ELVN US Equity☆

10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

OR

Commission File Number: 001-39247

ENLIVEN THERAPEUTICS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (720) 647-8519

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class TradingSymbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, $0.001 par value per share ELVN The Nasdaq Global Select Market

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes☐No☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes☐No☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes☒No☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes☒No☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market on June 28, 2024 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was $683.8 million.

The number of shares of registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 28, 2025 was 49,004,425.

Portions of the Registrant’s Definitive Proxy Statement relating to the Registrant’s Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K where indicated. Such Definitive Proxy Statement will be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant’s 2024 fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

Table of Contents

Page

PART I

Item 1. Business 3

Item 1A. Risk Factors 27

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 87

Item 1C. Cybersecurity 87

Item 2. Properties 88

Item 3. Legal Proceedings 88

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 88

PART II

Item 6. Reserved 89

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 102

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 103

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 129

Item 9B. Other Information 129

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions That Prevent Inspections 130

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 131

Item 11. Executive Compensation 131

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services 131

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules 132

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements regarding our future results of operations and financial position, business strategy, development plans, planned preclinical studies and clinical trials, future results of clinical trials, expected research and development costs, regulatory strategy, timing and likelihood of success, as well as plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “contemplate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about:

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the ability of our clinical trials to demonstrate safety and efficacy of our product candidates, and other positive results;

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the timing, progress and results of clinical trials for ELVN-001 from our BCR-ABL (as defined below) program and ELVN-002 from our HER2 (as defined below) program, and other product candidates we have and may in the future develop, including statements regarding the timing of initiation and completion of studies or trials and related preparatory work, the period during which the results of the studies or trials will become available, and research and development programs;

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the timing, scope and likelihood of regulatory filings and approvals, including timing of investigational new drug applications ("INDs") and final U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approval of ELVN-001 from our BCR-ABL program and ELVN-002 from our HER2 program and any other future product candidates;

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the timing, scope or likelihood of foreign regulatory filings and approvals;

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our ability to develop and advance current product candidates and programs into, and successfully complete, clinical trials;

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our manufacturing, commercialization, and marketing capabilities and strategy, including transitioning the manufacturing of our product candidates to additional countries, including countries in Europe;

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plans relating to commercializing our product candidates, if approved, including the geographic areas of focus and sales strategy;

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the need to hire additional personnel and our ability to attract and retain such personnel;

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the size of the market opportunity for our product candidates, including estimates of the number of patients who suffer from the diseases we are targeting;

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expectations regarding the approval and use of our product candidates in combination with other drugs;

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our ability to secure drug product for combination studies;

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expectations regarding potential for accelerated approval or other expedited regulatory designation;

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our competitive position and the success of competing therapies that are or may become available;

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estimates of the number of patients that we will enroll in our clinical trials;

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the beneficial characteristics, and the potential safety, efficacy and therapeutic effects of our product candidates;

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our ability to obtain and maintain regulatory approval of our product candidates and our expectations regarding particular lines of therapy;

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plans relating to the further development of our product candidates, including additional indications we may pursue;

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existing regulations and regulatory developments in the United States, Europe and other jurisdictions;

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expectations regarding the impact of public health emergencies, health epidemics (including COVID-19) or other outbreaks on our business;

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our expectations regarding the impact of instability in the banking and financial services sector and other macroeconomic trends;

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our expectations regarding the new presidential administration;

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our intellectual property position, including the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights covering ELVN-001 from our BCR-ABL program and ELVN-002 from our HER2 program, and other product candidates we may develop, including the extensions of existing patent terms where available, the validity of intellectual property rights held by third parties, and our ability not to infringe, misappropriate or otherwise violate any third-party intellectual property rights;

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our continued reliance on third parties to conduct additional clinical trials of our product candidates, and for the manufacture of our product candidates for clinical trials;

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our relationships with patient advocacy groups, key opinion leaders, regulators, the research community and payors;

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our ability to obtain, and negotiate favorable terms of, any collaboration, licensing or other arrangements that may be necessary or desirable to develop, manufacture or commercialize our product candidates;

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the pricing and reimbursement of ELVN-001 from our BCR-ABL program and ELVN-002 from our HER2 program, and other product candidates we may develop, if approved;

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the rate and degree of market acceptance and clinical utility of ELVN-001 from our BCR-ABL program and ELVN-002 from our HER2 program, and other product candidates we may develop;

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our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements and needs for additional financing;

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our expectations regarding sales of our common stock made pursuant to the Sales Agreement (as defined below);

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our financial performance;

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the period over which we estimate our existing cash, cash equivalents and marketable securities will be sufficient to fund our planned operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements;

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our ability to utilize our net operating loss carryforwards ("NOLs") and tax credit carryforwards;

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the impact of laws and regulations; and

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expectations regarding the period during which we will qualify as an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 and a smaller reporting company under the Exchange Act (as defined below).

We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about our business, the industry in which we operate and financial trends that we believe may affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects, and these forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance or development. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events or otherwise.

In addition, statements such as “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and you are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

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PART I

Except where the context otherwise requires or where otherwise indicated, the terms “Enliven,” “we,” “us,” “our,” “our company,” “the company,” and “our business” refer to Enliven Therapeutics, Inc. and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. In addition, the word “Imara” refers to the company, and the words “Former Enliven” refer to Enliven Inc. (formerly, Enliven Therapeutics, Inc.), prior to the completion of the merger with Imara Inc. on February 23, 2023 (the “Merger”).

Item 1. Business.

Overview

We are a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the discovery and development of small molecule therapeutics to help people not only live longer, but live better. We aim to address existing and emerging unmet needs with a precision oncology approach that improves survival and enhances overall well-being. Our discovery process combines deep insights in clinically validated biological targets and differentiated chemistry with the goal of designing therapies for unmet needs. By combining clinically validated targets and specific target product profiles with disciplined clinical trial design and regulatory strategy, we aim to develop drugs with an increased probability of clinical and commercial success. Clinically validated targets refers to biological targets that have demonstrated statistical significance on efficacy endpoints in published third-party clinical trials. We have assembled a team of seasoned drug hunters with significant expertise in discovery and development of small molecule therapeutics. Our team includes leading chemists who have been the primary or co-inventors of over 20 product candidates that have been advanced to clinical trials, including four FDA-approved products at their prior companies: Koselugo (selumetinib), Mektovi (binimetinib), Tukysa (tucatinib), and Retevmo (selpercatinib). We are currently advancing two product candidates, ELVN-001 and ELVN-002, as well as pursuing several additional research stage opportunities that align with our development approach.

The following table summarizes our lead product candidates:

Our first product candidate, ELVN-001, is a potent, highly selective, small molecule kinase inhibitor designed to specifically target the breakpoint cluster region – Abelson (“BCR-ABL”) gene fusion, the oncogenic driver for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (“CML”). Although the approval of BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (“TKIs”) has significantly improved the life expectancy of patients with CML, tolerability, safety, resistance and patient convenience concerns have become more prominent as patients can now expect to live on therapy for decades. Achieving this survival benefit requires continuous daily therapy, and all available active-site TKIs have off-target activity resulting in treatment-related adverse events and drug discontinuation due to intolerance or resistance. These issues can result in the loss of molecular response and disease progression for many patients and drive approximately 25% of patients to switch therapy within the first year of therapy and approximately 40% to switch in the first 5 years of therapy. These factors, prolonged treatment course, off-target toxicities, and acquired resistance, explain why the global market for CML supports multiple blockbuster products and why there remains significant unmet need for an effective and more tolerable treatment.

In April 2024, at a Company hosted event, we presented preliminary Phase 1a data for ELVN-001. As of the cutoff date, March 18, 2024, 27 patients had enrolled in the ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial across five dose levels of ELVN-001, ranging from 10mg once daily (QD) to 120mg QD. Of the enrolled patients, 16 were evaluable for molecular response by 12 weeks. In this data, ELVN-001 demonstrated anti-tumor activity in patients with CML, including in those with CML resistant to previous TKIs. Additionally, ELVN-001 was well tolerated, consistent with its selective kinase profile. The data compared favorably to precedent Phase 1 cumulative MMR rates for approved BCR::ABL1 TKIs, particularly given theshorter time frame for response assessment and more heavily pre-treated patient population. In September 2024, at the European Society of Hematology International Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Foundation (ESH-iCMLf) 26th Annual John Goldman Conference, investigators presented updated Phase 1a clinical data. As of the

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cutoff date, June 25, 2024, 39 patients had been enrolled in the ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial across five dose levels of ELVN-001, ranging from 10 mg once daily (QD) to 120 mg QD, and the vast majority remain on study with a median treatment duration of 20 weeks. The data presented demonstrated consistent results with the data reported earlier in the year, but consisted of more patients and longer duration of therapy.

As a selective active site inhibitor, ELVN-001's mechanism of action potentially represents a complementary option to allosteric BCR-ABL inhibitors (e.g., Scemblix), which may play an increasingly important role in the standard of care for CML. Specifically, ELVN-001 was designed to have activity against mutations known to confer resistance to Scemblix. In the clinical data reported in 2024, ELVN-001 demonstrated activity in patients with CML who had previously received asciminib, including in a patient whose CML had developed an emergent mutation to asciminib. ELVN-001 was also designed to be a more attractive option for patients with comorbidities, on concomitant medications or desiring more freedom from stringent administration requirements. ELVN-001 is currently being evaluated in a Phase 1 clinical trial in adults with CML, and we plan to present updated Phase 1a/b safety and efficacy data in the middle of 2025.

Our second product candidate, ELVN-002, is a potent, highly selective, central nervous system ("CNS") penetrant and irreversible human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (“HER2”) inhibitor with activity against wild type HER2 and various HER2 mutations. Many of the past TKIs targeting this population were dual epidermal growth factor receptor (“EGFR”) and HER2 inhibitors and were dose limited by EGFR-related toxicities. ELVN-002 is designed to inhibit wild type HER2 and key mutations of HER2, while sparing wild type EGFR and avoiding EGFR-related toxicities. We believe that if ELVN-002 achieves this profile, it will be able to achieve an improved therapeutic index compared to current approved and investigational TKIs as well as provide a meaningful therapeutic option to patients with brain metastases, a key mechanism of resistance to current therapies in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (“NSCLC”), breast cancer (“BRC”), and other HER2 driven diseases. ELVN-002 was specifically designed to enable rational combination therapies, which, we believe, will be important for the treatment of patients with metastatic HER2 overexpressing and amplified cancers. In particular, we believe there is an attractive opportunity to address HER2+ colorectal cancer ("CRC"), BRC and NSCLC, in combination with standard of care. Additionally, due to the success of Enhertu, an antibody drug conjugate that targets HER2 expressing cancers, the HER2 treatment paradigm is changing rapidly. With Enhertu moving up in the treatment paradigm to earlier lines of therapy across HER2-altered cancers, a new unmet need is emerging for patients who cannot tolerate or progress on this new treatment option. We believe there will be an increasing need for therapies for these patients. ELVN-002 has demonstrated robust activity in preclinical models against wild type HER2 and various HER2 mutations, including an intracranial model, at well-tolerated doses. Our focus for this program is in NSCLC, BRC, and CRC as a single agent and/or in combination with standard of care.

We currently have active Phase 1 clinical trials evaluating ELVN-002 as a monotherapy, in combination with antibody drug conjugates ("ADC") and in combination with trastuzumab +/- chemotherapy. In March 2024, we reported high-level monotherapy clinical data that highlighted investigator reported responses (including unconfirmed) in both HER2+ and HER2 mutant tumors, including in tumors that progressed on Enhertu and in patients with brain metastases, at doses that were well tolerated. Additionally, ELVN-002 showed greater than 10 times better target coverage at the clinically predicted combination dose based on PK in patients and preclinical HER2+ activity, compared to tucatinib. In the second half of 2025, we expect to report Phase 1 monotherapy and combination data.

We believe that our development approach, which is rooted in validated biology and differentiated chemistry, represents a unique opportunity for us to design and develop medicines with an improved therapeutic profile for patients. To capitalize on this opportunity, we continue to support and advance our research pipeline in areas where we believe we can solve complex medicinal chemistry problems in a target- and indication-agnostic approach.

