and procedures to mitigate those threats. On a quarterly basis, the SVP, Chief Privacy Officer, presents to the Audit Committee on the Company’s cybersecurity compliance and risk management practices. These presentations address, among other things, the results of audits and reviews of our security information systems and other cybersecurity measures, the current threat environment and cybersecurity trends and best practices. As applicable, these quarterly presentations also include reports of cybersecurity incidents affecting our information systems along with updates on the status of prior cybersecurity incidents and applicable remediation efforts. The Audit Committee discusses the adequacy and efficacy of the controls and shares the information with the Board as part of its risk oversight function. Outside of quarterly presentations, the Audit Committee is informed of incidents that in senior leadership’s discretion require more immediate Audit Committee attention.

To date, the Company has not, to its knowledge, experienced any cybersecurity threats or previous cybersecurity incidents, that have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. In the last three years, the Company has not experienced any material cybersecurity incidents and we have not incurred material expenses from cybersecurity incidents (including penalties and settlements, of which there were none). However, we can give no assurance that we have detected or protected against all cybersecurity incidents or cybersecurity threats. Please refer to “Item 1A, Risk Factors— Risks Related to Information Technology and Data Security” in this Annual Report for additional information about risks related to cybersecurity matters.

ITEM 2.PROPERTIES

As of December 25, 2024, our restaurant system consisted of 498 restaurants, comprised of 173 company-operated restaurants and 325 franchised restaurants, located in California, Nevada, Arizona, Texas, Utah, Louisiana and Colorado. In addition, as of December 25, 2024, we licensed our brand to 10 restaurants in the Philippines. We have not included these licensed restaurants as part of our unit count as presented in this annual report. The table below sets forth the locations (by state) for all restaurants in operation as of December 25, 2024.

Company-

State Operated Franchised Total

Louisiana — 2 2

Colorado — 2 2

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Our restaurants are either free-standing facilities, typically with drive-thru capability, or in-line. A typical restaurant generally ranges from 2,200 to 3,000 square feet, with seating for approximately 50 to 70 people. For a majority of our company-operated restaurants, we lease land on which our restaurants are built. Our leases generally have terms of 20 years, with up to four renewal terms of five years.

Restaurant leases provide for a specified annual rent, and some leases call for additional or contingent rent based on revenue above specified levels. Generally, our leases are “net” leases that require us to pay a pro rata share of taxes, insurance, and maintenance costs. We own 15 properties, of which we currently operate 12 and license three to franchisees. In addition, we operate 161 company-operated restaurants on leased real estate, we own one operating unit with additional parking on leased real estate, and we have another 57 leased sites that are subleased or assigned to franchisees who operate El Pollo Loco restaurants. We also have two closed units, two of which are subleased for uses other than El Pollo Loco. We also sublease a surplus property of an operating location to a third party.

We lease our headquarters, consisting of approximately 24,890 square feet in Costa Mesa, California, for a term expiring in 2026, plus a one-year extension option.

ITEM 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For information regarding our material legal proceedings, see Note 14 “Commitments and Contingencies—Legal Matters” in the accompanying “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report, which information is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

None.

PART II

ITEM 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

Our common stock has been listed on The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC under the symbol “LOCO” since July 25, 2014.

As of February 28, 2025, there were approximately 64 holders of record of our common stock. The number of holders of record is based upon the actual number of holders registered at such date and does not include holders of shares in “street name” or persons, partnerships, associates, corporations, or other entities in security position listings maintained by depositories.

Dividends

In fiscal 2022, the Board of Directors declared a special cash dividend of $1.50 per share on our common stock. The special dividend was paid on November 9, 2022, to stockholders of record, including holders of restricted stock, at the close of business on October 24, 2022. Dividend payments are subject to the discretion and approval of our Board of Directors and our compliance with applicable law, and depends upon, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, level of indebtedness, capital requirements, contractual restrictions, and other factors that our Board of Directors may deem relevant. We do not anticipate paying any such dividends for the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our results of operations, financial condition, restrictions imposed by applicable law and our financing agreements and other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table sets forth information with respect to the shares of our common stock we acquired during the fourth quarter ended December 25, 2024 (in thousands, except number of shares and per share amounts).

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Stock Performance Graph

The following graph and table illustrate the total cumulative shareholder return for (i) our common stock, (ii) the Nasdaq Composite Index and (iii) the Standard and Poor’s Composite 1500 Restaurants Index (formerly called the S&P Supercomposite Restaurants Index), for the five years ended December 25, 2024. The graph assumes the investment of $100 at the beginning of the period (at the closing price of our common stock on December 26, 2018) and the reinvestment of all dividends. Specifically, the graph assumes that the $1.50 per share special cash dividend paid to shareholders was reinvested in 2022. Stockholder returns over the indicated period should not be considered indicative of future stockholder returns.

The stock performance graph shall not be deemed soliciting material or to be filed with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C under the Exchange Act or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, nor shall it be incorporated by reference into any past or future filing under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”) or the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically request that it be treated as soliciting material or specifically incorporate it by reference into a filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

Nasdaq S&P Composite

Composite 1500

Date LOCO Index Restaurants

(1) Since December 25, 2024 was a market holiday, the price quoted in this column is based on our closing share price on December 24, 2024.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our “Audited Consolidated Financial Statements” and accompanying “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” included elsewhere in this Annual Report. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties, and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from management’s expectations. See “Forward-

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Looking Statements” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors” included elsewhere in this Annual Report. We assume no obligation to update any of these forward-looking statements.

Basis of Presentation

We use a 52- or 53-week fiscal year ending on the last Wednesday of each calendar year. Fiscal 2024, 2023, and 2022 ended on December 25, 2024, December 27, 2023 and December 28, 2022, respectively. In a 52-week fiscal year, each quarter includes 13 weeks of operations. In a 53-week fiscal year, the first, second and third quarters each include 13 weeks of operations, and the fourth quarter includes 14 weeks of operations. Approximately every six or seven years a 53-week fiscal year occurs.Fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022 were 52-week fiscal years. 53-week years may cause revenues, expenses, and other results of operations to be higher due to the additional week of operations. Fiscal years are identified in this Annual Report according to the calendar years in which they ended. For example, references to fiscal 2024 refer to the fiscal year ended December 25, 2024.

