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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and other information included elsewhere in this Annual Report. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to those differences include, but are not limited to, those identified below and those discussed in Part I, Item1A. "Risk Factors" and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” included elsewhere in this Annual Report. Additionally, our historical results are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected in any future period.

Overview

FTC Solar, Inc. (the “Company”, “we”, “our”, or “us”) was founded in 2017 and is incorporated in the state of Delaware. In April 2021, we completed an initial public offering ("IPO"), and our common stock began trading on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “FTCI”.

We are a global provider of solar tracker systems, supported by proprietary software and value-added engineering services. Solar tracker systems move solar panels throughout the day to maintain an optimal orientation relative to the sun, thereby increasing the amount of solar energy produced at a solar installation. Our original tracker system is currently marketed under the Voyager brand name (“Voyager”), which is our 2P single-axis tracker solution. In September 2022, we announced the introduction of Pioneer, our new 1P solar tracker solution. We have also launched a new mounting solution to support the installation and use of U.S.-manufactured thin-film modules by project owners and, in August 2023, we introduced SUNOPS, a cloud-based, tracker-agnostic solar asset monitoring solution allowing asset owners and managers to evaluate the operation and performance of their solar deployments. In addition, we have a team of renewable energy professionals available to assist our U.S. and worldwide clients in site layout, structural design, pile testing and other needs across the solar project development and construction cycle. The Company is headquartered in Austin, Texas, and has international subsidiaries in Australia, China, India and South Africa.

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act. Under the JOBS Act, we elected to use the allowed extended transition period to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

Key Factors Affecting Our Performance

Government Regulations. Changes in the U.S. trade environment, including the imposition of import tariffs, AD/CVD investigations and the UFLPA, which became effective in June 2022, can have an impact on the timing of developer projects. The UFLPA resulted in new rules for module importers and reviews by CBP. There is currently uncertainty in the market around achieving full compliance with UFLPA, whether related to sufficient traceability of materials or other factors. Escalating trade tensions, particularly between the United States and China, have led to increased tariffs and trade restrictions, including tariffs applicable to certain raw materials and components for our products. We have taken measures with the intention of mitigating the effect of tariffs and the impact of AD/CVD and UFLPA on our business by reducing our reliance on China and enhancing our U.S.-based supply chain, including through our investment in Alpha Steel, as described further in Note 3, "Equity method investment" included in our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. In 2019, 90% of our supply chain was sourced from China. As of December 31, 2023, we have qualified suppliers outside of China for certain of our commodities and we continue to work to reduce the extent to which our supply chain for U.S.-based projects is subject to existing tariffs. We have entered into partnerships with manufacturers based in the United States, Hong Kong, India, Mexico, Canada, Spain, Brazil, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Thailand, Vietnam and Korea to diversify our supply chain and optimize costs. On June 6, 2022, President Biden issued an Executive Order allowing U.S. solar deployers to import solar modules and cells from Cambodia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam free from certain duties for 24 months, along with other incentives designed to accelerate U.S. domestic production of clean energy technologies. However, on December 29, 2023, Auxin and Concept Clean Energy, Inc. filed suit in the U.S. Court of International Trade challenging the legal basis for the moratorium and implementing regulations. If the suit proves successful, solar module importers could owe retroactive duties on goods that have already cleared customs.

The most notable incentive program impacting our U.S. business has historically been the ITC for solar energy projects, which allows taxpayers to offset their U.S. federal income tax liability by a certain percentage of their cost basis in solar energy systems placed in service for commercial use. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Biden on August 16, 2022, expanded and extended the tax credits and other tax benefits available to solar energy projects and the solar energy supply chain. ITCs have been extended for such projects through at least 2032 and, depending on the location of a particular project and its ability to satisfy certain labor and domestic content requirements, the ITC percentage can range between 30% and 50%. U.S. manufacturers of specific solar components are now eligible to claim production tax credits as an alternative to the ITC. Implementing regulations for this law are, in certain cases, still being finalized and the impact of these regulations continue to be evaluated by developers of new solar projects and manufacturers of solar components. Our investment in and commitments made to Alpha Steel will allow us to obtain certain benefits as a result of this new production tax credit program. We believe this law will bolster and extend future demand for our products in the United States, however as the implementing regulations for this law are still being finalized, this creates uncertainty about the extent of its impact on our Company and the solar energy industry.

Disruptions in Transportation and Supply Chain. Our costs are affected by the costs of certain components and materials, such as steel, motors and micro-chips, as well as transportation costs. Current market conditions and international conflicts that constrain the supply of materials and disrupt the flow of materials from international vendors impact the cost of our products and services, along with overall rates of inflation in the global economy, which have been higher than pre-COVID 19 pandemic historical rates. Transportation costs, including ocean freight and U.S. domestic haul rates, increased at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic but have since returned to pre-pandemic rates. Domestic fuel prices, however, continue to be elevated compared to pre-pandemic rates. Additionally,

COVID-19 shutdowns in China during 2022 created a backlog of exports and increased demand for container shipments from China, but such shutdowns have since been eased by the Chinese government. These cost increases and decreases impact our operating margins. We have taken steps to expand and diversify our manufacturing partnerships and have adjusted our modes of transportation to mitigate the impact of headwinds that arise in the global supply chain and logistics markets. As an example, we have modified our ocean freight from previously using charter shipments to now using containerized shipments as costs in the container market began to decrease in 2022. We continue to monitor the logistics markets and will continue to evaluate our use of various modes of transportation when warranted to optimize our transportation costs. Additionally, from February 2022 to September 2023, we utilized a related-party consulting firm to support us in making improvements to our processes and performance in various areas, including design, sourcing, logistics, pricing, software and our distributed generation business. Further information may be found in Note 18 "Related party transactions" included in our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report with regard to the related-party consulting firm. We intend to maintain a sharp focus on our design-to-value initiative to continue to improve margins by reducing manufacturing and material costs of our products.

Megawatts ("MW") Produced and MW Shipped and Average Selling Price ("ASP"). The primary operating metrics we use to evaluate our sales performance and to track market acceptance of our products are the change in quantity of MW produced and MW shipped from period to period. MW are measured for each individual project and are calculated based on the expected output of that project once installed and fully operational. We also utilize metrics related to price and cost of goods sold per watt, including the change in ASP from period to period and cost per watt. ASP is calculated by dividing product and service revenue by total watts produced or shipped and product and service cost per watt is calculated by dividing product or service costs of goods sold by total watts produced or shipped. These metrics enable us to evaluate trends in pricing, manufacturing and logistics costs and profitability. Events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, global inflation rates and international conflicts have in the past impacted and may continue to impact the U.S. economy, global supply chains, and our business. These impacts can cause significant shipping delays and cost increases, as well as offsetting ASP increases, and also raise the price of inputs like steel and logistics, affecting our cost per watt.

Investment in technology and personnel. We invest in both the people and technology behind our products. We intend to continue making significant investments in the technology for our products and expansion of our patent portfolio to attract and retain customers, expand the capabilities and scope of our products, and enhance user experience. As an example, in August 2023, we introduced SUNOPS, a cloud-based, tracker-agnostic solar asset monitoring solution allowing asset owners and managers to evaluate the operation and performance of their solar deployments. We also intend over time to make significant investments to attract and retain employees in key positions, including sales leads, engineers, software developers, quality assurance personnel, supply chain personnel, product management, and operations personnel, to help us drive additional efficiencies across our marketplace and, in the case of sales leads, to continue to enhance and diversify our sales capabilities, including international expansion.

Impact of Climate Change. Climate change has primarily impacted our business operations by increasing demand for solar power generation and, as a result, for use of our products. While climate change has not resulted in any material negative impact to our operations to date, we recognize the risk of disruptions to our supply chain due to extreme weather events. This has led us to expand the diversity of our supplier base and to partner with more local suppliers to reduce shipping and transportation needs. We are also increasingly partnering with larger scale steel producers rather than smaller suppliers to facilitate scaling of our operations while remaining conscious of the environmental impacts of steel manufacturing as the regulatory landscape around these high-emitting industries evolves. An example of this strategy is our investment in Alpha Steel, a U.S.-based manufacturing partnership with Taihua, a leading steel fabricator.

We also attempt to mitigate the climate-related risks from the use of our products by designing our equipment and systems to have a high-slope tolerance and wind mitigation capabilities, while at the same time reducing the required foundation/pile count needed. This allows our trackers to be installed in increasingly hostile environments with minimal disturbance to the surrounding land.

Liquidity. See "Liquidity and Capital Resources" below for a discussion of the impact of the items above on our liquidity position.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net loss and adjusted earnings per share (“EPS”)

We utilize Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Loss, and Adjusted EPS as supplemental measures of our performance. We define Adjusted EBITDA as net loss plus (i) provision (benefit) for income taxes, (ii) interest expense, net, (iii) depreciation expense, (iv) amortization of intangibles, (v) stock-based compensation, (vi)

non-routine legal fees, certain severance and other costs (credits), and (vii) the loss from an unconsolidated subsidiary that was sold in 2021. We also deduct the contingent gains from the disposal of our investment in an unconsolidated subsidiary and the gain from extinguishment of our debt from net loss in arriving at Adjusted EBITDA. We define Adjusted Net Loss as net loss plus (i) amortization of debt issue costs and intangibles, (ii) stock-based compensation, (iii) non-routine legal fees, severance and certain other costs (credits), (iv) the loss from an unconsolidated subsidiary that was sold in 2021, and (v) the income tax expense (benefit) of those adjustments, if any. We also deduct the gains or add back the losses from the disposal of our investment in an unconsolidated subsidiary that was sold in 2021 and the gain from extinguishment of our debt from net loss in arriving at Adjusted Net Loss. Adjusted EPS is defined as Adjusted Net Loss on a per share basis using the weighted average diluted shares outstanding.

Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Loss, and Adjusted EPS are intended as supplemental measures of performance that are neither required by, nor presented in accordance with, U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). We present Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Loss and Adjusted EPS, because we believe they assist investors and analysts in comparing our performance across reporting periods on an ongoing basis by excluding items that we do not believe are indicative of our core operating performance. In addition, we use Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Loss and Adjusted EPS to evaluate the effectiveness of our business strategies.

Among other limitations, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Loss, and Adjusted EPS do not reflect (i) our cash expenditures, or future requirements, for capital expenditures or contractual commitments, and (ii) the impact of certain cash charges resulting from matters we consider not to be indicative of our ongoing operations. Further, the adjustments noted in Adjusted EBITDA do not reflect the impact of any income tax expense or benefit. Additionally, other companies in our industry may calculate Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Loss, and Adjusted EPS differently than we do, which limits its usefulness as a comparative measure.

