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Item 1A. Risk Factors

The following risk factors are what we believe to be the most significant risk factors that could adversely affect our business and operations, including, without limitation, our financial condition, REIT status, results of operations and cash flows, our ability to service our debt and pay dividends to our stockholders, our ability to capitalize on business opportunities as they arise, our ability to raise capital, and the market price of our common stock. This is not an exhaustive list, and additional risk factors could adversely affect our business and financial performance. We operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment and new risk factors emerge from time to time. It is therefore not possible for us to predict all such risk factors, nor can we assess the impact of all such risk factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.

This discussion of risk factors includes many forward-looking statements. For cautions about relying on forward-looking statements see “Forward Looking Statements” at the beginning of this Report.

Our risk factors are grouped into the following categories:

•Risks Related to Our Properties and Our Business;

•Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure;

•Risks Related to Taxes and Our Status as a REIT;

•General Risks.

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Risks Related to Our Properties and Our Business

The COVID-19 global pandemic has and could continue to adversely affect our business, financial position, results of operations, cash flows, our ability to service our debt, our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders, our REIT status, our ability to capitalize on business opportunities as they arise, our ability to raise capital, and/or the market price of our common stock.

The COVID-19 global pandemic has led to severe disruption to general economic activities as governments and businesses take actions to mitigate the public health crisis. The extent to which the pandemic ultimately impacts our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including, but not limited to, the duration and spread of each variant, its severity, the actions taken to contain the virus, the emergence and impact of future virus variants, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions resume. Even if the pandemic subsides, we may continue to experience significant impacts to our business as a result of its global economic impact, including any resulting economic recession.

Not all of the impacts of the pandemic can be predicted at this time, however, some of the potential impacts from the pandemic could include:

•Government actions, including but not limited to lease enforcement moratoriums, that reduce or otherwise hinder our ability to collect rent promptly or at all, adversely affect tenant demand, increase our costs or otherwise reduce our collections;

•Supply chain, governmental or other disruptions that adversely affect construction or our operations and/or those of our tenants;

•Economic pressure on our tenants, which could lead to lower collections or defaults;

•Reduced or different tenant demand, leading to lower occupancy and/or rental rates in our buildings;

•Reduced attendance in our buildings, resulting in lower parking revenues;

•Increases in expenses and/or capital investments or decreases in tenant demand as a result of safety concerns;

•Increased risks of IT disruptions and/or cyber attacks as a result of our employees or tenants working remotely;

•Disruption of our operations as a result of the illness or social distancing of our employees or tenants;

•Impact on the labor market, which could lead to higher employee turnover and increased labor costs;

•Changes in the financial markets, the value of our properties and/or our cash flows which adversely affect our stock price and/or our tenants' access to needed debt or equity capital on reasonable or any terms; and/or

•Increases in the cost or availability, or changes to the terms, of insurance.

All of our properties are located in Los Angeles County, California and Honolulu, Hawaii, and we are therefore exposed to greater risk than if we owned a more geographically diverse portfolio. Our properties in Los Angeles County are concentrated in certain submarkets, exposing us to risks associated with those specific areas.

Because of the geographic concentration of our properties, we are susceptible to adverse economic and regulatory developments, as well as natural disasters, in the markets and submarkets where we operate, including, for example, economic slowdowns, industry slowdowns, business downsizing, business relocations, increases in real estate and other taxes, changes in regulation, earthquakes, floods, droughts and wildfires. California is also regarded as being more litigious, regulated and taxed than many other states.

Our operating performance is subject to risks associated with the real estate industry.

Real estate investments are subject to various risks, fluctuations and cycles in value and demand, many of which are beyond our control. These events include, but are not limited to:

•adverse changes in international, national or local economic conditions;

•inability to rent space on favorable terms, including possible market pressures to offer tenants rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below-market renewal options;

•adverse changes in financial conditions of actual or potential investors, buyers, sellers or tenants;

•inability to collect rent from tenants;

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•competition from other real estate investors, including other real estate operating companies, publicly-traded REITs and institutional investment funds;

•reduced tenant demand for office space and residential units from matters such as (i) trends in space utilization, (ii) changes in the relative popularity of our properties, (iii) the type of space we provide or (iv) purchasing versus leasing;

•reduced demand for parking space due to the impact of technology such as self driving cars, and the increasing popularity of car ride sharing services;

•increases in the supply of office space and residential units;

•fluctuations in interest rates and the availability of credit, which could adversely affect our ability to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all;

•increases in expenses (or our reduced ability to recover expenses from our tenants), including insurance costs, labor costs (such as the unionization of our employees or the employees of any parties with whom we contract for services to our buildings), energy prices, real estate assessments and other taxes, as well as costs of compliance with laws, regulations and governmental policies;

•utility disruptions;

•the effects of rent controls, stabilization laws and other laws or covenants regulating rental rates;

•changes in, and changes in enforcement of, laws, regulations and governmental policies, including, without limitation, health, safety, environmental, zoning and tax laws, governmental fiscal policies and the ADA;

•legislative uncertainty related to federal and state spending and tax policy;

•difficulty in operating properties effectively;

•acquiring undesirable properties; and

•inability to dispose of properties at appropriate times or at favorable prices.

We have a substantial amount of debt, which exposes us to interest rate fluctuation risk and the risk of not being able to refinance our debt, which in turn could expose us to the risk of default under our debt obligations.

