FULT US Equity☆

Item 1A. Risk Factors

An investment in our securities involves certain risks, including, among others, the risks described below. In addition to the other information contained in this Report, you should carefully consider the following risk factors. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also impair our business operations. If any of these risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially, adversely affected.

GENERAL ECONOMIC AND MARKET CONDITIONS RISKS

Difficult conditions in the economy and the financial markets may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our financial condition and results of operations are affected by conditions in the economy and the financial markets generally. Our financial performance is highly dependent upon the business environment in the markets where we operate and in the United States as a whole. Unfavorable or uncertain economic and market conditions can be caused by: declines in economic growth, business activity or investor or business confidence; limitations on the availability, or increases in the cost, of credit and capital; changes in the rate of inflation or in interest rates; high unemployment; labor shortages; governmental fiscal and monetary policies; the level of, or changes in, prices of raw materials, goods or commodities; supply chain issues; global economic conditions; trade policies and tariffs affecting other countries as well as retaliatory policies and tariffs by such countries; geopolitical events, including the war between Russia and Ukraine and the conflict in the Middle East; natural disasters; public health crises, such as epidemics and pandemics; acts of war or terrorism; or a combination of these or other factors.

Specifically, the business environment impacts the ability of borrowers to pay interest on and repay principal of outstanding loans and the value of collateral, if any, securing those loans, as well as demand for loans and other products and services we offer. There continues to be economic uncertainty, including the possibility of a recession resulting from elevated levels of inflation and a higher-for-longer interest rate environment, which could negatively impact the quality of our loan portfolio. As a result, we may have to increase our provision for credit losses, which would negatively impact our results of operations, and could result in charge-offs of a higher percentage of our loans. Unlike large, national institutions, we are not able to spread the risks of unfavorable local economic conditions across a large number of diversified economies and geographic locations. If the communities in which we operate do not grow, or if prevailing economic conditions locally or nationally are unfavorable, our business could be adversely affected. In addition, increased market competition in a lower demand environment could adversely affect our profit potential.

INTEREST RATE AND CREDIT RISKS

We are subject to interest rate risk.

We cannot predict or control changes in interest rates. We are affected by fiscal and monetary policies of the federal government, including those of the Federal Reserve Board, many of which affect interest rates charged on loans and paid on deposits.

In a series of actions to combat rising inflation that began in March 2022, the Federal Reserve Board raised the Fed Funds Rate to 5.25% to 5.50% as of February 1, 2024. The speed and magnitude of increases in the Fed Funds Rate since March 2022 is unprecedented in modern economic times, and, as a result of persistently high inflation, the timing and magnitude of future Fed Funds Rate decreases are uncertain, and increases in Fed Funds Rates are possible.

Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, influence not only the interest we receive on loans and securities that we invest in and the interest we pay on deposits and borrowings, but such changes could affect our ability to originate loans and obtain deposits, the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, and the average duration of our assets. Net interest income is the difference between interest earned on interest-earning assets and interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities. Net interest income is the most significant component of our net income, accounting for approximately 79% of total revenues in 2023. Changes in market interest rates, in the shape of the yield curve or in spreads between different market interest rates can have a material effect on our net interest margin. The rates on some interest-earning assets, such as loans and investments, and interest-bearing liabilities, such as deposits and borrowings, adjust concurrently with, or within a brief period after, changes in market interest rates, while others adjust only periodically or not at all during their terms. Thus, changes in market interest rates might, for example, result in an increase in the interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities that is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the interest earned on interest-earning assets, or the increase in interest earned on

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interest-earning assets might be at a slower pace, or in a smaller amount, than the increase in interest paid on interest-bearing liabilities, reducing our net interest income and/or net interest margin. In addition, we are dependent on lower-cost, core deposits as our primary source of funding and changes in interest rates could increase our cost of funding, reduce our net interest margin and/or create liquidity challenges.

We have policies and procedures designed to manage the risks associated with changes in interest rates and actively manage these risks through hedging and other risk mitigation strategies. However, if our assumptions are wrong or overall economic conditions are significantly different than anticipated, our hedging and other risk mitigation strategies may be ineffective and may adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

An increase in interest rates could also have a negative impact on our results of operations by reducing the ability of borrowers to repay current loan obligations. These circumstances could not only result in increased loan defaults, foreclosures and charge-offs, but also reduce collateral values and necessitate further increases in the ACL.

Changes in interest rates may also affect the average life of loans and certain investment securities, including mortgage-backed securities. Increases in interest rates may extend the average life of fixed rate assets potentially restricting our ability to reinvest in higher yielding alternatives, reduce demand for loans and may result in customers withdrawing their certificates of deposit early. Conversely, decreases in interest rates can result in increased prepayments of loans and certain investment securities, as borrowers or issuers refinance to reduce their borrowing costs. Under those circumstances, we would be subject to reinvestment risk to the extent that we are not able to reinvest the money received from such prepayments at rates that are comparable to the rates on the loans and investment securities that are prepaid.

Changes in interest rates also affect the fair value of interest-earning investment securities. Generally, the value of interest-earning investment securities moves inversely with changes in interest rates. Changes in interest rates can affect the fair value of AFS investment securities, with any unrealized gain or loss reflected as a component of AOCI. As a result of rising interest rates in recent years, the fair value of our AFS investment securities declined resulting in unrealized losses of approximately $275 million as of December 31, 2023 and is reflected in AOCI as a reduction to total shareholders' equity. Further increases in interest rates could result in additional unrealized losses on AFS investment securities we hold. Any sale of investment securities with a fair value below amortized cost will result in actual losses, which will adversely affect our results of operations.

We cannot predict the nature or timing of any future changes in fiscal and monetary policies or of changes in interest rates; however, policy or interest rate changes could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes in interest rates can affect demand for our products and services.

Movements in interest rates can cause demand for some of our products and services to be cyclical. For example, demand for residential mortgage loans historically has increased during periods when interest rates were declining and historically has decreased during periods when interest rates were rising. As a result, we may need to periodically increase or decrease the size of certain of our product and service offerings, including our personnel, to match increases and decreases in demand and volume. The need to change the scale of our product and service offerings is challenging, and there is often a lag between changes in the interest rate environment and our ability to react to these changes.

Price fluctuations in securities markets, as well as other market events, such as a disruption in credit and other markets and the abnormal functioning of markets for securities, could have an impact on our results of operations.

The market value of our securities investments, which include mortgage-backed securities, state and municipal securities and corporate debt securities, are particularly sensitive to price fluctuations and market events. Declines in the values of our securities holdings, combined with adverse changes in the expected cash flows from these investments, could result in impairment.

Our investment management and trust services revenue, which is partially based on the value of the underlying investment portfolios, can also be impacted by fluctuations in the securities markets. If the values of those investment portfolios decrease, whether due to factors influencing U.S. or international securities markets, in general, or otherwise, our non-interest income could be negatively impacted. In addition, our ability to sell our securities brokerage services is dependent, in part, upon consumers' level of confidence in securities markets. Securities market volatility or other market disruptions may adversely

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affect our ability to sell our securities brokerage services, which could negatively affect our fee-based non-interest income, and as a result, our results of operations.

Our loan portfolio composition subjects us to credit risk.

At December 31, 2023, approximately 65% of our loan portfolio consisted of commercial loans, commercial mortgage loans, and residential and commercial construction loans. Commercial loans, commercial mortgage loans and construction loans generally involve a greater degree of credit risk than residential mortgage loans and consumer loans because these loans are likely to be more sensitive to broader economic factors and conditions. Because payments on these loans often depend on the successful operation and management of borrowers' businesses and properties, repayment of such loans may be affected by factors outside of the borrower's control, including adverse conditions in the real estate markets, adverse economic conditions or changes in governmental regulation. In addition, commercial loans typically have relatively large balances and the deterioration of one or a few of these loans could cause a significant increase in the percentage of non-performing loans. An increase in non-performing loans could result in a loss of earnings from these loans, an increase in the provision for loan losses and an increase in charge-offs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

A significant proportion of our loan portfolio consists of commercial mortgage loans that may pose increased credit risk.

At December 31, 2023, commercial mortgage loans represented approximately 38% of our loan portfolio. These loans are secured by both owner-occupied and non-owner-occupied commercial real estate. The market for commercial real estate is cyclical and a significant change in the real estate market that results in deterioration in the value of collateral or rental or occupancy rates could adversely affect borrowers’ ability to repay loans. For example, the increased prevalence of remote and hybrid working arrangements as a result of COVID-19 has impacted the demand for commercial office space putting pressure on office rental and occupancy rates. In addition, recent increases in the level of interest rates may make it more difficult for commercial real estate borrowers to refinance or repay maturing loans and may adversely affect the market value of the underlying real estate. Changes in the real estate market could also affect the value of foreclosed assets. Negative developments in the commercial real estate market could result in an increase in non-performing loans, the need for us to increase the provision for loan losses and an increase in charge-offs, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RISKS

Changes in interest rates or disruption in liquidity markets may adversely affect our sources of funding.

We must maintain sufficient sources of liquidity to meet the demands of our depositors and borrowers, support our operations and meet regulatory requirements. Our liquidity management policies and practices emphasize core deposits and repayments and maturities of loans and investments as our primary sources of liquidity. These primary sources of liquidity can be supplemented by FHLB advances, borrowings from the FRB, proceeds from the sales of loans and investment securities and capital raising activities. Secondary sources of liquidity may be more costly to us than funding provided by lower-cost, core deposit account balances having similar maturities. In addition, adverse changes in our financial condition or results of operations, downgrades in our credit ratings, regulatory actions involving us, or changes in regulatory, industry or market conditions could lead to an increase in the cost of these secondary sources of liquidity, the inability to refinance or replace these secondary funding sources as they mature, or the withdrawal of unused borrowing capacity under these secondary funding sources.

We are dependent on customer deposits as our primary source of funding. A substantial majority of our deposits are in non-maturing accounts that customers can withdraw on demand or upon several days' notice. Factors, including competition with bank and non-bank competitors, changes in interest rates, the availability of alternative investment options, customer confidence in the industry and the liquidity needs of deposit customers, can cause fluctuations in both the level and cost of customer deposits. Further, deposits from state and municipal entities, primarily in non-maturing, interest-bearing accounts, are a significant source of deposit funding for us, representing approximately 11% of total deposits at December 31, 2023. State and municipal customers frequently maintain large deposit account balances substantially in excess of the FDIC insurance limit, and these depositors may be more sensitive than other depositors to changes in interest rates. Changes in any of these factors could increase our funding costs, reduce our net interest margin and/or create liquidity challenges.

Additionally, negative news about us or the banking industry in general could negatively impact market and/or customer perceptions of us, which could lead to a loss of depositor confidence and an increase in deposit withdrawals, particularly among

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those with uninsured deposits. As we and other regional banking organizations experienced in 2023, the failure of other financial institutions may cause deposit outflows as customers spread deposits among several different banks so as to maximize their amount of FDIC insurance, move deposits to banks deemed "too big to fail" or remove deposits from the banking system entirely. At December 31, 2023, approximately 33% of our deposits were uninsured and we are dependent on these deposits for liquidity.

If we are not able to continue to depend primarily on customer deposits to meet our liquidity and funding needs, access secondary, non-deposit funding sources on favorable terms or otherwise fail to manage our liquidity effectively, our ability to continue to grow may be constrained, and our liquidity, operating margins, business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected.

We may need to raise additional capital in the future and such capital may not be available when needed or at all.

We are required by regulatory agencies to maintain adequate levels of capital. We may need to raise additional capital in the future to meet regulatory or other internal requirements. As a publicly traded company, a likely source of additional funds is the capital markets, accomplished generally through the issuance of equity, both common and preferred stock, and the issuance of debt. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on, among other things, conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside of our control, and our financial performance.

We cannot provide any assurance that access to such capital will be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. Any occurrence that may limit our access to the capital markets, such as a decline in the confidence of debt purchasers or counterparties participating in the capital markets, may materially and adversely affect our capital costs and our ability to raise capital and, in turn, our liquidity. If we need to raise capital in the future, we may have to do so when many other financial institutions are also seeking to raise capital and would then have to compete with those institutions for investors. The inability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms when needed could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We are subject to capital adequacy standards, and a failure to meet these standards could adversely affect our financial condition.