Our Strategy

Our mission is to help people not only live longer, but live better. The key elements of our strategy are:

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Efficiently advance ELVN-001, a BCR-ABL TKI, through clinical development and regulatory approval. ELVN-001 is designed to be a potent and highly selective small molecule kinase inhibitor targeting the BCR-ABL fusion gene product for the treatment of CML. In 2024, we reported clinical data demonstrating anti-tumor activity in patients with CML, including CML resistant to previous TKIs and in patients who had previously been treated with an allosteric inhibitor. Additionally, ELVN-001 was well-tolerated, consistent with its selective kinase profile. ELVN-001 is currently being evaluated in a Phase 1 clinical trial in adults with CML, and we plan to present additional Phase 1 safety and efficacy data for this program in the middle of 2025. While our initial development focus will be in people with resistant or intolerant CML, with and without the T315I mutation, we also plan to build a clinical dataset to enable future registrational trials in earlier lines of therapy. If we are successful in achieving clinically meaningful anti-cancer activity in specific patient

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populations, we expect to engage with regulatory authorities to discuss whether ELVN-001 may qualify for any of the FDA’s expedited regulatory approval pathways.

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Efficiently advance ELVN-002, a HER2 TKI, through clinical development and regulatory approval. ELVN-002 is a potent, highly selective, CNS penetrant and irreversible HER2 inhibitor with activity against wild type HER2 and various HER2 mutations. In 2024, we reported high-level monotherapy clinical data that demonstrated investigator reported responses (including unconfirmed) in both HER2+ and HER2 mutant tumors, including in patients who have progressed on Enhertu and patients with brain metastases, at doses that were well tolerated. Our focus for this program is in NSCLC, BRC, and CRC as a single agent and/or in combination with standard of care. We currently have active Phase 1 clinical trials evaluating ELVN-002 as a monotherapy, combination with ADCs and combination with trastuzumab +/-chemotherapy. In the second half of 2025, we expect to report Phase 1 monotherapy and combination data. We may also seek to qualify this program for one of the FDA’s expedited regulatory approval pathways.

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Expand our pipeline of potent and highly selective small molecule therapeutics to overcome the limitations of current therapies. We believe that our development approach, combined with our team’s unique ability to solve complex medicinal chemistry problems in a target- and indication-agnostic approach, offers a significant opportunity to develop targeted therapies for a large variety of targets and indications. We have several small molecule programs in discovery that are focused on:

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Targeting established disease drivers, emerging disease drivers or clinically validated signaling nodes driving disease proliferation.

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Addressing acquired resistance mutations and disease escape mechanisms of currently approved therapies or therapies in development.

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Improving target selectivity and/or PK profile to drive improved efficacy, tolerability and overall well-being.

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Increase our probability of clinical and commercial success by prioritizing targets with validated biology and establishing target product profiles ("TPPs") from real-world market research. We believe the success of next generation therapeutics depends not only on clinical efficacy, but also on a differentiated product profile, including tolerability, dosing regimen, and specific drug administration requirements, that drives widespread adoption by physicians and patients in the real world. When selecting targets, we first evaluate the body of existing scientific knowledge, including both preclinical and clinical data, to prioritize biological mechanisms essential for pathogenesis. We then evaluate the disease indications that are most dependent on the selected target. Through market research, we directly engage with key opinion leaders, academic and community physicians, and payers in order to pinpoint the unmet medical need and identify potentially underappreciated or emerging market opportunities. By integrating scientific, clinical and commercial insights early in our research and development process, we formulate TPPs that our research team uses to establish testable preclinical hypotheses, which in turn guide the design of our product candidates. We believe that this approach mitigates both our development and commercial risk and allows us to discover and develop high-quality product candidates targeting critical limitations in existing therapies, while maintaining commercial viability.

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Leverage our internally generated scaffold libraries and deep expertise to efficiently and consistently design and develop small molecule therapeutics for unmet needs. Our team has extensive experience in discovering, developing and commercializing innovative therapeutics. Our chemists invented or co-invented multiple approved small molecule therapeutics, including Koselugo (selumetinib), Mektovi (binimetinib), Tukysa (tucatinib), and Retevmo (selpercatinib), at their prior companies. These products have transformed the standard of care in many cancers. Additionally, our chemistry leadership team has designed selective compounds against more than 60 small molecule targets. Leveraging this experience, we have built diverse libraries of unique, highly ligand-efficient scaffolds that we use to screen against our identified targets. We will only invest in a research program once we have identified an opportunity where we believe our chemistry and experience uniquely align with the unmet need and our TPP.

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Selectively evaluate strategic collaborations to accelerate our development timelines or maximize the clinical impact and commercial value of our portfolio globally. Leveraging our capabilities and expertise, we have developed each of our product candidates internally, and we currently have worldwide development and commercial rights to all of our pipeline assets. As we develop each of our product candidates, we will evaluate the need for potential strategic collaborations. We evaluate the potential cost to develop the product candidate, the ability to generate near term proof of concept data and the path to maximize the value of the product candidate for patients and commercially. This evaluation could result in selective out-licensing, co-development and/or commercialization collaborations.

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While we have made progress towards our mission, we are still in the early stages of development and have not completed any clinical trials.

Our Team

We have assembled a team with significant expertise in drug discovery, development and commercialization with particular strengths in the discovery of small molecule therapeutics. Our team includes:

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World-renowned chemists who have been the primary or co-inventors of over 20 product candidates that have been advanced to clinical trials, including four FDA-approved cancer therapies at their prior companies: Koselugo (selumetinib), Mektovi (binimetinib), Tukysa (tucatinib), and Retevmo (selpercatinib).

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Small molecule and kinase inhibitor experts who have led or been involved with the discovery, development, or commercialization of over 60 small molecule programs, including the following at their prior companies: Imbruvica (ibrutinib), Vitrakvi (larotrectinib), Zydelig (idelalisib), ipatasertib (AKT inhibitor), and PF-07284890/ARRY-461 (CNS-penetrant BRAF inhibitor).

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Leaders with a track record of success who have built or led research, development and commercial operations at companies including AbbVie, Array BioPharma, Genentech, Biogen, Pharmacyclics, FivePrime Therapeutics-Amgen, Gilead Sciences, and Blueprint Medicines.

Former Enliven was co-founded in 2019 by Sam Kintz, M.B.A., Joseph P. Lyssikatos, Ph.D. and Anish Patel, Pharm.D. Dr. Lyssikatos, our Chief Scientific Officer, is a renowned medicinal chemist, who helped build and scale Array BioPharma’s medicinal chemistry efforts and has held leadership positions at Genentech and Biogen. Dr. Lyssikatos is a co-inventor or co-author on over 220 issued patents and peer-reviewed publications and has led and been a key scientific contributor to over 30 programs. Mr. Kintz, our President and Chief Executive Officer, most recently held research and strategy leadership roles at AbbVie-Stemcentrx. Previously, Mr. Kintz worked at Roche Venture Fund and prior to that, at Genentech, as a medicinal chemist in the small-molecule discovery organization. Dr. Patel, our Chief Operating Officer, brings development, medical affairs, and commercial experience. He has held leadership roles at Pharmacyclics, MedImmune/AstraZeneca, and Berlex/Bayer. Our management team also consists of Helen Collins, M.D., Benjamin Hohl and Galya Blachman, Ph.D., Esq. Dr. Collins, our Chief Medical Officer, most recently served as Chief Medical Officer at Five Prime Therapeutics, until its acquisition by Amgen, where she led the development of bemarituzumab, an investigational targeted antibody, which was granted Breakthrough Therapy Designation by the FDA. Previously, Dr. Collins held leadership positions in clinical development and medical affairs at Amgen and Gilead Sciences. Mr. Hohl, our Chief Financial Officer and Head of Corporate Development, worked at Goldman Sachs Healthcare Investment Banking for nearly a decade advising on and executing biopharmaceutical and life sciences financings and strategic transactions. Dr. Blachman, our Chief Legal Officer and Head of Business Development, most recently served as the General Counsel and Chief Compliance officer of 5AM Ventures and the Chief Operating Officer of the 4:59 Initiative, 5AM Venture’s incubation arm. Prior to that, Dr. Blachman worked at AbbVie Stemcentrx and two corporate law firms.

In addition to our strong leadership team, the expertise and experience of our scientific advisors position us well to realize our mission of helping people live longer, better lives. Our scientific advisors advise on matters associated with small molecule research and development, including preclinical and clinical development and regulatory and commercial positioning. The precision oncology experts on our scientific advisory board include the following members:

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Brian Druker, M.D. is the Director of OHSU Knight Cancer Institute and the co-founder of Blueprint Medicines. Dr. Druker revolutionized the treatment of cancer by advocating for and participating in the development of Gleevec (imatinib), a TKI that turned CML, a once-fatal cancer, into a manageable condition.

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Kevin Koch, Ph.D. is the President and Chief Executive Officer of Edgewise Therapeutics and was the co-founder and Chief Scientific Officer of Array BioPharma (acquired by Pfizer). He is also a Venture Partner with OrbiMed.

Our Development Approach

As a chemistry-led company, our primary focus lies in opportunities emerging from validated biology, where we believe our team can use its unique ability to solve complex medicinal chemistry problems to improve on the standard of care in a target- and indication-agnostic approach. Specifically, we are focused on developing small molecule therapeutics that:

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enhance efficacy through an improved therapeutic index driven by better selectivity and/or combinability;

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combat intrinsic and/or acquired resistance;

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address brain metastases; and

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improve safety and enhance patient convenience.

At Enliven, we have assembled a team of seasoned drug hunters and are building a focused pipeline of programs. Using our expertise and the foundational principles driving our approach, we believe we are in a unique position to develop therapies to help people not only live longer, but live better. Our development approach is rooted in the following principles:

(1)

Application of unique insights to validated biological targets: We utilize our deep understanding of fundamental genetic drivers in diseases and insights from real-world market research to identify and select targets. For example, small molecule inhibitors of BCR-ABL have been shown to block proliferation and induce apoptosis in cell lines driven by the BCR-ABL fusion protein. We also evaluate key characteristics for potential targets including the totality of preclinical and clinical evidence, unmet medical need and potential market opportunity to develop our TPPs. We are currently focusing on the following three target groups:

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Validated pathogenic drivers with proven clinical efficacy, meaning that small molecule therapeutics against a given target with sufficient selectivity have undergone clinical evaluation by third parties and demonstrated objective responses in patients, including areas where existing therapies have clear limitations such as resistance via acquired mutations, metastasis to the brain, poor tolerability, inconveniences such as drug-drug interactions, pill burden, and diet restrictions, and overall poor quality of life for patients.

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Emerging pathogenic drivers where we find promise in a potential target that has been inadequately exploited. An example of this is suboptimal target coverage due to poor tolerability and/or PK. We believe that maximal target inhibition is required for maximal clinical effect. However, drugs often fail to reach sufficient concentrations in the human body because they are poorly absorbed, poorly distributed, rapidly cleared, or cause off-target toxicities at doses lower than those required for maximum efficacy.

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Clinically validated signaling nodes, which are key downstream effectors of the target driving disease proliferation, including potential targets that are not necessarily specific pathogenic drivers but are clinically validated escape mechanisms for disease resistance. We believe that addressing these escape mechanisms in combination with the targeting of a pathogenic driver, represents the next key to advance the evolution of disease treatment modalities.

(2)

Differentiated chemistry and compound design: Our chemists have designed selective compounds against more than 60 small molecule targets. From this foundation, our team has built a library of unique, highly ligand efficient scaffolds and integrates multiple technologies to pursue our selected target opportunities. By starting with chemistry we understand and have designed a priori to be drug-like, we believe we can move rapidly into discovery of our preclinical asset, which reduces the time required to test our preclinical hypothesis.Because we focus on a limited number of high potential programs, our research leaders and experienced scientists are involved in the discovery and development of every product candidate. Leveraging our cross functional and highly integrated contract research organization ("CRO") model, we continually iterate and shift resources to the most promising chemistry designs based on data generated daily from hundreds of available in vitro and in vivo assays. This focus has resulted in a highly efficient discovery process that we believe will be difficult for companies with larger pipelines and broader focus to match.

(3)

Disciplined clinical trial design and regulatory strategy: By employing biomarker guided patient selection strategies, we plan to direct our clinical development efforts toward building a high-quality dataset designed to test our efficacy hypothesis early on in clinical development. In specific development areas, we may also seek to build a clinical dataset to enable future registrational trials in earlier lines of therapy.

Through our company’s focus on defining and establishing TPPs that address emerging unmet needs and potentially overlooked market opportunities, and our team’s experience in designing and developing therapeutics for unmet needs, we aim to build a pipeline of high-quality product candidates rather than simply a large number of programs.