Because of these limitations, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Net Loss, and Adjusted EPS should not be considered in isolation or as substitutes for performance measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, and you should not rely on any single financial measure to evaluate our business. These non-GAAP financial measures, when presented, are reconciled to the most closely applicable GAAP measure as disclosed below:

Year ended December 31,

Reconciling items -

Provision for (benefit from) income taxes (338 ) — 435 — 169 —

Amortization of debt issue costs in interest expense — 709 — 703 — 461

Gain on extinguishment of debt — — — — (790 ) (790 )

Loss from sold unconsolidated subsidiary(a) — — — — 354 354

U.S. GAAP net loss per share:

Diluted N/A $ (0.44 ) N/A $ (0.98 ) N/A $ (1.24 )

Adjusted Non-GAAP net loss per share (Adjusted EPS):

Diluted N/A $ (0.30 ) N/A $ (0.67 ) N/A $ (0.66 )

Weighted-average common shares outstanding:

(a) Our management excludes the gain in each year from periodic collections of contingent contractual amounts arising from the sale in 2021 of our investment in an unconsolidated subsidiary, as well as the gain from the 2021 sale, when evaluating our operating performance, along with the loss from operations of our unconsolidated subsidiary prior to the sale.

(b) Non-routine legal fees represent legal fees and other costs incurred for specific matters that were not ordinary or routine to the operations of the business.

(c) Severance costs were incurred due to restructuring changes involving executive turnover and headcount reduction events.

(d) Other costs in 2023 included the write-off of remaining prepaid costs resulting from termination of our consulting agreement with a related party, as described further in Note 18, "Related party transactions" in our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. Other costs in 2022 included certain amounts related to our acquisition of HX Tracker, costs attributable to settlement of stock-based compensation awards in 2022 resulting from our IPO, shareholder follow-on registration costs and other items pursuant to our IPO, write-off of deferred costs relating to certain uncompleted transactions and installment payments in both 2022 and 2021 relating to a 2021 CEO transition event. Other costs in 2021 also included consulting fees in connection with operations and finance.

Key Components of Our Results of Operations

The following discussion describes certain line items in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

Revenue

Revenue from the sale of our solar tracker systems and customized components of those systems is recognized over time, as work progresses, utilizing an input measure of progress determined by cost incurred to date relative to total expected cost on these projects to correlate with our performance in transferring control over the tracker systems and their components. Revenue from the sale of individual parts is recognized at a point in time as and when control transfers based on the terms of the contract. Revenue from sale of term-based software licenses is recognized upon transfer of control to the customer. Revenue for shipping and handling services is recognized over time based on progress in meeting shipping terms of the arrangements. Revenue for stand-alone engineering consulting and pile testing services is recognized at a point in time upon completion of the services performed. Subscription revenue, which is derived from our subscription-based enterprise licensing model, and support revenue, which is derived from ongoing security updates and maintenance, are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract.

Our customers include project developers, solar asset owners and EPC contractors that design and build solar energy projects. For each individual solar project, we enter into a contract with our customers covering the price, specifications, delivery dates and warranty for the products being purchased, among other things. Our contractual delivery period for our solar tracker systems and related parts can vary depending on size of the project and availability of vessels and other means of delivery. Contracts can range in value from tens of thousands to tens of millions of dollars.

Our revenue is affected by changes in the volume and ASP of our solar tracking systems purchased by our customers and volume of sales of software products and engineering services, among other things. The ASP of our solar tracker systems and volume of sales is driven by the supply of, and demand for, our products, changes in product mix, geographic mix of our customers, strength of competitors’ product offerings, tariff and import restrictions, supply chain issues and availability of government incentives to the end-users of our products. Additionally, our revenue may be impacted by seasonality due to cold weather, which can cause variability in site construction activity.

The vast majority of our revenue in the periods presented in this Annual Report was attributable to sales in the United States and Australia. Our revenue growth is dependent on continued growth in the number of solar tracker projects and engineering services we win in competitive bidding processes and growth in our software sales each year, as well as our ability to increase our market share in each of the geographies in which we currently compete, expand our global footprint to new emerging markets, grow our production capabilities to meet demand and continue to develop and introduce new and innovative products that address the changing technology and performance requirements of our customers, among other things.

Cost of revenue and gross profit (loss)

We subcontract with third-party manufacturers to manufacture and deliver our products directly to our customers. Our product costs are affected by the underlying cost of raw materials procured by these contract manufacturers, including steel and aluminum; component costs, including electric motors and gearboxes; technological innovation in manufacturing processes; and our ability to achieve economies of scale resulting in lower component costs. We do not currently hedge against changes in the price of raw materials, but we continue to explore opportunities to mitigate the risks of foreign currency and commodity fluctuations through the use of hedges and foreign exchange lines of credit. Some of these costs, primarily personnel, are not directly affected by sales volume.

We have made changes to our headcount over the last three years as we initially scaled up our business and, more recently, made adjustments at the end of 2022 and in August 2023 in response to current project activity levels. Our gross profit may vary period-to-period due to changes in our headcount, ASP, product costs, product mix, customer mix, geographical mix, shipping methods, warranty costs and seasonality. Pursuant to the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (the "CARES Act"), we received employee retention credits during 2021, which reduced the impact of personnel costs on our operating results during that year.

Operating expenses

Operating expenses consist of research and development expenses, selling and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses. Personnel-related costs are the most significant component of our operating expenses and include salaries, benefits, bonuses, commissions and stock-based compensation expenses.

We froze non-essential hiring during the latter part of 2022 and implemented reductions in our workforce at the end of 2022 and in August 2023, in response to regulatory and other issues that were negatively impacting our solar project activity levels. In addition, our operating costs have been impacted by (i) our level of research activities to originate, develop and enhance our products, (ii) our sales and marketing efforts as we expand our development activities in various parts of the world, and (iii) variations in legal and professional fees, compliance costs, insurance, facility costs and other costs associated with strategic changes in response to changing market conditions and other matters.

Results of Operations – 2023 Compared to 2022

Year ended December 31,

Revenue:

Cost of revenue:

Operating expenses

Interest expense, net (253 ) (0.2 %) (978 ) (0.8 %)

Loss from unconsolidated subsidiary (660 ) (0.5 %) — 0.0 %

(Provision for) benefit from income taxes 338 0.3 % (435 ) (0.4 %)

Revenue

We generate our revenue in two streams – Product revenue and Service revenue. Product revenue is derived from the sale of solar tracker systems and customized components for those systems, individual part sales for certain specific transactions and the sale of term-based software licenses. Service revenue includes revenue from shipping and handling services, engineering consulting and pile testing services, our subscription-based enterprise licensing model and maintenance and support services in connection with the term-based software licenses.

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2023 2022 $ Change % Change

Product revenue

The increase in product revenue in 2023, as compared to 2022, was primarily due to (i) an increase of 33% in MW produced as activity during the year ended December 31, 2022 was adversely impacted by regulatory issues involving the Solar Circumvention Investigation and the UFLPA, concerns about which have since eased to some extent in 2023 but still remain, and (ii) an increase of 17% in ASP as a result of improved project pricing. In addition, product revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 was negatively impacted by a customer concession charge of $2.0 million.

Although our 2023 production increased compared to 2022, our activity levels during the year ended December 31, 2023 continued to be constrained by recent customer project delays, as well as the regulatory issues described above.

Service revenue

The decrease in service revenue in 2023, as compared to 2022, primarily resulted from a decrease of 48% in the amount of MW delivered as a result of timing of project manufacturing completions, as well as a decrease of 22% in ASP as pricing has moderated in relation to lower transportation costs as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. In addition, service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 was negatively impacted by a customer concession charge of $3.0 million.

Cost of revenue and gross (loss) profit

Cost of revenue consists primarily of costs related to raw materials, freight and delivery, product warranty, and personnel costs (salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation). Personnel costs in cost of revenue include both direct labor costs as well as costs attributable to any individuals whose activities relate to the procurement, installment, and delivery of the finished product and services.

Gross profit may vary from period-to-period and is primarily affected by our ASP, product costs, product mix, customer mix, geographical mix, shipping method, logistics costs, warranty costs and potentially, seasonality.

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2023 2022 $ Change % Change

Gross profit (loss) percentage of revenue 6.5 % (22.1 %)

The decrease in cost of revenue in 2023, as compared to 2022, was primarily driven by (i) a decrease of 48% in shipping and logistics activity. While there was an increase of 33% in MW produced, the cost of MW produced decreased by 17% as a result of lower direct costs due to our design-to-value efforts, lower remediation and warranty costs, as well as reduced overhead spending due to the impact of other cost control efforts, including lower average headcount during the current period.

Our gross profit (loss) percentage of revenue for 2023 was a positive 6.5%, as compared to a negative 22.1% in 2022.

We had positive gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 largely due to (i) higher production activity (ii) a mix shift to higher margin product revenue, (iii) an increase of 17% in our product ASP, and lower direct costs due to our design-to-value efforts, lower remediation and warranty costs, as well as reduced overhead spending due to the impact of other costs control efforts, including lower average headcount during the current period.

We had negative gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2022 as a result of (i) production volumes that were not sufficient to cover certain relatively fixed overhead costs, (ii) our inability to recover certain increased logistics costs on fixed price contracts, and (iii) recognition of a $5.0 million customer concession during the period.

Research and development

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries, employee benefits, stock-based compensation expenses and travel expenses related to our engineers performing research and development activities to originate, develop and enhance our products. Additional expenses include consulting charges, component purchases and other costs for performing research and development on our software products.

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2023 2022 $ Change % Change

The decrease in research and development expenses in 2023, as compared to 2022, was primarily due to (i) lower spending of $1.0 million on lab activity and materials, (ii) $0.9 million of lower stock-based compensation expense largely attributable to award forfeitures from the reduction in force in August 2023, as well as the lower number of stock-based incentive compensation awards granted during the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, (iii) lower payroll-related costs of $0.7 million as a result of lower

average headcount, and, (iv) lower research facility costs of $0.2 million. Research and development expenses as a percentage of revenue were 5.6% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 8.1% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Selling and marketing

Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of salaries, employee benefits, stock-based compensation expenses and travel expenses related to our sales and marketing and business development personnel. Additionally, selling and marketing expenses include costs associated with professional fees and support charges for software subscriptions and licenses, trade shows and conventions.

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2023 2022 $ Change % Change

The increase in selling and marketing expenses in 2023, as compared to 2022, was primarily attributable to (i) higher provisions for uncollectible receivables totaling $6.2 million related mainly to charges in both periods associated with a specific customer account, (ii) higher payroll-related costs of $0.5 million largely from employee severance charges in 2023, and (iii) higher travel and professional costs of $0.4 million. This was partially offset by lower stock-based compensation of $1.2 million attributable to award forfeitures resulting from the reduction in force in August 2023 and a lower number of stock-based incentive compensation awards issued during the year ended December 31, 2023. Selling and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenue were 11.7% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 7.0% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

General and administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, employee benefits, stock-based compensation expenses, and travel expenses related to our executives, finance team, and administrative employees. It also consists of legal, consulting, and professional fees, rent and lease expenses pertaining to our headquarters and international offices, business insurance costs and other costs.