We have a substantial amount of debt and we may incur significant additional debt for various purposes, including, without limitation, to fund future property acquisitions and development activities, reposition properties and to fund our operations. See Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more detail regarding our consolidated debt. See "Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements" in Item 7 of this Report for more detail regarding our unconsolidated debt.

Our substantial indebtedness, and the limitations and other constraints imposed on us by our debt agreements, especially during economic downturns when credit is harder to obtain, could adversely affect us, including the following:

•our cash flows may be insufficient to meet our required principal and interest payments;

•servicing our borrowings may leave us with insufficient cash to operate our properties or to pay the distributions necessary to maintain our REIT qualification;

•we may be unable to borrow additional funds as needed or on favorable terms, which could, among other things, adversely affect our ability to capitalize upon acquisition opportunities;

•we may be unable to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or the refinancing terms may be less favorable than the terms of our existing indebtedness;

•we may be forced to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on disadvantageous terms;

•we may violate any restrictive covenants in our loan documents, which could entitle the lenders to accelerate our debt obligations;

•we may be unable to hedge floating rate debt, counterparties may fail to honor their obligations under our hedge agreements, the hedge agreements may not effectively hedge the interest rate fluctuation risk, and, upon the expiration of any hedge agreements we do have, we will be exposed to the then-existing market rates of interest and future interest rate volatility with respect to debt that is currently hedged; we could also be declared in default on our hedge agreements if we default on the underlying debt that we are hedging;

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•we may default on our obligations and the lenders or mortgagees may foreclose on our properties that secure their loans and receive an assignment of rents and leases;

•our default under any of our indebtedness with cross default provisions could result in a default on other indebtedness;

•any foreclosure on our properties could also create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, which could adversely affect our ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements imposed by the Code; and

•most of our floating rate debt and related hedges are indexed to USD-LIBOR, any regulatory changes which impact the USD-LIBOR benchmark, such as the transition to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (see Item 7A - "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk" in this Report) or other indexes, could impact our borrowing costs or the effectiveness of our hedges.

The rents we receive from new leases may be less than our asking rents, and we may experience rent roll-down from time to time.

As a result of various factors, such as competitive pricing pressure in our submarkets, adverse conditions in the Los Angeles County or Honolulu real estate market, general economic downturns, or the desirability of our properties compared to other properties in our submarkets, the rents we receive on new leases could be less than our in-place rents.

In order to successfully compete against other properties, we need to maintain, repair, and renovate our properties, which reduces our cash flows.

If our properties are not as attractive to current and prospective tenants in terms of rent, services, condition, or location as properties owned by our competitors, we could lose tenants or suffer lower rental rates. As a result, we may from time to time be required to incur significant capital expenditures to maintain the competitiveness of our properties. There can be no assurances that any such expenditures would result in higher occupancy or rental rates, or deter existing tenants from relocating to properties owned by our competitors.

We face intense competition, which could adversely impact the occupancy and rental rates of our properties.

We compete with a number of developers, owners and operators of office and multifamily real estate, many of which own properties similar to ours in the same markets in which our properties are located. If our competitors offer space at rental rates below current market rates, or below the rental rates that we currently charge our tenants, or if they offer tenants significant rent or other concessions, we may lose existing or potential tenants and may not be able to replace them, and we may be pressured to reduce our rental rates below those we currently charge or offer more substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below-market renewal options in order to retain tenants when our tenants’ leases expire.

Potential losses, including from adverse weather conditions, natural disasters and title claims, may not be covered by insurance.

Our business operations in Los Angeles County, California and Honolulu, Hawaii are susceptible to, and could be significantly affected by, adverse weather conditions and natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, volcanoes, drought, wind, floods, landslides and fires. The likelihood of such disasters may be increased as a result of climate changes, and climate changes could also have other impacts such as rising sea levels, which could impact our properties in Honolulu.

Adverse weather conditions, natural disasters and climate change impacts could cause significant damage to our properties or to the economies of the regions in which they are located, the risk of which is enhanced by the concentration of our properties’ locations. Our insurance coverage may not be adequate to cover business interruption or losses resulting from adverse weather or natural disasters. In addition, our insurance policies include substantial self-insurance portions and significant deductibles and co-payments for such events, and we are subject to the availability of insurance in the US and the pricing thereof. As a result, we may incur significant costs in the event of adverse weather conditions and natural disasters.

Most of our properties are located in Southern California, an area subject to an increased risk of earthquakes. While we presently carry earthquake insurance on our properties, the amount of our earthquake insurance coverage may not be sufficient to fully cover losses from earthquakes. We may reduce or discontinue earthquake or any other insurance coverage on some or all of our properties in the future if the cost of premiums for any of these policies in our judgment exceeds the value of the coverage discounted for the risk of loss.

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We do not carry insurance for certain losses, such as losses caused by certain environmental conditions, asbestos, riots or war. In addition, our title insurance policies generally only insure the value of a property at the time of purchase, and we have not and do not intend to increase our title insurance coverage as the market value of our portfolio increases. As a result, we may not have sufficient coverage against all losses that we may experience, including from adverse title claims.

If we experience a loss that is uninsured or which exceeds policy limits, we could incur significant costs and lose the capital invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those properties. If the damaged properties are encumbered, we may continue to be liable for the indebtedness, even if these properties were irreparably damaged.