The Corporation and Fulton Bank are each subject to capital adequacy and liquidity rules and other regulatory requirements specifying the minimum amounts and types of capital that must be maintained. From time to time, the regulators implement changes to these regulatory capital adequacy and liquidity guidelines. If we fail to meet these minimum capital and liquidity guidelines and other regulatory requirements, we may be restricted in the types of activities we may conduct and may be prohibited from taking certain capital actions, such as making payments on certain capital instruments, paying executive bonuses or dividends, and repurchasing or redeeming capital securities.

RISKS RELATED TO RISK MANAGEMENT

We are exposed to many types of operational and other risks, and our framework for managing risks may not be effective in mitigating risk.

We are exposed to many types of operational risks, including the risk of human error or fraud by employees and other third parties, intentional and inadvertent misrepresentation by loan applicants, borrowers or guarantors, unsatisfactory performance by employees and vendors, clerical and record-keeping errors, operational errors, computer and telecommunications systems malfunctions or failures and reliance on data that may be faulty or incomplete. In an environment characterized by continual, rapid technological change, when we introduce new products and services, or make changes to our information technology systems and processes as we do from time to time, our operational risks are increased. Any of these operational risks could result in the diminished ability to operate one or more of our businesses, financial loss, potential liability to customers, inability to secure insurance, reputational damage and/or regulatory intervention, any or all of which could materially adversely affect us.

Because the nature of the financial services business involves a high volume of transactions, certain errors may be repeated or compounded before they are discovered and successfully rectified. Our large transaction volume and necessary dependence upon automated systems to record and process these transactions results in the risk that technical flaws, tampering, or manipulation of those automated systems, arising from events wholly or partially beyond our control, and may give rise to disruption of service to customers and to financial loss or liability. We are also exposed to the risk that our business continuity and data security systems prove to be inadequate.

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Furthermore, our risk management framework is subject to inherent limitations, and risks may exist, or develop in the future, that we have not identified or anticipated. Management regularly reviews and updates our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies and procedures. Any system of controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide reasonable, but not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the controls are met. Any failure or circumvention of our controls and procedures or failure to comply with regulations related to controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations. See "Item 9A. Controls and Procedures."

Loss of, or failure to adequately safeguard, confidential or proprietary information may adversely affect our operations, net income or reputation.

Our business is highly dependent on information systems and technology and the ability to collect, process, transmit and store significant amounts of confidential information on a daily basis. While we perform some of the functions required to operate our business directly, we also rely on third parties for significant business functions, such as processing customer transactions, providing cloud-based infrastructure, software and data storage services, maintaining customer-facing websites, including our online and mobile banking functions, and developing software for new products and services. These relationships require us to allow third parties to access, store, process and transmit customer information. As a result, we may be subject to cybersecurity risks directly, as well as indirectly, through the vendors to whom we outsource business functions and the downstream service providers of those vendors. Cyber threats could result in unauthorized access, loss or destruction of confidential information or customer data; unavailability, degradation or denial of service; introduction of computer viruses or ransomware; and other adverse events causing us to incur additional costs repairing systems, restoring date or adding new personnel or protection technologies. Cyber threats may also subject us to regulatory investigations, litigation or enforcement actions, require the payment of fines, penalties or damages, or undertaking costly remediation efforts with respect to third parties affected by a cybersecurity incident, all or any of which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations and/or damage our reputation.

Critical infrastructure sectors, including the financial services sector, increasingly have been the targets of cyberattacks. Cyberattacks involving large financial institutions, including denial of service attacks, nation-state cyberattacks, ransomware attacks designed to deny access to key internal resources or systems, and targeted social engineering and email and text message attacks designed to allow unauthorized persons to obtain access to an institution's information systems and data or that of its customers, are becoming more common and increasingly sophisticated. Further, threat actors are increasingly seeking to target vulnerabilities in software systems (and third-party vendors providing those systems) used by large numbers of banking organizations in order to conduct malicious cyber activities.

Like other financial institutions, we experience malicious cyber activity on an ongoing basis directed at our websites, computer systems, software, networks and our users. This malicious activity includes attempts at unauthorized access, implantation of computer viruses or malware, and denial of service attacks. We also experience large volumes of phishing and other forms of social engineering attempted for the purpose of perpetuating fraud against us, our employees or our customers. While, to date, malicious cyber activity, cyberattacks and other information security breaches have not had a material adverse impact on us, risk to our systems remains significant.

Cybersecurity risks for financial institutions also have evolved as a result of the use of cloud computing and new technologies, devices and delivery channels to transmit and store data and conduct financial transactions. The adoption of new products, services and delivery channels contribute to a more complex operating environment, which enhances operational risk and presents the potential for additional structural vulnerabilities.

There can be no assurance that the measures we employ to detect and combat direct or indirect cyber threats will be effective. In addition, because the methods of cyberattacks change frequently or, in some cases, are not recognized until launched, we may be unable to implement effective preventive control measures to proactively address these methods. There can be no assurance that any future third-party vendor data breach would not be material, and if we or a third-party vendor were to experience a cyberattack or information security breach, we could suffer damage to our reputation, productivity losses, response costs associated with investigation and resumption of services, and incur substantial additional expenses, including remediation expenses costs associated with client notification and credit monitoring services, increased insurance premiums, regulatory penalties and fines, and costs associated with civil litigation, any of which could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and reputation. Although we maintain insurance coverage that may, subject to policy terms and conditions, cover certain aspects of cyber risks, our insurance coverage may be inapplicable or otherwise insufficient to cover any or all losses.

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Additionally, account data compromise, malware and ransomware events affecting a broad spectrum of commercial businesses and governmental entities in recent years have resulted in heightened legislative and regulatory focus on privacy, data protection and information security. Changes in laws and regulations may significantly impact our current and planned privacy, data protection and information security-related practices, the collection, use, sharing, retention and safeguarding of consumer and employee information, and current or planned business activities. Compliance with current or future privacy, data protection and information security laws could result in higher compliance and technology costs and could restrict our ability to provide certain products and services that could materially and adversely affect our profitability.

We are subject to a variety of risks in connection with the origination and sale of loans.

We originate residential mortgage loans and other loans, such as loans guaranteed, in part, by the SBA, all or portions of which are later sold in the secondary market to government sponsored enterprises or agencies, such as the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and other non-government sponsored investors. In connection with such sales, we make certain representations and warranties with respect to matters such as the underwriting, origination, documentation or other characteristics of the loans sold. We may be required to repurchase a loan, or to reimburse the purchaser of a loan for any related losses, if it is determined that the loan sold was in violation of representations or warranties made at the time of the sale, and, in some cases, if there is evidence of borrower fraud, in the event of early payment default by the borrower on the loan, or for other reasons. We maintain reserves for potential losses on certain loans sold, however, it is possible that losses incurred in connection with loan repurchases and reimbursement payments may be in excess of any applicable reserves, and we may be required to increase reserves and may sustain additional losses associated with such loan repurchases and reimbursement payments in the future, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The sale of residential mortgage loans and other loans in the secondary market serves as a source of non-interest income and liquidity for us and can reduce our exposure to interest rate risk. Efforts to reform government sponsored enterprises and agencies, changes in the types of, or standards for, loans purchased by government sponsored enterprises or agencies and other investors, or our failure to maintain our status as an eligible seller of such loans may limit our ability to sell these loans. Our inability to continue to sell these loans could reduce our non-interest income, limit our ability to originate and fund these loans in the future, and make managing interest rate risk more challenging, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operational risks include risks associated with third-party vendors and other financial institutions.

We rely upon certain third-party vendors to provide products and services necessary to maintain our day-to-day operations, including, notably, responsibility for the core processing system that services Fulton Bank. Accordingly, our operations are exposed to the risk that these vendors might not perform in accordance with applicable contractual arrangements or service level agreements. The failure of an external vendor to perform in accordance with applicable contractual arrangements or service level agreements could be disruptive to our operations and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations and/or damage our reputation. Further, third-party vendor risk management continues to be a point of regulatory emphasis. A failure to follow applicable regulatory guidance in this area could expose us to regulatory sanctions.

The commercial soundness of many financial institutions may be closely interrelated as a result of credit, trading, execution of transactions or other relationships between the institutions. As a result, concerns about, or a default or threatened default by, one institution could lead to significant market-wide liquidity and credit problems, losses or defaults by other institutions. This risk is sometimes referred to as "systemic risk" and may adversely affect financial intermediaries, such as clearing agencies, clearing houses, banks, securities firms and exchanges with which we interact on a daily basis, and, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Any of these operational or other risks could result in our diminished ability to operate one or more of our businesses, financial loss, potential liability to customers, inability to secure insurance, reputational damage and regulatory intervention and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Climate change may materially adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We operate in areas where our business and the activities of our customers could be impacted by the effects of climate change, including increased frequency or severity of storms, hurricanes, floods, droughts, and rising sea levels. These effects can disrupt

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business operations, damage property, devalue assets and change consumer and business preferences, which may adversely affect borrowers, increase credit risk and reduce demand for our products and services. At this time, we have not experienced material losses from climate change; however, we are aware that its impact may increase in the future. Climate change, its effects and the resulting, unknown impacts could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are also susceptible to policy and regulatory changes with respect to banks' climate risk management practices. For instance, the leadership of the federal banking agencies, including the OCC, have emphasized that climate-related risks are faced by banking organizations of all types and sizes and are in the process of enhancing supervisory expectations regarding banks' risk management practices. The OCC also has appointed its first ever Climate Change Risk Officer and established an internal climate risk implementation committee to assist with these initiatives and support the agency's efforts to enhance its supervision of climate change risk management. If new regulations or supervisory guidance applicable to us came into effect, our compliance costs and other compliance-related risks would be expected to increase and affect our financial position and results of operations.

RISKS FROM ACCOUNTING AND OTHER ESTIMATES

Our consolidated financial statements are based in part on assumptions and estimates which, if incorrect, could cause unexpected losses in the future.

We have made a number of estimates and assumptions relating to the reporting of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period to prepare these consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. Actual results could differ from these estimates. Material estimates subject to change in the near term include, among other items: the allowance for credit losses; the carrying value of goodwill or other intangible assets; the fair value estimates of certain assets and liabilities; and the realization of deferred tax assets and liabilities. These estimates may be adjusted as more current information becomes available and any adjustment may be significant.

There are risks resulting from the extensive use of models in our business.

We rely on quantitative models to measure risks and to estimate certain financial values. We use models in such processes as determining the pricing of various products, measuring interest rate and other market risks, predicting or estimating losses and assessing capital adequacy, as well as to estimate the value of financial instruments and balance sheet items. Our reliance on models continues to increase as rules, guidance, and expectations change. The most recent example of this is the additional models used in the determination of our ACL under CECL. Poorly designed or implemented models present the risk that our business decisions based on information incorporating model output could be adversely affected due to the inaccuracy of that information. Models are often based on historical experience to predict future outcomes, and, as a result, new experiences or events which are not part of historical experience can significantly increase model imprecision and impact model reliability. Model inputs can also include information provided by third parties, such as economic forecasts or macroeconomic variables (unemployment rates, real GDP, etc.) upon which we rely. Some of the decisions that our regulators make, including those related to capital actions, could be affected due to the perception that the quality of the models used to generate the relevant information is insufficient, which could have a negative impact on our ability to take certain actions, including making dividend payments or engaging in share repurchases.

LEGAL AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE RISKS

We are subject to extensive regulation and supervision and may be adversely affected by changes in, or any failure to comply with laws and regulations.