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2023 2022 $ Change % Change

The decrease in general and administrative expense in 2023, as compared to 2022, was primarily attributable to (i) lower legal fees and settlement costs of $7.9 million, primarily related to our December 2022 settlement of an outstanding legal matter which eliminated a large amount of legal fees and costs during 2023, as compared to 2022, (ii) $8.2 million of lower stock-based compensation expense related primarily to (a) forfeiture of awards in connection with the September 2023 termination of the Service Agreement with a related party as described further in Note 18, "Related party transactions" in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report, (b) forfeiture of awards in connection with our reduction in force in August 2023 and the departure of certain executive officers, effective December 2023, and (c) a lower number of stock-based incentive compensation awards in 2023 as compared to 2022, (iii) lower consulting and professional fees of $1.8 million, and (iv) $2.1 million of lower insurance costs. These decreases were partially offset by a $3.2 million write-off of remaining prepaid expense balances also associated with the termination of the Service Agreement with a related party as described in Note 18, as referenced above. In addition, higher severance costs during 2023 were mostly offset by headcount reductions and lower cash incentive compensation. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue were 29.2% for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to 43.7% for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Interest expense, net

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2023 2022 $ Change % Change

Interest expense for 2023 and 2022 totaled approximately $1.3 million and $1.4 million, respectively, and consisted primarily of commitment fees on our revolving credit facility with Barclays Bank that we entered into in April 2021, along with associated debt issue cost amortization and lender fees paid in connection with a June 2022 amendment to our revolving credit facility. Interest income earned on our cash equivalents in 2023 and 2022 totaled approximately $1.0 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Gain from disposal of investment in unconsolidated subsidiary

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2023 2022 $ Change % Change

We sold our interest in our unconsolidated subsidiary, Dimension Energy LLC ("Dimension"), on June 24, 2021. Dimension is a community solar developer based in Atlanta, Georgia that provides renewable energy solutions for local communities in the United States. The sales agreement with Dimension included an earnout provision which provides the potential to receive additional contingent consideration of up to approximately $14.0 million through December 2024, based on Dimension achieving certain performance milestones. The sales agreement also includes a projects escrow release which is an additional contingent consideration to receive $7 million based on Dimension’s completion of certain construction projects in progress at the time of the sale.

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we received escrow release payments of $1.3 million and $1.7 million, respectively, that were recognized in accordance with our policy election of recording such gains when realizable.

Loss from unconsolidated subsidiary

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2023 2022 $ Change % Change

Loss from unconsolidated subsidiary $ 660 $ — $ 660 N/A

The loss from unconsolidated subsidiary for 2023, represents our share of net operating losses incurred to date by Alpha Steel that are accounted for using the equity method.

Results of Operations – 2022 Compared to 2021

Year ended December 31,

Revenue:

Cost of revenue:

Operating expenses

Interest expense, net (978 ) (0.8 %) (814 ) (0.3 %)

Gain on extinguishment of debt — 0.0 % 790 0.3 %

Loss from unconsolidated subsidiary — 0.0 % (354 ) (0.1 %)

Provision for income taxes (435 ) (0.4 %) (169 ) (0.1 %)

Revenue

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2022 2021 $ Change % Change

Product revenue

The decrease in product revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, was primarily due to (i) a 56% decrease in MW produced, (ii) a decrease of approximately 35% in ASP, and (iii) a customer concession charge during the year ended December 31, 2022.

The decrease in MW produced was due to the impact of supply chain availability and concerns by project developers and owners over regulatory and tariff issues described below under "Liquidity and Capital Resources", which slowed or pushed out demand for our trackers in comparison to higher production levels for various large projects during the year ended December 31, 2021. We believe the regulatory concerns regarding module availability, among other things, slowed new and existing project activity during the year ended December 31, 2022, by pushing some activity out into 2023 and beyond. The decrease in ASP for our products was the result of a change in the mix of projects between the periods.

Service revenue

The increase in service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, was primarily due to increased shipping and logistics activity levels in 2022 resulting from high production activity in the fourth quarter of 2021, and an increase in ASP for shipping and logistics services due to higher pricing required to cover higher costs. During the year ended December 31, 2021, increases in shipping and logistics costs were not fully recoverable under existing contracts at that time. The differential between service revenue and costs during the year ended December 31, 2022, was largely due to a customer concession charge recorded against revenue during the first quarter of 2022 and higher warehousing costs for products in transit to customers.

Cost of revenue and gross (loss) profit

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2022 2021 $ Change % Change

Gross loss percentage of revenue (22.1 %) (12.0 %)

The decrease in cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022, as compared to the year ended December 31, 2021, was primarily driven by (i) a decrease of 56% in MW produced, and (ii) lower stock-based compensation cost as a result of accelerated vesting of stock-based awards following our IPO in 2021. This was partially offset by increases in shipping and logistics costs in 2022 based on higher logistics activity, as well as higher product costs due to project mix changes compared to last year and higher employee costs due to headcount increases.

Our gross profit (loss) percentage of revenue for 2022 was a negative 22.1%, as compared to a negative 12.0% in 2021. We had a gross margin loss in our products for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, as (i) 2022 volumes were not sufficient to cover certain relatively fixed overhead costs, and (ii) due to certain projects that were in a loss position during the year ended December 31, 2021, due to our inability to pass on significant cost increases to our customers on fixed price contracts. The decline in the gross profit (loss) percentage was largely due to a $5.0 million customer concession and lower production levels in relation to certain relatively fixed costs during the year ended December 31, 2022. This was partially offset by (i) an increase in shipping and logistics activity levels, as well as increased shipping and logistics revenue in order to cover increased costs, which improved our service margins, despite higher warehousing costs for product in transit to customers, and (ii) lower stock-based compensation costs.

Research and development

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2022 2021 $ Change % Change

The decrease in research and development expenses in 2022, as compared to 2021, was primarily attributable to $2.2 million of lower stock-based compensation expense as a result of accelerated vesting of stock-based awards following our IPO in 2021. This was partially offset by $0.4 million of higher personnel-related expenses due to higher headcount for much of 2022, as well as severance costs associated with our reduction in force in December 2022. Research and development expenses as a percentage of revenue were 8.1% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 4.3% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Selling and marketing

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2022 2021 $ Change % Change

The increase in selling and marketing expenses in 2022, as compared to 2021, was primarily attributable to higher provisions for uncollectible receivables totaling $1.3 million, as well as higher payroll, marketing and travel costs. Selling and marketing expenses as a percentage of revenue were 7.0% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 2.5% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

General and administrative

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2022 2021 $ Change % Change

The decrease in general and administrative expense in 2022, as compared to 2021, was primarily attributable to $34.3 million of lower stock-based compensation expense as a result of accelerated vesting of stock-based awards following our IPO in 2021. This was partially offset by (i) higher costs of $6.3 million for legal fees and settlement of litigation with FCX Solar, LLC in December 2022, (ii) higher payroll-related costs $2.8 million due to headcount increases, including costs associated with our December 2022 reduction in force, and (iii) higher insurance and other operating costs of $1.8 million primarily as a result of being a public company since April 2021. General and administrative expenses as a percentage of revenue were 43.7% for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to 28.1% for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Interest expense, net

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2022 2021 $ Change % Change

Interest expense primarily consists of commitment fees on our revolving credit facility with Barclays Bank that we entered into in April 2021, along with associated debt issue cost amortization and lender fees paid in connection with a June 2022 amendment to our revolving credit facility. Interest income earned on our cash equivalents during the year ended December 31, 2022, totaled approximately $0.4 million.

Gain from disposal of investment in unconsolidated subsidiary

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2022 2021 $ Change % Change

We sold our interest in our unconsolidated subsidiary, Dimension, on June 24, 2021, recognizing a gain of $20.8 million on the sale. Prior to the sale, we incurred an equity loss in 2021 of $0.4 million from our holding of this investment, which is reflected as a "Loss from unconsolidated subsidiary" in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received $1.7 million from escrow for subsequent completion of certain construction projects that were in progress at the time of the sale.

Gain (loss) on extinguishment of debt

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands) 2022 2021 $ Change % Change

Gain on extinguishment of debt $ — $ 790 $ (790 ) (100.0 %)

In January 2021, our Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP") loan that was received in April 2020 pursuant to the CARES Act, was forgiven, resulting in a gain on extinguishment of debt. The terms of the CARES Act provided for loan forgiveness if the proceeds were used to retain and pay employees and for other qualifying expenditures.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have incurred cumulative losses since inception and have a history of cash outflows from operations During the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, we used $240.0 million of cash in our operations, inclusive of $52.7 million utilized during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we had $25.2 million of cash on hand, $53.8 million of working capital and approximately $64.9 million of remaining capacity available for future sales of our common stock under our ATM program as defined and described further in Note 5, "ATM program" in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report. There can be no assurance that we will be able to sell any additional shares of our common stock under the ATM program and no assurance regarding the price at which we will be able to sell such shares, and any sales of our common stock under the ATM program may be at prices that result in additional dilution to our existing stockholders.

On December 22, 2023, we received notification from Nasdaq that we were not in compliance with the requirement to maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1), because the closing bid price of the Company’s common stock was below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. The notification does not impact the listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market at this time.

In accordance with Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A), we have a period of 180 calendar days from the date of notification, or until June 19, 2024, to regain compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. During this period, our common stock will continue to trade on the Nasdaq Global Market. If at any time before June 19, 2024 the bid price of our common stock closes at or above $1.00 per share for a minimum of ten consecutive business days, Nasdaq will provide written notification that we have achieved compliance with this minimum bid price requirement.

In the event we do not regain compliance by June 19, 2024, we may be eligible for an additional 180 calendar day compliance period to demonstrate compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. To qualify for the additional 180-day period, we may be required to meet the continued listing requirements for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards (with the exception of the bid price requirement) and transfer our listing to the Nasdaq Capital Market. In addition, we will need to provide written notice to Nasdaq of our intention to cure the deficiency during the second compliance period by effecting a reverse stock split, if necessary. If we do not qualify for the second compliance period or fail to regain compliance during the second 180-day period, then Nasdaq will notify us that our common stock is subject to delisting.

As of December 31, 2023, we were not in compliance with the minimum liquidity covenant in our existing Senior Secured Revolving Credit Facility (the "Credit Facility") which currently prevents us from borrowing under the Credit Facility. The Credit Facility will terminate on April 30, 2024, unless earlier extended or replaced.

Also, as of December 31, 2023, we had a material contractual obligation that could require us to make additional capital contributions of up to $2.6 million to Alpha Steel, as described further in Note 3, "Equity method investment" in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

2023, we utilized a related-party consulting firm to support us in making improvements to our processes and performance in various areas, including design, sourcing, logistics, pricing, software and our distributed generation business.

We also took steps in 2022 and 2023, and continue to evaluate our opportunities in 2024, to address existing market challenges, our cost structure and our historical use of cash. Further, we recently launched Pioneer, a 1P solar tracker solution, and introduced a new mounting solution to support the installation and use of U.S.-manufactured thin-film modules. Additionally, as noted above, we have seen improvements in the logistics markets and easing of supply chain constraints beginning in 2022. These factors have contributed to us having positive gross profit during each quarter in 2023, a first since our IPO in April 2021.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 205-40, Going Concern, we have evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, which raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date our consolidated financial statements are issued.