Overview

El Pollo Loco is a differentiated and growing restaurant concept that specializes in fire-grilling citrus-marinated chicken and operates in the limited-service restaurant segment. We strive to offer food that integrates the culinary traditions of Mexico with the healthier lifestyle. Our distinctive menu features our signature product--citrus-marinated fire-grilled chicken--and a variety of Mexican and LA-inspired entrees that we create from our chicken. We serve individual and family-sized chicken meals, a variety of Mexican and LA-inspired entrees, and sides, and, throughout the year, on a limited-time basis, additional proteins like beef and shrimp. Our entrees include favorites such as our Chicken Avocado Burrito, Pollo Fit entrees, chicken tostada salads, and Pollo Bowls. Our famous Creamy Cilantro dressings and salsas are prepared fresh daily, allowing our customers to create their favorite flavor profiles to enhance their culinary experience. We believe that our distinctive menu with better for you and more affordable alternatives appeals to consumers across a wide variety of socio-economic backgrounds and drives our balanced composition of sales throughout the day (our “day-part mix”), including at lunch and dinner.

Market Trends and Uncertainties

On September 28, 2023, Governor Newsom signed AB 1228 into law in California, which repealed and replaced the FAST Act on January 1, 2024. Pursuant to AB 1228, the minimum wage at fast food restaurants that are part of brands which have more than 60 establishments nationwide increased to $20 an hour on April 1, 2024, and a Fast Food Council created by AB 1228 has limited power to approve annual wage increases until 2029. Under AB 1228, the Fast Food Council also retains the power to develop and propose minimum standards for fast food workers, including standards for working hours, working conditions, and health and safety. As a result of AB 1228, we have experienced an increase in our labor and regulatory compliance costs and we expect these cost increases to continue into fiscal 2025. Although we have been able to substantially offset these cost pressures through various actions, such as increasing menu prices, managing menu mix, and productivity improvements, we expect these cost pressures to continue into 2025 and we may not be able to offset cost increases in the future.

Additionally, we are impacted by macroeconomic challenges, such as inflationary pressures and changes in trade policies, that have in the past, and may continue to in the future, affect our operations in certain areas such as food cost, labor costs, construction costs and other restaurant operating costs. We have been able to substantially offset these inflationary and other cost pressures through various actions, such as increasing menu prices, managing menu mix, and productivity improvements. However, we expect these inflationary and other cost pressures to continue in fiscal 2025 and we may not be able to offset cost increases in the future.

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conditions, such as trade policies, tariff and import regulations by the United States, as well as consumer preferences.”

Growth Strategies and Outlook

We plan to continue to expand our business, drive restaurant sales growth, and enhance our competitive positioning, by executing the following five key strategies:

● Brand That Wins;

● Hospitality Mindset;

● Digital First;

● Winning Unit Economics; and

● Drive Unit Growth Again with National Expansion.

See subsection titled “Our Growth Strategy” in Item 1. Business in this Annual Report for a detailed description of the five key pillars of our growth strategy.

As of December 25, 2024, we had 498 locations in seven states. In fiscal 2024, we opened two new company-operated restaurants in California and our franchisees opened two new restaurants, one in California and one in Texas. In fiscal 2023, we opened two new company-operated restaurants in Nevada and our franchisees opened three new restaurants, one in California, one in Colorado and one in Utah.

In 2025, we intend to open one to two new company-operated in California and eight to nine new franchised restaurants. To increase comparable restaurant sales, we plan to increase customer frequency, attract new customers, and improve per-person spend.

Highlights and Trends

Comparable Restaurant Sales

In fiscal 2024, comparable restaurant sales system-wide increased 3.2%. In fiscal 2023, comparable restaurant sales system-wide decreased 0.3%. In fiscal 2022, comparable restaurant sales system-wide increased 5.9%. Comparable restaurant sales growth/decline reflects the change in year-over-year sales for the comparable restaurant base. A restaurant enters our comparable restaurant base the first full week after its 15-month anniversary. System-wide comparable restaurant sales include restaurant sales at all comparable company-operated restaurants and at all comparable franchised restaurants, as reported by franchisees. Refer to “Comparable Restaurant Sales” definition in the subsection titled “Key Performance Indicators” below for further information.

Comparable restaurant sales at company-operated restaurants increased 2.8%, 0.3%, and 3.7%, respectively, in fiscal 2024, 2023 and 2022. For company-operated restaurants in 2024, the change in comparable restaurant sales consisted of a 7.9% increase in average check size due to increases in menu prices partially offset by a 4.7% decrease in transactions. In fiscal 2023, the increase in company-operated comparable restaurant sales consisted of a 2.3% increase in average check size due to increase in menu prices partially offset by a 2.0% decrease in transactions. In fiscal 2022, the increase in company-operated comparable restaurant sales consisted of a 7.3% increase in average check size partially offset by a 3.3% decrease in transactions.

In fiscal 2024, comparable restaurant sales at franchised restaurants increased 3.5%. In fiscal 2023, comparable restaurant sales at franchised restaurants decreased 0.7%, and in fiscal 2022, comparable restaurant sales at franchised restaurants increased 7.4%.