Virtually every aspect of our operations is subject to extensive regulation and supervision by federal and state regulatory agencies, including the Federal Reserve Board, OCC, FDIC, CFPB, DOJ, UST, SEC, HUD, DOL, state attorneys general and state banking, financial services, securities and insurance regulators. Under this framework, regulatory agencies have broad authority to carry out their supervisory, examination and enforcement responsibilities to address compliance with applicable laws and regulations, including laws and regulations relating to capital adequacy, asset quality, earnings, liquidity, risk management and financial accounting and reporting as well as laws and regulations governing consumer protection, fair lending, privacy, information security and cybersecurity risk management, third-party vendor risk management, AML and sanctions and anti-terrorism laws. Failure to comply with these regulatory requirements, including inadvertent or unintentional violations, may result in the assessment of fines and penalties, the commencement of informal or formal regulatory enforcement

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actions against us, or regulatory restrictions on our activities. Failure to comply may also affect our ability to grow through acquisitions, discourage institutional investment managers to invest in our securities, result in reputational damage, or increase our costs of doing business.

The U.S. Congress, state legislatures and federal and state regulatory agencies periodically review banking and other laws, regulations and policies for possible changes. Changes in applicable federal or state laws, regulations or governmental policies may affect us and our business. The effects of such changes are difficult to predict and may produce unintended consequences, like limiting the types of financial services and products we may offer, altering demand for existing products and services, increasing the ability of non-banks to offer competing financial services and products, increasing compliance burdens, or otherwise adversely affecting our business, financial condition or results of operations.

The CFPB, established pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, has imposed enforcement actions against a variety of bank and non-bank market participants with respect to a number of consumer financial products and services. These enforcement actions have resulted in those participants expending significant time, money and resources to adjust to the initiatives being pursued by the CFPB. These enforcement actions may also serve as precedent for how the CFPB interprets and enforces consumer protection laws, including practices or acts that are deemed to be unfair, deceptive or abusive, with respect to supervised institutions and may result in the imposition of higher standards of compliance with such laws. Other federal financial regulatory agencies, including the OCC, as well as state attorneys general and state banking agencies and other state financial regulators have also been active in this area with respect to institutions over which they have jurisdiction.

Compliance with banking and financial services statutes and regulations also impacts our ability to engage in new activities or to expand existing activities. Federal and state banking agencies possess broad powers to take supervisory actions, as they deem appropriate. These supervisory actions may result in higher capital requirements, higher deposit insurance premiums and limitations on our operations and expansion activities that could have a material adverse effect on our business and profitability. We have dedicated significant time, effort, and expense over time to comply with regulatory and supervisory standards and requirements imposed by our regulators, and we expect that we will continue to do so. If we fail to develop the systems and processes necessary to comply with the standards and requirements imposed by these rules at a reasonable cost, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

From time to time we may be the subject of litigation and governmental or administrative proceedings. Adverse outcomes of any such litigation or proceedings may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations as well as our reputation.

Many aspects of our business involve a substantial risk of legal liability. From time to time, we have been named or threatened to be named as a defendant in various lawsuits arising from our business activities and, in some cases, from the activities of companies that we or our subsidiaries acquired. In addition, we are periodically the subject of governmental investigations and other forms of regulatory or governmental inquiry. These lawsuits, investigations, inquiries and other matters could lead to administrative, civil or criminal proceedings, result in adverse judgments, settlements, fines, penalties, restitution, injunctions or other types of sanctions, the need for us to undertake remedial actions, or otherwise alter our business, financial or accounting practices. Substantial legal liability or significant regulatory actions against us could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and cause significant reputational harm.

Changes in U.S. federal, state or local tax laws may negatively impact our financial performance.

We are subject to changes in tax laws that could increase our effective tax rate. These law changes may be retroactive to previous periods and, as a result, could negatively affect our current and future financial performance. The Tax Act reduced our federal corporate income tax rate to 21% beginning in 2018. The Tax Act also imposed limitations on our ability to take certain deductions, such as the deduction for FDIC deposit insurance premiums, which partially offset the increase in net income from the lower tax rate. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 imposes a 1% excise tax on the value of our shares we repurchase on or after January 1, 2023 that exceeds $1 million in the aggregate during any taxable year, subject to certain adjustments.

In addition, a number of the changes to the Tax Code are set to expire in future years. There is substantial uncertainty concerning whether those expiring provisions will be extended or whether future legislation will further revise the Tax Code. Changes to the Tax Code may affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Regulations relating to privacy, information security, and data protection could increase our costs, affect or limit how we collect and use personal information, and adversely affect our business opportunities.

We are subject to various federal and state privacy, information security, and data protection laws, such as the GLBA, that among other things require privacy disclosures and maintenance of a robust security program that are increasingly subject to change which could have a significant impact on our current and planned privacy, data protection, and information security-related practices; our collection, use, sharing, retention, and safeguarding of consumer or employee information; disclosures and notifications during a cyber or information security incident; and some of our current or planned business activities. Our regulators also hold us responsible for privacy and data protection obligations performed by our third-party service providers while providing services to us, as well as disclosures and notifications during a cyber or information security incident.

New or changes to existing laws increase our costs of compliance and business operations and could reduce income from certain business initiatives, including increased privacy-related enforcement activity and higher compliance and technology costs, and could restrict our ability to provide certain products and services. Our failure to comply with privacy, data protection, and information security laws could result in potentially significant regulatory or governmental investigations or actions, litigation, fines, sanctions, and damage to our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

RISKS RELATED TO STRATEGIC GROWTH

We face a variety of risks in connection with completed and potential acquisitions.

We may from time to time seek to supplement organic growth through acquisitions of banks, branches or other financial businesses or assets. Potential acquisitions are typically subject to regulatory or other approvals, and there can be no assurance that we would be able to obtain any such approvals in a timely manner, without restrictive conditions or at all. Even if required approvals are obtained, acquisitions involve numerous risks, including lower than expected performance, higher than expected costs, difficulties related to integration, diversion of management's attention from other business activities, the potential loss of key employees, changes in relationships with customers, disruption of the operations of the acquired business and our business, exposure to potential asset quality issues and unknown or contingent liabilities of the acquired business and changes in banking or tax laws or regulations that may affect the acquired business.

The success of any future acquisitions we may consummate will depend on, among other things, our ability to realize the expected revenue increases, cost savings, strategic gains, increases in geographic or product presence, and/or other anticipated benefits. If we are not able to successfully achieve these objectives, the anticipated benefits of the subject acquisition may not be realized fully or at all or may take longer to realize than expected and the subject acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

On July 9, 2021, President Biden issued an executive order on promoting competition in the U.S. economy. Among other initiatives, the executive order encouraged the federal banking agencies to review their current merger oversight practices under the BHCA and the Bank Merger Act and adopt a plan for revitalization of such practices. In January 2024, the OCC issued a notice of proposed rulemaking related to the framework for evaluating mergers involving national banks like Fulton Bank. There are many steps that must be taken by the agencies before any formal changes to the framework for evaluating bank mergers, including the OCC's recent rule proposal, can be finalized and the prospects for such action are uncertain at this time; however, the adoption of more expansive or prescriptive standards may have an impact on our acquisition activities.

Acquisitions may dilute shareholder value.

Future mergers or acquisitions, if any, may involve cash, debt or equity securities as transaction consideration. Acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and market values, and, therefore, some dilution of our stock's tangible book value and net income per common share may occur in connection with any future transaction. We cannot say with any certainty that we will be able to consummate, or if consummated, successfully integrate any future acquisitions, or that we will not incur disruptions or unexpected expenses in integrating such acquisitions. Furthermore, failure to realize the expected revenue increases, cost savings, strategic gains, increases in geographic or product presence, and/or other anticipated benefits from pending or future acquisitions could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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If the goodwill that we have recorded or will record in the future in connection with our acquisitions becomes impaired, it could have a negative impact on our results of operations.

We have supplemented our internal growth with strategic acquisitions of banks, branches and other financial services companies. In the future, we may seek to supplement organic growth through additional acquisitions. If the purchase price of an acquired company exceeds the fair value of the company's net assets, the excess is carried on the acquirer's balance sheet as goodwill. As of December 31, 2023, we had $553 million of goodwill recorded on our balance sheet. We are required to evaluate goodwill for impairment at least annually. Write-downs of the amount of any impairment, if necessary, are to be charged to earnings in the period in which the impairment occurs. There can be no assurance that future evaluations of goodwill will not result in impairment charges.

We may not be able to achieve our growth plans.

Our business plan includes the pursuit of profitable growth. To achieve profitable growth, we may pursue new lines of business or offer new products or services, all of which can involve significant costs, uncertainties and risks. Any new activity we pursue may require a significant investment of time and resources and may not generate the anticipated return on that investment. In addition, we may not be able to effectively implement and manage any new activities. External factors, such as the need to comply with additional regulations, the availability, or introduction, of competitive alternatives in the market, and changes in customer preferences may also impact the successful implementation of any new activity. Any new activity could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls. Sustainable growth requires that we manage risks by balancing loan and deposit growth at acceptable levels of risk, maintaining adequate liquidity and capital, hiring and retaining qualified employees, and successfully managing the costs and implementation risks with respect to strategic projects and initiatives. If we are not able to adequately identify and manage the risks associated with new activities, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted.

RISKS RELATED TO COMPETITION

Our ability to attract and retain qualified employees is critical to our success.

Our employees are our most important resource. Competition for qualified personnel is intense in many areas of the financial services industry. We endeavor to attract talented and diverse new employees and retain and motivate our existing employees to assist in executing our growth, acquisition and business strategies. We also seek to retain proven, experienced senior employees augmented from time to time by external hires, to provide continuity of succession of our executive management team. Losses of or changes in our current executive officers or other key personnel, or the inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel in the future, could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We face strong competition from financial services companies and other companies that offer banking services, which could materially and adversely affect our business.

The financial services industry has become even more competitive as a result of legislative, regulatory, and technological changes and continued banking consolidation, which may increase in connection with current economic, market, and political conditions. We face substantial competition in all phases of our operations from a variety of competitors, including national banks, regional banks, community banks and Fintechs. Many of our competitors offer the same banking services that we offer and our success depends on our ability to adapt our products and services to evolving industry standards and customer preferences. In addition to product and service offerings, we compete based on a number of other factors, including financial and other terms, underwriting standards, technological capabilities, brand, and reputation. Increased competition in our market may result in reduced new loan production and/or decreased deposit balances or less favorable terms on loans and leases and/or deposit accounts. We also face competition from many other types of financial institutions, including without limitation, non-bank specialty lenders, insurance companies, private investment funds, investment banks and other financial intermediaries, and some of these competitors may not be subject to the same regulatory requirements that we are. Many of our competitors have significantly greater resources, established customer bases, more locations, and longer operating histories. Should competition in the financial services industry intensify, our ability to market our products and services may be adversely affected. If we are unable to attract and retain banking customers, we may be unable to grow or maintain the levels of our loans and deposits, and our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected as a result. Ultimately, we may not be able to compete successfully against current and future competitors.

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Failure to keep pace with technological change could adversely affect our business.

The financial services industry experiences continuous technological change with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services. The effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to better serve customers and to reduce costs. Our future success depends, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations. The costs of implementing new technology, including personnel, can be high, in both absolute and relative terms, and we may not achieve intended benefits of new technology initiatives. Moreover, the implementation of new technology can expose us to new or increased operational risks. For example, our implementation of certain new technologies, such as those related to artificial intelligence, machine learning and automated decision making, in our business processes may have unintended consequences due to their limitations or our failure to use them effectively. Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements or are technology focused start-ups with internally developed cloud-native systems that offer improved user interfaces and experiences. In addition, new payment, credit and investment and wealth management services developed and offered by non-bank or non-traditional competitors pose an increasing threat to the products and services traditionally provided by financial institutions like us. We may not be able to effectively implement new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers, or effectively deploy new technologies to improve efficiency. In addition, we depend on internal and outsourced technology to support all aspects of our business operations. Interruption or failure of these systems creates a risk of business loss as a result of adverse customer experiences and possible diminishing of our reputation, damage claims or civil fines. Failure to successfully keep pace with technological change affecting the financial services industry or to successfully implement core processing strategies could have a material adverse impact on our business and, in turn, our financial condition and results of operations.

RISKS RELATED TO AN INVESTMENT IN OUR SECURITIES

We are a bank holding company and rely on dividends and other payments from our subsidiaries for substantially all of our revenue and our ability to make dividend payments, distributions and other payments.