Our lead programs are focused on targeting known oncogenic drivers of cancer. Our BCR-ABL program aims to deliver enhanced target inhibition through better selectivity, resulting in better activity and improved long-term tolerability than approved or current investigational active-site agents. Our HER2 program is a potent, highly selective, CNS penetrant and irreversible HER2 inhibitor against wild type HER2 and various HER2 mutations. Our focus for this program is in NSCLC, BRC, and CRC as a single agent and/or in

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combination with standard of care. ELVN-002 is designed to inhibit wild type HER2 and key mutations of HER2, while sparing wild-type EGFR and avoiding EGFR-related toxicities to achieve an improved therapeutic index compared to current approved and investigational TKIs.

Our Pipeline

We are focused on the discovery and development of small molecule therapeutics. We are currently advancing two lead product candidates, ELVN-001 and ELVN-002.

BCR-ABL Program: ELVN-001

ELVN-001 is a small molecule kinase inhibitor for the treatment of CML. ELVN-001 specifically targets the BCR-ABL fusion gene product, the oncogenic driver for patients with CML. ELVN-001 is a potent, highly selective, adenosine triphosphate, or ATP-competitive inhibitor of ABL1. ELVN-001 was also designed to have activity against T315I, the most common BCR-ABL mutation. T315I confers resistance to all the approved TKI therapies except asciminib and ponatinib. ELVN-001 was also designed to have activity against mutations known to confer resistance against asciminib. We believe that, given its marked kinome selectivity, attractive drug-like properties, and activity against T315I, ELVN-001 has the potential to represent an improved option for patients with CML across all lines of therapy in the future.

CML Disease and Market Background

CML accounts for approximately 15% to 20% of leukemias in adults. This disease is divided into three stages of progressively advanced disease termed chronic phase ("CP"), accelerated phase, and blast crisis. Nearly 95% of patients with CML are diagnosed in CP. In the last decade, the annual incidence of CML has remained steady at approximately two cases per 100,000 adults and was estimated to be 9,000 people in the United States in 2020. In 2020, there were approximately 110,000 patients living with CML in the United States. This population continues to grow, largely driven by improved survival rates attributable to the availability of BCR-ABL targeted therapies. The number of patients living with CML has more than doubled since the introduction of BCR-ABL TKIs. More than 75% of CML patients achieve normal survival outcomes when compared to the appropriate age-matched general population. However, roughly 70% of these patients require continuous TKI therapy in order to achieve this outcome and an additional 10% achieve near normal survival when compared to the appropriate age-matched general population with continuous TKI therapy.

The evolution of the CML treatment paradigm has been driven by improved efficacy as primarily demonstrated through improvements in major molecular response ("MMR"), a specific measure of BCR-ABL transcript levels in the blood. Imatinib, a first-generation small molecule BCR-ABL TKI, was approved for treatment of CML in 2001. Since imatinib’s approval, and with the introduction of several additional BCR-ABL TKIs, the 10-year survival rate improved from less than 20% to more than 80%. Because second generation TKIs (dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib) elicit quicker molecular responses and higher rates of MMR and MR4.5, updates to the NCCN guidelines include recommendations to achieve deeper responses for some patients in the 1L setting. As a result, physicians now report that up to 50% of treatment-naïve patients start 1L therapy on a second generation TKI. Over the past 20 years, the treatment and market dynamics in CML have evolved considerably. Due to the success and availability of multiple TKIs, patients diagnosed with CML today have a significantly prolonged life expectancy. For many patients, however, this will require many years, if not decades, of therapy. The CML treatment dynamics and market insights lend an increased focus on better early efficacy and long-term tolerability. In fact, for third line patients, the top two treatment goals for physicians and patients are to maintain or improve quality of life and to manage side effects.

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Despite many significant advances in the treatment of CML, drug intolerance and resistance result in the loss of molecular response and disease progression for many patients. The availability of multiple treatment options has also likely driven an increase in switching rates. Approximately 25% of patients switch therapy within the first year of treatment and up to 40% switch in the first five years of treatment. The majority of treatment switches occur early in the patient’s treatment course due to intolerance or lack and/or loss of molecular response. As a result, it is estimated that approximately 50% of patients with CML in the United States have discontinued at least one TKI. In the 2L setting, switching occurs even more rapidly. Approximately 30% of 2L patients switch within the first year of their second treatment.

Asciminib (Scemblix), a fourth-generation agent, has demonstrated potential advantages over first-, second- and third-generation BCR-ABL TKIs in clinical trials. Currently marketed by Novartis, it is an allosteric inhibitor of BCR-ABL that specifically targets the ABL myristoyl pocket, unlike the first-, second- and third-generation TKIs, which are active site inhibitors. Asciminib represents a different mechanism of action for physicians and its long-term tolerability, safety and resistance profile is not yet fully defined. In a front-line study, asciminib demonstrated superior efficacy, and a favorable safety and tolerability, compared to a combined comparator arm of imatinib and 2G TKIs. Based on that study, in October of 2024, asciminib received accelerated approval by the FDA for newly diagnosed CML in addition to its full approval for previously treated CML and CML with the T315I mutation. As noted in the product labeling, drug-drug interactions and fasting requirements, two hours before and one hour after each dose, may present convenience challenges for asciminib in the context of a chronic disease. Furthermore, in the front-line clinical trial, at 48 weeks the rate of resistance to asciminib (4.5%) was two times higher than imatinib (2.0%) and the 2G TKIs (2.0%) and may continue to grow as duration of therapy increases. Examples of myristoyl pocket mutations resistant to asciminib include A337T/V, A433D, and L340Q. In later line patients, asciminib-emergent mutations in the ATP-binding site included M244V and F359V/I/C. Of note, all of the asciminib-emergent mutations observed in the ASC4FIRST 1L trial by 96 weeks were in the myristoyl binding pocket. We believe asciminib’s Breakthrough Therapy designation, FDA Priority Review and accelerated approval for newly diagnosedPhiladelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (Ph+ CML) in CP, highlights the heightened need for better agents in all lines of therapy for CML. This demand for better agents has been demonstrated by Novartis’ strong launch of asciminib. In the fourth quarter of 2024, asciminib achieved approximately $207 million in sales. This implies that asciminib is currently operating at an approximately $828 million annual sales run rate.

ELVN-001 Opportunity

In contrast to the ATP-competitive TKIs approved for the treatment of CML, ELVN-001 is highly selective within the kinome. Importantly, our preclinical studies showed that ELVN-001 did not meaningfully interfere with the activity of particular kinases known to limit the efficacy and tolerability of approved TKIs that suffer from a number of dose-limiting toxicities. We believe that the enhanced selectivity profile of ELVN-001 coupled with its human PK will provide a wide therapeutic index. This in turn may enable greater and more prolonged target engagement as well as improved tolerability for long-term treatment. As demonstrated by the approved active site TKIs, there is a clear correlation between target coverage (as measured by fold above Phosphorylated CRKL IC50 at Cave) and 1L MMR at 12 months; better target coverage leads to higher 1L MMRs at 12 months. ELVN-001 achieved superior target coverage compared to 2nd Gen TKIs and similar target coverage compared to asciminib. Given this target coverage, we believe ELVN-001 has a wider therapeutic index compared to the currently approved active-site TKIs. We believe this wider therapeutic index will confer faster and deeper molecular responses than those observed with the approved active site agents. In 2024, we reported clinical data demonstrating anti-tumor activity in patients with CML, including in CML resistant to previous TKIs and in those who had previously received asciminib. Importantly for patients, this wide therapeutic index may not only drive deeper responses, but may also offer better tolerability, which is a top treatment goal in CML, particularly for patients who have had two prior TKIs. Based on the clinical data reported in 2024, ELVN-001 was well-tolerated, consistent with its selective kinase profile. Additionally, we have designed ELVN-001 to be a more attractive option for patients who desire more freedom from stringent administration requirements (e.g., fasting and drug-drug interactions), have co-morbidities, or are on concomitant medications. We believe tolerability and flexible use are important in a chronic disease setting where patients often require daily therapy for decades.

ELVN-001 has been designed to address the T315I mutation form of BCR-ABL while preserving high potency against the native BCR-ABL isoform. In preclinical models, ELVN-001 exhibited robust tumor growth inhibition in both native BCR-ABL and the T315I mutation. Based upon these data and given its enhanced kinome selectivity, we believe that ELVN-001 has the potential to be an improved option for patients with CML harboring the T315I mutation.

At the end of 2021, Novartis received 3L+ approval for its allosteric BCR-ABL inhibitor, asciminib. Additionally, in October of 2024, asciminib received accelerated approval by the FDA for newly diagnosed CML in addition to its full approval for previously treated CML and in CML with the T315I mutation. Early in its launch, asciminib has already achieved approximately $828 million of annualized sales, based on the results of the fourth quarter of 2024. Novartis is currently projecting asciminib to have greater than

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$3 billion of annual peak sales. We believe ELVN-001 is well-positioned to follow asciminib given its complementary mechanism of action (ATP-site/active form vs. allosteric/inactive form) to asciminib. In particular, ELVN-001 demonstrated in vitro activity against the asciminib-emergent mutations associated with lack of efficacy and treatment discontinuation in both of the asciminib pivotal trials. Additionally, in our clinical data presented in 2024, ELVN-001 demonstrated a deep molecular response in a patient with CML that had developed one of these emergent mutations. We believe that ATP-site inhibitors will play an important role in the post-asciminib setting and our goal is to demonstrate that ELVN-001 is potentially the best-in-class ATP-site inhibitor. Additionally, there is potentially a rationale for ELVN-001 to combine with or compete directly with asciminib across lines of therapy based on differentiated efficacy, tolerability or administration requirements for patients.

Clinical Development Plan

We are currently enrolling our Phase 1 clinical trial in adult patients with CML. We initiated our Phase 1b dose expansion for ELVN-001 in the middle of 2024. Our Phase 1 clinical trial is designed to characterize the safety, tolerability, PK properties, and preliminary efficacy in a population of patients with CML with and without the T315I mutation. Additionally, we recently began enrolling patients with CML in a Phase 1 study in Japan. Assuming the results of the Phase 1 clinical trials are supportive, and subject to feedback from regulatory authorities, subsequent trials would include a randomized pivotal trial(s) in patients with CML. Should efficacy and safety data also support potential benefit in patients with T315I mutations, we would discuss with the FDA the optimal path forward for this patient population, which has limited treatment options.

The objectives of the Phase 1 trial is to (1) assess the safety and tolerability of ELVN-001 when administered to patients with CML, (2) understand the relationship between dose and schedule of drug with PK and anti-tumor activity, and (3) determine recommended doses for expansion in patients with CML with and without T315I. Our key efficacy measure will be the reduction of BCR-ABL transcripts in peripheral blood. We presented preliminary Phase 1a safety and efficacy data in 2024 and plan to present updated data from the Phase 1 a/b in the middle of 2025.

If our Phase 1 clinical data demonstrates an acceptable safety and tolerability profile and a strong positive efficacy signal, we would then engage with the FDA and other regulatory agencies to plan one or more registration-enabling trials in the United States and other geographies. In November 2024, ELVN-001 received Orphan Drug Designation for CML. Where possible, we plan to explore other applicable regulatory strategies pursued by other targeted therapy companies, for example Breakthrough Therapy and Fast Track designation, FDA Priority Review and/or Accelerated Approval. However, because our product candidates are in early development, there can be no assurance that the FDA will permit us to utilize an expedited approval process for any of our product candidates. The FDA’s accelerated approval pathways do not guarantee an accelerated review by the FDA. Even if our product candidates are granted a designation or qualify for expedited development, it may not actually lead to faster development or expedited regulatory review and approval or increase the likelihood that they will receive FDA approval.

HER2 Program: ELVN-002

ELVN-002 is a potent, highly selective, CNS penetrant and irreversible HER2 inhibitor with activity against wild type HER2 and various HER2 mutations. ELVN-002 is designed to inhibit wild type HER2 and key mutations of HER2, while sparing wild-type EGFR and avoiding EGFR-related toxicities. We believe that if ELVN-002 achieves this profile, it will be able to achieve an improved therapeutic index compared to current approved TKIs as well as provide a meaningful therapeutic option to patients with brain metastases, a key mechanism of resistance to current therapies in patients with NSCLC, BRC, and other HER2 driven cancers. Additionally, ELVN-002 was specifically designed to enable rational combination therapies, which, we believe, will be important for the treatment of patients with metastatic HER2 overexpressing and amplified cancers. Our focus for this program is in NSCLC, BRC, and CRC as a single agent and/or in combination with standard of care.