If any of our properties were destroyed or damaged, then we might not be permitted to rebuild many of those properties to their existing height or size at their existing location under current zoning and land use regulations. In the event that we experience a substantial or comprehensive loss of one of our properties, we may not be able to rebuild such property to its existing specifications and otherwise may have to upgrade such property to meet current code requirements.

New regulations in the submarkets in which we operate could require us to make safety improvements to our buildings, for example requiring us to retrofit our buildings to better withstand earthquakes, and we could incur significant costs complying with those regulations.

We may be unable to renew leases or lease vacant space.

We may be unable to renew our tenants' leases, in which case we must find new tenants. To attract new tenants or retain existing tenants, particularly in periods of recession, we may have to accept rental rates below our existing rental rates or offer substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below-market renewal options. Accordingly, portions of our office and multifamily properties may remain vacant for extended periods of time. In addition, some existing leases currently provide tenants with options to renew the terms of their leases at rates that are below the current market rates or to terminate their leases prior to the expiration date thereof. We actively pursue opportunities for what we believe to be well-located and high quality buildings that may be in a transitional phase due to current or impending vacancies. We cannot assure that any such vacancies will be filled following a property acquisition, or that new tenant leases will be executed at or above market rates.

As of December 31, 2021, 12.3% of the square footage in our total office portfolio was available for lease and 12.9% was scheduled to expire in 2022. As of December 31, 2021, 0.7% of the units in our multifamily portfolio were available for lease, and substantially all of the leases in our multifamily portfolio must be renewed within the next year. For more information see Item 2 “Properties” of this Report.

Our business strategy for our office portfolio focuses on leasing to smaller-sized tenants which may present greater credit risks.

Our business strategy for our office portfolio focuses on leasing to smaller-sized tenants, which may present greater credit risks because they are more susceptible to economic downturns than larger tenants, and may be more likely to cancel or not renew their leases.

Real estate investments are generally illiquid.

Our real estate investments are relatively difficult to sell quickly. Return of capital and realization of gains, if any, from an investment will generally occur upon disposition or refinancing of the underlying property. We may not be able to realize our investment objectives by sale or be able to refinance at attractive prices within any given period of time. We may also not be able to complete any exit strategy. Any number of factors could increase these risks, such as (i) weak market conditions, (ii) the lack of an established market for a property, (iii) changes in the financial condition or prospects of prospective buyers, (iv) changes in local, national or international economic conditions, and (v) changes in laws, regulations or fiscal policies. Furthermore, certain properties may be adversely affected by contractual rights, such as rights of first offer or ground leases.

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We may incur significant costs to comply with laws, regulations and covenants.

The properties in our portfolio are subject to various covenants, federal, state and local laws, ordinances, regulatory requirements, including permitting and licensing requirements, various environmental laws, the ADA and rent control laws. Such laws and regulations, including municipal or local ordinances, zoning restrictions and restrictive covenants imposed by community developers may restrict our use of our properties and may require us to obtain approval from local officials or community standards organizations at any time with respect to our properties, including prior to acquiring a property or when undertaking renovations of any of our existing properties. Among other things, these restrictions may relate to fire and safety, seismic, asbestos-cleanup or hazardous material abatement requirements. There can be no assurance that existing laws and regulations will not adversely affect us or the timing or cost of any future acquisitions, developments or renovations, or that additional regulations that increase such delays or result in additional costs will not be adopted. Under the ADA, our properties must meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons to the extent that such properties are “public accommodations”. The costs of our on-going efforts to comply with these laws and regulations are substantial. Moreover, as we have not conducted a comprehensive audit or investigation of all of our properties to determine our compliance with applicable laws and regulations, we may be liable for investigation and remediation costs, penalties, and/or damages, which could be substantial and could adversely affect our ability to sell or rent our property or to borrow using such property as collateral.

Because we own real property, we are subject to extensive environmental regulations, which create uncertainty regarding future environmental expenditures and liabilities.

Environmental laws regulate, and impose liability for, releases of hazardous or toxic substances into the environment. Under various provisions of these laws, an owner or operator of real estate may be liable for costs related to soil or groundwater contamination on, in, or migrating to or from its property. Persons who arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances may be liable for the costs of cleaning up contamination at the disposal site. Such laws often impose liability regardless of whether the person knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of the hazardous or toxic substances that caused the contamination. The presence of, or contamination resulting from, any of these substances, or the failure to properly remediate them, may adversely affect our ability to sell or rent our property or to borrow using the property as collateral. Persons exposed to hazardous or toxic substances may sue for personal injury damages, for example, some laws impose liability for release of or exposure to asbestos-containing materials, a substance known to be present in a number of our buildings. In other cases, some of our properties have been (or may have been) impacted by contamination from past operations or from off-site sources. As a result, in connection with our current or former ownership, operation, management and development of real properties, we may be potentially liable for investigation and cleanup costs, penalties, and damages under environmental laws.