We are a bank holding company, a separate and distinct legal entity from our bank and non-bank subsidiaries, and we depend on the payment of dividends and other payments and distributions from our subsidiaries, principally Fulton Bank, for substantially all of our revenues. As a result, our ability to make dividend payments on our common and preferred stock depends primarily on compliance with applicable federal regulatory requirements and the receipt of dividends and other distributions from our subsidiaries. There are various regulatory and prudential supervisory restrictions, which may change from time to time, that impact the ability of Fulton Bank to pay dividends or make other payments to us. There can be no assurance that Fulton Bank will be able to pay dividends at past levels, or at all, in the future. If we do not receive sufficient cash dividends or are unable to borrow from Fulton Bank, then we may not have sufficient funds to pay dividends to our shareholders, repurchase our common stock or service our debt obligations.

We may reduce or discontinue the payment of dividends on, or repurchases of, our common stock.

We have pursued a strategy of capital management under which we have sought to deploy capital through stock repurchases and dividends on our common stock, in a manner that is beneficial to our shareholders. Our shareholders are only entitled to receive such dividends as our Board of Directors may declare out of funds legally available for such payments. We are not required to pay dividends on, or effect repurchases of, our common stock and may reduce or eliminate our common stock dividend and/or share repurchases in the future. Our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders is subject to the restrictions set forth in Pennsylvania law, by the Federal Reserve, and by certain covenants contained in our subordinated debentures. Notification to the Federal Reserve is also required prior to our declaring and paying a cash dividend to our shareholders during any period in which our quarterly and/or cumulative twelve-month net earnings are insufficient to fund the dividend amount, among other requirements. We may not pay a dividend if the Federal Reserve objects or until such time as we receive approval from the Federal Reserve or we no longer need to provide notice under applicable regulations. In addition, we may be restricted by applicable law or regulation or actions taken by our regulators, now or in the future, from paying dividends to, or repurchasing shares of our common stock from, our shareholders. We cannot provide assurance that we will continue paying dividends on, or repurchase shares of, our common stock at current levels or at all. A reduction or discontinuance of dividends on our common stock or our share repurchases could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our common stock.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

The Corporation's cybersecurity risk management program is integrated into our enterprise risk management program and is designed to expeditiously identify, analyze and protect against security threats to its computer systems, software, networks, storage devices and other technology assets. Our management team, with input from our Board of Directors, proactively manages the Corporation's cybersecurity risks to avoid or minimize the impacts of attacks by unauthorized parties attempting to obtain access to confidential information, destroy data, disrupt service, sabotage systems or cause other damage. Specifically, the Corporation has appointed a CISO to maintain a comprehensive information security program. Our strategy includes a continuous improvement mindset along with a defense in depth approach to cybersecurity. We utilize industry standards that include the NIST Cybersecurity Framework and the Financial Services Sector Cybersecurity Profile. Our layered security architecture consists of innovative technology to detect, prevent, and mitigate cybersecurity threats. Ongoing proactive analysis of cyber threat intelligence ensures that we are taking the appropriate counter measures to defend against the latest threats. We use monitoring and preventive controls to detect and respond swiftly to data breaches and cyber threats involving our systems. We regularly evaluate our systems and controls and implement upgrades as necessary. We also attempt to reduce our exposure to our vendors' data privacy and cyber incidents by performing initial vendor due diligence that is updated periodically for critical vendors, negotiating service level standards with vendors, negotiating for indemnification from vendors for confidentiality and data breaches, and limiting third-party access to the least privileged level necessary to perform outsourced functions. The additional cost to us of data and cybersecurity monitoring and protection systems and controls includes the cost of hardware and software, third-party technology providers, consulting and forensic testing firms, insurance premium costs, legal fees and the cost of personnel who focus a substantial portion of their responsibilities on data security and cybersecurity.

The Corporation uses an integrated cybersecurity incident response plan ICIRP designed to enable management to respond timely to cybersecurity incidents, coordinate such responses within the Corporation and with our Board of Directors, notify law enforcement and other government agencies, and notify customers and employees. The ICIRP provides a documented framework for identifying and responding to actual or potential cybersecurity incidents, including timely notification of and escalation to the CIRST. The CIRST facilitates coordination across key stakeholders of the Corporation. The Corporation's CISO and key members of management are members of the ICIRP. The Corporation provides the CISO and the information security team the latest tools and techniques to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of the Corporation's data for the benefit of our customers, employees and shareholders. We periodically engage third-party consultants to assess the effectiveness of our strategy, tools and techniques, and overall information security program. Independent oversight and assurance activities specifically include internal audits, vulnerability assessments and penetration testing. The Corporation's cybersecurity professionals are well-trained on how to protect customer and employee information through ongoing education and awareness initiatives.

The Corporation maintains a third-party risk management program designed to identify, analyze and monitor risks, including cybersecurity risks, associated with vendors and outside service providers. Our vendor risk management team collaborates closely with the information security team to ensure third parties meet certain information security control requirements. Our information security team proactively monitors our internal systems and email gateways for phishing email attacks. Remote connections are also assessed and monitored given a portion of our workforce works remotely.

Our Board of Directors provides direction and oversight over the Corporation's enterprise-wide risk management program, including risks related to cybersecurity. The Risk Committee is responsible for overseeing the Corporation's information security program and execution. The Risk Committee promotes collaboration and cooperation between various elements within the Corporation relative to information security.

Cybersecurity incidents are managed through the ICIRP, which provides direction to management allowing for the timely transfer of information throughout the organization. Our policy requires material incidents to be reported within four business days after an incident is determined to be material with the materiality determination to be completed without unreasonable delay. Management's Disclosure Committee has developed a plan to facilitate making timely determinations as to whether and when incidents should be disclosed. If a material incident occurs, the Corporation will describe in detail the material aspects and nature, scope and timing of the incident, along with the impact to its financial condition and results of operations.

To our knowledge, previous cybersecurity incidents have not materially affected the Corporation, its business strategy, financial condition or results of operation. With regard to the possible impact of future cybersecurity threats or incidents, see "Item 1A. Risk Factors."

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Item 2. Properties

The Corporation's financial center properties as of December 31, 2023 totaled 208 financial centers. Of those financial centers, 88 were owned and 120 were leased. Remote service facilities (mainly stand-alone ATMs) are excluded from these totals. The Corporation's headquarters is located in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The Corporation owns two dedicated operations centers, located in East Petersburg, Pennsylvania and Mantua, New Jersey.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

The information presented in the "Legal Proceedings" section of "Note 20 - Commitments and Contingencies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant's Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Common Stock

As of December 31, 2023, the Corporation had 163.8 million shares of $2.50 par value common stock outstanding held by approximately 42,078 holders of record. The closing price per share of the Corporation's common stock on February 16, 2024 was $15.70. The common stock of the Corporation is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol "FULT".

Restrictions on the Payments of Dividends

The Corporation is a separate and distinct legal entity from its banking and nonbanking subsidiaries and depends on the payment of dividends from its subsidiaries, principally Fulton Bank, for substantially all of its revenues. As a result, the Corporation's ability to make dividend payments on its common stock depends primarily on compliance with applicable federal regulatory requirements and the receipt of dividends and other distributions from its subsidiaries. There are various regulatory and prudential supervisory restrictions, which may change from time to time, that impact the ability of its banking subsidiary to pay dividends or make other payments to the Corporation. In addition, dividends on the Corporation's common stock may not be declared, paid or set aside for payment unless the full dividends for the immediately preceding dividend payment period for the Corporation's Fixed Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock, Series A have been declared and paid or declared and a sum sufficient for the payment thereof has been set aside. For additional information regarding the regulatory restrictions applicable to the Corporation and its subsidiaries, see "Supervision and Regulation," in "Item 1. Business;" "Item 1A. Risk Factors" - We are a bank holding company and rely on dividends and other payments from our subsidiaries for substantially all of our revenue and our ability to make dividend payments, distributions and other payments;" and "Note 12 - Regulatory Matters," in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans

The following table provides information about options outstanding under the Corporation's Employee Equity Plan and the number of securities remaining available for future issuance under the Employee Equity Plan, the Directors' Plan and the ESPP as of December 31, 2023:

Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders — — —

(1) The number of securities to be issued upon exercise of outstanding options, warrants and rights includes 1,291,601 PSUs, which is the target number of PSUs that are payable under the Employee Equity Plan, though no shares will be issued until achievement of applicable performance goals, 40,135 stock option units, 1,074,639 time-vested RSUs granted under the Employee Equity Plan and 296,231 time-vested RSUs granted under the Directors' Plan.

(2) The weighted-average exercise price of outstanding options, warrants and rights does not take into account outstanding PSUs and RSUs granted under the Employee Equity and the Directors' Plan.

(3) Consists of 4,369,008 shares that may be awarded under the Employee Equity Plan, 398,341 shares that may be awarded under the Directors' Plan and 999,017 shares that may be purchased under the ESPP. Excludes accrued purchase rights under the ESPP as of December 31, 2023 as the number of shares to be purchased is indeterminable until the shares are issued.

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Performance Graph

The following graph shows cumulative total shareholder return (i.e., price change, plus reinvestment of dividends) on the common stock of the Corporation during the five-year period ended December 31, 2023, compared with (1) the Nasdaq Bank Index and (2) the S&P 500. The graph is not indicative of future price performance.

The graph below is furnished under this Part II, Item 5 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and shall not be deemed to be "soliciting material" or to be "filed" with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act.

Year Ending December 31

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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

(1) Includes 1% excise tax on net repurchases of the Corporation's common stock.

(2) On December 20, 2022, the Corporation announced the 2023 Repurchase Program which authorized the Corporation to repurchase up to $100.0 million of its common stock through December 31, 2023. The 2023 Repurchase Program expired on December 31, 2023.

On December 19, 2023, the Corporation announced that its Board of Directors approved the 2024 Repurchase Program. The 2024 Repurchase Program will expire on December 31, 2024. Under the 2024 Repurchase Program, the Corporation is authorized to repurchase up to $125.0 million of shares of its common stock outstanding shares through December 31, 2024. Under this authorization, up to $25.0 million of the $125 million authorization may be used to repurchase shares of the Corporation's preferred stock and outstanding subordinated notes.

As permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements and subject to market conditions and other factors, purchases may be made from time to time under the 2024 Repurchase Program in open market or privately negotiated transactions, including without limitation, through accelerated share repurchase transactions. The 2024 Repurchase Program may be discontinued at any time.

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Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Management's Discussion relates to the Corporation, a financial holding company registered under the BHCA and corporation incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Management's Discussion should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and other financial information presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

OVERVIEW

The Corporation is a financial holding company, which, through its wholly-owned banking subsidiary, provides a full range of retail and commercial financial services in Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey and Virginia.

The Corporation generates the majority of its revenue through net interest income, or the difference between interest earned on loans and investments and interest paid on deposits and borrowings. Growth in net interest income is dependent upon balance sheet growth and maintaining or increasing the NIM, which is FTE net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets. The Corporation also generates revenue through fees earned on the various services and products offered to its customers and through gains on sales of assets, such as loans, investments and properties. Offsetting these revenue sources are provisions for credit losses on loans and OBS credit risks, non-interest expenses and income taxes.

The following table presents a summary of the Corporation's earnings and selected performance ratios:

(dollars in thousands, except per share)

Operating return on average assets(1) 1.08 % 1.16 % 1.05 %

Return on average common shareholders' equity 11.24 % 11.69 % 10.64 %

Non-performing assets to total assets 0.56 % 0.66 % 0.60 %

Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans 0.14 % 0.04 % 0.07 %

(1)Ratio represents a financial measure derived by methods other than GAAP. See reconciliation of this non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable GAAP measure under the "Supplemental Reporting of Non-GAAP Based Financial Measures" section of Management's Discussion.

(2)Presented on a FTE basis using a 21% federal tax rate and statutory interest expense disallowances.

Fed Funds Rate

Since March 15, 2022, the FOMC increased the target rate for the Fed Funds Rate eleven times to address elevated levels of inflation, placing the target range at 5.25% - 5.50% as of February 29, 2024.