HER2 Altered Tumors and Market Background

The overexpression, amplification or mutation of HER2 is highly associated with aggressive forms of solid cancers, including BRC, NSCLC, CRC, and several others. In the United States alone, the incidence of HER2-altered cancer is over 150,000 patients annually, including approximately 63,000 with BRC, approximately 47,000 with NSCLC and approximately 9,000 with colon cancer. Many of the past TKIs targeting this population were dual epidermal growth factor receptor (“EGFR”) and HER2 inhibitors and were dose limited by EGFR-related toxicities, such as GI and skin toxicities. These toxicities necessitate restrictive dosing regimens, leading to suboptimal HER2 engagement and attenuated therapeutic benefit. Moreover, while marketed TKIs provide a therapeutic benefit for patients with cancers driven by HER2 overexpression, they may have limited efficacy in patients harboring specific genetic alterations.

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Despite advances in treatments for HER2 altered tumors, the median overall survival is less than 12 months in the advanced stage, late line therapy setting. HER2 overexpressing and amplified tumors represent a large opportunity. While HER2 amplification or overexpression is associated with many tumor types, including NSCLC, gastric cancer, CRC, and endometrial cancer, BRC currently represents the vast majority of HER2 related drug sales, as there are no TKIs that have received full FDA approval for the treatment of metastatic CRC or overexpressed/amplified NSCLC. The standard of care for HER2 metastatic BRC is chemotherapy in combination with one or more anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies, such as trastuzumab or pertuzumab. Fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan (Enhertu) and ado-trastuzumab emtansine (Kadcyla) are both approved HER2 ADCs; however, they carry two and three black box warnings, respectively. Approved TKIs for metastatic BRC include dual EGFR and HER2 inhibitors, such as neratinib and lapatinib, in combination with capecitabine. Tucatinib is the only HER2-selective TKI and is approved in combination with trastuzumab and capecitabine. Despite demonstrating improved overall survival, the combination results in 80% all grade diarrhea (13% > Grade 3) and affords a median progression free survival of only 7.8 months. Of note, single agent tucatinib had an objective response rate (“ORR”) of only 11% in late line metastatic BRC. This is perhaps not surprising given that tucatinib only achieved concentrations above its IC90 for HER2 in approximately 40% of patients all day (over 24 hours) at its FDA approved dose. Despite its limitations, tucatinib (Tukysa) is currently generating over $500 million in annualized revenue with a 2L+ HER2+ metastatic BRC label in combination with trastuzumab and chemotherapy (capecitabine) and 2L+ RAS wild type, HER2+ metastatic CRC in combination with trastuzumab. Additionally, recent tucatinib and Kadcyla combination data in HER2+ metastatic BRC supports a larger opportunity for ELVN-002 in metastatic BRC and demonstrates the rationale for TKI and ADC combinations more broadly. Notwithstanding tremendous advances in therapeutic options for HER2 metastatic BRC, there are still no curative treatments. Approximately 25% of patients experience primary or acquired resistance and up to 50% of patients develop brain metastases.

Due to the recent approvals and success of Enhertu, the HER2-altered cancer treatment paradigm is shifting. In 2024, annual Enhertu sales were approximately $3.8 billion and it is estimated that they will be more than $15 billion by 2030. However, Enhertu does not provide sustained disease control for all patients; for example, approximately 25% of patients receiving Enhertu in 2L+ metastatic BRC progress within 12-months, majority progress within 36-48 months, approximately 50% develop brain metastases and approximately 23% discontinue treatment due to TREAEs. Due to this dynamic and the fact that a standard of care regimen has not been established post-Enhertu, we believe there is a significant patient need and market opportunity in the post-Enhertu setting. Based on the precedent established by tucatinib in HER2+ BRC and CRC, we believe dual HER2-targeting may represent an important treatment option for patients with HER2+ cancers, especially for those who progress or are intolerant to Enhertu.

ELVN-002 Opportunity

ELVN-002 is a potent, highly selective, CNS penetrant and irreversible HER2 inhibitor with activity against wild type HER2 and various HER2 mutations. ELVN-002 was designed to achieve an improved therapeutic index compared to current approved and investigational TKIs in the broad HER2 population, including HER2 mutant, amplified and overexpressed tumors. Due to significant structural homology between EGFR and HER2, most investigational agents targeting HER2 wild type and HER2 mutations are dual EGFR and HER2 inhibitors and are dose-limited by EGFR-related toxicities. In contrast, ELVN-002 was greater than 100 times more selective for HER2 over EGFR in preclinical studies. Tucatinib, a reversible small molecule inhibitor, represents the only approved selective HER2 orally active drug. However, it only achieves IC90 coverage in approximately 40% of patients all day (over 24 hours) at its FDA approved dose and lacks potency against key mutations in NSCLC and BRC. In March 2024, we reported high-level monotherapy clinical data that highlighted investigator reported responses (including unconfirmed) in both HER2+ and HER2 mutant tumors, including in patients who have progressed on Enhertu and patients with brain metastases, at doses that were well tolerated. Additionally, ELVN-002 showed greater than 10 times better target coverage at the clinically predicted combination dose based on PK in patients and preclinical HER2+ efficacy, compared to tucatinib. Moreover, ELVN-002 elicited more robust tumor growth inhibition, including regressions, compared to tucatinib in HER2-amplified subcutaneous and intracranial models. Due to its larger safety margin, irreversible inhibition and improved PK profile, we believe ELVN-002 has the potential to achieve better target inhibition and improved efficacy compared to tucatinib in a broad HER2 population.

Clinical Development Plan

We currently have two active clinical trials evaluating ELVN-002 in patients. ELVN-002 is being evaluated in a Phase 1 trial as a monotherapy agent in patients with HER2+ and HER2 mutant tumors. As part of that trial, we have also started enrolling patients with HER2 MBC in an exploratory cohort in combination with Kadcyla. We also plan to begin enrolling an exploratory cohort in combination with Enhertu for patients with HER2+ NSCLC. In a second Phase 1 trial, we are enrolling ELVN-002 in combination with trastuzumab +/- chemotherapeutic agents in patients with HER2+ solid tumors. We recently began enrolling patients with HER2+ CRC patients in a Phase 1b arm of the combination of ELVN-002 and trastuzumab. These Phase 1 clinical trials are designed to characterize the safety, tolerability, PK properties, and preliminary efficacy in a population of patients with HER2 mutant and HER2 amplified or overexpressed solid tumors.

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The objective of these Phase 1 trials is to (1) assess the safety and tolerability of ELVN-002, (2) understand the relationship between dose and schedule of drug with PK and anti-tumor activity, and (3) determine recommended doses for expansion, as a monotherapy and in combinations. In the second half of 2025 we expect to report Phase 1 monotherapy data and combination data in HER2+ cancers.

After our Phase 1 clinical trials, and dependent on our data and alignment with the FDA, we believe there are multiple opportunities for a HER2 TKI, including in NSCLC, BRC, and CRC as a single agent and/or in combination with standard of care.

Based on the totality of the Phase 1 clinical data and predicated upon an acceptable safety and tolerability profile and a strong positive efficacy signal, we then expect to engage with the FDA and other regulatory agencies to plan one or more registration-enabling trials in the United States and other geographies. Where possible, we plan to explore applicable regulatory strategies pursued by other targeted therapy companies, for example Orphan Drug Designation, Breakthrough Therapy and Fast Track designation, FDA Priority Review and/or Accelerated Approval. However, because our product candidates are in early development, there can be no assurance that the FDA will permit us to utilize an expedited approval process for any of our product candidates. The FDA’s accelerated approval pathways do not guarantee an accelerated review by the FDA. Even if our product candidates are granted a designation or qualify for expedited development, it may not actually lead to faster development or expedited regulatory review and approval or increase the likelihood that they will receive FDA approval.

Additional Programs

We believe that our development approach, which is rooted in validated biology and differentiated chemistry, represents a unique opportunity to provide patients with medicines offering improved therapeutic profiles. To capitalize on this opportunity, we continue to support and advance our research pipeline in areas where we believe we can solve complex medicinal chemistry problems in a target- and indication-agnostic approach.

Competition

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are characterized by rapidly advancing technologies, intense competition and a strong emphasis on proprietary products. While we believe that our technology, the expertise of our team, and our development experience and scientific knowledge provide us with competitive advantages, we face increasing competition from many different sources, including pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, academic institutions, governmental agencies and public and private research institutions. Product candidates that we successfully develop and commercialize may compete with existing therapies and new therapies that may become available in the future.

Many of our competitors, either alone or with their collaborators, have significantly greater financial resources, established presence in the market, and expertise in research and development, manufacturing, preclinical and clinical testing, obtaining regulatory approvals and reimbursement and marketing approved products than we do. These competitors also compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified scientific and management personnel, in establishing clinical trial sites and patient registration for clinical trials, and in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. Additional mergers and acquisitions may result in even more resources being concentrated in our competitors. Our commercial potential could be reduced or eliminated if our competitors develop and commercialize products that are safer or more effective, have fewer or less severe side effects, and are more convenient or less expensive than products that we may develop. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we can, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market or could otherwise make the development or commercialization of our products more complicated. The key competitive factors affecting the success of all of our programs are likely to be efficacy, safety and patient convenience.

There are currently six BCR-ABL TKIs FDA approved for use in CML: Novartis AG’s Gleevec (imatinib), Tasigna (nilotinib), and Scemblix (asciminib), Bristol Myers Squibb’s Sprycel (dasatinib), Pfizer’s Bosulif (bosutinib), and Ascen’s Iclusig (ponatinib). Most of these BCR-ABL inhibitors target additional tyrosine kinases, which can lead to debilitating side effects. Iclusig (ponatinib) is indicated for patients with CML who have resistance or intolerance to at least two prior TKIs. It is also approved for patients with the T315I mutation. However, due to its off-target kinase activity, this agent carries four black box warnings and is poorly tolerated requiring dose reductions that limit its efficacy. Novartis AG’s Scemblix (asciminib received accelerated approval by the FDA for newly diagnosed CML in addition to its full approval for previously treated CML and CML with the T315I mutation. It is designed to allosterically inhibit BCR-ABL by binding to the myristoyl pocket, which is remote from the active site and is a novel mechanism.

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Other BCR-ABL TKIs under investigation include Ascentage Pharma’s olverembatinib, Terns Pharmaceuticals’ TERN-701, TargetRx’s TGRX-678, and others at various stages of development.

There are no approved TKIs for HER2 mutant NSCLC. Enhertu (fam-trastuzumab deruxtecan), an antibody drug conjugate, marketed by AstraZeneca and Daiichi-Sankyo, received accelerated approval from the FDA for this patient population in August 2022. Jiangsu HengRui Medicine Co’s pyrotinib is a dual EGFR and HER2 TKI under investigation for patients with HER2 mutant NSCLC and MBC. Boehringer Ingelheim has an ongoing Phase 3 trial with zongertinib (BI-1810631), a HER2 selective TKI, in newly diagnosed patients with HER2 mutant NSCLC. Boehringer’s zongertinib has also received FDA Priority Review and Breakthrough Therapy Designation for patients with HER2 mutant NSCLC who have received prior systemic therapy with a PDUFA date in 3Q25. Bayer’s BAY 2927088 received FDA Breakthrough Therapy Designation and increased their trial's sample size in patients with HER2 mutant NSCLC that have progressed on a prior systemic agent with no other approved treatment. BAY 2927088 is also in a Phase 3 trial in newly diagnosed patients with HER2 mutant NSCLC. Nuvalent’s NVL-330 initiated a Phase 1 trial in patients with HER2 mutant NSCLC. Cogent Biosciences' CGT4255 TKI is in late-stage research for HER2 mutant NSCLC.