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Restaurant Development

In fiscal 2024, we opened two company-operated restaurants, and our franchisees opened two new restaurants. From time to time, we and our franchisees close restaurants. In fiscal 2024, we did not close any company-operated restaurants, and our franchisees closed one restaurant. Our restaurant counts at the beginning and end of each of the last three years were as follows:

Fiscal Year Ended

Company-operated restaurant activity(1):

Openings 2 2 4

Restaurant sale to franchisee (1) (18) (3)

Closures — — (2)

Restaurants at end of period 173 172 188

Franchised restaurant activity:

Openings 2 3 9

Restaurant sale to franchisee 1 18 3

Closures (1) — (1)

Restaurants at end of period 325 323 302

System-wide restaurant activity:

Openings 4 5 13

Closures (1) — (3)

Restaurants at end of period 498 495 490

Restaurant Remodeling

During the year ended December 25, 2024, we completed eight company-operated restaurant remodels and 44 franchise remodels. In fiscal 2025, we plan to continue our standard practices for remodels, which includes completing a total of 30-40 company and 30-40 franchise remodels. Remodeling is a use of cash and has implications for our net property and depreciation line items on our consolidated balance sheets and statements of income, among others. The cost of our restaurant remodels varies depending on the scope of work required, but on average the investment is $0.3 million to $0.4 million per restaurant.

Loco Rewards

Our Loco Rewards loyalty program offers rewards that incentivize customers to visit our restaurants more often each month. Customers earn points for each dollar spent and points can be redeemed for multiple redemption options. If a customer does not earn or use points within a one-year period, their account is deactivated and all points expire. When a customer is part of the rewards program, the obligation to provide future discounts related to points earned is considered a separate performance obligation, to which a portion of the transaction price is allocated. The performance obligation related to loyalty points is deemed to have been satisfied, and the amount deferred in the balance sheet is recognized as revenue, when the points are transferred to a reward and redeemed, the reward or points have expired, or the likelihood of redemption is remote. A portion of the transaction price is allocated to loyalty points on a pro-rata basis, based on stand-alone selling price, as determined by menu pricing and loyalty point’s terms.

In addition, customers can earn additional points and free entrées for a variety of engagement activities. As points are available for redemption past the quarter earned, a portion of the revenue associated with the earned points will be deferred until redemption or expiration. As of December 25, 2024, the revenue allocated to loyalty points that had not been redeemed was $0.8 million. We had over 4.2 million loyalty program members as of December 25, 2024.

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Key Financial Definitions

Revenue

Our revenue is derived from three primary sources: company-operated restaurant revenue, franchise revenue, which is comprised primarily of franchise royalties and, to a lesser extent, franchise fees and sublease rental income, and franchise advertising fee revenue. See Note 15 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”in the accompanying “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report for further details regarding our revenue recognition policy.

Food and Paper Costs

Food and paper costs include the direct costs associated with food, beverage and packaging of our menu items. The components of food and paper costs are variable in nature, change with sales volume, are impacted by menu mix, and are subject to increases or decreases in commodity costs.

Labor and Related Expenses

Labor and related expenses include wages, payroll taxes, workers’ compensation expense, benefits, and bonuses paid to our restaurant management teams. Like other expense items, we expect labor costs to grow proportionately as our restaurant revenue grows. Factors that influence labor costs include minimum wage and payroll tax legislation, state labor laws (which, in California, includes AB 1228), overtime, wage inflation, the frequency and severity of workers’ compensation claims, health care costs, and the performance of our restaurants.

Occupancy Costs and Other Operating Expenses

Occupancy costs include rent, common area maintenance (“CAM”), and real estate taxes. Other restaurant operating expenses include the costs of utilities, advertising, credit card processing fees, delivery service provider fees, restaurant supplies, repairs and maintenance, and other restaurant operating costs.

Gain on Recovery of Insurance Proceeds, Net

Gain on recovery of insurance proceeds includes insurance reimbursements related to the property and equipment damage, expenses incurred, and lost profits.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses are comprised of expenses associated with corporate and administrative functions that support the development and operations of our restaurants, including compensation and benefits, travel expenses, stock compensation costs, legal and professional fees, and other related corporate costs. Also included are pre-opening costs, and expenses above the restaurant level, including salaries for field management, such as area and regional managers, and franchise field operational support.

Franchise Expenses

Franchise expenses are primarily comprised of rent expenses incurred on properties leased by us and then sublet to franchisees, expenses incurred in support of franchisee information technology systems, and the franchisee’s portion of advertising expenses.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization primarily consists of the depreciation of property and equipment, including leasehold improvements and equipment.

Loss on Disposal of Assets

Loss on disposal of assets includes the loss on disposal of assets related to retirements and replacement or write-off of leasehold improvements or equipment.

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Impairment and Closed-Store Reserves

We review long-lived assets such as property, equipment, and intangibles on a unit-by-unit basis for impairment when events or circumstances indicate the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. We determine if there is impairment at the restaurant level by comparing undiscounted future cash flows from the related long-lived assets to their respective carrying values and record an impairment charge when appropriate. In determining future cash flows, significant estimates are made by us with respect to future operating results of each restaurant over its remaining lease term, including sales trends, labor rates, commodity costs and other operating cost assumptions. If assets are determined to be impaired, the impairment charge is measured by calculating the amount by which the asset’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value. This process of assessing fair values requires the use of estimates and assumptions, including our ability to sell or reuse the related assets and market conditions, which are subject to a high degree of judgment. If these assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record impairment charges for these assets and these charges could be material.

When we close a restaurant, we will evaluate the right-of-use (“ROU”) asset for impairment, based on anticipated sublease recoveries. The remaining value of the ROU asset is amortized on a straight-line basis, with the expense recognized in closed-store reserve expense, in addition to property tax and CAM charges for closed restaurants.

Loss (gain) on Disposition of Restaurants

Loss (gain) on disposition of restaurants includes the loss (gain) on the sale of restaurants to franchisees, or other third parties, and includes the difference between carrying value and sales price of leasehold improvements, equipment and other assets included in the sale.

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense, net, consists primarily of interest on our outstanding debt. Debt issuance costs are amortized at cost over the life of the related debt.

Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes consists of federal and state taxes on our income.