Management believes that our existing cash on hand, as well as the continuing impact of certain of the actions described above and our expectations of (i) improved market conditions, (ii) the expected timing of customer project activity, including activity related to certain large project awards received in 2023, and (iii) positive results from our efforts to increase gross margins, will allow us to grow profitably and generate positive cash flow from operations during the next twelve months in amounts that will be sufficient, along with our other available resources such as our existing working capital and remaining capacity available for future sales of our common stock under our ATM program, to fund our operations for at least one year from the date of issuance of these consolidated financial statements.

While there are already many underlying drivers of growth in the solar industry, the expected positive impact on demand for our products, or the timing of construction activity by existing customers and solar project developers, could take longer than expected to occur. In addition, domestic and international market conditions could deteriorate significantly from what we currently expect, and regulatory and international trade policies could become more stringent as a result of (i) findings from the Solar Circumvention Investigation, (ii) CBP's enforcement of the UFLPA, and (iii) other factors, which may result in a need for us to issue additional debt or obtain new equity financing to adequately fund our existing operations beyond the next twelve months. We continue to actively explore options to obtain additional sources of capital through the issuance of new debt, asset financing or other potential measures for our longer-term needs. However, we may be unable to obtain any desired additional financing on terms favorable to us, or at all, depending on market and other conditions, which could result in curtailment of our current operations and our ability to further invest in our products and new technology. The ability to raise additional financing depends on numerous factors, some of which that are outside of our control, including macroeconomic factors such as the impact of inflation, the level of interest rates, supply chain or other effects from the ongoing conflicts in the Ukraine and the Middle East, general market conditions, the health of financial institutions (including the recent bankruptcy of certain regional banks and related impacts that have occurred and continue to occur in the banking industry), investors' and lenders' assessments of our prospects and the prospects of the solar industry in general and the ability of our common stock to continue to trade in active markets.

Statements of cash flows

Our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities were as follows:

Year ended December 31,

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (397 ) (4,247 ) 21,307

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (47 ) 54 (10 )

Operating activities

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we used approximately $27.0 million of cash to fund a portion of our expenditures for personnel and facilities, legal and professional fees, insurance, research and development and various other operating activities. This compares to approximately $63.3 million used in 2022 to fund (i) losses on certain of our projects, largely related to increased material and logistics costs due to supply chain disruptions since 2021 that were not fully recoverable, and (ii) expenditures for various operating activities. Economic conditions during 2022 and 2021 caused our industry to experience rapid commodity price increases and significant increases in transportation costs which negatively impacted our margins and thus our cash flow from operations. Additionally, the

level of project activity significantly decreased in 2022 due to concerns by project developers and owners over regulatory and tariff issues, including AD/CVD and WROs pursuant to UFLPA.

We also used over $25.7 million of cash in 2023 for increases in working capital and other items, primarily due to timing of customer receipts and payments and higher project activity levels, net of inventory utilization. In 2022, we generated $8.8 million of cash from reductions in working capital and other items, primarily customer receivables, due to lower project activity levels and from settlements with certain customers earlier in the year to collect past due receivables owed.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we used $57.3 million of cash to fund losses on certain of our projects, as well as for operating costs and expenses as we continued to expand our presence to additional countries. In addition, we used $75.6 million of cash to fund increases in working capital and other items largely related to increased project activity and making deposits to ensure steel capacity for our projects and to acquire inventory that had a longer lead time due to global market supply and logistics constraints. Our working capital at December 31, 2021, was also impacted by a slowdown in collections from a major customer during the latter part of 2021.

Investing activities

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we made an initial equity investment of $0.9 million in Alpha Steel, a manufacturing partnership with Taihua in which we hold a 45% interest. Pursuant to our agreement with Alpha Steel, we could be required to make up to $2.6 million in future additional capital contributions as Alpha Steel expands production. Additionally, we received $1.3 million of contingent payments from escrow in connection with the June 2021 sale of our equity interest in Dimension due to the subsequent completion of certain construction projects that were in progress at the time of the sale. We also spent approximately $0.8 million in 2023 for leasehold improvements, tooling, software, and new computer and IT equipment.

On June 14, 2022, we closed on the acquisition of HX Tracker for a total purchase price of $8.7 million consisting of cash and stock. Additionally, on July 1, 2022, we acquired certain assets from Standard Sun, Inc., constituting their pile testing and equipment installation business, for approximately $0.8 million. The cash portion of the purchase price for both businesses, totaled approximately $5.1 million.

Additionally, during 2022, we received net proceeds of $1.7 million from the sale of our equity investment in Dimension. This was partially offset by $1.0 million of cash paid for new lab equipment to be used for product testing, as well as new tooling, computer and IT equipment, nearly one-half of which was acquired during the latter part of 2021.

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we received net proceeds of $22.3 million from the sale of our equity investment in Dimension. This was partially offset by $1.0 million spent for new lab, computer and IT equipment.

Financing activities

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we began selling newly issued shares of our common stock in various daily transactions under our ATM program, receiving cash proceeds of $34.0 million. Offering costs associated with the sale of our common stock totaled $0.3 million. We also received proceeds from exercise of stock options totaling $0.2 million. This compares to proceeds received from exercise of stock options during 2022 of $0.9 million

During the year ended December 31, 2021, we received $235.2 million of proceeds, net of offering costs, from our IPO in April 2021. A portion of these proceeds, totaling $54.2 million, were subsequently used to purchase an aggregate of 4,455,384 shares of our common stock. We also repaid the outstanding balance on our revolving line of credit with Western Alliance Bank during 2021, totaling $1.0 million, after which this facility was closed and a new facility was entered into with various lenders, including Barclays Bank (see "Revolving credit facility" below). We also received cash from the exercise of stock options during 2021 totaling $0.3 million.

Revolving credit facility

On April 30, 2021, we entered into the Credit Facility with various lenders, including Barclays Bank PLC, as issuing lender, the swingline lender and as administrative agent. The Credit Facility has an initial three-year term expiring April 30, 2024 and is secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of our assets, subject to certain exclusions, and customary guarantees.

The Credit Facility, as amended, includes the following terms: (i) aggregate commitments of up to $100 million, (ii) borrowings bearing interest at (a) a secured overnight financing rate ("Term SOFR"), plus 3.25% per annum, or (b) an alternate base rate ("ABR") equal to the highest of (x) the Prime Rate, (y) the Federal Funds Rate, plus 0.50%,

or (z) Term SOFR plus 1.00%, (iii) initial commitment fees of 0.50% per annum; (iv) initial letter of credit fees of 3.25% per annum; and (v) other customary terms for a corporate revolving credit facility.

The Credit Facility also includes the following financial condition covenants that we are required to satisfy: (i) maintain a minimum liquidity limit of $125 million on the last business day of a quarter; (ii) maintain a 3.75 times leverage ratio; and (iii) maintain a 1.5 times interest coverage ratio. The leverage and interest coverage ratios are triggered if we achieve $50 million in adjusted EBITDA over a trailing twelve-month period, or upon our election if we have achieved positive adjusted EBITDA over a trailing twelve-month period. Once the leverage and interest coverage ratios are triggered the minimum liquidity limit will not be applicable. Minimum liquidity includes unrestricted cash plus the undrawn balance of the revolving credit facility. We were not in compliance with the minimum liquidity covenant as of December 31, 2023, which was the only financial condition covenant applicable to us at that date. As a result, we are currently unable to borrow under the Credit Facility.

We had no debt outstanding under our Credit Facility at December 31, 2023 and 2022. At December 31, 2023, we did have $1.9 million of letters of credit outstanding that were issued under the Credit Facility, resulting in unused and currently unavailable borrowing capacity at that date of $98.1 million.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported revenue and expenses during the period. Estimates are used for calculating the measure of progress of our solar tracker projects and deriving the standalone selling prices of the individual performance obligations when determining amounts to recognize for revenue, estimating allowances for credit losses and slow-moving and obsolete inventory, determining useful lives of long-lived assets and the estimated fair value of those assets for impairment assessments, and estimating the fair value of investments, stock compensation awards, warranty liabilities and federal and state taxes, including tax valuation allowances, as well as other contingencies. We base our estimates on historical experience and anticipated results, trends, and various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, including assumptions as to future events. Actual results could differ from those estimates due to risks and uncertainties. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows will be affected. We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to understanding our historical and future performance, as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates. Critical accounting policies and estimates are those that we consider the most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations because they require our most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effects of matters that are inherently uncertain.

We believe that the accounting policies described below involve a significant degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, we believe these are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our consolidated financial condition and results of operations. For further information, see Note 2 "Summary of significant accounting policies" included in our consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Revenue recognition

Our accounting policy on revenue recognition may be found in Note 2, "Summary of significant accounting policies" in our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Judgments and assumptions

The timing and amounts of revenue and cost of revenue recognition, as well as recording of related receivables and deferred revenue, is highly dependent on our identification of performance obligations in each contract and our estimates by contract of total project cost and our progress toward project completion as of each period end. Certain estimates are subject to factors outside of our control that may impact our suppliers and the global supply chain. As an example, we began to experience increases in steel prices and shipping and logistics costs, as well as delays in delivery of our products to customers during 2021, which negatively impacted our results of operations as we were not able to recover all of the additional costs under certain of our fixed fee contracts. In addition, regulatory, tariff and import concerns such as those caused by the UFLPA and the Solar Circumvention Investigation have in the past, and may continue to, affect our ability to obtain project materials and may delay the timing of customer project activity which has had in the past, and may continue to have, an adverse impact on our results of operations, including the expected timing of the recognition of revenue needed to cover our relatively fixed overhead costs. We base our estimates on the best information available at each period end, but future events and their effects cannot be determined with certainty, and actual results could differ materially from our assumptions and estimates.

Accounts receivable, net

Our accounting policy relating to our accounts receivable and allowance for credit losses may be found in Note 2, "Summary of significant accounting policies" in our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

We adopted Accounting Standard Update ("ASU") No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments effective January 1, 2023. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we utilized the incurred loss model in estimating our allowance for doubtful accounts.

Judgments and assumptions

The allowance for credit losses is based on the lifetime expected credit loss of our customer accounts. To assess the lifetime expected credit loss, we utilize a loss rate method that takes into consideration historical experience and certain other factors, as appropriate, such as credit quality and current economic or other conditions that may affect a customer's ability to pay. This method accelerates the recognition of expected credit losses as compared to the incurred loss model used in 2022 and 2021 and may result in material differences between our estimates and actual collection results. We may also have greater fluctuations in our credit loss expense over time based on changes in our historical experience or changes in estimates of future economic conditions which may not adequately reflect future actual customer payment activity.