For HER2 amplified and overexpressing tumors, such as BRC, there are several FDA-approved antibodies, antibody drug conjugates, and TKIs. For example, Genentech’s Herceptin (trastuzumab) and Perjeta (pertuzumab) are approved HER2-antibodies. Approved HER2-antibody drug conjugates include Genentech’s Kadcyla (ado-trastuzumab emtansine) and Daiichi Sankyo’s Enhertu. Approved TKIs for HER2 BRC include Puma’s Nerlynx (neratinib), Novartis AG’s Tykerb (lapatinib), and Seagen’s Tukysa (tucatinib). Several of these drugs are approved for other HER2-driven indications such as gastric and CRC. The competitive landscape for HER2 positive breast cancer may become more competitive as multiple novel monotherapy and combinations are presently being evaluated in early clinical trials. Boehringer Ingelheim’s zongertinib, Roche's ZN-A-1041/RG6596 and Iambic Therapeutics’ IAM1363 are HER2 selective TKIs in early-stage development for HER2-altered cancers. Furthermore, Enhertu received accelerated approval from the FDA for HER2 positive (IHC3+) unresectable or metastatic solid tumors.

Finally, there are numerous other investigational therapies, spanning many modalities that are being evaluated preclinically and in clinical trials for various HER2-altered cancers.

Manufacturing

We do not own or operate, and currently have no plans to establish, any manufacturing facilities. We rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties to manufacture our product candidates for preclinical and clinical testing, as well as for commercial manufacturing should any of our product candidates obtain marketing approval. We also rely, and expect to continue to rely, on third parties to package, label, store and distribute our investigational product candidates, as well as our commercial products should marketing approval be obtained. We believe that this strategy allows us to maintain a more efficient infrastructure by eliminating the need for us to invest in our own manufacturing facilities, equipment and personnel while also enabling us to focus our expertise and resources on the discovery and development of our product candidates.

To date, we have obtained the custom-manufactured starting materials for active pharmaceutical ingredients ("APIs") manufacture from Pharmaron and Hande Sciences and our good manufacturing practice ("GMP") APIs from Pharmaron. The drug product for the ELVN-001 program is manufactured at Latitude Pharmaceuticals Inc., Quotient Sciences, and CoreRx. The drug product for the ELVN-002 program is manufactured at Latitude Pharmaceuticals Inc. and CoreRx. We could contract with other contract manufacturing organizations ("CMOs") for the starting materials as the raw materials we use are commonly used and are available from multiple sources. We are in the process of developing our supply chain for each of our product candidates and intend to put in place framework agreements under which third-party CMOs will generally provide us with necessary quantities of APIs and drug product on a project-by-project basis based on our development needs.

As we advance our product candidates through development, we plan to explore adding backup suppliers for the APIs and drug product for each of our product candidates in order to protect against any potential supply disruptions.

Intellectual Property

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary or intellectual property protection for our product candidates, technology and know-how, to operate without infringing the proprietary or intellectual property rights of others and to prevent others from infringing our proprietary or intellectual property rights. We expect that we will seek to protect our proprietary and intellectual property position by, among other methods, pursuing and obtaining patent protection in the United States and in jurisdictions outside of the United States related to our proprietary technology, inventions, improvements and product candidates that are important to the development and implementation of our business. We may also rely on trade secrets,

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know-how, trademarks, continuing technological innovation and licensing opportunities to develop and maintain our proprietary and intellectual property position.

As of January 1, 2025, our patent portfolio includes issued and pending patent applications that we own related to our HER2 and BCR-ABL programs.

For our HER2 program, we have six patent families with claims directed to our HER2 selective inhibitory compounds as composition of matter, as well as claims directed to pharmaceutical compositions and combinations comprising such compounds and uses of such compounds, e.g., for treatment of cancers, such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), colorectal cancer (CRC), and breast cancer (BRC), including cancers associated with E20IMs. The first family includes one pending U.S. non-provisional application. The second family includes pending non-provisional applications in the U.S. and in Europe. Any patents that may issue from the first or the second family are expected to expire in 2041, absent any patent term adjustment, patent term extensions, or terminal disclaimers. The third family includes pending non-provisional applications in the U.S. and in Europe. The fourth family includes one issued U.S. patent that expires in 2042 absent any patent term extensions or terminal disclaimers; and pending non-provisional applications in the U.S., Argentina, Taiwan, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, Israel, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Africa. Any patents that may issue from the third or the fourth family are expected to expire in 2042, absent any patent term adjustment, patent term extensions, or terminal disclaimers. The fifth family includes a pending Patent Cooperation Treaty (“PCT”) application. Any patents that may issue from the fifth family are expected to expire in 2043, absent any patent term adjustment, patent term extensions, or terminal disclaimers. The sixth family includes a pending PCT application and non-provisional applications in Argentina and Taiwan. Any patents that may issue from the sixth family are expected to expire in 2044, absent any patent term adjustment, patent term extensions, or terminal disclaimers. Any patents that may issue from our pending patent applications in relation to our HER2 program are expected to expire between 2041-2044, absent any patent term adjustment, patent term extensions, or terminal disclaimers.

For the BCR-ABL program, we own five patent families with claims directed to BCR-ABL tyrosine-kinase inhibitory compounds as composition of matter, as well as claims directed to pharmaceutical compositions and combinations comprising such compounds and uses of such compounds, e.g., treatment of CML, acute myeloid leukemia ("AML"), acute lymphoblastic leukemia ("ALL"), or mixed phenotype acute leukemia, including refractory leukemias associated with a T315I mutation in BCR-ABL. The first family includes two issued U.S. patents and one issued Japanese patent that expire in 2041 absent any patent term extensions or terminal disclaimers; and pending non-provisional applications in the U.S., Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, Israel, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Singapore, and South Africa. The second family includes pending non-provisional applications in the U.S., China, Europe, Israel, India, Japan, Republic of Korea, Mexico, and Hong Kong. Any patents that may issue from the first or the second family are expected to expire in 2041, absent any patent term adjustment, patent term extensions, or terminal disclaimers. The third family includes a pending U.S. non-provisional application. Any patents that may issue from the third family are expected to expire in 2042, absent any patent term adjustment, patent term extensions, or terminal disclaimers. The fourth and the fifth families each includes a U.S. provisional application. Any patents that may issue from the fourth and the fifth families are expected to expire in 2045, absent any patent term adjustment, patent term extensions, or terminal disclaimers. Any patents that may issue from our pending patent applications in relation to our BCR-ABL program are expected to expire between 2041-2045, absent any patent term adjustment, patent term extensions, or terminal disclaimers.

The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term for patents in the countries in which they are granted. In most countries in which we file, the patent term is generally 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application. In the United States, the patent term may, in certain cases, be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the USPTO in examining and granting a patent or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over a commonly owned patent or a patent naming a common inventor and having an earlier expiration date. Additionally, the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (“Hatch-Waxman Act”) permits patent term extension of up to five years beyond the expiration date of a U.S. patent as partial compensation for the length of time a drug is under regulatory review while a patent that covers the drug is in force. The length of the patent term extension is related to the length of time the drug is under regulatory review. Patent term extension cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the date of product approval, only one patent applicable to each regulatory review period may be extended and only those claims covering the approved drug, a method for using it or a method for manufacturing it may be extended.

Similar provisions are available in the EU and certain other foreign jurisdictions to extend the term of a patent that covers an approved drug. In the future, if and when our product candidates receive approval by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, we expect to apply for patent term extensions on issued patents covering those products, if available. However, there is no guarantee that the applicable authorities, including the FDA in the United States, will agree with our assessment of whether such extensions

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should be granted, and, if granted, the length of such extensions. For more information regarding the risks related to our intellectual property, see the section “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Expiration dates referred to above are without regard to potential patent term extension or other market exclusivity that may be available to us.

In addition to patent protection, we also rely on trademarks and other proprietary information and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our competitive position. We seek to protect and maintain the confidentiality of proprietary information to protect aspects of our business that are not amenable to, or that we do not consider appropriate for, patent protection. Although we take steps to protect our proprietary information, including through contractual means with our employees and consultants, third parties may independently develop substantially equivalent proprietary information and techniques or otherwise gain access to or disclose our technology. Thus, we may not be able to meaningfully protect our proprietary information. It is our policy to require our employees, consultants, outside scientific collaborators, sponsored researchers and other advisors to execute confidentiality agreements upon the commencement of employment or consulting relationships with us. These agreements provide that all confidential information concerning our business or financial affairs developed or made known to the individual during the course of the individual’s relationship with us is to be kept confidential and not disclosed to third parties except in specific circumstances. Our agreements with employees also provide that all inventions conceived by the employee in the course of employment with us or from the employee’s use of our confidential information are our exclusive property. However, such confidentiality agreements and invention assignment agreements can be breached, and we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach. For more information regarding the risks related to our intellectual property, see the section titled “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The patent positions of biotechnology companies like ours are generally uncertain and involve complex legal, scientific and factual questions. Our commercial success will also depend in part on not infringing upon the proprietary rights of third parties. It is uncertain whether the issuance of any third- party patent would require us to alter our development or commercial strategies, alter our products or processes, obtain licenses or cease certain activities. Our breach of any license agreements or our failure to obtain a license to proprietary rights required to develop or commercialize our future products may have a material adverse impact on us. If third parties prepare and file patent applications in the United States that also claim technology to which we have rights, we may have to participate in derivation proceedings in the USPTO to determine priority of invention. For more information, see the section titled “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our IntellectualProperty” included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Government Regulations

Government authorities in the United States at the federal, state and local level and in other countries regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, approval, labeling, packaging, storage, record-keeping, promotion, advertising, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, marketing and export and import of drug and biological products. Generally, before a new drug can be marketed, considerable data demonstrating its quality, safety and efficacy must be obtained, organized into a format specific for each regulatory authority, submitted for review and approved by the regulatory authority.

U.S. Drug Development

In the United States, the FDA regulates drugs under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act ("FDCA"). Drugs also are subject to other federal, state and local statutes and regulations. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals and the subsequent compliance with appropriate federal, state, local and foreign statutes and regulations requires the expenditure of substantial time and financial resources. Failure to comply with the applicable U.S. requirements at any time during the product development process, approval process or post-market may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial sanctions. These sanctions could include, among other actions, the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, a clinical hold, untitled or warning letters, product recalls or market withdrawals, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement and civil or criminal penalties. Any agency or judicial enforcement action could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our product candidates are considered small molecule drugs and must be approved by the FDA through the new drug application ("NDA") process before they may be legally marketed in the United States. The process generally involves the following:

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completion of extensive preclinical studies in accordance with applicable regulations, including studies conducted in accordance with good laboratory practice ("GLP");

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submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin;

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approval by an independent institutional review board ("IRB"), or ethics committee at each clinical trial site before each trial may be initiated;

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performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with applicable IND regulations, good clinical practice ("GCP") requirements and other clinical trial-related regulations to establish substantial evidence of the safety and efficacy of the investigational product for each proposed indication;

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submission to the FDA of an NDA after completion of all pivotal trials;

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determination by the FDA within 60 days of its receipt of an NDA to accept the filing for substantive review;

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satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities where the drug will be produced to assess compliance with current good manufacturing practice ("cGMP") requirements assuring that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality and purity;

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potential FDA audit of the preclinical study and/or clinical trial sites that generated the data in support of the NDA filing;

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FDA review and approval of the NDA, including consideration of the views of any FDA advisory committee, prior to any commercial marketing or sale of the drug in the United States; and

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compliance with any post-approval requirements, including the potential requirement to implement a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy ("REMS"), and the potential requirement to conduct post-approval studies.

The data required to support an NDA are generated in two distinct developmental stages: preclinical and clinical. The preclinical and clinical testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and we cannot be certain that any approvals for any current and future product candidates will be granted on a timely basis, or at all.

Preclinical Studies and IND

The preclinical developmental stage generally involves laboratory evaluations of drug chemistry, formulation and stability, as well as studies to evaluate toxicity in animals, which support subsequent clinical testing. The sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical studies, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and a proposed clinical protocol, to the FDA as part of the IND. An IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational product to humans and must become effective before human clinical trials may begin.

Preclinical studies include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry and formulation, as well as in vitro and animal studies to assess the potential for adverse events and in some cases to establish a rationale for therapeutic use. The conduct of preclinical studies is subject to federal regulations and requirements, including GLP regulations for safety/toxicology studies. An IND sponsor must submit the results of the preclinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data, any available clinical data or literature and plans for clinical studies, among other things, to the FDA as part of an IND. Some long-term preclinical testing, such as animal tests of reproductive adverse events and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted. An IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless before that time the FDA raises concerns or questions related to one or more proposed clinical trials and places the trial on clinical hold. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, submission of an IND may not result in the FDA allowing clinical trials to commence.