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Results of Operations

Fiscal Year 2024 Compared to Fiscal Year 2023

Our operating results for the fiscal years ended December 25, 2024 and December 27, 2023, are in absolute terms and expressed as a percentage of total revenue, with the exception of cost of operations and company restaurant expenses, which are expressed as a percentage of company-operated restaurant revenue, are compared in the table below:

Fiscal Year

(52-Weeks) (52-Weeks) Increase / (Decrease)

Statements of Income Data:

Cost of operations

Company-Operated Restaurant Revenue

In fiscal 2024, company-operated restaurant revenue decreased $2.2 million, or 0.5%, from the prior year. The decrease in company-operated restaurant sales was primarily due to $16.1 million decrease in revenue from the 19 company-operated restaurants sold by us to existing franchisees during or subsequent to the first quarter of 2023, which was partially offset byan increase in company-operated comparable restaurant revenue of $10.8 million, or 2.8%, as well as $2.4 million of additional sales from the opening of four restaurants during or subsequent to the first quarter of 2023. The company-operated comparable restaurant revenue increase consisted of an approximately 7.9% increase in average check size due to increases in menu prices, partially offset by a 4.7% decrease in transactions.

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Franchise Revenue

In fiscal 2024, franchise revenue increased $4.6 million, or 11.1% from the prior year. This increase was primarily due to a franchise comparable restaurant sales increase of 3.5%, four franchise-operated restaurant openings and 19 company-operated restaurants sold by us to our existing franchisees in each case, during or subsequent to the first quarter of 2023.

Franchise Advertising Fee Revenue

Franchise advertising fee revenue increased $2.0 million, or 6.7% from the prior year. As advertising fee revenue is a percentage of franchisees’ revenue, the year-to-date fluctuation was due to the increases and decreases noted in franchise revenue above.

Food and Paper Costs

Food and paper costs decreased $7.5 million, or 7.0%, in fiscal 2024 from the prior year. The decrease in food and paper costs was primarily due to a decrease in transactions, as well as restaurant locations sold to franchisees during the current or prior year, partially offset by commodity inflation. Food and paper costs as a percentage of company-operated restaurant revenue were 25.4% in fiscal 2024, down from 27.2% in fiscal 2023, primarily due to an increase in menu pricing and lower discounting, partially offset by commodity inflation.

Labor and Related Expenses

Labor and related expenses decreased $0.1 million, or 0.1%, in fiscal 2024 as compared to 2023.The decrease was due primarily to a $5.8 million reduction in labor related costs resulting from the 19 company-operated restaurants sold by us to our existing franchisees during or subsequent to the first quarter of 2023 and as well as $6.6 million reduction related to improved labor efficiencies. The decrease in labor and related expenses for the year was partially offset by a $12.3 million increase due to higher wage rates during fiscal 2024 and 2023 primarily as a result of legislative increases in the California state minimum wage, which became effective April 1, 2024.

Labor and related expenses as a percentage of company-operated restaurant revenue were 32.1% in fiscal 2024, up from 31.9% in fiscal 2023 primarily due to the higher wage rates, partially offset by the increase in menu pricing and improved labor efficiencies.

Occupancy and Other Operating Expenses

Occupancy and other operating expenses decreased $2.1 million, or 2.1%, in fiscal 2024.The decrease was primarily due to a $4.9 million decrease in utilities, repairs and maintenance costs and other operating expense primarily driven by the sale of 19 company-operated locations during or subsequent to the first quarter of 2023 to existing franchisees, partially offset by a $2.2 million increase in other operating expenses and the four new company restaurant openings.Occupancy and other operating expenses as a percentage of company-operated restaurant revenue were 25.1% in fiscal 2024, down from 25.4% in fiscal 2023 primarily due to higher menu prices and the cost decreases highlighted above.

Gain on Recovery of Insurance Proceeds, Lost Profits and Gain on Recovery of Insurance Proceeds Property, Equipment and Expenses

During fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022, two of the Company’s restaurants incurred damage resulting from a fire. In fiscal 2023, the Company incurred costs directly related to the fire of less than $0.1 million. In fiscal 2023, the Company recognized gains of $0.2 million, related to the reimbursement of property and equipment and expenses incurred and $0.3 million related to the reimbursement of lost profits and in fiscal 2024, the Company recognized gains of less than $0.1 million related to the reimbursement of property and equipment and expenses. The gain on recovery of insurance proceeds and reimbursement of lost profits, net of the related costs, is included in the accompanying consolidated statements of income, for the year ended December 27, 2023, as a reduction of Company restaurant expenses. The Company received from the insurance company cash of $0.5 million, net of the insurance deductible, during fiscal 2023.

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General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses increased $4.2 million, or 10.1%, in fiscal 2024. The increase was due primarily to a $3.6 million increase in labor related costs, primarily related to an increase in estimated management bonus expense and a $0.6 million increase in other general and administrative expenses. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of total revenue were 9.8% in fiscal 2024, up from 9.0% in fiscal 2023. This increase is primarily due to the cost increases described above.

Franchise Expenses

Franchise expenses increased $3.9 million, or 10.2%, in fiscal 2024 from the prior year. The increase was primarily due to an increase in advertising expenses, primarily resulting from higher franchise revenue, higher franchise services expense and higher rent expense for locations sub-leased to franchisees that have a portion of the rent based on a percentage of revenue generated.

Loss (Gain) on Disposition of Restaurants

During fiscal 2024, we completed the sale of one company-operated restaurant within California to an existing franchisee due to an expiring lease term on April 30, 2024. This sale resulted in cash proceeds of $0.1 million and a net loss on sale of restaurant of less than $0.1 million for the fiscal year ended December 25, 2024. This restaurant is included in the total number of franchised El Pollo Loco restaurants.

During fiscal 2023, we completed the sale of 18 restaurants within California, Utah and Texas to existing franchisees. We determined that these restaurant dispositions represent multiple element arrangements, and as a result, the cash consideration received was allocated to the separate elements based on their relative standalone selling price. Cash proceeds included upfront consideration for the sale of the restaurants and franchise fees. The cash consideration per restaurant related to franchise fees is consistent with the amounts stated in the related franchise agreements, which are charged for separate standalone arrangements. We initially defer and subsequently recognize the franchise fees over the term of the franchise agreement. During fiscal 2023, these sales resulted in cash proceeds of $7.7 million and a net gain on sale of restaurants of $5.0 million. Since the date of their sale, these restaurants are now included in the total number of franchised El Pollo Loco restaurants.