Although most of our properties have been subjected to preliminary environmental assessments, known as Phase I assessments, by independent environmental consultants that identify certain liabilities, Phase I assessments are limited in scope, and may not include or identify all potential environmental liabilities or risks associated with the property. Unless required by applicable laws or regulations, we may not further investigate, remedy or ameliorate the liabilities disclosed in the Phase I assessments. We cannot assure that these or other environmental studies identified all potential environmental liabilities, or that we will not incur material environmental liabilities in the future. If we do incur material environmental liabilities in the future, we may face significant remediation costs and may find it difficult to sell any affected properties. See Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more detail regarding our buildings that contain asbestos.

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Rent control or rent stabilization legislation and other regulatory restrictions may limit our ability to increase rents and pass through new or increased operating costs to our tenants.

We presently expect to continue operating and acquiring properties in areas that have adopted laws and regulations imposing restrictions on the timing or amount of rent increases or have imposed regulations relating to low- and moderate-income housing.

California and various municipalities within Southern California, including the cities of Los Angeles and Santa Monica where our properties are located, have enacted rent control legislation. All of our multifamily properties in Los Angeles County are affected by these laws and regulations. Under current California law we are able to increase rents to market rates once a tenant vacates a rent-controlled unit; however, increases in rental rates for renewing tenants are limited by California, Los Angeles and Santa Monica rent control regulations.

Hawaii does not have state mandated rent control, however portions of the Honolulu multifamily market are subject to low- and moderate-income housing regulations. We have agreed to rent specified percentages of the units at some of our Honolulu multifamily properties to persons with income below specified levels in exchange for certain tax benefits.

These laws and regulations can (i) limit our ability to charge market rents, increase rents, evict tenants or recover increases in our operating expenses, (ii) negatively impact our ability to attract higher-paying tenants, (iii) require us to incur costs for reporting and compliance, and (iv) make it more difficult for us to dispose of properties in certain circumstances. Any failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines, penalties and/or the loss of certain tax benefits and the forfeiture of rents.

We may be unable to complete acquisitions that would grow our business, or successfully integrate and operate acquired properties.

Our planned growth strategy includes the disciplined acquisition of properties as opportunities arise. Our ability to acquire properties on favorable terms and to successfully integrate and operate them is subject to significant risks, including the following:

•we may be unable to acquire desired properties because of competition from other real estate investors, including other real estate operating companies, publicly-traded REITs and investment funds;

•competition from other potential acquirers may significantly increase the purchase price of a desired property;

•we may acquire properties that are not accretive to our results upon acquisition or we may not successfully manage and lease them up to meet our expectations;

•we may be unable to generate sufficient cash from operations, or obtain the necessary debt or equity financing to consummate an acquisition or, if obtained, the financing may not be on favorable terms;

•cash flows from the acquired properties may be insufficient to service the related debt financing;

•we may need to spend more than we budgeted to make necessary improvements or renovations to acquired properties;

•we may spend significant time and money on potential acquisitions that we do not close;

•the process of acquiring or pursuing the acquisition of a property may divert the attention of our senior management team from our existing business operations;

•we may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate new acquisitions, particularly acquisitions of portfolios of properties, into our existing operations;

•occupancy and rental rates of acquired properties may be less than expected; and

•we may acquire properties without recourse, or with limited recourse, for liabilities, whether known or unknown, such as clean-up of environmental contamination, claims by tenants, vendors or other persons against the former owners of the properties and claims for indemnification by general partners, directors, officers and others indemnified by the former owners of the properties.

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We may be unable to successfully expand our operations into new markets and submarkets.

If the opportunity arises, we may explore acquisitions of properties in new markets. The risks applicable to our ability to acquire, integrate and operate properties in our current markets are also applicable to our ability to acquire, integrate and operate properties in new markets. In addition to these risks, we will not possess the same level of familiarity with the dynamics and market conditions of any new markets that we may enter, which could adversely affect our ability to expand into those markets. We may be unable to build a significant market share or achieve a desired return on our investments in new markets.

We are exposed to risks associated with property development.

We engage in development and redevelopment activities with respect to certain of our properties. To the extent that we do so, we are subject to certain risks, including the following:

•We may not complete a development or redevelopment project on schedule or within budgeted amounts (as a result of risks beyond our control, such as weather, labor conditions, permitting issues, material shortages and price increases);

•We may be unable to lease the developed or redeveloped properties at budgeted rental rates or lease up the property within budgeted time frames;

•We may devote time and expend funds on development or redevelopment of properties that we may not complete;

•We may encounter delays or refusals in obtaining all necessary zoning, land use, and other required entitlements, and building, occupancy and other required governmental permits and authorizations, and our costs to comply with the conditions imposed by such permits and authorizations could increase;

•We may encounter delays, refusals and unforeseen cost increases resulting from third-party litigation or objections; and

•We may fail to obtain the financial results expected from properties we develop or redevelop;

We are exposed to certain risks when we enter into JVs or issue securities of our subsidiaries, including our Operating Partnership.