Adjustments to our allowance for doubtful accounts in 2022 and 2021 were made through bad debt expense when changes in customer credit risk or a customer's expected ability to pay amounts previously invoiced occurred and through write-off of uncollectible receivables.

As part of our regular periodic assessments of credit loss exposure, we recognized an additional $6.2 million of credit loss expense during 2023 as compared to bad debt expense recognized in 2022, primarily due to a specific customer.

Warranty

Our accounting policy relating to our warranty obligations may be found in Note 2, "Summary of significant accounting policies" in our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Judgments and assumptions

We base our estimated warranty obligations on available industry data relating to the nature and frequency of product failure rates and, where possible, on our historical experience, to make estimates of costs to address future claims. These estimates are inherently uncertain given our relatively short history of sales, and changes to our historical or projected warranty experience or fluctuations in available industry data may result in material changes to our warranty reserves in the future. Additionally, we make estimates of what costs we believe will be recoverable from the manufacturers of our products that we use to offset our obligations to our customers.

While we periodically monitor our warranty activities and claims, if actual costs incurred were to be different from our estimates, we would recognize adjustments to our warranty reserves in the period in which those differences arise or are identified. Such adjustments could be material to our results of operations in the period the adjustments are made.

Costs recognized for warranties issued during each of the three years ended December 31, 2023, as well as other activity in our warranty accruals, may be found in Note 13, "Accrued expenses and other current liabilities" in our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Stock-based compensation

Our accounting policy relating to stock-based compensation may be found in Note 2, "Summary of significant accounting policies" in our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Judgments and assumptions

The Black-Scholes model relies on various assumptions, in addition to the exercise price of our options and the value of our common stock on the date of grant. These assumptions include:

Expected Term: The expected term represents the period that the Company’s stock-based awards are expected to be outstanding and is calculated as the average of the option vesting and contractual terms, based on the simplified method, as we do not have sufficient historical exercise data to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term for options granted. The simplified method deems the term to be the average of the time-to-vesting and the contractual life of the options. The contractual life of an option may be up to 10 years.

Expected Volatility: Since the Company did not have a trading history of its common stock prior to our IPO and since such trading history subsequent to our IPO is limited and may be less than the expected term of an award, the expected volatility is derived from the average historical stock volatilities of several public companies within the Company’s industry that it considers to be comparable to its business over a period equivalent to the expected term of the stock option grants.

Risk-Free-Interest-Rate: The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equivalent to the expected term.

Expected Dividend: The Company has not issued any dividends in its history and does not expect to issue dividends over the life of the options and, therefore, has estimated the dividend yield to be zero.

We used Monte Carlo simulations for certain awards granted with market conditions which provided an estimated average present value for each award based on a simulation assuming Geometric Brownian Motion in a risk-neutral framework using 100,000 simulation paths to determine the derived service and vesting periods.

Our use of the simplified method for estimating the expected outstanding term our options may differ significantly from future actual exercise patterns of our option holders. Estimates of the outstanding term our options that are less than the actual exercise patterns of our option holders, may result in lower recognized expense. Alternatively, our recognized expense may be higher if our option holders exercise their options sooner than our estimates project.

Similarly, our use of a volatility estimate based on historical stock volatilities of a peer group of other public companies may differ significantly from the actual future volatility of our stock over the term options are held. Higher estimated volatility compared to future actual results may result in higher recognized expense and alternatively, lower expected volatility compared to future actual results may result in lower recognized expense.

Changes to any of any of our assumptions, but particularly our estimates of expected term and volatility, could change the fair value of our options and impact the amount of stock-based compensation expense we report each period.

Impairment

Our accounting policies relating to impairment of our long-lived assets held for use, including intangible assets, and of goodwill may be found in Note 2, "Summary of significant accounting policies" in our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report.

Judgments and assumptions

Key judgments and assumptions involving our assessment of impairment of our long-lived and intangible assets, as well as goodwill, may include:

•

Determination of whether events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our long-lived and intangible assets or goodwill might be impaired. Such factors to consider may include an evaluation of changes in the business or regulatory climate, market conditions or other events impacting our operations;

•

Estimating future cash flows of our long-lived assets or asset groups and intangible assets, which may involve assumptions as to the lowest level of our assets at which cash flows are generated, including future growth and risk-adjusted discount rates, as well as a terminal growth rate or value and future market conditions;

•

Estimates of assumptions a market participant would use in determining the fair value of the affected long-lived and intangible assets or asset groups; and

•

Estimating the fair value of the consolidated company.

In estimating the fair value of the consolidated company, we used our market capitalization based on our closing stock price on the Nasdaq Global Market at December 31, 2023. Our daily closing stock price is affected by numerous factors, some of which may not directly involve the operations of the company, and, historically, has demonstrated high volatility.

Other than writing off certain prepaid costs relating to a contract termination with a related party and deferred costs relating to uncompleted transactions, we did not identify any impairments of our long-lived assets, intangible assets or goodwill during the three-year period ended December 31, 2023.

JOBS Act accounting election

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the JOBS Act. Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We elected to use the allowed extended transition period for adopting new or revised accounting standards.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Fair value of financial instruments

Our financial instruments consist of cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and debt obligations, if any. Cash, cash equivalents, accounts receivable and accounts payable are stated at their carrying value, which approximates fair value due to the short time to the expected receipt or payment date. The carrying values of debt obligations bearing variable rates of interest, if any, are also considered to approximate fair value due to applicable interest rates resetting to market rates periodically. The fair value of our fixed-rate debt obligations, if any, will be impacted by changes in market rates for similar debt subsequent to our initial borrowings.

We had $25.2 million of cash and cash equivalents on hand, the vast majority of which was located in the United States, and no debt outstanding at December 31, 2023.

We have no other financial instruments at December 31, 2023 and 2022, other than certain non-functional currency intercompany and third-party receivables and payables, which are subject to foreign exchange, interest rate or market risks.

Concentrations of major customers

Our customers include project developers, solar asset owners and EPC contractors that design and build solar energy projects. We do not require collateral on our accounts receivables.

At December 31, 2023, four customers accounted for approximately 42%, 20%, 13% and 11%, respectively, of our total accounts receivable. At December 31, 2022, three customers accounted for approximately 55%, 15%, and 12%, respectively, of our total accounts receivable.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, four customers accounted for approximately 23%, 19%, 17% and 13%, respectively, of total revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2022, three customers accounted for approximately 23%, 20% and 11%, respectively, of total revenue. During the year ended December 31, 2021, three customers accounted for approximately 37%, 20% and 15%, respectively, of total revenue.

Further, our accounts receivables are from companies within or serving the solar industry and, as such, we are exposed to normal industry credit risks. We continually evaluate our reserves for potential credit losses and establish reserves for such losses.

Commodity Price Risk

We subcontract to various contract manufacturers, who manufacture and deliver products directly to our customers. We, therefore, do not procure raw materials and commodities directly. We are subject to indirect risk from fluctuating market prices of certain commodity raw materials, including steel and aluminum, which are used in our products, through our contract manufacturers, as increases in these commodity prices would increase our cost of procuring subcontracting services. Prices of these raw materials may be affected by supply restrictions or other market factors from time to time. Significant price increases for these raw materials could reduce our operating margins if we are unable to recover such increases in costs from our customers, and could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Page

Audited Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Balance Sheets 60

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss 61

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity 62

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 63

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 64

Note 1. Description of business 64

Note 2. Summary of significant accounting policies 64

Note 3. Equity method investment 74

Note 4. Reduction in force 74

Note 5. ATM program 75

Note 6. Accounts receivable, net 75

Note 7. Inventories, net 76

Note 8. Prepaid and other current assets 76

Note 9. Leases 77

Note 10. Property and equipment, net 77

Note 11. Intangible assets, net and goodwill 78

Note 13. Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 79

Note 14. Income taxes 80

Note 15. Commitments and contingencies 82

Note 16. Stockholders' equity 83

Note 17. Stock compensation and other employee benefit plans 84

Note 18. Related party transactions 86

Note 19. Net loss per share 87

Note 20. Fair value measurements 88

Note 21. Sale of investment in unconsolidated subsidiary 88

Note 22. Geographic and customer concentrations 89

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and Board of Directors

FTC Solar, Inc.

Austin, Texas

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of FTC Solar, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, changes in stockholders' equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ BDO USA, P.C.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2023.

Austin, Texas

March 15, 2024

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of FTC Solar, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the consolidated balance sheet of FTC Solar, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2022, and the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, of changes in stockholders' equity and of cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, including the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Emphasis of Matter

As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has incurred cumulative losses since inception and has a history of cash outflows from operations. Management’s evaluation of the events and conditions and management’s plans to mitigate these matters are also described in Note 2.

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Austin, Texas

February 28, 2023

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2020 to 2023.

FTC Solar, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

ASSETS

Current assets

Operating lease right-of-use assets 1,819 1,154

Equity method investment 240 —

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Current liabilities

Income taxes payable 88 443

Operating lease liability, net of current portion 1,124 786

Other non-current liabilities 4,810 6,822

Commitments and contingencies (Note 15)

Stockholders’ equity

Accumulated other comprehensive loss (293 ) (61 )

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 123,070 $ 134,398

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

FTC Solar, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

Year ended December 31,

(in thousands, except shares and per share data) 2023 2022 2021

Revenue:

Cost of revenue:

Operating expenses

Gain from disposal of investment in unconsolidated subsidiary 1,319 1,745 20,829

Gain on extinguishment of debt — — 790

Loss from unconsolidated subsidiary (660 ) — (354 )

(Provision for) benefit from income taxes 338 (435 ) (169 )

Other comprehensive income (loss):

Foreign currency translation adjustments (232 ) (68 ) 10

Net loss per share:

Basic and diluted $ (0.44 ) $ (0.98 ) $ (1.24 )

Weighted-average common shares outstanding:

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

FTC Solar, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity

Preferred stock Common stock Treasury stock

Acquisition of treasury stock — — (865,900 ) — 865,900 — — — — —

Impact of stock split — — — 6 — — (6 ) — — —

Deferred offering costs — — — — — — (7,088 ) — — (7,088 )

Stock-based compensation — — — — — — 61,765 — — 61,765

Other comprehensive income — — — — — — — 10 — 10

Shares issued for HX Tracker acquisition — — 1,000,000 — — — 4,370 — — 4,370

Stock-based compensation — — — — — — 13,930 — — 13,930

Other comprehensive loss — — — — — — — (68 ) — (68 )

Stock offering costs — — — — — — (297 ) — — (297 )

Shares acquired and retired — — (312,500 ) — — — — — — —

Stock-based compensation — — — — — — 5,746 — — 5,746

Other comprehensive loss — — — — — — — (232 ) — (232 )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

FTC Solar, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Year ended December 31,

Cash flows from operating activities

Adjustments to reconcile net loss to cash used in operating activities:

(Gain) loss from sale of property and equipment (2 ) 183 —

Provision for litigation settlement — 4,493 —

Provision for obsolete and slow-moving inventory 706 1,813 90

Loss from unconsolidated subsidiary 660 — 354

Gain on extinguishment of debt — — (790 )