LIBOR Transition

U.S. dollar LIBOR ceased as of June 30, 2023. The Corporation has transitioned all of its products away from LIBOR. For most financial products, the most common alternative reference rates have been SOFR-based benchmarks. This is true for both new originations and legacy LIBOR contracts that were subject to amendment or a transition by their terms.

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Financial Highlights

Following is a summary of the financial highlights for the year ended December 31, 2023:

•Net Income Available to Common Shareholders and Net Income Per Share - Net income available to common shareholders was $274.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, a $2.7 million decrease compared to $276.7 million for the same period in 2022.

•Net Interest Income - Net interest income was $854.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $72.7 million, or 9.3%, compared to the same period in 2022. The increase was driven by higher interest rates and higher average loan balances.

◦Net Interest Margin- For the year ended December 31, 2023, NIM increased to 3.42%, or 15 bps compared to the same period in 2022, driven by a 157 bps increase in the yield on net loans, a 16 bps increase in the yield on investment securities and a 298 bps increase in the yield on other interest-earning assets, partially offset by a 139 bps increase in the cost of total interest-bearing liabilities and noninterest-bearing deposits.

◦Net Loans- Average net loans increased $1.8 billion, or 9.3%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in average net loans was largely driven by increases in average residential mortgage loans, average commercial and industrial loans, average commercial mortgage loans, average consumer loans, and average real estate construction loans of $818.2 million, $366.6 million, $352.3 million, $178.8 million, and $68.8 million, respectively.

◦Deposits - Average deposits decreased $297.7 million, or 1.4%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The decrease in average deposits was largely due to a decrease in average noninterest-bearing demand deposits of $1.6 billion, partially offset by increases in average brokered deposits, average time deposits and average savings and money market deposits of $585.4 million, $552.4 million and $157.9 million, respectively.

◦Borrowings and Other Interest-Bearing Liabilities - Average borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities increased $1.4 billion for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities was primarily due to increases in average FHLB advances and Federal funds purchased of $727.9 million and $475.3 million, respectively.

•Asset Quality - Non-performing assets decreased $23.5 million, or 13.2%, as of December 31, 2023 compared to December 31, 2022, and were 0.56% and 0.66% of total assets as of those dates, respectively. Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding was 0.14% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net charge-offs to average loans outstanding of 0.04% for the same period in 2022. Net charge-offs of $29.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 included a charge-off of $13.3 million during the first quarter of 2023 for a commercial office loan. The provision for credit losses was $54.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to $28.0 million for the same period of 2022. Included in the December 31, 2022 provision for credit losses was the CECL Day 1 Provision of $8.0 million for the acquired Prudential Bancorp loan portfolio.

•Non-Interest Income - Non-interest income, excluding investment securities losses, for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $1.3 million, or 0.6%, compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in non-interest income, excluding investment securities losses, was primarily due to an increase in commercial banking revenues of $5.4 million, driven by an increase in commercial customer interest rate swap fee income reflected in capital markets and an increase in wealth management of $2.7 million, partially offset by decreases in mortgage banking income of $3.8 million and in consumer banking fees of $2.3 million, largely due to a decline in overdraft fees.

•Non-Interest Expense- Non-interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $45.5 million, or 7.2%, compared to the same period in 2022. Excluding merger-related expenses of $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, non-interest expense increased $55.8 million, or 9.0%, for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the same period in 2022. The increase in non-interest expense, excluding merger-related expenses, was largely driven by increases of $20.5 million in salaries and employee benefits expense, $13.0 million in FDIC insurance expense, primarily due to the adoption of a final rule to increase base deposit insurance assessment rates effective January 1, 2023 and the special assessment of $6.5 million charged to recover the loss to the DIF in

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connection with the closures of certain banks in 2023, $10.6 million in other outside services expense, $6.2 million in data processing and software expense and $2.1 million in marketing expense. The $20.5 million increase in salaries and employee benefits expense was primarily driven by annual merit increases, an increase in the number of employees, higher healthcare claims expenses and higher pension expense.

•Income Taxes - The Corporation's ETR was 18.5% for the year ended 2023, compared to 17.3% for the same period in 2022. The ETR is generally lower than the federal statutory rate of 21% due to tax-exempt interest income earned on loans, investments in tax-free municipal securities and investments in community development projects that generate tax credits under various programs.

Supplemental Reporting of Non-GAAP Based Financial Measures

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains supplemental financial information, as detailed below, that has been derived by methods other than GAAP. The Corporation has presented these non-GAAP financial measures because it believes that these measures provide useful and comparative information to assess trends in the Corporation's results of operations. Presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures is consistent with how the Corporation evaluates its performance internally and these non-GAAP financial measures are frequently used by securities analysts, investors and other interested parties in the evaluation of companies in the Corporation's industry. Management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures, in addition to GAAP measures, are also useful to investors to evaluate the Corporation's results. Investors should recognize that the Corporation's presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures might not be comparable to similarly-titled measures of other companies. These non-GAAP financial measures should not be considered a substitute for GAAP basis measures, and the Corporation strongly encourages a review of its consolidated financial statements in their entirety.

Reconciliations of these non-GAAP financial measures to the most directly comparable GAAP measure follow:

(dollars in thousands, except per share data)

Operating net income available to common shareholders

Plus: Core deposit intangible amortization 2,308 1,029 —

Plus: Merger-related expenses — 10,328 —

Plus: CECL Day 1 Provision expense — 7,954 —

Plus: Interest rate derivative transition valuation(1) 1,855 — —

Plus: FDIC special assessment 6,494 — —

Plus: FultonFirst initiative expenses 3,197 — —

Less: Tax impact of adjustments (2,909) (4,055) —

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(dollars in thousands)

Operating return on average assets

Plus: Core deposit intangible amortization 2,308 1,029 —

Plus: Merger-related expenses — 10,328 —

Plus: CECL Day 1 Provision expense — 7,954 —

Plus: Interest rate derivative transition valuation(1) 1,855 — —

Plus: FDIC special assessment 6,494 — —

Plus: FultonFirst initiative expenses 3,197 — —

Less: Tax impact of adjustments (2,909) (4,055) —

Less: Average net core deposit intangible (5,996) (3,915) —

Operating return on average assets 1.08 % 1.16 % 1.05 %

Return on average common shareholders' equity (tangible)

Plus: Merger-related expenses — 10,328 —

Plus: CECL Day 1 Provision expense — 7,954 —

Plus: Interest rate derivative transition valuation(1) 1,855 — —

Plus: FDIC special assessment 6,494 — —

Plus: FultonFirst initiative expenses 3,197 — —

Return on average common shareholders' equity (tangible) 15.21 % 16.08 % 13.58 %

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(dollars in thousands)

Efficiency ratio

Less: Amortization of tax credit investments — (2,783) (6,187)

Less: Merger-related expenses — (10,328) —

Less: Debt extinguishment gain (cost) 720 — (33,249)

Less: FDIC special assessment (6,494) — —

Less: FultonFirst initiative expenses (3,197) — —

Plus: Interest rate derivative transition valuation(1) 1,855 — —

Less: Investment securities losses (gains), net 733 27 (33,516)

(1)Resulting from the reference rate transition from LIBOR to SOFR in the Corporation's commercial customer interest rate swap program.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES

The following is a summary of those accounting policies that the Corporation considers to be most important to the presentation of its financial condition and results of operations, because they require management's most difficult judgments as a result of the need to make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain. See additional information regarding these critical accounting policies in "Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Allowance for Credit Losses - The ACL is based on estimated losses over the remaining expected life of loans. Management's determination of the appropriateness of the reserve is based on periodic evaluations of the loan portfolio, lending-related commitments, current and forecasted economic factors and other relevant factors.

Loans Evaluated Collectively: Loans evaluated collectively for expected credit losses include all accruing loans and non-accrual loans where the total commitment amount is less than $1 million. In determining the ACL, the Corporation uses three inputs to model the estimate. These inputs are the PD rate which estimates the likelihood that a borrower will be unable to meet its debt obligations, the LGD rate which estimates the percentage of an asset that is lost if a borrower defaults, and the EAD balance which estimates the gross exposure under a facility upon default. The PD models were developed based on historical default data. Both internal and external variables are evaluated in the process. The main internal variables are risk rating or delinquency history and indicators of default. The external variables are economic variables obtained from third-party forecasts.

The PD models are transition matrix models that utilize historical credit observations and incorporate economic forecasts to project future default rates using a linear regression methodology for each loan segment. The LGD model uses a vintage loss approach that estimates LGD rates based on the bank’s historical loss experience for each loan segment. The EAD incorporates a prepayment rate and applies the PD rates to estimate the projected exposure at default across the life of each loan. The ACL is calculated by applying the LGD to the EAD at each period across the life of each loan.

The ACL incorporates the Corporation’s historical credit observations, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that are based on the projected performance of specific economic variables that are statistically correlated with historical PD rates. The reasonable and supportable forecast extends to 24 months and reverts back to an average PD rate using a straight-line reversion methodology over a 12 month period.

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The ACL is highly sensitive to the economic forecasts used to develop the reserve. As such, the calculation of the ACL is inherently subjective and requires management to exercise judgment.

The ACL may include qualitative adjustments intended to capture the impact of uncertainties not reflected in the quantitative models. In determining qualitative adjustments, management considers changes in national, regional, and local economic and business conditions and their impact on the lending environment, including underwriting standards and other factors affecting credit losses over the remaining life of each loan.

The ACL for loans was $293.4 million and $269.4 million on December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.The increase of $24.0 million was primarily a result of increased loan growth, changes to the macroeconomic outlook and risk migration.

The Corporation performs loan loss sensitivity analysis on a quarterly basis to determine the impact of varying economic conditions based on third-party forecasts. Our sensitivity analysis does not represent management's view of expected credit losses at the balance sheet date. One scenario identified includes a slowdown in near-term economic growth. This scenario resulted in a hypothetical increase to the ACL of approximately $21.6 million.

For further discussion of the methodology used in the determination of the ACL, refer to Note 1, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

Income Taxes - Income tax expense is based upon income before taxes, adjusted for the effect of certain tax-exempt income, non-deductible expenses and credits. In addition, certain items of income and expense are reported in different periods for financial reporting and tax return purposes. The tax effects of these temporary differences are recognized currently in the deferred income tax provision or benefit. DTAs or deferred tax liabilities are computed based on the difference between the financial statement and income tax bases of assets and liabilities using the applicable enacted marginal tax rate.

The Corporation must also evaluate the likelihood that DTAs will be recovered through future taxable income. If any such assets are determined to be more likely than not unrecoverable, then a valuation allowance must be recognized. The assessment of the carrying value of DTAs is based on certain assumptions, the changes of which could have a material impact on the Corporation's consolidated financial statements.

On a periodic basis, the Corporation evaluates its income tax expense based on tax laws, regulations and financial reporting considerations and records adjustments as appropriate. Recognition and measurement of tax positions is based upon management's evaluations of current taxing authorities' examinations of the Corporation's tax returns, recent positions taken by the taxing authorities on similar transactions and the overall tax environment.

Income tax expense was $64.4 million and $60.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

For a description of accounting standards recently issued, but not yet adopted by the Corporation, see "Recently Issued Accounting Standards," in "Note 1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data."

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Net Interest Income

Net interest income is the most significant component of the Corporation's net income. The Corporation manages the risk associated with changes in interest rates through the techniques described within Item "7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk." The following table provides a comparative average balance sheet and net interest income analysis for 2023 compared to 2022 and 2021. Interest income and yields are presented on an FTE basis using a 21% federal tax rate as well as statutory interest expense disallowances. The discussion following this table is based on these tax-equivalent amounts.

(dollars in thousands)

ASSETS

Interest-earning assets:

Noninterest-earning assets:

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

Interest-bearing liabilities:

Noninterest-bearing liabilities:

(1)Presented on a fully taxable-equivalent basis using a 21% federal tax rate and statutory interest expense disallowances.

(2) Average balances include non-performing loans.

(3) Average balances include amortized historical cost for AFS securities; the related unrealized holding gains (losses) are included in other assets.