We have and may in the future develop or acquire properties with, or raise capital from, third parties through partnerships, JVs or other entities, or through acquiring or disposing of non-controlling interests in, or sharing responsibility for managing the affairs of, a property, partnership, JV or other entity. This may subject us to risks that may not be present with other methods of ownership, including for example the following:

•We may not be able to exercise sole decision-making authority regarding the properties, partnership, JV or other entity, which would allow for impasses on decisions that could restrict our ability to sell or transfer our interests in such entity or such entity’s ability to transfer or sell its assets;

•Partners or co-venturers may default on their obligations including those related to capital contributions, debt financing or interest rate swaps, which could delay acquisition, construction or development of a property or increase our financial commitment to the partnership or JV;

•Conflicts of interests with our partners or co-venturers as result of matters such as different needs for liquidity, assessments of the market or tax objectives; ownership of competing interests in other properties; and other business interests, policies or objectives that are competitive or inconsistent with ours;

•If any such jointly owned or managed entity takes or expects to take actions that could jeopardize our status as a REIT or require us to pay tax, we may suffer significantly, including having to dispose of our interest in such entity (if that is possible) or even losing our status as a REIT;

•Our assumptions regarding the tax impact of any structure or transaction could prove to be incorrect, and we could be exposed to significant taxable income, property tax reassessments or other liabilities, including any liability to third parties that we may assume as part of such transaction or otherwise;

•Disputes between us and partners or co-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration that would increase our expenses, affect our ability to develop or operate a property and/or prevent our officers and/or directors from focusing their time and effort on our business;

•We may, in certain circumstances, be liable for the actions of our third-party partners or co-venturers; and

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•We may not be able to raise capital as needed from institutional investors or sovereign wealth funds, or on terms that are favorable.

If we default on the ground lease to which one of our properties is subject, our business could be adversely affected.

Some of our properties may be subject to a ground lease. If we default under the terms of such a lease, we may be liable for damages and could lose our ownership interest in the property.

We may not have sufficient cash available for distribution to stockholders at expected levels in the future.

Our distributions could exceed our cash generated from operations. If necessary, we may fund the difference from our existing cash balances or additional borrowings. If our available cash were to decline significantly below our taxable income, we could lose our REIT status unless we could borrow to make such distributions or make any required distributions in common stock.

We face risks associated with contractual counterparties being designated “Prohibited Persons” by the Office of Foreign Assets Control.

The OFAC of the US Department of the Treasury maintains a list of persons designated as terrorists or who are otherwise blocked or banned (“Prohibited Persons”). The OFAC regulations and other laws prohibit conducting business or engaging in transactions with Prohibited Persons. Some of our agreements require us and the other party to comply with the OFAC requirements. If a party with whom we contract is placed on the OFAC list we may be required by the OFAC regulations to terminate the agreement, which could result in a losses or a damage claim by the other party that the termination was wrongful.

Terrorism and war could harm our business and operating results.

The possibility of future terrorist attacks or war could have a negative impact on our operations, even if they are not directed at our properties and even if they never actually occur. Terrorist attacks can also substantially affect the availability and price of insurance coverage for certain types of damages or occurrences, and our insurance policies for terrorism include large deductibles and co-payments. The lack of sufficient insurance for these types of acts could expose us to significant losses.

Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure

Tax consequences to holders of OP Units upon a sale or refinancing of our properties may cause the interests of our executive officers to differ from the interests of our stockholders.

Some of our properties were contributed to us in exchange for units of our Operating Partnership. As a result of the unrealized built-in gain attributable to such properties at the time of their contribution, some holders of OP Units, including our executive officers, may suffer different and more adverse tax consequences than holders of our common stock upon the sale or refinancing of the properties owned by our Operating Partnership, including disproportionately greater allocations of items of taxable income and gain upon a realization event. As a result, those holders may have different objectives regarding the appropriate pricing, timing and other material terms of any sale or refinancing of certain properties, or whether to sell or refinance such properties at all.

Our executive officers have significant influence over our affairs.

At December 31, 2021, our executive officers owned 4% of our outstanding common stock, but they would own 15% if all of their outstanding LTIPs and OP Units were converted into common stock. As a result, our executive officers, to the extent that they vote their shares in a similar manner, will have significant influence over our affairs and could exercise such influence in a manner that is not in the best interests of our other stockholders, including by attempting to delay, defer or prevent a change of control transaction that might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.

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Under their employment agreements, certain of our executive officers will receive severance if they are terminated without cause or resign for good reason.

We have employment agreements with Jordan L. Kaplan, Kenneth M. Panzer and Kevin A. Crummy, which provide each executive with severance if they are terminated without cause or resign for good reason (including following a change of control), based on two or three times (depending on the officer) his annual total of salary, bonus and incentive compensation such as LTIP Units, options or outperformance grants. In addition, these executive officers would not be restricted from competing with us after their departure.

The loss of any of our executive officers or key senior personnel could significantly harm our business.

Our ability to maintain our competitive position is largely dependent upon the skill and effort of our executive officers and key personnel, who have significant real estate industry experience, strong industry reputations and networks, and assist us in identifying acquisition, disposition, development and borrowing opportunities, negotiating with tenants and sellers of properties, and managing our development projects and the operations of our properties. If we lose the services of any of our executive officers or key senior personnel our business could be adversely affected.

Compensation awards to our management may not be tied to or correspond with improved financial results or the market price of our common stock.

The compensation committee of our board of directors is responsible for overseeing our compensation and incentive compensation plans. Our compensation committee has significant discretion in structuring compensation packages and may make compensation decisions based on any number of factors. Compensation awards may not be tied to or correspond with improved financial results or the market price of our common stock. See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information regarding our stock-based compensation.

Our board of directors may change significant corporate policies without stockholder approval.