Impairment and Closed-Store Reserves

During fiscal 2024, we recorded a $0.1 million non-cash impairment charge primarily related to the property and equipment assets of two restaurants in Nevada. During fiscal 2023, we recorded a $1.5 million non-cash impairment charge primarily related to the property and equipment assets of one restaurant in Nevada and the carrying value of the ROU assets of one restaurant in California.

During fiscal 2024, we recognized $0.1 million of closed-store reserve expense related to the amortization of ROU assets, property taxes and CAM payments for our closed locations compared to $0.2 million during fiscal 2023.

Interest Expense, Net

For fiscal 2024, net interest expense, increased by $1.1 million, primarily related to higher outstanding balances on our 2022 Revolver (as defined below) as well as the higher interest rates during fiscal 2024 versus the comparable period during the prior year.

Income Tax Receivable Agreement

On July 30, 2014, we entered into the income tax receivable agreement (the “TRA”). The TRA calls for us to pay to our pre-IPO stockholders 85% of the savings in cash that we realize in our taxes as a result of utilizing our net operating losses and other tax attributes attributable to preceding periods. In fiscal 2024 we recorded less than $0.1 million in income tax receivable agreement income. In fiscal 2023, we paid $0.3 million to our pre-IPO stockholders under the TRA and we recorded income tax receivable agreement expense of $0.1 million. On May 29, 2024, we terminated most of the obligations under the TRA, with respect to any payments or obligations owed to the FS Equity Partners V, L.P.

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and FS Affiliates V, L.P. (together, the “Sellers”) thereunder in exchange for a payment to the Sellers of $0.4 million. As of December 25, 2024, there was no remaining obligations owed on our consolidated balance sheets.

Provision for Income Taxes

In fiscal 2024, we recorded an income tax expense of $9.6 million, compared to income tax expense of $9.3 million in fiscal 2023, reflecting an estimated effective tax rate of 27.2% and 26.7%, respectively. The difference between the 21.0% statutory rate and our effective tax rate of 27.2% for the year ended December 25, 2024 is primarily a result of state taxes, the impact of non-tax deductible executive compensation expense, a tax shortfall related to equity compensation deductible for tax as compared to the cumulative amount recorded as stock-based compensation expense, partially offset by a Work Opportunity Tax Credit benefit.

The difference between the 21.0% statutory rate and our effective tax rate of 26.7% for the year ended December 27, 2023 is primarily a result of windfall tax benefit related to stock options exercised, state taxes, a Work Opportunity Tax Credit benefit and the corresponding valuation allowance release in connection with the California Enterprise Zone credits expiration.

Fiscal Year 2023 Compared to Fiscal Year 2022

Year-to-year comparisons of fiscal 2023 and fiscal 2022 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 on our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 27, 2023, which was filed with the SEC on March 8, 2024.

Key Performance Indicators

To evaluate the performance of our business, we utilize a variety of financial and performance measures. These key measures include company-operated restaurant revenue, system-wide sales, comparable restaurant sales, company-operated average unit volumes (“AUV”), restaurant contribution, restaurant contribution margin, new restaurant openings, EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA. In fiscal 2024, our restaurants generated company-operated restaurant revenue of $396.3 million and system-wide sales of $1,095.7 million, and system-wide comparable restaurant sales growth of 3.2%, consisting of company-operated restaurant comparable restaurant sales growth of 2.8% and franchised comparable restaurant sales growth of 3.5%. The company-operated comparable restaurant sales increase consisted of a 7.9% increase in average check size due to increases in menu prices and partially offset by a 4.7% decrease in the number of transactions. In fiscal 2024, for company-operated restaurants, our annual AUV was $2.3 million, restaurant contribution margin was 17.4%, and Adjusted EBITDA was $62.7 million.

Company-Operated Restaurant Revenue

Company-operated restaurant revenue consists of sales of food and beverages in company-operated restaurants net of promotional allowances, employee meals, and other discounts. Company-operated restaurant revenue in any period is directly influenced by the number of operating weeks in such period, the number of open restaurants, and comparable restaurant sales.

Seasonal factors and the timing of holidays cause our revenue to fluctuate from period to period. Our revenue per restaurant is typically lower in the first and fourth quarters due to reduced January and December transactions and higher in the second and third quarters. As a result of seasonality, our quarterly and annual results of operations and key performance indicators such as company-operated restaurant revenue and comparable restaurant sales, may fluctuate.

System-Wide Sales

System-wide sales are neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). System-wide sales are the sum of company-operated restaurant revenue and sales from franchised restaurants. Our total revenue in our consolidated statements of income is limited to company-operated restaurant revenue and franchise revenue from our franchisees. Accordingly, system-wide sales should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for our results as reported under GAAP. Management believes that system-wide sales is an important figure for investors, because it is widely used in the restaurant industry, including by our management, to evaluate brand scale and market penetration.

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System-wide sales does not include the 10 licensed stores in the Philippines.

The following table reconciles system-wide sales to company-operated restaurant revenue and total revenue (in thousands):

Fiscal Year

(52-Weeks) (52-Weeks) (52-Weeks)

Comparable Restaurant Sales

Comparable restaurant sales reflect year-over-year sales changes for comparable company-operated, franchised, and system-wide restaurants. A restaurant enters our comparable restaurant base the first full week after it has operated for fifteen months. Comparable restaurant sales exclude restaurants closed during the applicable period. At December 25, 2024, December 27, 2023 and December 28, 2022, there were 479, 470 and 464 comparable restaurants, 168, 178 and 184 company-operated and 311, 292 and 280 franchised, respectively. Comparable restaurant sales indicate the performance of existing restaurants, since new restaurants are excluded. Comparable restaurant sales growth can be generated by an increase in the number of meals sold and/or by increases in the average check size, resulting from a shift in menu mix and/or higher prices resulting from new products or price increases. Because other companies may calculate this measure differently than we do, comparable restaurant sales as presented herein may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies. Management believes that comparable restaurant sales is a valuable metric for investors to evaluate the performance of our store base, excluding the impact of new stores and closed stores.