Warranty recoverable from manufacturer 90 (302 ) (928 )

Credit losses and bad debt expense (credit) 7,373 1,159 (91 )

Deferred income taxes 138 (135 ) —

Impact on cash from changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Lease payments and other, net (972 ) (493 ) (393 )

Cash flows from investing activities:

Purchases of property and equipment (816 ) (985 ) (1,025 )

Proceeds from sale of property and equipment — 86 —

Equity method investment in Alpha Steel (900 ) — —

Acquisitions, net of cash acquired — (5,093 ) —

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (397 ) (4,247 ) 21,307

Cash flows from financing activities:

Repayments of borrowings — — (1,000 )

Repurchase and retirement of common stock held by related parties — — (54,155 )

Sale of common stock 34,007 — —

Stock offering costs paid (283 ) — (5,948 )

Proceeds from stock issuance — — 241,155

Proceeds from stock option exercises 226 903 317

Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents (47 ) 54 (10 )

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:

Stock issued for accrued legal settlement $ 2,000 $ — $ —

Cash paid during the period for third party interest $ 576 $ 784 $ 254

Cash paid during the period for related party interest $ — $ — $ 207

Cash paid during the period for taxes, net of refunds $ 177 $ 123 $ 76

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

FTC Solar, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2023

Note 1. Description of business

We are a global provider of solar tracker systems, supported by proprietary software and value-added engineering services. Solar tracker systems move solar panels throughout the day to maintain an optimal orientation relative to the sun, thereby increasing the amount of solar energy produced at a solar installation. Our original tracker system is currently marketed under the Voyager brand name (“Voyager”), which is our two-panel in-portrait ("2P") single-axis tracker solution. In September 2022, we announced the introduction of Pioneer, our new one module-in-portrait ("1P") solar tracker solution, which became certified in 2023. We have also launched a new mounting solution to support the installation and use of U.S.-manufactured thin-film modules by project owners and, in August 2023, we introduced SUNOPS, a cloud-based, tracker-agnostic solar asset monitoring solution allowing asset owners and managers to evaluate the operation and performance of their solar deployments. In addition, we have a team of renewable energy professionals available to assist our U.S. and worldwide clients in site layout, structural design, pile testing and other needs across the solar project development and construction cycle. The Company is headquartered in Austin, Texas, and has international subsidiaries in Australia, China, India and South Africa.

Note 2. Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of presentation and principles of consolidation

These consolidated financial statements include the results of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries and have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

We will consolidate a Variable Interest Entity ("VIE") where it has been determined that we are the primary beneficiary of the entity's operations. The primary beneficiary is the party that has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. In evaluating whether we are the primary beneficiary, we will evaluate our power to direct the most significant activities of the VIE by considering the purpose and design of the entity and the risks the entity was designed to create and pass through to its variable interest holders. We also will evaluate our economic interests in the VIE.

We currently operate in one business segment, the manufacturing and servicing of solar tracker systems.

Liquidity

We have incurred cumulative losses since inception and have a history of cash outflows from operations, inclusive of $52.7 million in cash utilized for our operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we had $25.2 million of cash on hand, $53.8 million of working capital and approximately $64.9 million of remaining capacity available for future sales of our common stock under our ATM program as defined and described further in Note 5 below. There can be no assurance that we will be able to sell any additional shares of our common stock under the ATM program and no assurance regarding the price at which we will be able to sell such shares, and any sales of our common stock under the ATM program may be at prices that result in additional dilution to our existing stockholders.

On December 22, 2023, we received notification from The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC (“Nasdaq”) that we were not in compliance with the requirement to maintain a minimum closing bid price of $1.00 per share, as set forth in Nasdaq Listing Rule 5450(a)(1), because the closing bid price of the Company’s common stock was below $1.00 per share for 30 consecutive business days. The notification does not impact the listing of our common stock on the Nasdaq Global Market at this time.

The most notable incentive program impacting our U.S. business has historically been the investment tax credit ("ITC") for solar energy projects, which allows taxpayers to offset their U.S. federal income tax liability by a certain percentage of their cost basis in solar energy systems placed in service for commercial use. The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Biden on August 16, 2022, expanded and extended the tax credits and other tax benefits available to solar energy projects and the solar energy supply chain. ITCs have been extended for such projects through at least 2032 and, depending on the location of a particular project and its ability to satisfy certain labor and domestic content requirements, the ITC percentage can range between 30% and 50%. U.S. manufacturers of specific solar components are now eligible to claim production tax credits as an alternative to the ITC. Implementing regulations for this law are, in certain cases, still being finalized and the impact of these regulations continue to be evaluated by developers of new solar projects and manufacturers of solar components. Our investment in and commitments made to Alpha Steel will allow us to obtain certain benefits as a result of this new production tax credit program.

We have taken steps to expand and diversify our manufacturing partnerships and have adjusted our modes of transportation to mitigate the impact of headwinds that might arise in the global supply chain and logistics markets. As an example, we modified our ocean freight from previously using charter shipments to now using containerized shipments as costs in the container market began to decrease in 2022 after having risen at the beginning of the COVID 19 pandemic. We continue to monitor the logistics markets and will continue to evaluate our use of various modes of transportation when warranted to optimize our transportation costs. Additionally, from February 2022 to September 2023, we utilized a related-party consulting firm to support us in making improvements to our processes and performance in various areas, including design, sourcing, logistics, pricing, software and our distributed generation business. For further information regarding this consulting firm, see "Note 18. Related party transactions" below.

Use of estimates

Cash and cash equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Certain of our cash equivalents include deposits in money market funds that invest primarily in short-term securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government or its agencies or instrumentalities and contain no restrictions on immediate redemption. Interest earned on cash equivalents is included in interest income, which is reported net of interest expense in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

Restricted cash

Cash balances that are legally, contractually or otherwise restricted as to withdrawal or usage are considered restricted cash. We had no restricted cash balances at either December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

Accounts receivable, net

Trade receivables are recorded at invoiced amounts, net of allowances for credit losses, and do not bear interest. We generally do not require collateral from our customers; however, in certain circumstances, we may require letters of credit, other collateral, additional guarantees or advance payments. The allowance for credit losses is based on the lifetime expected credit loss of our customer accounts. To assess the lifetime expected credit loss, we utilize a loss rate method that takes into consideration historical experience and certain other factors, as appropriate, such as credit quality and current economic or other conditions that may affect a customer's ability to pay.

Receivables arising from revenue recognized in excess of billings represents our unconditional right to consideration before customers are invoiced due to the level of progress obtained as of period end on our contracts to install solar tracker systems and related equipment. Further information may be found below in our revenue recognition policy.

Inventories, net

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with costs computed on a first-in, first-out basis. The Company periodically reviews its inventories for excess and obsolete items and adjusts carrying costs to estimated net realizable values when they are determined to be less than cost.

Leases

We make a determination whether a contract is a lease or contains a lease at the inception of the contract and will reassess that conclusion if the contract is modified. All leases are assessed for classification as an operating lease or a finance lease. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets are reflected on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. Operating lease liabilities are separated into a current portion, which is included in other current liabilities, and a noncurrent portion which is reflected separately on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheets. The Company does not have any finance lease ROU assets or liabilities.

ROU assets represent our right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent our obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company does not obtain and control its right to use the identified asset until the lease commencement date.

Our lease liabilities are recognized at the applicable lease commencement date based on the present value of the lease payments required to be paid over the lease term. Because the rate implicit in the lease is not readily determinable, we generally use our incremental borrowing rate to discount the lease payments to present value. The estimated incremental borrowing rate is derived from information available at the lease commencement date. We factor in publicly available data for instruments with similar characteristics when calculating our incremental borrowing rates. The Company's ROU assets are also recognized at the applicable lease commencement date. The ROU asset equals the carrying amount of the related lease liability, adjusted for any lease payments made prior to lease commencement and lease incentives provided by the lessor. Variable lease payments are expensed as incurred and do not factor into the measurement of the applicable ROU asset or lease liability.

The term of our leases equals the non-cancellable period of the lease, including any rent-free periods provided by the lessor, and also include options to renew or extend the lease (including by not terminating the lease) that we are reasonably certain to exercise. We establish the term of each lease at lease commencement and reassess that term in subsequent periods when one of the triggering events outlined in ASC 842 occurs. Our operating lease cost for the lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Our lease contracts often include lease and non-lease components. For facility leases, we elected the practical expedient offered by the standard to not separate lease from non-lease components and, therefore, account for them as a single lease component. For our other contracts that include leases, the Company accounts for the lease and non-lease components separately.

We have elected, for all classes of underlying assets, not to recognize ROU assets and lease liabilities for leases with a term of twelve months or less. Lease cost for short-term leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Property and equipment, net

Cost

Property and equipment are stated at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Maintenance and repair costs that do not extend the useful life or improve an asset, are expensed as incurred.

Third-party and internal personnel costs during the application development stage of software developed or obtained for internal use are capitalized. Costs incurred during the preliminary planning stage and post-implementation of new software systems projects, including data conversion and training costs, are expensed as incurred.

Depreciation

We depreciate our property and equipment using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives, which generally are as follows:

Category Depreciation period (in years)

Leasehold improvements 3

Field equipment 5

Information technology equipment 3

Tooling 3

Capitalized software 3

Impairment

We review our long-lived assets that are held for use for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable or that its useful life may be shorter than previously expected. If such impairment indicators are present or other factors exist that indicate the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable, we determine whether an impairment has occurred through the use of an undiscounted cash flow analysis of the asset at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows exist. If an impairment has occurred, we recognize a loss for the difference between the carrying amount and the fair value of the asset, which in most cases is estimated based upon Level 3 unobservable inputs. If the asset is determined to have a remaining useful life shorter than previously expected, an adjustment for the shorter remaining life will be made for purposes of recognizing future depreciation expense. Assets are classified as held for sale when we have a plan, approved by the appropriate levels of management, for disposal of such assets, as well as other considerations, and those assets are stated at the lower of carrying value or estimated fair value less estimated costs to sell.

Intangible assets, net

Intangible assets are recorded at fair value when acquired in connection with a business combination and consist of developed technology in the form of software tools, licenses, and intellectual property, which are amortized over the period of their estimated useful lives, generally 2.5 - 3.0 years, using the straight-line method. Costs incurred to renew or extend the term of a recognized intangible asset, if any, are expensed as incurred. We evaluate intangible assets for impairment using the method described above under "Impairment".

Goodwill

We recognize goodwill as the excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair value of the identified assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination accounted for using the acquisition method. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to a periodic assessment for impairment at least annually, or whenever events and circumstances indicate an impairment may exist. Our assessments may include qualitative factors such as current or expected industry and market conditions, our overall financial performance, share price trends, market capitalization and other company-specific events.

We operate in one segment, being the consolidated entity, which we have also determined is the reporting unit for goodwill impairment.

We determined that we had no impairment of our goodwill as of December 31, 2023.