Our investment, financing, borrowing, dividend, operating and other policies are determined by our board of directors. These policies may be amended or revised at any time and from time to time at the discretion of our board of directors without a vote of our stockholders. Our board of directors may change our policies with respect to conflicts of interest provided that such changes are consistent with applicable legal requirements.

Our growth depends on external sources of capital which are outside of our control.

In order to qualify as a REIT, we are required under the Code to distribute annually at least 90% of our “REIT taxable income", determined without regard to the dividends paid deduction and by excluding any net capital gain. To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net long-term capital gains or at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, we will be required to pay tax thereon at the regular corporate tax rate. Because of these distribution requirements, we may not be able to fund future capital needs from our operating cash flows, including acquisitions, development and debt refinancing. Consequently, we expect to rely on third-party sources to fund some of our capital needs and we may not be able to obtain financing on favorable terms or at all. Any additional borrowings will increase our leverage, and any additional equity that we issue will dilute our common stock. Our access to third-party sources of capital depends on many factors, some of which include:

•general market conditions;

•the market’s perception of our growth potential;

•our current debt levels;

•our current and expected future earnings;

•our cash flows and cash dividends; and

•the market price per share of our common stock.

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We face risks associated with short-term liquid investments.

From time to time, we have significant cash balances that we invest in a variety of short-term money market fund investments that are intended to preserve principal value and maintain a high degree of liquidity while providing current income. These investments are not insured against loss of principal and there is no guarantee that our investments in these funds will be redeemable at par value. If we cannot liquidate our investments or redeem them at par we could incur losses and experience liquidity issues.

Our charter, the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership, and Maryland law contain provisions that may delay or prevent a change of control transaction.

(i) Our charter contains a five percent ownership limit.

Our charter, subject to certain exceptions, contains restrictions on ownership that limit, and authorizes our directors to take such actions as are necessary and desirable to limit, any person to actual or constructive ownership of not more than five percent of the value or number, whichever is more restrictive, of the outstanding shares of our common stock. Our board of directors, in its sole discretion, may exempt a proposed transferee from the ownership limit. The ownership limit contained in our charter may delay or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

(ii) Our board of directors may create and issue a class or series of preferred stock without stockholder approval.

Our board of directors is empowered under our charter to amend our charter to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of our common stock or the number of shares of stock of any class or series that we have authority to issue, to designate and issue from time to time one or more classes or series of preferred stock and to classify or reclassify any unissued shares of our common stock or preferred stock without stockholder approval. Our board of directors may determine the relative rights, preferences and privileges of any class or series of preferred stock issued. As a result, we may issue series or classes of preferred stock with preferences, dividends, powers and rights, voting or otherwise, senior to the rights of our common stock holders. The issuance of preferred stock could also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change of control transaction that might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.

(iii) Certain provisions in the partnership agreement of our Operating Partnership may delay or prevent an unsolicited acquisition of us.

Provisions in our Operating Partnership agreement may delay or make more difficult unsolicited acquisitions of us or changes in our control. These provisions could discourage third parties from making proposals involving an unsolicited acquisition of us or change of our control, although some stockholders might consider such proposals, if made, desirable. These provisions include, among others:

•redemption rights of qualifying parties;

•transfer restrictions on our OP Units;

•the ability of the general partner in some cases to amend the partnership agreement without the consent of the limited partners; and

•the right of the limited partners to consent to transfers of the general partnership interest and mergers under specified circumstances.

Any potential change of control transaction may be further limited as a result of provisions of the partnership unit designation for certain LTIP Units, which require us to preserve the rights of LTIP unit holders and may restrict us from amending the partnership agreement for our Operating Partnership in a manner that would have an adverse effect on the rights of LTIP unit holders.

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(iv) Certain provisions of Maryland law could inhibit changes in control.

Certain provisions of the MGCL may have the effect of inhibiting a third party from making a proposal to acquire us or impeding a change of control under circumstances that otherwise could provide our stockholders with the opportunity to realize a premium over the market price of our common stock, including:

•“business combination” provisions that, subject to limitations, prohibit certain business combinations between us and an “interested stockholder” (defined generally as any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our shares or an affiliate thereof) for five years after the most recent date on which the stockholder becomes an interested stockholder, and thereafter impose special appraisal rights and special stockholder voting requirements on these combinations; and

•“control share” provisions that provide that “control shares” of our company (defined as shares which, when aggregated with other shares controlled by the stockholder, entitle the stockholder to exercise one of three increasing ranges of voting power in electing directors) acquired in a “control share acquisition” (defined as the direct or indirect acquisition of ownership or control of “control shares”) have no voting rights except to the extent approved by our stockholders by the affirmative vote of at least two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding all interested shares.

We have elected to opt out of these provisions of the MGCL, in the case of the business combination provisions of the MGCL, by resolution of our board of directors, and in the case of the control share provisions of the MGCL, pursuant to a provision in our bylaws. However, our board of directors may by resolution elect to repeal the foregoing opt-outs from the business combination provisions of the MGCL and we may, by amendment to our bylaws, opt in to the control share provisions of the MGCL in the future.

Our charter, bylaws, our Operating Partnership agreement and Maryland law also contain other provisions that may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.

Our fiduciary duties as the sole stockholder of the general partner of our Operating Partnership could create conflicts of interest.