Clinical Trials

The clinical stage of development involves the administration of the investigational product to healthy volunteers or patients under the supervision of qualified investigators, generally physicians not employed by or under the trial sponsor’s control, in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the clinical trial, dosing procedures, subject selection and exclusion criteria and the parameters to be used to monitor subject safety and assess efficacy. Each protocol, and any subsequent amendments to the protocol, must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. Furthermore, each clinical trial must be reviewed and approved by an IRB for each institution at which the clinical trial will be conducted to ensure that the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. The IRB must also approve the informed consent form that must be provided to each clinical trial subject or his or her legal representative and must monitor the clinical trial until completed. There also are requirements governing the reporting of ongoing clinical trials and completed clinical trial results to public registries. A sponsor who wishes to conduct a clinical trial outside of the United States may, but need not, obtain FDA authorization to conduct the clinical trial under an IND. If a foreign

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clinical trial is not conducted under an IND, the sponsor may submit data from the clinical trial to the FDA in support of an NDA. The FDA will generally accept a well-designed and well-conducted foreign clinical trial not conducted under an IND if the trial was conducted in accordance with the FDA requirements for use of foreign clinical trials, including the requirements set forth at 21 CFR 312.120, the laws and regulations of the foreign regulatory authorities where the trial was conducted, such as the European Medicines Agency ("EMA"), whichever provides greater protection of the human subjects, and with GCP and GMP requirements, and the FDA is able to validate the data through an onsite inspection, if deemed necessary, and the practice of medicine in the foreign country is consistent with the United States.

Clinical trials in the United States generally are conducted in three sequential phases, known as Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3, and may overlap.

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Phase 1 clinical trials generally involve a small number of healthy volunteers or disease- affected patients who are initially exposed to a single dose and then multiple doses of the product candidate. The primary purpose of these clinical trials is to assess the metabolism, pharmacologic action, tolerability and safety of the drug.

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Phase 2 clinical trials involve studies in disease-affected patients to determine the dose and dosing schedule required to produce the desired benefits. At the same time, safety and further PK and pharmacodynamic information is collected, possible adverse effects and safety risks are identified, and a preliminary evaluation of efficacy is conducted.

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Phase 3 clinical trials generally involve a large number of patients at multiple sites and are designed to provide the data necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of the product for its intended use and its safety in use, and to establish the overall benefit/risk relationship of the product and provide an adequate basis for product approval. These trials may include comparisons with placebo and/or other comparator treatments. The duration of treatment is often extended to mimic the actual use of a product during marketing.

Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as Phase 4 clinical trials, are conducted after initial marketing approval. These trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of Phase 4 clinical trials as a condition of approval of an NDA.

Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials, among other information, must be submitted at least annually to the FDA. The sponsor is also responsible for submitting written IND safety reports, including reports of serious and unexpected suspected adverse events, findings from other studies suggesting a significant risk to humans exposed to the drug, findings from animal or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk for human subjects, and any clinically significant increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure.

Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials may not be completed successfully within any specified period, if at all. The FDA or the sponsor may suspend or terminate a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the research subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk. Similarly, an IRB can suspend or terminate approval of a clinical trial at its institution if the clinical trial is not being conducted in accordance with the IRB’s requirements or if the drug has been associated with unexpected serious harm to patients. Additionally, some clinical trials are overseen by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board or committee. This group provides authorization for whether a trial may move forward at designated check-points based on access to certain data from the trial.

Concurrent with clinical trials, companies usually complete additional animal safety studies and also must develop additional information about the chemical and physical characteristics of the drug as well as finalize a process for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. The manufacturing process, as performed by the manufacturing facility, must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of our product candidates. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that our product candidates do not undergo unacceptable deterioration over their labeled shelf life.

We may be required to develop and implement additional clinical trial policies and procedures designed to help protect subjects from public health concerns, such as COVID-19 infection. To the extent the FDA issues additional guidance and policies, compliance with such changes may materially impact our business and clinical development timelines. Changes to existing policies and regulations can increase our compliance costs or delay our clinical plans.

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NDA Review Process

Following completion of the clinical trials, data is analyzed to assess whether the investigational product is safe and effective for the proposed indicated use or uses. The results of preclinical studies and clinical trials are then submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA, along with proposed labeling, chemistry and manufacturing information to ensure product quality and other relevant data. In short, the NDA is a request for approval to market the drug in the United States for one or more specified indications and must contain proof of safety and efficacy for a drug.

The application must include both negative and ambiguous results of preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as positive findings. Data may come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and efficacy of a product’s use or from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators. To support marketing approval, the data submitted must be sufficient in quality and quantity to establish the safety and efficacy of the investigational product to the satisfaction of the FDA. FDA approval of an NDA must be obtained before a drug may be legally marketed in the United States.

Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act ("PDUFA"), as amended, each NDA must be accompanied by a user fee. The FDA adjusts the PDUFA user fees on an annual basis. PDUFA also imposes an annual program fee for each marketed human drug. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain circumstances, including a waiver of the application fee for the first application filed by a small business. Additionally, no user fees are assessed on NDAs for products designated as orphan drugs, unless the product also includes a non-orphan indication.

The FDA reviews all submitted NDAs before it accepts them for filing and may request additional information rather than accepting the NDA for filing. The FDA must make a decision on accepting an NDA for filing within 60 days of receipt. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under PDUFA, the FDA has 10 months, from the filing date, in which to complete its initial review of a new molecular-entity NDA and respond to the applicant, and six months from the filing date of a new molecular-entity NDA designated for Priority Review. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority NDAs, and the review process is often extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification.

Before approving an NDA, the FDA will conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facilities for the new product to determine whether they comply with cGMP requirements. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and are adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. The FDA also may audit data from clinical trials to ensure compliance with GCP requirements. Additionally, the FDA may refer applications for novel drug products or drug products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions, if any. The FDA is not bound by recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations when making decisions on approval. The FDA likely will reanalyze the clinical trial data, which could result in extensive discussions between the FDA and the applicant during the review process. After the FDA evaluates an NDA, it will issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A Complete Response Letter indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete, and the application will not be approved in its present form. A Complete Response Letter usually describes all of the specific deficiencies in the NDA identified by the FDA. The Complete Response Letter may require additional clinical data, additional pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial(s) and/or other significant and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, preclinical studies and/or manufacturing. If a Complete Response Letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA, addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter, or withdraw the application. Even if such data and information are submitted, the FDA may decide that the NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA’s interpretation of data may differ from our interpretation.

Orphan Drugs

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biological product intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is generally a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States, or more than 200,000 individuals in the United States and for which there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making the product available in the United States for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product.

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Orphan drug designation must be requested before submitting an NDA. After the FDA grants orphan drug designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan drug designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process.

If a product that has orphan designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan drug exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications to market the same drug for the same indication for seven years from the date of such approval, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity by means of greater effectiveness, greater safety or providing a major contribution to patient care or in instances of drug supply issues. However, competitors may receive approval either for a different product for the same indication or the same product for a different indication but that could be used off-label in the orphan indication. Orphan drug exclusivity also could block the approval of one of our products for seven years if a competitor obtains approval before we do for the same product, as defined by the FDA, for the same indication for which we are seeking approval, or if a product candidate is determined to be contained within the scope of the competitor’s product for the same indication. If one of our products designated as an orphan drug receives marketing approval for an indication broader than that which is designated, it may not be entitled to orphan drug exclusivity. Orphan drug status in the EU has similar, but not identical, requirements and benefits.

In June 2024, the U.S. Supreme Court overruled the Chevron doctrine, which gives deference to regulatory agencies’ statutory interpretations in litigation against federal government agencies, such as the FDA, where the law is ambiguous. This landmark Supreme Court decision may invite various stakeholders to bring lawsuits against the FDA to challenge longstanding decisions and policies, such as market exclusivities, which could lead to uncertainties in the industry. Further, changes in the leadership of the FDA and other federal agencies under the Trump administration may lead to new policies, changes in the regulations, or disruptions to the operations of federal agencies, any of which may impact our clinical development plans.

Expedited Development and Review Programs

The FDA has a fast track program that is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for reviewing new drugs that meet certain criteria. Specifically, new drugs are eligible for fast track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening condition and preclinical or clinical data demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the condition. Fast track designation applies to both the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. The sponsor can request the FDA to designate the product for fast track status any time before receiving NDA approval, but ideally no later than the pre-NDA meeting with the FDA.

Any product submitted to the FDA for marketing, including under a fast track program, may be eligible for other types of FDA programs intended to expedite development and review, such as priority review and accelerated approval. Any product is eligible for priority review if it treats a serious or life- threatening condition and, if approved, it would provide a significant improvement in safety and effectiveness compared to available therapies.

A product may also be eligible for accelerated approval, if it treats a serious or life-threatening condition and generally provides a meaningful advantage over available therapies. In addition, it must demonstrate an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality ("IMM"), which is reasonably likely to predict an effect on IMM or other clinical benefit. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a drug receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well- controlled post-marketing clinical trials. The FDA may withdraw drug approval or require changes to the labeled indication of the drug if confirmatory post-market trials fail to verify clinical benefit or do not demonstrate sufficient clinical benefit to justify the risks associated with the drug. If the FDA concludes that a drug shown to be effective can be safely used only if distribution or use is restricted, it may require such post-marketing restrictions as it deems necessary to assure safe use of the product.

Additionally, a drug may be eligible for designation as a breakthrough therapy if the product is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, to treat a serious or life- threatening condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over currently approved therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints. The benefits of breakthrough therapy designation include the same benefits as fast track designation, plus intensive guidance from the FDA to ensure an efficient drug development program. Fast Track designation, Priority Review, Accelerated Approval and breakthrough therapy designation do not change the standards for approval, but may expedite the development or approval process. Even if a product qualifies for one or more of these programs, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification or may decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.

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Post-Approval Requirements

Any drug products manufactured or distributed by us or our partners pursuant to FDA approvals will be subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, record-keeping requirements, reporting of adverse experiences with the drug, providing the FDA with updated safety and efficacy information, drug sampling and distribution requirements, complying with certain electronic records and signature requirements and complying with FDA promotion and advertising requirements. The FDA strictly regulates labeling, advertising, promotion and other types of information on products that are placed on the market and imposes requirements and restrictions on drug manufacturers, such as those related to direct-to-consumer advertising, the prohibition on promoting products for uses or in patient populations that are not described in the product’s approved labeling, known as “off-label use,” industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and promotional activities involving the internet. Although physicians may prescribe legally available drugs for off-label uses, manufacturers may not market or promote such uses. Prescription drug promotional materials must be submitted to the FDA in conjunction with their first use. Further, for certain types of modifications made to the drug, including changes in indications, labeling or manufacturing processes or facilities, the applicant may be required to submit and obtain FDA approval of a new NDA or NDA supplement, which may require the development of additional data or preclinical studies and clinical trials.

Drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP regulations and other laws and regulations. In addition, the FDA may impose a number of post-approval requirements as a condition of approval of an NDA. For example, the FDA may require post-marketing testing, including Phase 4 clinical trials, and surveillance to further assess and monitor the product’s safety and effectiveness after commercialization.

The FDA may also place other conditions on approvals including the requirement for REMS, to assure the safe use of the product. A REMS could include medication guides, physician communication plans or elements to assure safe use, such as restricted distribution methods, patient registries and other risk minimization tools. Any of these limitations on approval or marketing could restrict the commercial promotion, distribution, prescription or dispensing of products. Product approvals may be withdrawn for non-compliance with regulatory standards or if problems occur following initial marketing.

The FDA may withdraw approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical studies to assess new safety risks or imposition of distribution restrictions or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:

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restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market, or product recalls;

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fines, warning letters, or holds on post-approval clinical studies;

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refusal of the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications;

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suspension or revocation of product approvals;

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product seizure or detention;

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refusal to permit the import or export of products; and

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injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

The FDA strictly regulates marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of products that are placed on the market. Drugs may be promoted only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off-label uses may be subject to significant liability.