Equity method investments

We use the equity method of accounting for investments in which we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but not control, over operating and financial policies of the investee. Our proportionate share of the net income or loss of these investees is included in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss. Judgment regarding the level of influence over each equity method investment includes considering key factors such as our ownership interest, legal form of the investee, representation on the board of directors or managers, participation in policy-making decisions and material intra-entity transactions.

We account for distributions received from equity method investees under the “nature of the distribution” approach based on the nature of the activity or activities of the investee that generated the distribution as either a return on investment (classified as cash inflows from operating activities) or a return of investment (classified as cash inflows from investing activities).

We evaluate equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the investment might not be recoverable. Factors considered by the Company when

reviewing an equity method investment for impairment include the length of time and the extent to which the fair value of the equity method investment has been less than its cost, the investee’s financial condition and near-term prospects and the intent and ability to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for anticipated recovery. An impairment that is other-than temporary is recognized in the period identified.

We made an accounting policy election that, upon the sale of our equity method investments, we will recognize contractual contingent gains arising from earnout provisions and project escrow releases when such amounts are realizable in periods subsequent to the disposal date.

Deferred costs

Debt issue costs

Legal, consulting, banking, accounting and other fees that are incremental and directly related to establishment of our revolving line of credit agreement have been capitalized and included as a component of other assets. These costs are being amortized to interest expense over the term of the revolving line of credit agreement on a straight-line basis. Debt discount and issue costs paid to lenders and third parties relating to outstanding debt, if any, are deferred and included as a reduction in the carrying amount of the debt. These deferred costs will be amortized as additional interest expense over the life of the debt using the interest method or on a straight-line basis, if not materially different.

Equity offering costs

Legal, consulting, banking, accounting and other fees that are incremental and directly related to anticipated equity offerings are capitalized as incurred and offset against proceeds received upon consummation of the offering as a component of additional paid-in capital. In the event an anticipated offering is terminated, such costs will be expensed.

Warranty

Typically, the sale of solar tracker projects includes parts warranties to customers as part of the overall price of the product. We provide standard assurance type warranties for our products for periods generally ranging from five to ten years. We also accrue for costs relating to remediation efforts involving product issues we believe require correction. We record a provision for estimated warranty and remediation expenses in cost of sales, net of amounts recoverable from manufacturers under their warranty obligations to us. When historical claims information relating to our equipment is not sufficient, we will base our estimates on industry studies involving the nature and frequency of product failure rates for similar parts used by our competitors, as well as other related businesses. We do not maintain general or unspecified reserves; all warranty reserves are related to specific projects. All actual or estimated material costs incurred for warranty or remediation services in subsequent periods are charged to those established reserves.

Stock-based compensation

We recognize compensation expense for all share-based payment awards made, including stock options and RSUs, based on the estimated fair value of the award on the grant date. We calculate the fair value of stock options using the Black-Scholes option pricing model for awards with service-based vesting or through use of a lattice model or a Monte Carlo simulation for stock option and RSU awards with market conditions. The fair value of RSUs with service or performance-based vesting is based on the estimated fair value of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. We consider the closing price of our stock, as reported on the Nasdaq Global Market, to be the fair value of our stock on the grant date.

The Black-Scholes model relies on various assumptions, in addition to the exercise price of the option and the value of our common stock on the date of grant. These assumptions include:

expected volatility is derived from the average historical stock volatilities of several public companies within the Company’s industry that it considers to be comparable to its business over a period equivalent to the expected term of the stock option grants.

Risk-Free-Interest-Rate: The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equivalent to the expected term.

Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. For service-based awards, stock-based compensation is recognized using the straight-line attribution approach over the requisite service period. For performance-based awards, stock-based compensation is recognized based on graded vesting over the requisite service period when the performance condition is probable of being achieved. Stock compensation expense for market-based awards is recognized over the derived service period determined in the valuation model, inclusive of any vesting conditions.

Income taxes

Pursuant to ASC 740, Accounting for Income Taxes, we use the asset and liability method for accounting for income taxes. Under this method, we recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the respective carrying amounts and tax basis of our assets and liabilities. Deferred tax balances are adjusted to reflect tax rates based on currently enacted tax laws, which will be in effect in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in the results of operations in the period of the enactment date.

We establish valuation allowances when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amounts expected to be realized. On a quarterly basis, we evaluate the need for, and the adequacy of, valuation allowances based on the expected realization of our deferred tax assets. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include our latest forecast of future taxable income, available tax planning strategies that could be implemented, reversal of taxable temporary differences and carryback potential to realize the net deferred tax assets.

We account for uncertain tax positions in accordance with authoritative guidance which prescribes a minimum recognition threshold a tax position is required to meet before being recognized in the financial statements. Our evaluations of tax positions consider various factors including, but not limited to, changes in tax law, the measurement of tax positions taken or expected to be taken in tax returns, the effective settlement of matters subject to audit, information obtained during in-process audit activities and changes in facts or circumstances related to a tax position. We accrue interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits as a component of income tax expense.

Functional currency

The reporting currency of the Company is the U.S. dollar. We determine the functional currency of each subsidiary in accordance with ASC 830, Foreign Currency Matters, based on the currency of the primary economic environment in which each subsidiary operates. We translate the assets and liabilities of our non-U.S. dollar functional currency subsidiaries into U.S. dollars using exchange rates in effect at the end of each period. Revenue and expenses for these subsidiaries are translated using rates that approximate those in effect during the period. Gains and losses from these translations are recognized as a cumulative translation adjustment in "Accumulated other comprehensive loss" in "Total stockholders’ equity" in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The Company remeasures monetary assets and liabilities that are not denominated in the functional currency at exchange rates in effect at the end of each period. Foreign currency gains or losses realized or from remeasurement are reflected in "Other expense, net" in our Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

Revenue recognition

Product revenue is derived from the sale of solar tracker systems and customized components for those systems, individual part sales for certain specific transactions and the sale of term-based software licenses. Term-based licensed software is deployed on the customers’ own servers and has significant standalone functionality.

Service revenue includes revenue from shipping and handling services, engineering consulting and pile testing services, our subscription-based enterprise licensing model and maintenance and support services in connection with the term-based software licenses. Our subscription-based enterprise licensing model typically has contract terms ranging from one to two years and consists of subscription fees from the licensing of subscription services. Our hosted on-demand service arrangements do not provide customers with the right to take possession of the software supporting the hosted services. Support services include ongoing security updates, upgrades, bug fixes, and maintenance.

We recognize revenue when promised goods or services are transferred to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods or services by following a five-step process: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation, as further described below.

Identify the contract with a customer: A contract with a customer exists when (i) the Company enters into an enforceable contract with a customer that defines each party’s rights regarding the products and services to be transferred and identifies the payment terms related to these products and services, (ii) the contract has commercial substance, and (iii) the Company determines that collection of substantially all consideration for products and services that are transferred is probable based on the customer’s intent and ability to pay the promised consideration. In assessing the recognition of revenue, we also evaluate whether two or more contracts should be combined and accounted for as one contract and if the combined or single contract should be accounted for as multiple performance obligations which could change the amount of revenue and profit (loss) recorded in a period. Change orders may include changes in specifications or design, manner of performance, equipment, materials, scope of work, and/or the period of completion of the project. We analyze change orders to determine if they should be accounted for as a modification to an existing contract or a new stand-alone contract.

Contracts we enter into with our customers for sale of solar tracker systems are generally under two different types of arrangements: (1) purchase agreements and equipment supply contracts (“Purchase Agreements”), and (2) sale of individual parts for those systems.

Change orders from our customers are generally modifications to existing contracts and are included in the total estimated contract revenue when it is probable that the change order will result in additional value that can be reliably estimated and realized.

Identify the performance obligations in the contract: We enter into contracts that can include various combinations of products and services, which are either capable of being distinct and accounted for as separate performance obligations or as one performance obligation since the majority of tasks and services are part of a single project or capability. However, determining whether products or services are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately versus together may sometimes require significant judgment.

Our Purchase Agreements typically include two performance obligations: 1) our solar tracker systems or customized components of those systems, and 2) shipping and handling services. The deliverables included as part of our solar tracker systems are predominantly accounted for as one performance obligation, as these deliverables are part of a combined promise to deliver a project.

The revenue for shipping and handling services will be recognized over time based on progress in meeting shipping terms of the arrangements, as this faithfully depicts the Company’s performance in transferring control. Revenue for stand-alone engineering consulting and pile testing services is recognized at a point in time upon completion of the services performed.

Sales of individual parts of our solar tracker systems for certain specific transactions include multiple performance obligations consisting of individual parts of those systems. Revenue is recognized for parts sales at a point in time when the obligations under the terms of the contract with our customer are satisfied. Generally, this occurs with the transfer of control of the asset, which is in line with shipping terms.

Determine the transaction price: The transaction price is determined based on the consideration to which we will be entitled in exchange for transferring services to the customer. Such amounts are typically stated in the customer contract, and to the extent that we identify variable consideration, we will estimate the variable consideration at the onset of the arrangement as long as it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved. The majority of our contracts do not contain variable consideration provisions as a continuation of the original contract. None of our contracts contain a significant financing component. Taxes collected from customers and remitted to governmental authorities are not included in revenue.

Allocate the transaction price to performance obligations in the contract: Once we have determined the transaction price, we allocate the total transaction price to each performance obligation in a manner depicting the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring the good(s) or service(s) to the customer. We allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation identified in the contract on a relative standalone selling price basis.

We use the expected cost-plus margin approach based on hardware, labor, and related overhead cost to estimate the standalone selling price of our solar tracker systems, customized components of those systems, and individual parts for certain specific transactions. We also use the expected cost-plus margin approach based on expected

third-party shipping and transportation costs to estimate the standalone selling price of our shipping, handling and logistics performance obligations. We use the adjusted market assessment approach for all other performance obligations.

Recognize revenue when or as the Company satisfies a performance obligation: For each performance obligation identified, we determine at contract inception whether we satisfy the performance obligation over time or at a point in time. The performance obligations in the contracts for our solar tracker systems and customized components of those systems are satisfied over time as work progresses, utilizing an input measure of progress determined by cost-to-cost measures on these projects as this faithfully depicts our performance in transferring control. Additionally, our performance does not create an asset with an alternative use, due to the highly customized nature of the product, and we have an enforceable right to payment for performance completed to date. Our performance obligations for individual part sales for certain specific transactions are recognized at a point in time as and when control transfers based on the Incoterms for the contract. Our performance obligations for engineering consulting and pile testing services are recognized at a point in time upon completion of the services. Our performance obligations for term-based software licenses are recognized at a point in time as and when control transfers, either upon delivery to the customer or the software license start date, whichever is later. Our performance obligations for shipping and handling services are satisfied over time as the services are delivered over the term of the contract. We recognize revenue for subscription and other services on a straight-line basis over the contract period. With regard to support revenue, a time-elapsed method is used to measure progress because we transfer control evenly over the contractual period. Accordingly, the fixed consideration related to support revenue is generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term.