(4) ACL - loans relates to the ACL for net loans and does not include the ACL for OBS credit exposures, which is included in other liabilities.

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Comparison of 2023 to 2022

The following table summarizes the changes in FTE interest income and interest expense resulting from changes in average balances (volumes) and changes in yields and rates:

2023 vs. 2022 Increase (decrease) due to change in

Volume Yield/Rate Net

(dollars in thousands)

Interest income on:

Interest expense on:

(1) Average balance includes non-performing loans.

Compared to 2022, FTE total interest income for 2023 increased $411.2 million due to increases of $344.7 million attributable to changes in yield and $66.5 million attributable to changes in volume. The increase due to changes in yield was largely due to an increase in net loans. The increase due to changes in volume was due to an increase in average net loans, partially offset by decreases in average other interest-earning assets and investment securities.

The yield on average interest-earning assets increased 145 bps in 2023 compared to 2022.

In 2023, interest expense increased $335.7 million compared to 2022, primarily driven by an increase in rate on interest-bearing liabilities resulting in a $252.9 million increase in interest expense. The increase in interest expense attributable to rate was driven by the increases in savings and money market deposits, interest-bearing demand deposits, time deposits, borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities and brokered deposits. The increase in interest expense attributable to volume was $82.9 million primarily driven by increases in borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities and brokered deposits.

The rate on average interest-bearing liabilities increased 178 bps in 2023 compared to 2022.

Average loans and average FTE yields, by type, are summarized in the following table:

Balance Yield Balance Yield $ %

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Consists of equipment lease financing, overdrafts and net origination fees and costs.

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During 2023, average loans increased $1.8 billion, or 9.3%,compared to 2022. The increase was largely driven by increases in average residential mortgage loans, average commercial and industrial loans, average commercial mortgage loans, average consumer loans and average construction loans of $818.2 million, $366.6 million,$352.3 million, $178.8 million and $68.8 million,respectively. The yield on total loans increased157 bps to5.57% in 2023 compared to4.00% in 2022.

Average deposits and interest rates, by type, are summarized in the following table:

Balance Rate Balance Rate $ %

(dollars in thousands)

The cost of total deposits increased 118 bps to 1.38% in 2023 compared to 0.20% in 2022, primarily due to rising interest rates and a change in mix of deposits. Average deposits decreased $297.7 million driven by a $1.6 billion decrease in average noninterest-bearing demand deposits, partially offset by increases in average brokered deposits, average time deposits and average savings and money market deposits of $585.4 million, $552.4 million and $157.9 million, respectively.

Average borrowings and interest rates, by type, are summarized in the following table:

Balance Rate Balance Rate $ %

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Includes repurchase agreements, short-term promissory notes, capital leases and interest-bearing collateral.

Average borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities increased $1.4 billion during 2023 compared to 2022, primarily as a result of an increase in average net loans and a decrease in average total deposits. Average FHLB advances, average Federal funds purchased and average other borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities increased $727.9 million, $475.3 million and $234.5 million, respectively. See "Note 10 - Borrowings" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details.

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Non-Interest Income

The following table presents the components of non-interest income:

Increase (Decrease)

(dollars in thousands)

Commercial banking:

Consumer banking:

Investment securities gains (losses), net (733) (27) (706) N/M

Non-interest income before investment securities gains (losses) increased $1.3 million, or 0.6%, during 2023 compared to 2022. The increase in non-interest income was primarily due to increases in commercial banking revenues of $5.4 million, largely driven by an increase in commercial customer interest rate swap fee income reflected in capital markets, an increase in wealth management of $2.7 million, due to an increase in assets under management, and an increase in the cash surrender value of bank owned life insurance agreements of $1.7 million, reflected in other non-interest income, partially offset by decreases in mortgage banking income of $3.8 million, mainly due to lower sales volumes and lower gains on sales margins, consumer banking income of $2.3 million, driven largely by decreases in overdraft fees, and an $1.8 million reduction in other non-interest income to reflect market valuation movement in certain of the Corporation's legacy commercial customer back-to-back interest rate swap transactions resulting from the transition from LIBOR to SOFR.

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Non-Interest Expense

The following table presents the components of non-interest expense:

Increase (Decrease)

(dollars in thousands)

Non-interest expense in 2023 increased $45.5 million, or 7.2%, compared to 2022. Excluding merger-related expenses of $10.3 million in 2022, non-interest expense increased $55.8 million, or 9.0%, in 2023 compared to 2022. The increase in non-interest expense, excluding merger-related expenses, was primarily due to increases of $20.5 million in salaries and employee benefits expense, $13.0 million in FDIC insurance expense, primarily due to the adoption of a final rule to increase base deposit insurance assessment rates effective January 1, 2023, and the special assessment of $6.5 million charged to recover the loss to the DIF in connection with the closures of certain banks in 2023, $10.6 million in other outside services expense largely due to a number of corporate initiatives, $6.2 million in data processing and software expense due to ongoing investment in technology and customer growth and $2.1 million in marketing expense primarily due to a targeted customer deposit acquisition program and brand marketing campaigns. The $20.5 million increase in salaries and employee benefits expense was largely due to annual merit increases, an increase in the number of employees, higher healthcare claims expense and higher pension expense.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense for 2023 was $64.4 million, a $4.4 million increase compared to 2022. The ETR was 18.5% in 2023 compared to 17.3% in 2022. The increase in income tax expense in 2023 resulted primarily from the higher ETR.The ETR is generally lower than the federal statutory rate of 21% due to tax-exempt interest income earned on loans, investments in tax-free municipal securities and TCIs that generate tax credits under various federal programs.

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Comparison of 2022 to 2021

The following table summarizes the changes in FTE interest income and interest expense resulting from changes in average balances (volumes) and changes in yields and rates:

Increase (decrease) due to change in

Volume Yield/Rate Net

(dollars in thousands)

Interest income on:

Interest expense on:

(1) Average balance includes non-performing loans.

Compared to 2021, FTE total interest income for 2022 increased $144.1 million, or 19.6%, primarily due to an increase of $113.2 million attributable to changes in yield, of which $102.7 million related to net loans. The yield on average interest-earning assets increased 59 bps in 2022 compared to 2021.

In 2022, interest expense increased $23.5 million compared to 2021, primarily driven by increases in rate on interest-bearing liabilities resulting in a $25.4 million increase in interest expense. The increase in interest expense attributable to rate was primarily driven by the increases in savings and money market deposits, borrowings, interest-bearing demand deposits and brokered deposits.

Average loans and average FTE yields, by type, are summarized in the following table:

Balance Yield Balance Yield $ %

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Consists of overdrafts and net origination fees and costs.

Average loans increased $525.0 million, or 2.8%, compared to 2021. The increase was largely driven by increases in average residential mortgage loans,average commercial mortgage loans, average consumer loans and average construction loans of $760.5 million, $374.1 million,$112.9 million and $100.2 million, respectively, partially offset by decreases in average commercial and industrial loans of $822.7 million primarily due to the repayment of Paycheck Protection Program loans upon forgiveness by the SBA.

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Average investment securities increased $691.4 million, or 18.8%, in comparison to 2021, which contributed a $16.8 million increase in FTE interest income. The yield on investment securities increased 8 bps in comparison to 2021, resulting in a $3.0 million increase in FTE interest income.

Yield on other interest-earning assets increased 74 bps in comparison to 2021, contributing $7.5 million to FTE interest income, partially offset by a decrease in the average balance of other interest-earning assets of $1.2 billion, contributing a $4.4 million decrease to FTE interest income.

Average deposits and interest rates, by type, are summarized in the following table:

Balance Rate Balance Rate $ %

(dollars in thousands)

The cost of interest-bearing deposits increased 10 bps, to 0.31%, from 0.21% in 2021, due to an increase in rates. The rate on total demand deposits and savings and money market deposits increased to 0.13%, compared to 0.04% for 2021. Average interest-bearing demand deposits and average time deposits decreased $385.5 million and $321.6 million, respectively, during 2022. Average noninterest-bearing demand deposits and average savings and money market deposits increased $311.2 million and $151.2 million, respectively, during 2022 compared to 2021.

Average borrowings and interest rates, by type, are summarized in the following table:

Balance Rate Balance Rate $ %

(dollars in thousands)

Borrowings:

(1) Includes repurchase agreements, short-term promissory notes and capital leases.

Total average borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities increased $60.4 million, or 4.7%, and the rate on total average borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities increased 60 bps, to 2.89%, compared to 2021. Borrowings increased primarily as a result of the decrease in deposits. Short-term Federal funds purchased and FHLB advances increased $91.1 million and $67.6 million, respectively. Senior debt and subordinated debt decreased $93.0 million primarily due to the $65.0 million repayment of senior notes on March 16, 2022 and the redemption of $17.0 million of TruPS in September 2022. See "Note 10 - Borrowings" of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional details.

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Non-Interest Income

The following table presents the components of non-interest income:

Increase (Decrease)

(dollars in thousands)

Commercial banking:

Consumer banking:

Non-interest income before investment securities gains (losses) decreased $13.1 million, or 5.4%, in 2022, as compared to 2021. The primary contributors to this net decrease were as follows:

•Mortgage banking income decreased $19.4 million, or 57.7%, compared to 2021, mainly due to reduced gains on sales of mortgage loans.

•Other non-interest income decreased $5.8 million, or 28.1%, compared to 2021, primarily due to a decline in income from equity method investments.

•Total commercial banking income increased $7.1 million, or 10.3%, compared to 2021, driven mainly by increases in commercial customer interest rate swap fees reflected in capital markets, cash management fees and merchant and card revenues.

•Total consumer banking income increased $4.0 million, or 8.7%, compared to 2021, driven primarily by increases in overdraft fees and card income.

•Investment securities gains decreased $33.5 million, primarily due to the gain on sale of Visa Shares, as part of the balance sheet restructuring undertaken in 2021.

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Non-Interest Expense

The following table presents the components of non-interest expense:

Increase (Decrease)

(dollars in thousands)

Non-interest expense increased $15.9 million, or 2.6% compared to 2021. Non-interest expense, excluding merger-related expenses of $10.3 million, was $623.4 million, an increase of $5.6 million, or 0.9% compared to non-interest expense of $617.8 million in 2021. Excluding merger-related expenses, the increase in non-interest expense compared to 2021 was primarily due to increases in salaries and employee benefits of $27.7 million, attributable to higher employee base salaries of $20.2 million and deferred loan origination expense of $14.3 million, partially offset by lower commissions expense of $8.8 million. Increases in data processing and software expenses, other outside services and net occupancy expense in 2022 of $3.8 million, $3.0 million and $2.4 million, respectively, also contributed to the increase in non-interest expense compared to 2021. These increases were partially offset by a decrease of $33.2 million in debt extinguishment expense in 2021.

Income Taxes

Income tax expense for 2022 was $60.0 million, a $1.3 million increase compared to 2021. The Corporation's ETR was 17.3% for the year ended 2022, compared to 17.6% for the same period in 2021. The ETR is generally lower than the federal statutory rate of 21% due to tax-exempt interest income earned on loans, investments in tax-free municipal securities and investments in community development projects that generate tax credits under various programs.

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FINANCIAL CONDITION

The table below presents condensed consolidated ending balance sheets.

December 31, Increase (Decrease)

(dollars in thousands)

Assets

Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity

Investment Securities

The table below presents the carrying amount of investment securities:

December 31, Increase (Decrease)

(dollars in thousands)

Available for Sale

U.S. Government-sponsored agency securities 1,010 1,008 2 0.2

Held to Maturity

Compared to December 31, 2022, total AFS securities at December 31, 2023 decreased $248.4 million, or 9.4%, primarily due to decreases in U.S. Government securities, state and municipal securities, collateralized mortgage obligations, commercial

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mortgage-backed securities and residential mortgage-backed securities of $176.3 million $33.7 million, $22.6 million, $18.1 million and $15.9 million, respectively.

At December 31, 2023, total HTM securities decreased $53.3 million, or 4.0%, primarily driven by a decrease in residential mortgage-backed securities of $50.3 million due to payments.