As the sole stockholder of the general partner of our Operating Partnership, we have fiduciary duties to the other limited partners in our Operating Partnership, the discharge of which may conflict with the interests of our stockholders. The limited partners of our Operating Partnership have agreed that, in the event of a conflict in the fiduciary duties owed by us to our stockholders and, in our capacity as general partner of our Operating Partnership, to such limited partners, we are under no obligation to give priority to the interests of such limited partners. The limited partners have the right to vote on certain amendments to the Operating Partnership agreement (which require approval by a majority in interest of the limited partners, including us) and individually to approve certain amendments that would adversely affect their rights. These voting rights may be exercised in a manner that conflicts with the interests of our stockholders. For example, we are unable to modify the rights of limited partners to receive distributions as set forth in the Operating Partnership agreement in a manner that adversely affects their rights without their consent, even though such modification might be in the best interest of our stockholders.

Risks Related to Taxes and Our Status as a REIT

Our property taxes could increase due to property tax rate changes, reassessments or changes in property tax laws, which would adversely impact our cash flows.

We are required to pay property taxes for our properties, which could increase as property tax rates increase or as our properties are assessed or reassessed by taxing authorities. In California, pursuant to an existing state law commonly referred to as Proposition 13, properties are currently reassessed to market value only at the time of change in ownership or completion of construction, and thereafter, annual property reassessments are generally limited to 2% increases over the previously assessed values. As a result, Proposition 13 generally results in significant below-market assessed values over time.

From time to time, including recently, lawmakers and political coalitions have initiated efforts to repeal or amend Proposition 13 to eliminate its application to commercial and/or other properties. If Proposition 13 no longer limited the assessed value of our California properties, the assessed values and property taxes for those properties could increase substantially, which could have a material impact on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

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Failure to qualify as a REIT would result in higher taxes and reduced cash available for distributions.

We have elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, commencing with our initial taxable year ended December 31, 2006. To qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy on a continuing basis certain technical and complex income, asset, organizational, distribution, stockholder ownership and other requirements. See Item 1 "Business Overview" of this Report for more information regarding these tests. Our ability to satisfy these tests depends upon our analysis of and compliance with numerous factors, many of which are not subject to a precise determination and have only limited judicial and administrative interpretations, and which are not entirely within our control. Holding most of our assets through our Operating Partnership further complicates the application of the REIT requirements and a technical or inadvertent mistake could jeopardize our REIT status. New legislation, Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly change the tax laws with respect to the requirements for qualification as a REIT or the federal income tax consequences of qualification as a REIT. Although we believe that we will continue to qualify as a REIT, we can give no assurance that we have qualified or will continue to qualify as a REIT.

If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, and certain relief provisions did not apply, we would be subject to federal income tax on our taxable income at the regular corporate rate, and distributions to stockholders would not be deductible by us in computing our taxable income. Any such corporate tax liability could be substantial and would reduce the amount of cash available for distribution to our stockholders. Unless entitled to relief under certain Code provisions, we would also be disqualified from taxation as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which we ceased to qualify as a REIT. In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, we would not be required to make distributions to stockholders, and all distributions to stockholders will be subject to tax as dividend income to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits. If we fail to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes and are able to avail ourselves of one or more of the relief provisions under the Code in order to maintain our REIT status, we would nevertheless be required to pay penalty taxes of $50,000 or more for each such failure.

As a result of the above factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could impair our ability to raise capital and expand our business, substantially reduce distributions to stockholders, result in us incurring substantial indebtedness (to the extent borrowings are feasible) or liquidating substantial investments in order to pay the resulting taxes, and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

Our Fund, and two of our consolidated JVs, also own properties through one or more entities which are intended to qualify as REITs, and we may in the future use other structures that include REITs. The failure of any such entities to qualify as a REIT could have similar consequences to the REIT subsidiary and could also cause us to fail to qualify as a REIT.

If the Operating Partnership, or any of its subsidiaries, were treated as a regular corporation for federal income tax purposes, we could cease to qualify as a REIT.

Although we believe that the Operating Partnership and other subsidiary partnerships, limited liability companies, REIT subsidiaries, QRS and other subsidiaries (other than the TRS) in which we own a direct or indirect interest will be treated for tax purposes as a partnership, disregarded entity (e.g., in the case of a 100% owned limited liability company), REIT or QRS, as applicable, no assurance can be given that the IRS will not successfully challenge the tax classification of any such entity, or that a court would not sustain such a challenge. If the IRS were successful in treating the Operating Partnership or other subsidiaries as entities taxable as a corporation (including a “publicly traded partnership” taxed as a corporation) for federal income tax purposes, we would likely fail to qualify as a REIT and it would significantly reduce the amount of cash available for distribution by such subsidiaries to us.

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Even if we qualify as a REIT, we will be required to pay some taxes which would reduce cash available for distributions.