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Other U.S. Regulatory Matters

Pharmaceutical manufacturers are subject to various healthcare laws, regulation, and enforcement by the federal government and by authorities in the states and foreign jurisdictions in which they conduct their business. Our conduct, including that of our employees, as well as our business operations and relationships with third parties, including current and future arrangements with healthcare providers, third- party payors, customers, and others may expose us to broadly applicable fraud and abuse and other healthcare laws and regulations, which may constrain the business or financial arrangements and relationships through which we research, as well as, sell, market, and distribute any products for which we obtain marketing approval. The applicable federal, state and foreign healthcare laws and regulations that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:

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The federal Anti-Kickback Statute, which makes it illegal for any person, including a prescription drug manufacturer (or a party acting on its behalf), to knowingly and willfully solicit, receive, offer or pay any remuneration that is intended to induce or reward referrals, including the purchase, recommendation, order or prescription of a particular drug, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program, such as Medicare or Medicaid. Moreover, the Affordable Care Act ("ACA") provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the civil False Claims Act ("FCA").

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The federal false claims, including the civil FCA that can be enforced by private citizens through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, and civil monetary penalties prohibit individuals or entities from, among other things, knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, to the federal government, claims for payment that are false or fraudulent or making a false statement to avoid, decrease or conceal an obligation to pay money to the federal government, and/or impose exclusions from federal health care programs and/or penalties for parties who engage in such prohibited conduct.

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HIPAA, which prohibits, among other things, executing or attempting to execute a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters.

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HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and their implementing regulations, which also impose obligations on covered entities such as health insurance plans, healthcare clearinghouses, and certain health care providers and their respective business associates, including mandatory contractual terms as well as their covered subcontractors, with respect to safeguarding the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information.

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The federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which requires applicable manufacturers of covered drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to annually report to Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services ("CMS") information regarding certain payments and other transfers of value made to covered recipients, including physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), certain non-physician healthcare providers (such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners), and teaching hospitals, as well as information regarding ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members.

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Analogous state and foreign laws and regulations, such as state anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to sales or marketing arrangements and claims involving healthcare items or services reimbursed by non-governmental third-party payors, including private insurers, state laws that require biotechnology companies to comply with the biotechnology industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government; state and local laws that require drug manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to physicians and other healthcare providers or marketing expenditures and require the registration of their sales representatives, state laws that require biotechnology companies to report information on the pricing of certain drug products, and state and foreign laws that govern the privacy and security of health information in some circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.

Pricing and rebate programs must also comply with the Medicaid rebate requirements of the U.S. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 and more recent requirements in the ACA. If products are made available to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule of the General Services Administration, additional laws and requirements apply. Manufacturing, sales, promotion and other activities also are potentially subject to federal and state consumer protection and unfair competition laws. In addition, the distribution of pharmaceutical products is subject to additional requirements and regulations, including extensive record-keeping, licensing, storage and security requirements intended to prevent the unauthorized sale of pharmaceutical products. Products must

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meet applicable child- resistant packaging requirements under the U.S. Poison Prevention Packaging Act as well as other applicable consumer safety requirements.

The failure to comply with any of these laws or regulatory requirements subjects firms to possible legal or regulatory action. Depending on the circumstances, failure to meet applicable regulatory requirements can result in significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, including damages, fines, disgorgement, imprisonment, exclusion from participation in government funded healthcare programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, integrity oversight and reporting obligations, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, injunctions, requests for recall, seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, denial or withdrawal of product approvals or refusal to allow a firm to enter into supply contracts, including government contracts.

U.S. Patent-Term Restoration and Marketing Exclusivity

Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA approval of any future product candidates, some of our U.S. patents may be eligible for limited patent term extension under the Hatch-Waxman Act. The Hatch-Waxman Act permits restoration of the patent term of up to five years as compensation for patent term lost during product development and FDA regulatory review process. Patent-term restoration, however, cannot extend the remaining term of a patent beyond a total of 14 years from the product’s approval date. The patent-term restoration period is generally one-half the time between the effective date of an IND or the issue date of the patent, whichever is later, and the submission date of an NDA plus the time between the submission date of an NDA or the issue date of the patent, whichever is later, and the approval of that application, except that the review period is reduced by any time during which the applicant failed to exercise due diligence. Only one patent applicable to an approved drug is eligible for the extension and the application for the extension must be submitted prior to the expiration of the patent. The USPTO, in consultation with the FDA, reviews and approves the application for any patent term extension or restoration. In the future, we may apply for restoration of patent term for our currently owned or licensed patents to add patent life beyond its current expiration date, depending on the expected length of the clinical trials and other factors involved in the filing of the relevant NDA.

Market exclusivity provisions under the FDCA also can delay the submission or the approval of certain applications. The FDCA provides a five-year period of non-patent marketing exclusivity within the United States to the first applicant to gain approval of an NDA for a new chemical entity. A drug is a new chemical entity if the FDA has not previously approved any other new drug containing the same active moiety, which is the molecule or ion responsible for the action of the drug substance. During the exclusivity period, the FDA may not accept for review an abbreviated new drug application ("ANDA"), or a 505(b)(2) NDA submitted by another company for a generic version of such drug where the applicant does not own or have a legal right of reference to all the data required for approval. However, an application may be submitted after four years if it contains a certification of patent invalidity or non-infringement. The FDCA also provides three years of marketing exclusivity for an NDA, 505(b)(2) NDA or supplement to an existing NDA if new clinical investigations, other than bioavailability studies, that were conducted or sponsored by the applicant are deemed by the FDA to be essential to the approval of the application, for example, new indications, dosages or strengths of an existing drug. This three-year exclusivity covers only the conditions of use associated with the new clinical investigations and does not prohibit the FDA from approving ANDAs for drugs containing the original active agent. Five-year and three-year exclusivity will not delay the submission or approval of a full NDA. However, an applicant submitting a full NDA would be required to conduct or obtain a right of reference to all of the preclinical studies and adequate and well-controlled clinical trials necessary to demonstrate safety and effectiveness or generate such data themselves.

European Union Drug Development

Similar to the United States, the various phases of preclinical and clinical research in the EU are subject to significant regulatory controls. Although the EU Clinical Trials Directive 2001/20/EC has sought to harmonize the EU clinical trials regulatory framework, setting out common rules for the control and authorization of clinical trials in the EU, the EU Member States have transposed and applied the provisions of the Directive differently. This has led to significant variations in the member state regimes. Under the current regime, before a clinical trial can be initiated, it must be approved in each of the EU countries where the trial is to be conducted by two distinct bodies: the National Competent Authority ("NCA"), and one or more Ethics Committees ("ECs").

In April 2014, Regulation EU No 536/2014 (Clinical Trials Regulation) was adopted to replace the Clinical Trials Directive. The Clinical Trials Regulation entered into application on January 31, 2022 and is intended to simplify the current rules for clinical trial authorization and standards of performance. For instance, it provides a streamlined application procedure via a single-entry point, a European Union portal and database. The new clinical trial portal and database will be maintained by the EMA in collaboration with the European Commission and the European Union Member States. The objectives of the new Regulation include consistent rules for conducting trials throughout the European Union, consistent data standards and adverse events listing, and consistent information on the authorization status. Additionally, information on the conduct and results of each clinical trial carried out in the

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European Union will be made publicly available. From January 31, 2025, or the end of the transition period, any trials approved under the Clinical Trials Directive that continue running will need to comply with the Clinical Trials Regulation, and their sponsors must enter information on the trials in the Clinical Trials Information System.

European Union Drug Review and Approval

In the European Economic Area ("EEA"), which is comprised of the 27 Member States of the EU and four European Free Trade Association States (Norway, Iceland, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein), medicinal products can only be commercialized after obtaining a Marketing Authorization ("MA"). There are two types of marketing authorizations.

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The Community MA is issued by the European Commission through the Centralized Procedure, based on the opinion of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use ("CHMP"), of the EMA, and is valid throughout the entire territory of the EEA. The Centralized Procedure is mandatory for certain types of products, such as biotechnology medicinal products, orphan medicinal products, advanced-therapy medicines such as gene-therapy, somatic cell-therapy or tissue-engineered medicines and medicinal products containing a new active substance indicated for the treatment of HIV, AIDS, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, auto-immune and other immune dysfunctions and viral diseases. The Centralized Procedure is optional for products containing a new active substance not yet authorized in the EEA, or for products that constitute a significant therapeutic, scientific or technical innovation or which are in the interest of public health in the EU.

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National MAs, which are issued by the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA and only cover their respective territory, are available for products not falling within the mandatory scope of the Centralized Procedure. Where a product has already been authorized for marketing in a Member State of the EEA, this National MA can be recognized in another Member States through the Mutual Recognition Procedure. If the product has not received a National MA in any Member State at the time of application, it can be approved simultaneously in various Member States through the Decentralized Procedure. Under the Decentralized Procedure an identical dossier is submitted to the competent authorities of each of the Member States in which the MA is sought, one of which is selected by the applicant as the Reference Member State ("RMS"). The competent authority of the RMS prepares a draft assessment report, a draft summary of the product characteristics ("SOPC"), and a draft of the labeling and package leaflet, which are sent to the other Member States (referred to as the Member States Concerned) for their approval. If the Member States Concerned raise no objections, based on a potential serious risk to public health, to the assessment, SOPC, labeling or packaging proposed by the RMS, the product is subsequently granted a national MA in all the Member States (i.e., in the RMS and the Member States Concerned).

Under the procedures described above, before granting the MA, the EMA or the competent authorities of the Member States of the EEA make an assessment of the risk-benefit balance of the product on the basis of scientific criteria concerning its quality, safety and efficacy. Similar to the U.S. patent term-restoration, Supplementary Protection Certificates ("SPCs") serve as an extension to a patent right in Europe for up to five years. SPCs apply to specific pharmaceutical products to offset the loss of patent protection due to the lengthy testing and clinical trials these products require prior to obtaining regulatory marketing approval.

Coverage and Reimbursement

Significant uncertainty exists as to the coverage and reimbursement status of any product candidate for which we may seek regulatory approval. Sales in the United States will depend, in part, on the availability of sufficient coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, which include government health programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE and the Veterans Administration, as well as managed care organizations and private health insurers. Prices at which we or our customers seek reimbursement for our product candidates can be subject to challenge, reduction or denial by third-party payors.

The process for determining whether a third-party payor will provide coverage for a product is typically separate from the process for setting the reimbursement rate that the payor will pay for the product. A third-party payor’s decision to provide coverage for a product does not imply that an adequate reimbursement rate will be available. Additionally, in the United States there is no uniform policy among payors for coverage or reimbursement. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own coverage and reimbursement policies, but also have their own methods and approval processes. Therefore, coverage and reimbursement for products can differ significantly from payor to payor. If coverage and adequate reimbursement are not available, or are available only at limited levels, successful commercialization of, and obtaining a satisfactory financial return on, any product we develop may not be possible.

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Third-party payors are increasingly challenging the price and examining the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of medical products and services, in addition to their safety and efficacy. In order to obtain coverage and reimbursement for any product that might be approved for marketing, we may need to conduct expensive studies in order to demonstrate the medical necessity and cost-effectiveness of any products, which would be in addition to the costs expended to obtain regulatory approvals. Third-party payors may not consider our product candidates to be medically necessary or cost-effective compared to other available therapies, or the rebate percentages required to secure favorable coverage may not yield an adequate margin over cost or may not enable us to maintain price levels sufficient to realize an appropriate return on our investment in drug development.

Healthcare Reform

In the United States, there has been, and continues to be, several legislative and regulatory changes and proposed changes regarding the healthcare system that could prevent or delay marketing approval of product candidates, restrict or regulate post-approval activities and affect the profitable sale of product candidates, including potential changes as a result of the new presidential administration. Among policy makers and payors in the United States, there is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality and/or expanding access. In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by major legislative initiatives. In March 2010, the ACA was passed, which substantially changed the way healthcare is financed by both the government and private insurers, and significantly impacts the United States pharmaceutical industry.

The ACA, among other things: (1) increased the minimum Medicaid rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program and extended the rebate program to individuals enrolled in Medicaid managed care organizations; (2) created a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated for certain drugs and biologics that are inhaled, infused, instilled, implanted or injected; (3) established an annual, nondeductible fee on any entity that manufactures or imports certain specified branded prescription drugs and biologic agents apportioned among these entities according to their market share in certain government healthcare programs; (4) expanded the availability of lower pricing under the 340B drug pricing program by adding new entities to the program; (5) expanded the eligibility criteria for Medicaid programs; (6) created a new Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute to oversee, identify priorities in and conduct comparative clinical effectiveness research, along with funding for such research; (7) created a new Medicare Part D coverage gap discount program, in which manufacturers must agree to offer 50% (and 70% commencing January 1, 2019) point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable brand drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D; and (8) established a Center for Medicare Innovation at the CMS, to test innovative payment and service delivery models to lower Medicare and Medicaid spending, potentially including prescription drugs.