Company-Operated Average Unit Volumes

We measure company-operated AUVs on both a weekly and an annual basis. Weekly AUVs consist of comparable restaurant sales over a seven-day period from Thursday to Wednesday. Annual AUVs are calculated using a step process. First, we divide our total net sales for all company-operated restaurants for the fiscal year by the total number of restaurant operating weeks during the same period. Second, we annualize that average weekly per-restaurant sales figure by multiplying it by 52. An operating week is defined as a restaurant open for business over a seven-day period from Thursday to Wednesday. This measurement allows management to assess changes in consumer spending patterns at our restaurants and the overall performance of our restaurant base.

Restaurant Contribution and Restaurant Contribution Margin

Restaurant contribution and restaurant contribution margin are neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, GAAP. Restaurant contribution is defined as company-operated restaurant revenue less company restaurant expenses which includes food and paper cost, labor and related expenses and occupancy and other operating expenses, where applicable. Restaurant contribution therefore excludes franchise revenue, franchise advertising fee revenue and franchise expenses as well as certain other costs, such as general and administrative expenses, franchise expenses, depreciation and amortization, asset impairment and closed-store reserve, loss on disposal of assets and other costs that are considered corporate-level expenses and are not considered normal operating costs of our restaurants. Accordingly, restaurant contribution is not indicative of overall Company results and does not accrue directly to the benefit of stockholders because of the exclusion of certain corporate-level expenses. Restaurant contribution margin is defined as restaurant contribution as a percentage of net company-operated restaurant revenue.

Restaurant contribution and restaurant contribution margin are supplemental measures of operating performance of our restaurants, and our calculations thereof may not be comparable to those reported by other companies. Restaurant contribution and restaurant contribution margin have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in

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isolation, or superior to, or as substitutes for the analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Management uses restaurant contribution and restaurant contribution margin as key metrics to evaluate the profitability of incremental sales at our restaurants, to evaluate our restaurant performance across periods, and to evaluate our restaurant financial performance compared with our competitors. Management believes that restaurant contribution and restaurant contribution margin are important tools for investors, because they are widely-used metrics within the restaurant industry to evaluate restaurant-level productivity, efficiency, and performance. Management further believes restaurant level operating margin is useful to investors to highlight trends in our core business that may not otherwise be apparent to investors when relying solely on GAAP financial measures.

A reconciliation of restaurant contribution and restaurant contribution margin to company-operated restaurant revenue is provided below:

Fiscal Year

Restaurant contribution:

Add (less):

Loss on disposal of assets 221 192 165

Impairment and closed-store reserves 175 1,732 752

Loss (gain) on disposition of restaurants 7 (5,034) (848)

Company-operated restaurant revenue:

Less:

Restaurant contribution margin (%) 17.4 % 15.5 % 13.2 %

New Restaurant Openings

The number of restaurant openings reflects the number of new restaurants opened by us and our franchisees during a particular reporting period. Before a new restaurant opens, we and our franchisees incur pre-opening costs, as described below. New restaurants often open with an initial start-up period of higher than normal sales volumes, which subsequently decrease to stabilized levels. New restaurants typically experience normal inefficiencies in the form of higher food and paper, labor, and other direct operating expenses and, as a result, restaurant contribution margins are generally lower during the start-up period of operation. The average start-up period after which our new restaurants’ revenue and expenses normalize is approximately fourteen weeks. When we enter new markets, we may be exposed to start-up times and restaurant contribution margins that are longer and lower than reflected in our average historical experience.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA

EBITDA represents net income (loss) before interest expense, provision (benefit) for income taxes, depreciation, and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA represents net income (loss) before interest expense, provision (benefit) for income taxes, depreciation, amortization, and other items that we do not consider representative of on-going operating performance, as identified in the reconciliation table below.

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EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA as presented in this Annual Report are supplemental measures of our performance that are neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, GAAP. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA are not measurements of our financial performance under GAAP and should not be considered as alternatives to net income, operating income, or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP, or as alternatives to cash flow from operating activities as a measure of our liquidity. In addition, in evaluating EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA, you should be aware that in the future we will incur expenses or charges such as those added back to calculate EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA. Our presentation of EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or nonrecurring items.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA have limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation, or as substitutes for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. Some of these limitations are (i) they do not reflect our cash expenditures, or future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments, (ii) they do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs, (iii) they do not reflect the significant interest expense, or the cash requirements necessary to service interest or principal payments, on our debt, (iv) although depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges, the assets being depreciated and amortized will often have to be replaced in the future, and EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect any cash requirements for such replacements, (v) they do not adjust for all non-cash income or expense items that are reflected in our statements of cash flows, (vi) they do not reflect the impact of earnings or charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our on-going operations, and (vii) other companies in our industry may calculate these measures differently than we do, limiting their usefulness as comparative measures.

We compensate for these limitations by providing specific information regarding the GAAP amounts excluded from such non-GAAP financial measures. We further compensate for the limitations in our use of non-GAAP financial measures by presenting comparable GAAP measures more prominently.

We believe that EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA facilitate operating performance comparisons from period to period by isolating the effects of some items that vary from period to period without any correlation to core operating performance or that vary widely among similar companies. These potential differences may be caused by variations in capital structures (affecting interest expense), tax positions (such as the impact on periods or companies of changes in effective tax rates or net operating losses) and the age and book depreciation of facilities and equipment (affecting relative depreciation expense). We also present EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA because (i) we believe that these measures are frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry, (ii) management believes that investors will find these measures useful in assessing our ability to service or incur indebtedness, and (iii) we use EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA internally for a number of benchmarks, including to compare our performance to that of our competitors.