Contract assets and liabilities: The timing of revenue recognition, billing, and cash collection results in the recognition of accounts receivable, unbilled receivables for revenue recognized in excess of billings, and deferred revenue in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We have elected to use the practical expedient of expensing incremental costs of obtaining a contract as incurred since the majority of the performance obligations in our contracts are satisfied in less than one year. We may receive advances or deposits from our customers before revenue is recognized, resulting in contract liabilities, which are reflected as “deferred revenue” in our Consolidated Balance Sheets. Customer deposits are short term as the related performance obligations are typically fulfilled within 12 months. Changes in deferred revenue relate to fluctuations in the timing of customer deposits and completion of performance obligations. Revenue recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 from amounts included in deferred revenue at December 31, 2022 totaled $11.3 million. Revenue recognized during the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021 from amounts included in deferred revenue at the end of each respective prior year period was not materially different than the prior year end deferred revenue balances applicable to those periods.

Cost of revenue consists primarily of costs related to raw materials, equipment manufacturing activities, freight and delivery, product warranty, remediation and personnel costs (salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation). Personnel costs in cost of revenue include both direct labor costs, as well as costs attributable to any individuals whose activities relate to the procurement, installment and delivery of the finished product and services. Cost of revenue owed but not yet paid is recorded as accrued cost of revenue. Deferred cost of revenue results from the timing differences between the costs incurred in advance of the satisfaction of all revenue recognition criteria consistent with our revenue recognition policy.

Research and development

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, bonuses, benefits, and stock-based compensation, along with other costs related to development of new products and services, as well as enhancing system performance, improving product reliability, reducing product cost, and simplifying installation. Research and development costs also include depreciation and allocated overhead.

Advertising costs

Advertising costs are expensed as incurred and are included in selling and marketing expenses in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss.

Concentrations of credit risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk are primarily cash, cash equivalents and accounts receivable.

We regularly maintain cash balances with various financial institutions that exceed federally insured amounts, but we have experienced no losses associated with these amounts to date. We also took action in 2023 to reallocate cash balances between different financial institutions based on our assessment as to the financial health of certain institutions.

We extend credit to customers in the normal course of business, often without requiring collateral. We also perform credit analyses and monitor the financial health of our customers to reduce credit risk.

Our accounts receivables are derived from revenue earned from customers primarily located in the United States, Australia and in the Asia Pacific region. No countries other than the United States and Australia account for 10% or more of our revenue. Most of our customers are project developers, solar asset owners and engineering, procurement and construction (“EPC”) contractors that design and build solar energy projects. Often times, as discussed further in "Note 6. Accounts receivable, net" below, a small number of customers account for a significant portion of our revenue for each period and our outstanding receivables at each period end.

Fair value of financial instruments

Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (i.e., the “exit price”) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. A hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value has been defined to minimize the use of unobservable inputs by requiring the use of observable market data when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on active market data. Unobservable inputs we select reflect our assumptions about what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability based on the best information currently available.

The fair value hierarchy prioritizes the inputs into three broad levels:

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Level 1: Quoted (unadjusted) prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

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Level 2: Observable inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

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Level 3: Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

We account for long-term debt, if any, on an amortized cost basis.

Recent accounting pronouncements adopted and not yet adopted

Adopted

We adopted ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (“ASU 2016-13”), as amended, effective January 1, 2023. ASU 2016-13 changed the impairment model for most financial assets and requires the use of an expected loss model in place of the previously used incurred loss method. Under this model, we now estimate the lifetime expected credit loss on such instruments and record an allowance to offset the amortized cost basis of the financial asset, resulting in a net presentation of the amount expected to be collected on the financial asset. There was no material impact on our consolidated financial statements upon adoption of ASU 2016-13. For the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we utilized the incurred loss model in estimating our allowance for doubtful accounts.

Not yet adopted

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued ASU No. 2023-07 - Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures ("ASU 2023-07"), which will become effective for us in 2024. ASU 2023-07 requires public companies to disclose significant segment expenses and other segment items on an annual and interim basis and will require interim disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. As noted above, we operate in one segment. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-07 on our existing disclosures. ASU 2023-07 will be applied retrospectively to all periods presented in our consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09 - Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures ("ASU 2023-09"). ASU 2023-09 requires companies to disclose (i) additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes above a quantitative threshold in their rate reconciliation table and (ii) income taxes paid, net of refunds, disaggregated by federal, state and foreign taxes for annual periods, as well as other disclosure changes. As an emerging growth company, we are not required to adopt ASU 2023-09 prior to 2026, although earlier adoption is permitted. We are currently evaluating the impact of ASU 2023-09 on our existing income tax disclosures.

Other standards that have been issued but not yet adopted as of December 31, 2023, are either not applicable to us or are not expected to have any material impact upon adoption.

Note 3. Equity method investment

On February 9, 2023, we entered into a limited liability company agreement (the "LLC Agreement") with Taihua New Energy (Thailand) Co., LTD ("Taihua"), a leading steel fabricator and an existing vendor, and DAYV LLC, for the creation of Alpha Steel LLC ("Alpha Steel"), a Delaware limited liability company dedicated to producing steel components, including torque tubes, for utility-scale solar projects. The Alpha Steel facility, which is located outside of Houston in Sealy, Texas, began limited commercial production late in the fourth quarter of 2023.

We entered into amendment no. 1 to the Alpha Steel LLC Agreement with Taihua and DAYV LLC on July 28, 2023, to allow for members at their option, and with the approval of the Board of Managers, to make payments in respect of Alpha Steel’s contractual obligations in the event that Alpha Steel does not or is not able to make such payments from its own resources (“Credit Support Payments”). Any such Credit Support Payments will be treated as capital contributions by the members to Alpha Steel, with any member funding more than its ratable share of Credit Support Payments being deemed to have loaned such excess to each underfunding member at the U.S. prime rate plus 2%.

Alpha Steel is intended to enhance our domestic supply chain, our ability to support our customers and the growth of the U.S. solar market, with domestic manufacturing utilizing U.S. steel. We have a 45% interest in Alpha Steel, which is accounted for under the equity method of accounting as we are not the primary beneficiary in the operations of this entity as a result of our variable interest. Taihua has a 51% interest in Alpha Steel and DAYV LLC, an entity owned by members of the Board of Managers of Alpha Steel and a related party with the parent company of Taihua, has a 4% interest in Alpha Steel. The Chief Executive Officer of Taihua is the General Manager of Alpha Steel. We have equal voting representation with Taihua and DAYV LLC, combined, on Alpha Steel's Board of Managers which will be responsible, through majority vote, for making certain "major decisions" involving Alpha Steel, as specified in the LLC Agreement, including, among other things, approval of an annual business plan.

As of December 31, 2023, we have made a required initial capital contribution to Alpha Steel of $0.9 million. Pursuant to the LLC Agreement, we could be required to make up to $2.6 million in additional capital contributions as Alpha Steel expands production. We recognized a loss of $0.7 million from this unconsolidated subsidiary during the year ended December 31, 2023, reflecting our share of Alpha Steel's net operating losses incurred to date.

In connection with the creation of Alpha Steel, we also entered into a three-year equipment supply agreement (the "Supply Agreement") with Alpha Steel, the terms of which will apply to our equipment purchase orders. Pursuant to the Supply Agreement, we have committed to placing purchase orders with Alpha Steel during the year ended December 31, 2024, for at least 40,000 metric tons of torque tubes, with such volume commitments increasing in each of the next two annual periods by 20,000 metric tons per period. In the event we fail to meet our minimum required purchase commitments in any annual period, we may be required to make a cash payment for the net profit attributable to any unfilled requirements, calculated as specified in the agreement, in an amount not to exceed $4.0 million in the aggregate. The Supply Agreement may be terminated early in accordance with its provisions or may be extended beyond the initial term if mutually agreed to by the parties.

At December 31, 2023, we were contingently liable for unpaid vendor obligations, including issued but unsatisfied purchase orders, of Alpha Steel totaling approximately $3.4 million. We expect Alpha Steel will be able to satisfy these obligations with financial resources available to them in the normal course of operations.

Note 4. Reduction in force

In August 2023, we restructured and combined selected indirect and administrative functions in order to better control and manage our overhead costs in relation to current market conditions, including the impact of start-up delays for certain customer projects. This effort resulted in a reduction of 21 employees, including certain members of our

executive leadership team, or approximately 9% of our existing headcount at that time. Also, in November 2023, we announced that certain other members of our executive leadership team, including our President and Chief Executive Officer and our then Chief Financial Officer, would step down from their positions and depart the Company, effective in December 2023.

Additionally, in December 2022, we implemented a reduction in force impacting 20 employees, or approximately 8% of our then existing workforce, in order to align our cost structure with our strategic and financial objectives and expected market conditions at that time.

In connection with these events, we recognized severance and termination-related costs as follows:

Year ended December 31,

Research and development 140 116

Selling and marketing 552 62

General and administrative 3,478 118

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had accruals totaling approximately $2.7 million and $0.4 million, respectively, relating to payments still to be made to our former employees. The majority of the remaining liability will be paid in 2024. Payments made to former employees for the year ended December 31, 2023 was approximately $2.1 million. Payments made during year ended December 31, 2022 were not material.

Note 5. ATM program

On September 14, 2022, we filed a prospectus supplement and entered into an equity distribution agreement (as amended from time to time, the "EDA") under which we may from time to time, in one or more transactions, offer and sell newly issued shares of our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $100 million in "at the money" offerings (the "ATM program"). We have and intend to continue to use the net proceeds from this offering for general corporate purposes, including working capital and operating expenses. We may also use a portion of such proceeds to acquire or invest in businesses, products, services or technologies.

Credit Suisse Securities (USA) LLC served as our initial sales agent under the EDA until August 9, 2023, when that role was assumed by Barclays Capital Inc. ("Barclays") pursuant to an amendment to the EDA. The offering of our common stock under the EDA will terminate upon the earlier of (1) the sale of all common stock subject to the EDA or (2) the termination of the EDA by us or by Barclays as permitted therein. The EDA contains customary representations, covenants and indemnification provisions.

Under the ATM program, we sold 15,421,885 shares of newly issued common stock valued at $35.1 million (for proceeds, net of commissions and fees, of approximately $34.0 million), during the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023, approximately $64.9 million of capacity remained for future sales of our common stock under the ATM program. Such future sales are dependent on the current price of our common stock and the continued ability of our stock to trade in active public markets.

Note 6. Accounts receivable, net

Accounts receivable consisted of the following:

Related party receivables 868 —

Revenue recognized in excess of billings 26,813 14,844

Other receivables 3 25

Allowance for credit losses (8,557 ) (1,184 )

FTC Solar, Inc. FTCI US Equity

FTCI · 10-K · period ended 2023-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

FTC Solar, Inc. FTCI US Equity☆

FTCI · 10-K · period ended 2023-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

FTC Solar, Inc. FTCI US Equity