Since its enactment, there have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges to certain aspects of the ACA. For example, in June 2021 the U.S. Supreme Court held that Texas and other challengers had no legal standing to challenge the ACA, dismissing the case on procedural grounds without specifically ruling on the constitutionality of the ACA. Thus, the ACA will remain in effect in its current form. Further, prior to the U.S. Supreme Court ruling, on January 28, 2021, President Biden issued an executive order that initiated a special enrollment period in 2021 for purposes of obtaining health insurance coverage through the ACA marketplace. This executive order also instructs certain governmental agencies to review existing policies and rules that limit access to health insurance coverage through Medicaid or the ACA, among others. It is possible that the ACA will be subject to judicial or Congressional challenges in the future. It is unclear how any such challenges and healthcare measures promulgated by the Trump administration will impact the ACA, our business, financial condition and results of operations. Complying with any new legislation or reversing changes implemented under the ACA could be time-intensive and expensive, resulting in a material adverse effect on our business. Other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the ACA was enacted. These changes include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, effective April 1, 2013, which, due to subsequent legislative amendments, will stay in effect through 2032, unless Congress takes further action. In January 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, which, among other things, reduced Medicare payments to several providers, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. These laws may result in additional reductions in Medicare and other healthcare funding, which could have a material adverse effect on customers for our drugs, if approved, and accordingly, our financial operations.

Additionally, there has been heightened governmental scrutiny recently over the manner in which drug manufacturers set prices for their marketed products, which has resulted in several Congressional inquiries and proposed and enacted federal and state legislation designed to, among other things, bring more transparency to product pricing, review the relationship between pricing and manufacturer patient programs and reform government program reimbursement methodologies for drug products. For

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example, under the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, effective January 1, 2024, the statutory cap on Medicaid Drug Rebate Program rebates that manufacturers pay to state Medicaid programs were eliminated. Elimination of this cap may require pharmaceutical manufacturers to pay more in rebates than it receives on the sale of products, which could have a material impact on our business. In August 2022, Congress passed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, which includes prescription drug provisions that have significant implications for the pharmaceutical industry and Medicare beneficiaries, including allowing the federal government to negotiate a maximum fair price for certain high-priced single source Medicare drugs, imposing penalties and excise tax for manufacturers that fail to comply with the drug price negotiation requirements, requiring inflation rebates for all Medicare Part B and Part D drugs, with limited exceptions, if their drug prices increase faster than inflation, and redesigning Medicare Part D to reduce out-of-pocket prescription drug costs for beneficiaries, among other changes. Only high-expenditure single-source drugs that have been approved for at least 7 years (11 years for single-source biologics) can qualify for negotiation, with the negotiated price taking effect two years after the selection year. For 2026, the first year in which negotiated prices become effective, CMS selected 10 high-cost Medicare Part D drugs in 2023, negotiations began in 2024, and the negotiated maximum fair price for each drug has been announced. CMS has selected 15 additional Medicare Part D drugs for negotiated maximum fair pricing in 2027. For 2028, up to an additional 15 drugs, which may be covered under either Medicare Part B or Part D, will be selected, and for 2029 and subsequent years, up to 20 additional Part B or Part D drugs will be selected. Various industry stakeholders, including certain pharmaceutical companies and the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, have initiated lawsuits against the federal government asserting that the price negotiation provisions of IRA are unconstitutional. The impact of these judicial challenges and other legislative, executive and administrative actions of the government on us and the pharmaceutical industry as a whole is unclear.

At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing. A number of states are considering or have recently enacted state drug price transparency and reporting laws that could substantially increase our compliance burdens and expose us to greater liability under such state laws once we begin commercialization after obtaining regulatory approval for any of our products. We are unable to predict the future course of federal or state healthcare legislation in the United States directed at broadening the availability of healthcare and containing or lowering the cost of healthcare. Further, it is possible that additional governmental action will be taken in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. If we or any third parties we may engage are slow or unable to adapt to changes in existing requirements or the adoption of new requirements or policies, or if we or such third parties are not able to maintain regulatory compliance, our product candidates may lose regulatory approval that may have been obtained and we may not achieve or sustain profitability.

Employees and Human Capital

Our Values

We foster an inclusive, collaborative culture committed to realizing our mission – to help people not only live longer, but live better. Our core values include:

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Integrity—do the right thing for patients, our team, and our community.

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Passion—love what we do.

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Collaboration—listen to and value all voices.

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Drive—innovate, take risks, and advance with a sense of urgency.

Our human capital resource objectives include, as applicable, identifying, recruiting, retaining, incentivizing and integrating our existing and new employees, advisors and consultants. The principal purposes of our equity and cash incentive plans are to attract, retain and reward personnel through the granting of stock-based and cash-based compensation awards, in order to increase stockholder value and the success of our company by motivating such individuals to perform to the best of their abilities and achieve our objectives.

As of December 31, 2024, we had 62 full-time employees. Of these employees, 47 were engaged in research or product development and clinical activities. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.

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Corporate Information

Former Enliven was incorporated in the State of Delaware in June 2019. On February 23, 2023, we completed our business combination with Former Enliven in accordance with the terms of the Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 13, 2022 (the “Merger Agreement”), by and among us, Former Enliven, and Iguana Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and our wholly owned subsidiary (“Merger Sub”), pursuant to which, among other matters, Merger Sub merged with and into Former Enliven, with Former Enliven continuing as a wholly owned subsidiary of us and the surviving corporation of the Merger. In connection with the closing of the Merger, we effected a 1-for-4 reverse stock split (the “Reverse Stock Split”) and changed our name to Enliven Therapeutics, Inc. Following the completion of the Merger, the business conducted by Former Enliven became the primary business conducted by us.

Our principal executive offices are located at 6200 Lookout Road, Boulder, Colorado 80301. Our telephone number is 720-647-8519. Our website address is www.enliventherapeutics.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website or any website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K and should not be considered to be part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K unless expressly noted.

We may announce material information to the public through filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the "SEC"), our website (www.enliventherapeutics.com), press releases, public conference calls, and public webcasts. We use these channels, as well as social media, to communicate with the public about us, our product candidates and other matters. We also make available on or through our website certain reports and amendments to those reports that we file with or furnish to the SEC in accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). These include our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, and our current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. We make this information available on or through our website free of charge as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file the information with, or furnish it to, the SEC. The SEC also maintains a website that contains our SEC filings. The address for the SEC website is www.sec.gov.

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Item 1A. Risk Factors.

Risk factors

You should carefully consider the risks described below, as well as the other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes and the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” and in our other public filings in evaluating our business. The occurrence of any of the events or developments described below could harm our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects. In such an event, the market price of our common stock could decline. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial also may impair our business operations and the market price of our common stock.

Risk Factor Summary

We are early in our development efforts, with a limited operating history, and we have no products approved for commercial sale, which may make it difficult for you to evaluate our current business and likelihood of success and future viability.

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We have incurred significant net losses and we expect to continue to incur significant net losses for the foreseeable future.

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We have never generated revenue from product sales and we may never achieve or maintain profitability.

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We are substantially dependent on ELVN-001 and ELVN-002. If we are unable to advance ELVN-001 or ELVN-002 through clinical development, obtain regulatory approval and ultimately commercialize or license such product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

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The outcome of preclinical testing and early clinical trials may not be predictive of the success of later clinical trials, and the results of our clinical trials may not satisfy the requirements of the FDA, EMA or other comparable foreign regulatory authorities.

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We have limited resources and are currently focusing our efforts on ELVN-001 and ELVN-002 for development in particular indications and advancing our other research programs. As a result, we may fail to capitalize on programs, product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

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Our prospects depend in large part upon developing and commercializing ELVN-001 and ELVN-002 and/or licensing such product candidates and discovering, developing and commercializing product candidates from our other research programs, and failure to successfully identify, develop and commercialize additional product candidates could impair our ability to grow.

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If clinical trials of our product candidates fail to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of regulatory authorities or do not otherwise produce positive results, we would incur additional costs or experience delays in completing, or ultimately be unable to complete, the development and commercialization of our product candidates.

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The regulatory approval processes of the FDA, EMA and other comparable foreign regulatory authorities are lengthy, time consuming and inherently unpredictable. If we are ultimately unable to obtain regulatory approval of our product candidates, we will be unable to generate product revenue and our business will be substantially harmed.

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Our success depends on our ability to protect our intellectual property and our proprietary technologies.

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The market price of our common stock may be volatile and may drop.

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We will need substantial additional funding before we can complete the development of our product candidates. If we are unable to obtain such additional capital on favorable terms, on a timely basis or at all, we would be forced to delay, reduce or eliminate our product development and clinical programs and may not have the capital required to otherwise operate our business.

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We have incurred and will continue to incur additional costs and increased demands upon management as a result of complying with the laws and regulations affecting public companies.

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Risks Related to Our Limited Operating History, Financial Position and Need for Additional Capital

We are early in our development efforts, with a limited operating history, and we have no products approved for commercial sale, which may make it difficult for you to evaluate our current business and likelihood of success and future viability.

We are a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company with a limited operating history upon which you can evaluate our business and prospects.

Former Enliven commenced operations in June 2019, has never completed a clinical trial, has no products approved for commercial sale and has never generated any revenue. Drug development is a highly uncertain undertaking and involves a substantial degree of risk. We are devoting substantially all of our resources to developing ELVN-001 and ELVN-002, research and development activities, clinical trial activities, business planning, establishing and maintaining our intellectual property portfolio, hiring personnel, raising capital, and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We are currently evaluating ELVN-001 in a Phase 1 clinical trial in adults with CML, and we are evaluating ELVN-002 in Phase 1 clinical trials in adults with solid tumors with HER2 alterations. We have not initiated clinical trials for any other product candidate.

In September 2024, we announced a positive data update from the Phase 1 clinical trial evaluating ELVN-001 in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (“CML”) that is relapsed, refractory, or intolerant to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (“TKIs”). However, we have not yet demonstrated our ability to complete any clinical trials, obtain marketing approvals, manufacture a commercial-scale product or arrange for a third party to do so on our behalf, develop a companion diagnostic, or conduct sales and marketing activities necessary for successful product commercialization. As a result, it may be more difficult for investors to accurately predict our likelihood of success and viability than it could be if we had a longer operating history.

In addition, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors and risks frequently experienced by early-stage biopharmaceutical companies in rapidly evolving fields. We also expect that, as we advance our product candidates, we will need to transition from a company with a research and development focus to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. We have not yet demonstrated an ability to successfully overcome such risks and difficulties, or to make such a transition. If we do not adequately address these risks and difficulties or successfully make such a transition, our business will suffer.

We have incurred significant net losses and we expect to continue to incur significant net losses for the foreseeable future.

We have incurred significant net losses, have not generated any revenue to date and have financed our operations primarily through the issuance of our common and convertible preferred stock. Our net loss was $89.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $243.5 million. We are still in the very early stages of development of our product candidates and have not yet completed any clinical trials. As a result, we expect that it will be many years, if ever, before we have commercialized a product and can generate revenue from product sales. Even if we succeed in receiving marketing approval for and commercializing one or more of our product candidates, we expect that we will continue to incur substantial research and development and other expenses in order to discover, develop and market additional potential products.

We expect to continue to incur significant expenses and increasing operating losses for the foreseeable future. The net losses we incur may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter such that a period-to-period comparison of our results of operations may not be a good indication of our future performance. The size of our future net losses will depend, in part, on the rate of future growth of our expenses and our ability to generate revenue. Our prior losses and expected future losses have had and will continue to have an adverse effect on our working capital, our ability to fund the development of our product candidates and our ability to achieve and maintain profitability and the performance of our stock.

We have never generated revenue from product sales and may never achieve or maintain profitability.

We have never generated any revenue from commercial product sales. To become and remain profitable, we must develop and eventually commercialize product candidates with significant market potential, which will require us to be successful in a range of challenging activities. These activities can include completing preclinical studies and clinical trials of our product candidates, obtaining marketing approval for these product candidates, manufacturing, marketing and selling those products that are approved and satisfying any post-marketing requirements. We do not anticipate generating any revenue from product sales for many years, if

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ever. Our ability to generate revenue and achieve profitability depends significantly on our ability to achieve several objectives, including:

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