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The following table sets forth reconciliations of our net income to EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA:

Fiscal Year

Non-GAAP adjustments:

Interest expense, net of interest income 5,899 4,811 1,677

Loss on disposal of assets (b) 221 192 165

Impairment and closed-store reserves (c) 175 1,732 752

Loss (gain) on disposition of restaurants (d) 7 (5,034) (848)

Legal settlements (e) — — (541)

Income tax receivable agreement (income) expenses (f) (20) 103 (436)

Securities class action legal expense (g) — — 443

Special other expenses (h) — 266 350

Shareholder advisory fees (i) — 293 —

Gain on recovery of insurance proceeds (j) (41) (399) —

Executive transition costs (k) 643 618 —

Restructuring charges (l) 551 1,055 —

(a) Includes non-cash, stock-based compensation.

In fiscal 2023, we recorded non-cash impairment charges of $1.5 million for the year ended December 27, 2023, primarily related to the property and equipment assets of one restaurant in Nevada and the carrying value of the ROU assets of one restaurant in California. During fiscal 2023, we recognized $0.2 million of closed-store reserve expense, primarily related to the amortization of ROU assets, property taxes and CAM payments for our closed locations.

In fiscal 2022, we recorded non-cash impairment charges of $0.5 million for the year ended December 28, 2022, primarily related to the carrying value of the ROU assets of one restaurant in California that closed in 2021 and the property and equipment assets of two restaurants in California. During fiscal 2022, we recognized $0.3 million of closed-store reserve expense, primarily related to the amortization of ROU assets, property taxes and CAM payments for our closed locations.

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(g) Consists of costs related to the defense of securities lawsuits.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary sources of liquidity and capital resources have been cash provided from operations, cash and cash equivalents, and the 2022 Revolver (as defined below). Our primary requirements for liquidity and capital are new restaurants, existing restaurant capital investments (remodels and maintenance), legal defense costs, lease obligations, interest payments on our debt, working capital and general corporate needs. Our working capital requirements are not significant, since our customers pay for their purchases in cash or by payment card (credit or debit) at the time of sale. Thus, we are able to sell many of our inventory items before we have to pay our suppliers. Our restaurants do not require significant inventories or receivables. We believe that these sources of liquidity and capital are sufficient to finance our continued operations, including planned capital expenditures, for at least the next 12 months and beyond from the issuance of the consolidated financial statements.

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However, depending on macroeconomic conditions, our financial performance and liquidity could be further impacted and could impact our ability to meet certain financial covenants required in our 2022 Credit Agreement (as defined in Note 7 “Long-Term Debt”), specifically the lease-adjusted coverage ratio and fixed-charge coverage ratio.

Cash Flows

The following table presents summary cash flow information for the years indicated:

Fiscal Year

Net cash provided by (used in)

Operating Activities

In fiscal 2024, net cash provided by operating activities increased by $6.1 million compared to fiscal 2023. This increase was due primarily to an increase in profitability and favorable working capital fluctuations during fiscal 2024.

In fiscal 2023, net cash provided by operating activities increased by $2.1 million compared to fiscal 2022. This increase was due primarily to an increase in profitability and favorable working capital fluctuations during fiscal 2023.

Investing Activities

In fiscal 2024, net cash used in investing activities increased by $5.5 million compared to fiscal 2023. This change was primarily due to the cash proceeds of $7.7 million received during the year ended December 27, 2023 related to the sale of 18 company-operated restaurants to existing franchisees.

In fiscal 2023, net cash used in investing activities decreased by $5.5 million compared to fiscal 2022. This decrease was primarily due to cash proceeds of $7.7 million received during fiscal 2023 related to the sale of 18 company-operated restaurants to existing franchisees.

Financing Activities

In fiscal 2024, net cash used in financing activities decreased by $7.8 million compared to fiscal 2023. The decrease was primarily due to repurchases of shares of our common stock of $20.6 million during the year ended December 25, 2024 compared to repurchases of shares of our common stock of $59.2 million during the year ended December 27, 2023. The change was offset by an $13.0 million in net pay downs on the 2022 Revolver during the year ended December 25, 2024 compared to an $18.0 million in net borrowings during the year ended December 27, 2023.

In fiscal 2023, net cash used in financing activities increased by $11.3 million compared to fiscal 2022. This change was due primarily to repurchases of common stock of $59.2 million during fiscal 2023. This increase was partially offset by $18.0 million in net borrowings of the 2022 Revolver during fiscal 2023 compared to the net pay downs of $26.0 million on the 2022 Revolver during fiscal 2022.

Debt and Other Obligations

We, as a guarantor, are a party to a credit agreement (the “2022 Credit Agreement”) among our wholly-owned subsidiary, El Pollo Loco, Inc. (“EPL”), as borrower, and our direct subsidiary. EPL Intermediate, Inc. (“Intermediate”), as a guarantor, Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, swingline lender, and letter of credit issuer, the lenders party thereto, and the other parties thereto, which provides for a $150.0 million five-year senior secured revolving credit facility (the “2022 Revolver”). The 2022 Revolver, which is available pursuant to the 2022 Credit Agreement, includes a sub limit of $15.0 million for letters of credit and a sub limit of $15.0 million for swingline loans. The 2022 Revolver and 2022 Credit Agreement will mature on July 27, 2027. The obligations under the 2022 Credit Agreement and related

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loan documents are guaranteed by us. The obligations of our company, EPL and Intermediate under the 2022 CreditAgreement and related loan documents are secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of their respective assets.

Under the 2022 Revolver, we are restricted from making certain payments such as cash dividends or share repurchases, except that we may, inter alia, (i) pay up to $1.0 million per year to repurchase or redeem our qualified equity interests held by our past or present officers, directors, or employees (or their estates) upon death, disability, or termination of employment, (ii) pay under the TRA, and (iii) so long as no default or event of default has occurred and is continuing, (a) make non-cash repurchases of equity interests in connection with the exercise of stock options by directors, officers and management, provided that those equity interests represent a portion of the consideration of the exercise price of those stock options, (b) pay up to $0.5 million in any 12-month consecutive period to redeem, repurchase or otherwise acquire equity interests of any subsidiary that is not a wholly-owned subsidiary from any holder of equity interest in such subsidiary, (c) pay up to $2.5 million per year pursuant to stock option plans, employment agreements, or incentive plans, (d) make up to $5.0 million in other restricted payments per year, and (e) make other restricted payments, subject to our compliance, on a pro forma basis, with (x) a lease-adjusted consolidated leverage ratio not to exceed 4.25 times and (y) the financial covenants applicable to the 2022 Revolver.