Loans

The following table presents ending loans outstanding, by type:

December 31, Increase (Decrease)

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Includes unearned income of $41.0 thousand and $4.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

(2) Includes unearned income of $38.0 million and $24.8 million as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

During 2023, net loans increased $1.1 billion, or 5.3%, compared to December 31, 2022, primarily due to increases in residential mortgage loans, commercial mortgage loans and commercial and industrial loans of $588.6 million, $433.9 million and $72.5 million, respectively, partially offset by decreases in home equity loans and construction loans of $55.7 million and $30.9 million, respectively.

The Corporation does not have a significant concentration of credit risk with any single borrower. As of December 31, 2023, approximately $9.4 billion, or 43.9%, of the loan portfolio was comprised of commercial mortgage loans and construction loans. The Corporation has established lower total lending limits for certain types of lending commitments and lower total lending limits based on the Corporation's internal risk rating of an individual borrower at the time the lending commitment is approved.

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The following table summarizes the industry concentrations within the commercial mortgage and the commercial and industrial loan portfolios:

December 31,

Manufacturing 6.1 6.8

Other services 4.5 4.7

Hospitality and food services 3.6 3.6

Wholesale trade 3.2 3.1

Educational services 2.9 2.8

Professional, scientific and technical services 2.2 1.8

Arts, entertainment and recreation 1.9 2.0

Transportation and warehousing 1.7 1.3

Finance and Insurance 1.3 0.9

Administrative and Support 1.1 1.1

Public administration 1.0 1.2

(1) Includes commercial loans to borrowers engaged in the business of: renting, leasing or managing real estate for others; selling and/or buying real estate for

others; and appraising real estate. Real estate commercial office represents 3% of total loans.

(2) Includes commercial loans to borrowers engaged in the construction industry.

The following table presents the changes in non-accrual loans for the years ended December 31:

(dollars in thousands)

Transfers to OREO — — — (1,793) — — (1,793)

During 2023, non-accrual loans decreased $22.8 million, or 15.8%, largely due to payments and charge-offs, partially offset by additions to non-accrual loans. During 2023, non-accrual loans as a percentage of net loans decreased to 0.57%, compared to 0.71% as of December 31, 2022.

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The following table presents non-performing assets:

December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Non-accrual loans to total loans 0.57 % 0.71 % 0.78 %

Non-performing loans to total loans 0.72 % 0.85 % 0.83 %

Non-performing assets to total assets 0.56 % 0.66 % 0.60 %

(1) The amount of interest income on non-accrual loans that was recognized in 2023, 2022 and 2021was approximately $1.5 million, $2.2 million and $1.3

million, respectively.

(2) Accrual of interest is generally discontinued when a loan becomes 90 days past due. In certain cases a loan may be placed on non-accrual status prior to being

90 days delinquent if there is an indication that the borrower is having difficulty making payments or the Corporation believes it is probable that all amounts

will not be collected according to the contractual terms of the agreement. When interest accruals are discontinued, unpaid interest previously credited to

income is reversed. Non-accrual loans may be restored to accrual status when all delinquent principal and interest has been paid currently for six consecutive

months or the loan is considered to be adequately secured and in the process of collection. Certain loans, primarily adequately collateralized residential

mortgage loans, may continue to accrue interest after reaching 90 days past due.

(3) Excludes $10.9 million, $6.0 million and $6.4 million of residential mortgage properties for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process as of

December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

The following table presents non-performing loans:

December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Non-performing loans to total loans 0.72 % 0.85 % 0.83 %

The following table presents the amortized cost basis of loans modified to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty:

December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

Real estate - commercial mortgage $ 2,944

Commercial and industrial 11,970

Real estate - residential mortgage 9,092

There were no loans modified due to borrowers experiencing financial difficulty that defaulted during 2023.

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The following table summarizes OREO, by property type:

December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

The Corporation's ability to identify potential problem loans in a timely manner is important to maintaining an adequate ACL. For commercial and industrial loans, commercial mortgage loans and construction loans to commercial borrowers, an internal risk rating process is used to monitor credit quality. The evaluation of credit risk for residential mortgages, home equity loans, construction loans to individuals, consumer loans and leases and other loans is based on payment history through the monitoring of delinquency levels and trends.

Total internally risk-rated loans were $13.7 billion and $13.2 billion as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, of which $0.9 million and $0.8 million were criticized and classified loans, respectively. The following table presents criticized and classified loans, or those with internal risk ratings of special mention(1) or substandard or lower(2) for commercial mortgages, commercial and industrial loans and construction loans to commercial borrowers, by class segment:

December 31, December 31, December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Considered "criticized" loans by banking regulators.

(2) Considered "classified" loans by banking regulators.

(3) Excludes construction - other.

Total loans risk-rated special mention increased by $15.0 million, or 3.2%, compared to December 31, 2022. Total loans risk- rated substandard or lower increased by $157.9 million, or 54.4%, compared to December 31, 2022, primarily due to borrower performance in both commercial and industrial loans and commercial real estate loans. Total criticized and classified loans increased $172.9 million, or 23.0%, compared to December 31, 2022.

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The following table presents, by class segment, a summary of delinquency status and rates, as a percentage of total loans that do not have internal risk ratings:

Delinquent(1) Non-performing(2) Total

December 31, December 31, December 31, December 31, December 31, December 31,

$ % $ % $ % $ % $ % $ %

(dollars in thousands)

(1) Includes accruing loans 30 days to 89 days past due.

(2) Includes accruing loans 90 days or more past due and non-accrual loans and leases.

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Loans and Allowance for Credit Losses

The Corporation accounts for the credit risk associated with lending activities through the ACL and the provision for credit losses.

The following table presents the activity in the ACL:

December 31, December 31, December 31,

(dollars in thousands)

CECL Day 1 provision expense — 7,954 —

Initial purchased credit deteriorated loans — 1,135 —

Loans charged off:

Consumer and real estate - home equity (7,514) (4,412) (3,309)

Real estate - residential mortgage (62) (66) (1,290)

Real estate - construction — — (39)

Recoveries of loans previously charged off:

Real estate - residential mortgage 421 425 375

Provision for OBS credit exposures $ 926 $ 1,411 $ 160

Selected Asset Quality Ratios %:

Net charge-offs to average loans 0.14 % 0.04 % 0.07 %

Non-performing assets(3) to total assets 0.56 0.66 0.60

Non-accrual loans to total net loans 0.57 0.71 0.78

ACL - loans to non-performing loans 191 157 164

(1) Provision for credit losses includes only the portion related to net loans.

(2) Reserve for OBS credit exposures is recorded within other liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets.

(3) Includes accruing loans past due 90 days or more.

The provision for credit losses, specific to loans, for 2023 was $53.1 million, compared to a provision for credit losses, specific to loans, of $26.6 million, which included an $8.0 million CECL Day 1 Provision recorded in 2022. The increase in the provision for credit losses for net loans was primarily driven by loan growth, changes to the macroeconomic outlook, higher net loan charge-offs and migration of internally risk-rated loans into special mention and substandard or lower categories.

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The following table summarizes the allocation of the ACL - loans:

(dollars in thousands)

(1)Ending ACL - loan portfolio segment balance as a % of total ACL - loans.

(2)Ending loan portfolio segment balances as a % of total net loans for the periods presented.

Management believes that the $293.4 million ACL - loans as of December 31, 2023 is sufficient to cover expected credit losses in the loan portfolio.

Deposits and Borrowings

The following table presents ending deposits, by type:

December 31, Increase (Decrease)

(dollars in thousands)

During 2023, total deposits increased by $888.1 million, or 4.3%, compared to December 31, 2022. The increase in total deposits was primarily due to increases in time deposits, brokered deposits, interest-bearing demand deposits and savings and money market deposits of $1.2 billion, $936.3 million, $311.8 million and $182.3 million, respectively, partially offset by a decrease in noninterest-bearing demand deposits $1.7 billion. The shift from noninterest-bearing demand deposits to interest-bearing deposits was mainly due to rising interest rates.

Total uninsured deposits (excluding intra-Company deposits) were estimated to be $7.2 billion and $7.8 billion at December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

The following table presents ending borrowings, by type:

December 31, Increase (Decrease)

(dollars in thousands)

(1)Includes repurchase agreements, short-term promissory notes and capital leases.

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During 2023, total borrowings decreased $383.7 million, or 13.4%, compared to December 31, 2022. The decrease in total borrowings was due to decreases in other borrowings of $278.4 million, FHLB advances of $150.0 million and senior and subordinated debt of $4.3 million, partially offset by an increase in Federal funds purchased of $49.0 million.

Other Liabilities

During 2023, other liabilities decreased $69.5 million, or 8.5%, compared to December 31, 2022, primarily due to a decrease in derivative related liabilities.

Shareholders' Equity

During 2023, total shareholders' equity increased $180.4 million, or 7.0%, to $2.8 billion, or 10.0% of total assets, as of December 31, 2023. The increase was due primarily to an increase of $168.5 million in retained earnings and a reduction of $73.2 million in accumulated other comprehensive loss, partially offset by a $75.3 million increase in treasury stock largely due to common stock repurchases. See "Note 15 - Shareholders' Equity" in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" for details of accumulated comprehensive loss.

Regulatory Capital

The Corporation and its wholly-owned subsidiary bank, Fulton Bank, are subject to the Capital Rules administered by banking regulators. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can trigger certain actions by regulators that could have a material effect on the Corporation's financial statements.

The Capital Rules require the Corporation and Fulton Bank to:

•Meet a minimum Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.50% of risk-weighted assets;

•Meet a minimum Tier 1 Leverage capital ratio of 4.00% of average assets;

•Meet a minimum Total capital ratio of 8.00% of risk-weighted assets and a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.00% of risk-weighted assets;

•Maintain a "capital conservation buffer" of 2.50% above the minimum risk-based capital requirements, which must be maintained to avoid restrictions on capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments; and

•Comply with a revised definition of capital to improve the ability of regulatory capital instruments to absorb losses. Certain non-qualifying capital instruments, including cumulative preferred stock and TruPS, are excluded as a component of Tier 1 capital for institutions of the Corporation's size.

As of December 31, 2023, the Corporation's capital levels met the minimum capital requirements, including the capital conservation buffers, as prescribed in the Capital Rules.

As of December 31, 2023, Fulton Bank met the well-capitalized requirements under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well-capitalized, a bank must maintain minimum Total risk-based, Tier I risk-based, Common Equity Tier I risk-based and Tier I leverage ratios as set forth in the Capital Rules. There were no other conditions or events since December 31, 2023 that management believes have changed the Corporation's capital categories.

The following table summarizes the Corporation's capital ratios in comparison to regulatory requirements:

Total Risk-Based Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) 14.0% 13.6% 8.0% 10.5%

Tier I Risk-Based Capital (to Risk-Weighted Assets) 11.2% 10.9% 6.0% 8.5%

Common Equity Tier I (to Risk-Weighted Assets) 10.3% 10.0% 4.5% 7.0%

Tier I Leverage Capital (to Average Assets) 9.5% 9.5% 4.0% 4.0%

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Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Corporation has various financial obligations that require future cash payments. These obligations include payments for liabilities recorded on the Corporation's consolidated balance sheets as well as contractual obligations for purchased services.

Contractual purchase obligations to third parties that were fixed and determinable of approximately $125 million and $93 million at December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, include information technology, telecommunication and data processing outsourcing contracts. The increase is primarily due to the renewals of large multi-year contracts.

The Corporation is a party to financial instruments with OBS risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby and commercial letters of credit, which involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk that are not recognized on the consolidated balance sheets. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to guarantee the financial or performance obligation of a customer to a third party. Commercial letters of credit are conditional commitments issued to facilitate foreign or domestic trade transactions for customers. Commitments and standby and commercial letters of credit do not necessarily represent future cash needs, as they may expire without being drawn.

The following table presents the Corporation's commitments to extend credit and letters of credit as of December 31, 2023 (dollars in thousands):

Commercial and industrial $ 4,929,981

Real estate - commercial mortgage and real estate - construction 1,867,830

Total commitments to extend credit $ 8,790,511

Standby letters of credit $ 264,440

Commercial letters of credit 67,396

Total letters of credit $ 331,836

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Market risk is the exposure to economic loss that arises from changes in the values of certain financial instruments. The types of market risk exposures generally faced by financial institutions include interest rate risk, equity market price risk, debt security market price risk, foreign currency price risk and commodity price risk. Due to the nature of its operations, foreign currency price risk and commodity price risk are not significant to the Corporation.

Interest Rate Risk, Asset/Liability Management and Liquidity

Interest rate risk creates exposure in two primary areas. First, changes in rates have an impact on the Corporation's liquidity position and could affect its ability to meet obligations and continue to grow. Second, movements in interest rates can create fluctuations in the Corporation's net interest income and changes in its economic value of its equity.

The Corporation employs various management techniques to minimize its exposure to interest rate risk. The Corporation's ALCO is responsible for reviewing the interest rate sensitivity and liquidity positions of the Corporation, approving asset and liability management policies, and overseeing the formulation and implementation of strategies regarding balance sheet positions.

The Corporation uses two complementary methods to measure and manage interest rate risk. They are simulation of net interest income and estimates of economic value of equity. Using these measurements in tandem provides a reasonably comprehensive summary of the magnitude of the Corporation's interest rate risk, level of risk as time evolves, and exposure to changes in interest rates.

Simulation of net interest income is performed for the next 12-month period. A variety of interest rate scenarios are used to measure the effects of sudden and gradual movements upward and downward in the yield curve. These results are compared to the results obtained in a flat or unchanged interest rate scenario. Simulation of net interest income is used primarily to measure the Corporation's short-term earnings exposure to rate movements. The Corporation's policy limits the potential exposure of net interest income, in a non-parallel instantaneous shock, to 10% of the base case net interest income for a 100 bps shock in interest rates, 15% for a 200 bps shock, 20% for a 300 bps shock and 25% for a 400 bps shock. A "shock" is an immediate upward or downward movement of interest rates. The shocks do not take into account changes in customer behavior that could result in changes to mix and/or volumes in the balance sheet, nor does it take into account the potential effects of competition on the pricing of deposits and loans over the forward 12-month period.

Contractual maturities and repricing opportunities of loans are incorporated in the simulation model as are prepayment assumptions, maturity data and call options within the investment portfolio. Assumptions based on past experience are incorporated into the model for non-maturity deposit accounts. The assumptions used are inherently uncertain and, as a result, the model cannot precisely measure future net interest income or precisely predict the impact of fluctuations in market interest rates on net interest income. Actual results will differ from the model's simulated results due to timing, amount and frequency of interest rate changes as well as changes in market conditions and the application and timing of various management strategies.

The following table summarizes the expected impact of abrupt interest rate changes, i.e. a non-parallel instantaneous shock, on net interest income as of December 31, 2023:

(1) These results include the effect of implicit and explicit interest rate floors that limit further reduction in interest rates.

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Economic value of equity estimates the discounted present value of asset and liability cash flows. Discount rates are based upon market prices for like assets and liabilities. Abrupt changes or "shocks" in interest rates, both upward and downward, are used to determine the comparative effect of such interest rate movements relative to the unchanged environment. This measurement tool is used primarily to evaluate the longer-term repricing risks and options in the Corporation's balance sheet. The Corporation's policy limits the economic value of equity that may be at risk, in a non-parallel instantaneous shock, to 10% of the base case economic value of equity for a 100 bps shock in interest rates, 20% for a 200 bps shock, 30% for a 300 bps shock and 40% for a 400 bps shock. As of December 31, 2023, the Corporation was within economic value of equity policy limits for every 100 bps shock.

Interest Rate Derivatives

The Corporation enters into interest rate derivatives with certain qualifying commercial loan customers to meet their interest rate risk management needs. The Corporation simultaneously enters into interest rate derivatives with dealer counterparties, with identical notional amounts and terms. The net result of these interest rate derivatives is that the customer pays a fixed rate of interest and the Corporation receives a floating rate. These interest rate derivatives are derivative financial instruments, and the gross fair values are recorded in other assets and liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets, with changes in fair value during the period recorded in other non-interest income on the consolidated statements of income.

Cash Flow Hedges

The Corporation's objectives in using interest rate derivatives are to reduce volatility in net interest income and net interest expense and to manage its exposure to interest rate movements. To accomplish this objective, the Corporation primarily uses interest rate derivatives as part of its interest rate risk management strategy. The Corporation enters into interest rate derivatives designated as cash flow hedges to hedge the variable cash flows associated with existing floating rate loans and borrowings.

For derivatives designated and that qualify as cash flow hedges of interest rate risk, the unrealized gain or loss on the derivative is recorded in AOCI and subsequently reclassified into interest income or interest expense in the same period during which the hedged transaction affects earnings. Amounts reported in AOCI related to derivatives will be reclassified to interest income as interest payments are made on the Corporation's variable-rate liabilities.

In January 2023, the Corporation terminated interest rate derivatives designated as cash flow hedges with a combined notional amount of $1.0 billion. As the hedged transaction continues to be probable, the unrealized losses that have been recorded in AOCI will be recognized as reduction to interest income when the previously forecasted hedged item affects earnings in future periods. During 2023, $22.1 million of these unrealized losses have been reclassified as a reduction of interest income on loans, including fees, on the consolidated statements of income.

Liquidity

The Corporation must maintain a sufficient level of liquid assets to meet the cash needs of its customers, who, as depositors, may want to withdraw funds or who, as borrowers, need credit availability. Liquidity is provided on a continuous basis through scheduled and unscheduled principal and interest payments on investments and outstanding loans and through the availability of deposits and borrowings. The Corporation also maintains secondary sources that provide liquidity on a secured and unsecured basis to meet short- and long-term needs.

The Corporation maintains liquidity sources in the form of interest-bearing deposits and customer funding (short-term promissory notes). The Corporation can access additional liquidity from these sources, if necessary, by increasing the rates of interest paid on those instruments. The positive impact to liquidity resulting from paying higher interest rates could have a detrimental impact on NIM and net interest income if rates on interest-earning assets do not experience a proportionate increase. Borrowing availability with the FHLB and the FRB, along with federal funds lines at various correspondent banks, provides the Corporation with additional liquidity.

Fulton Bank is a member of the FHLB and has access to FHLB overnight and term credit facilities. As of December 31, 2023, the Bank had total borrowing capacity of approximately $8.2 billion with $3.3 billion of advances and letters of credit outstanding, for a remaining available borrowing capacity of approximately $4.9 billion. Advances from the FHLB, when utilized, are secured by qualifying commercial real estate and residential mortgage loans, investments and other assets.

As of December 31, 2023, the Corporation had aggregate federal funds lines borrowing capacity of $2.6 billion, with $0.2 billion of outstanding borrowings against that amount.As of December 31, 2023, the Corporation had $1.3 billion of

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collateralized borrowing capacity at the discount window and $1.9 billion of borrowing capacity at the Bank Term Funding Program facility with no amounts outstanding under these programs.

A combination of commercial real estate loans, commercial loans, consumer loans and securities are pledged to the FRB of Philadelphia to provide access to FRB discount window borrowings. Securities carried at $0.4 billion at December 31, 2023 and $1.1 billion at December 31, 2022 were pledged as collateral to secure public and trust deposits.

The Corporation has commitments to extend credit and letters of credit. As of December 31, 2023, the balance of commitments to extend credit was $8.8 billion and total letters of credit were $0.3 billion.

Liquidity must also be managed at the Parent Company level. For safety and soundness reasons, banking regulations limit the amount of cash that can be transferred from subsidiary banks to the parent company in the form of loans and dividends. Generally, these limitations are based on the subsidiary banks’ regulatory capital levels and their net income. Management continues to monitor the liquidity and capital needs of the Parent Company including monitoring the granularity of the deposit portfolio and level of uninsured deposits. Management will implement appropriate strategies, as necessary, to remain adequately capitalized and to meet its cash needs.

The consolidated statements of cash flows provide additional information. The Corporation's operating activities during 2023 generated $363.0 million of cash, mainly due to net income of $284.3 million. Cash used in investing activities was $809.2 million, primarily due to $1.1 billion net increase in loans. Net cash provided by financing activities was $314.0 million, due largely to the increases in time and brokered deposits, partially offset by decreases in demand and savings deposits and other borrowings.

The following table presents the expected maturities of government, state and municipal and corporate AFS investment securities, at estimated fair value, as of December 31, 2023 and the weighted average yields on such securities (calculated based on historical cost):

Maturing

Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield Amount Yield

Available for sale (dollars in thousands)

U.S. Government securities $ 42,161 2.40 % $ — — % $ — — % $ — — %

U.S. Government-sponsored agency securities — — 1,010 3.10 — — — —

(1) Weighted average yields on tax-exempt securities have been computed on a FTE basis assuming a federal tax rate of 21% and statutory interest expense

disallowances.

The Corporation's investment portfolio consists mainly of state and municipal securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities, corporate debt securities and collateralized mortgage obligations. Commercial mortgage-backed securities, residential mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations have stated maturities that may differ from actual maturities due to borrowers' ability to prepay obligations. Cash flows from such investments are dependent upon the performance of the underlying mortgage loans and are generally influenced by the level of interest rates. As rates increase, cash flows generally decrease as prepayments on the underlying mortgage loans decrease. As rates decrease, cash flows generally increase as prepayments increase.

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The following table presents AFS residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations, at estimated fair value, and HTM residential mortgage-backed securities and commercial mortgage-backed securities, at amortized cost, as of December 31, 2023, without stated maturities, including the weighted average yields and estimated weighted average lives based on prepayment speeds on such securities:

Weighted

Amount Yield Average Life

(dollars in thousands) (in years)

Available for sale

Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 196,795 2.79 % 6.6

Held to maturity

Residential mortgage-backed securities $ 407,075 2.01 % 6.6

The following table presents the contractual maturities of fixed rate loans and loan types subject to changes in interest rates as of December 31, 2023:

One Yearor Less OneThroughFive Years More ThanFive Years Total

(dollars in thousands)

Commercial and industrial:

Real estate - mortgage(1):

Real estate - construction:

Consumer, leases and other:

(1) Includes commercial and residential mortgages and home equity loans.

Contractual maturities of time deposits as of December 31, 2023 were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Year

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Contractual maturities of the portion of time deposits estimated to be in excess of the FDIC insurance limit as of December 31, 2023 included in the table above, were as follows (dollars in thousands):

Three months or less $ 46,709

Over three through six months 63,171

Over six through twelve months 65,705

Total uninsured deposits (excluding intra-Company deposits) were estimated to be $7.2 billion at December 31, 2023 compared with $7.8 billion at December 31, 2022.

Debt Security Market Price Risk

Debt security market price risk is the risk that changes in the values of debt securities, unrelated to interest rate changes, could have a material impact on the financial position or results of operations of the Corporation. The Corporation's debt security investments consist primarily of U.S. government-sponsored agency issued residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations; as well as, state and municipal securities and corporate debt securities. All of the Corporation's investments in residential mortgage-backed securities, commercial mortgage-backed securities and collateralized mortgage obligations have principal payments that are guaranteed by U.S. government-sponsored agencies.

State and Municipal Securities

As of December 31, 2023, the Corporation owned securities issued by various states and municipalities with a total fair value of $1.1 billion. Uncertainty with respect to the financial strength of state and municipal bond insurers places emphasis on the underlying strength of issuers. Pressure on local tax revenues of issuers due to adverse economic conditions could have an adverse impact on the underlying credit quality of issuers. The Corporation evaluates existing and potential holdings primarily based on the underlying creditworthiness of the issuing state or municipality and then, to a lesser extent, on any credit enhancement. State and municipal securities can be supported by the general obligation of the issuing state or municipality, allowing the securities to be repaid by any means available to the issuing state or municipality. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 100% of state and municipal securities were supported by the general obligation of corresponding states or municipalities. Approximately 74% of these securities were school district issuances, which are also supported by the states of the issuing municipalities.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(dollars in thousands, except per-share data)