Borrowings under the 2022 Credit Agreement (other than any swingline loans) bear interest, at the borrower’s option, at rates based upon either the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) or a base rate, plus, for each rate, a margin determined in accordance with a lease-adjusted consolidated leverage ratio-based pricing grid. The base rate is calculated as the highest of (a) the federal funds rate plus 0.50%, (b) the published Bank of America prime rate, or (c) Term SOFR with a term of one-month SOFR plus 1.00%. For Term SOFR loans, the margin is in the range of 1.25% to 2.25%, and for base rate loans the margin is in a range of 0.25% to 1.25%. Borrowings under the 2022 Revolver may be repaid and reborrowed. For borrowings under the 2022 Revolver during fiscal 2024, the interest rate range was 5.7% to 7.0%. For borrowings under the 2022 Revolver during fiscal 2023, the interest rate range was 5.7% to 7.0%. The interest rate under the 2022 Revolver was 5.7% at December 25, 2024 and 7.0% under the 2022 Revolver at December 27, 2023.

The 2022 Credit Agreement contains certain financial covenants. We were in compliance with the financial covenants as of December 25, 2024.

At December 25, 2024, $10.3 million of letters of credit and $71.0 million of the revolving line of credit were outstanding. The amount available under the revolving line of credit was $68.7 million at December 25, 2024.

See Note 7, “Long-Term Debt” in the accompanying “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report for additional information.

Material Cash Requirements

Our total capital expenditures for 2024 were $19.1 million. In 2024, we spent approximately $4.3 million on the development and construction of our new restaurants. The remaining $14.8 million of capital expenditures during 2024 were related to investments in existing restaurants, including new equipment andhardware, technology to optimize efficiencies, remodeling and similar improvements. In 2025, we expect to incur between $30.0 million and $34.0 million in total capital expenditures, of which we expect $3.0 million to $5.0 million will be related to our construction of new restaurants, and $27.0 million to $29.0 million will be related to investments in existing restaurants, including new equipment andhardware, technology to optimize efficiencies, remodeling and similar improvements. Finally, we expect a portion of our incurred capital expenditures in 2025 to be for additional corporate initiatives, including investments in

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technology for support centers to boost innovation, enhancing the customer experience, and improving operations. We expect to fund these capital expenditures primarily with operating cash flows.

The following table summarizes our other current and long-term material cash requirements as of December 25, 2024, which we expect to fund primarily with operating cash flows:

Payments Due by Period

(Amounts in thousands) Total 2025 2027 2029 thereafter

Purchasing commitments—chicken(3) 25,569 25,569 — — —

Share Repurchases

Share Repurchase Program

On November 2, 2023, we announced that the Board approved a share repurchase program (“Share Repurchase Program”) under which we are authorized to repurchase up to $20,000,000 of shares of our common stock. Under the Share Repurchase Program, we are permitted to repurchase our common stock from time to time, in amounts and at prices that we deemed appropriate, subject to market conditions and other considerations. Pursuant to the Share Repurchase Program, we are authorized to effect repurchases using open market purchases, including pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 trading plans, and/or through privately negotiated transactions. The repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any particular number of shares. The repurchase program will terminate on March 31, 2025.

Further on December 4, 2023, we repurchased 1.5 million shares of our common stock for a total purchase price of $12.6 million under the Stock Repurchase Agreement with the Sellers. Following completion of this repurchase, approximately $7.4 million of our common stock remained available for repurchase under the share repurchase program at December 27, 2023.

For the year ended December 25, 2024, we repurchased 535,628 shares of common stock under the Share Repurchase Program, using open market purchases, for total consideration of approximately $5.6 million. Following completion of these repurchases, approximately $1.8 million of our common stock remained available for repurchase under the Share Repurchase Program at December 25, 2024.

Other Share Repurchases

On August 7, 2023, we entered into a Stock Repurchase Agreement with the Sellers, as amended on August 4, 2024, pursuant to which we agreed to purchase an aggregate of 2,500,000 shares of our common stock from the Sellers at a

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price of $10.63 per share for a total purchase price of $26.6 million. The repurchase was completed in August 2023.

Prior to the repurchase, Freeman Spogli & Co. (“Freeman Spogli”), collectively with the Sellers and certain other funds managed by Freeman Spogli, was our largest stockholder. In addition, John Roth, a director of the Company until his resignation on August 16, 2023, is a general partner of Freeman Spogli and its chief executive officer.

Further, on May 23, 2024, we entered into a new Stock Repurchase Agreement with the Sellers, pursuant to which we agreed to purchase an aggregate of 1,534,303 shares of our common stock from the Sellers at a price of $9.785 per share for a total purchase price of $15.0 million. The repurchase was completed in May 2024.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under current circumstances in making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily available from other sources. We evaluate our estimates on an on-going basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

Accounting policies are an integral part of our financial statements. A thorough understanding of these accounting policies is essential when reviewing our reported results of operations and our financial position. Management believes that the critical accounting policies and estimates discussed below involve the most difficult management judgments, due to the sensitivity of the methods and assumptions used. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in the accompanying “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report.

Revenue Recognition

LOCO US Equity

LOCO · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-25

ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS

ITEM 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

ITEM 2.PROPERTIES

ITEM 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

ITEM 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

ITEM 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

LOCO US Equity☆

LOCO · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-25

ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS

ITEM 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

ITEM 2.PROPERTIES

ITEM 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

ITEM 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

ITEM 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

LOCO US Equity