Even if we qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes, we will be required to pay certain federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. For example, we will be subject to income tax to the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income (including capital gains). In addition, any net taxable income earned directly by our TRS, or through entities that are disregarded for federal income tax purposes as entities separate from our TRS, will be subject to federal and possibly state corporate income tax. We have elected to treat one of our subsidiaries as a TRS, and we may elect to treat other subsidiaries as TRSs in the future. In this regard, several provisions of the laws applicable to REITs and their subsidiaries ensure that a TRS will be subject to an appropriate level of federal income taxation. For example, for taxable years prior to 2018, a TRS is limited in its ability to deduct interest payments made to an affiliated REIT and, for taxable years after 2017, a TRS is subject to more general limitations on its ability to deduct interest payments to any lender. In addition, the REIT has to pay a 100% tax on some payments that it receives or on some deductions taken by its TRS if the economic arrangements between the REIT, the REIT’s tenants, and the TRS are not comparable to similar arrangements between unrelated parties. In addition, some state and local jurisdictions may tax some of our income even though as a REIT we are not subject to federal income tax on that income because not all states and localities treat REITs the same as they are treated for federal income tax purposes. Moreover, if we have net income from “prohibited transactions,” that income will be subject to a 100% tax. In general, prohibited transactions are sales or other dispositions of property held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business. Although we do not intend to hold any properties that would be characterized as held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of our business, such characterization is a factual determination and we cannot guarantee that the IRS would agree with our characterization of our properties. To the extent that we are required to pay federal, state and local taxes, we will have less cash available for distributions to our stockholders.

REIT distribution requirements could adversely affect our liquidity and cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.

To qualify as a REIT, we generally must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding any net capital gains. To the extent that we do not distribute all of our net long-term capital gains or at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, we will be required to pay tax thereon at the regular corporate tax rate. We intend to make distributions to our stockholders to comply with the Code requirements for REITs and to minimize or eliminate our corporate income tax obligation. Certain types of assets and activities generate substantial mismatches between taxable income and available cash, either because of differences in timing between the recognition of income and the actual receipt of cash or because of differences between the deduction of expenses and the actual payment of those expenses. Such assets include rental real estate that has been financed through financing structures which require some or all of available cash flows to be used to service borrowings. As a result, the requirement to distribute a substantial portion of our taxable income could cause us to sell assets in adverse market conditions, borrow on unfavorable terms, make a taxable distribution of our stock as part of a distribution in which stockholders may elect to receive our stock or (subject to a limit measured as a percentage of the total distribution) cash, distribute amounts that could otherwise be used to fund our operations, capital expenditures, acquisitions or repayment of debt, or cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.

REIT stockholders can receive taxable income without cash distributions.

Under certain circumstances, REITs are permitted to pay required dividends in shares of their stock rather than in cash. If we were to avail ourselves of that option, our stockholders could be required to pay taxes on such stock distributions without the benefit of cash distributions to pay the resulting taxes.

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If a transaction intended to qualify as a Section 1031 Exchange is later determined to be taxable or if we are unable to identify and complete the acquisition of a suitable replacement property to effect a Section 1031 Exchange, we may face adverse consequences, and if the laws applicable to such transactions are amended or repealed, we may not be able to dispose of properties on a tax deferred basis.

From time to time we may dispose of real properties in transactions that are intended to qualify as tax deferred exchanges under Section 1031 of the Code (Section 1031 Exchanges). It is possible that the qualification of a transaction as a Section 1031 Exchange could be successfully challenged and determined to be currently taxable. In such cases, our taxable income would increase as would the amount of distributions we are required to make to satisfy our REIT distribution requirements. This could increase the dividend income to our stockholders by reducing any return of capital they receive. In some circumstances, we may be required to pay additional dividends or, in lieu of that, corporate income tax, possibly including interest and penalties. As a result, we may be required to borrow in order to pay additional dividends or taxes, and the payment of such taxes could cause us to have less cash available to distribute to our stockholders. If a Section 1031 Exchange were later to be determined to be taxable, we may be required to amend our tax returns for the applicable year in question, including any reports we distributed to our stockholders. It is possible that legislation could be enacted that could modify or repeal the laws with respect to Section 1031 Exchanges, which could make it more difficult or not possible for us to dispose of real properties on a tax deferred basis.

Legislative or other actions affecting REITs could have a negative effect on our investors or us, including our ability to maintain our qualification as a REIT or the federal income tax consequences of such qualification.

Federal income tax laws are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Changes to the laws could adversely affect us and our investors. New legislation, Treasury regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly and negatively affect our ability to qualify as a REIT, the federal income tax consequences of such qualification, or the federal income tax consequences of an investment in us. Changes to laws relating to the tax treatment of other entities, or an investment in other entities, could make an investment in such other entities more attractive relative to an investment in a REIT.

Non-U.S. investors may be subject to FIRPTA, which would impose tax on certain distributions and on the sale of common stock if we are unable to qualify as a “domestically controlled” REIT or if our stock is not considered to be regularly traded on an established securities market.

A non-U.S. investor disposing of a U.S. real property interest, including shares of a U.S. corporation whose assets consist principally of U.S. real property interests or USRPIs is generally subject to a tax, known as FIRPTA tax, on the gain recognized on the disposition. Such FIRPTA tax does not apply, however, to the disposition of stock in a REIT if the REIT is a “domestically controlled qualified investment entity.” A domestically controlled qualified investment entity includes a REIT in which, at all times during a specified testing period, less than 50% of the value of its shares is held directly or indirectly by non-U.S. holders. In the event that we do not constitute a domestically controlled qualified investment entity, a non-U.S. investor’s sale of our common stock nonetheless will generally not be subject to tax under FIRPTA as a sale of a USRPI, provided that (1) the stock owned is of a class that is “regularly traded” as defined by applicable Treasury regulations, on an established securities market, and (2) the selling non-U.S. investor held 10% or less of our outstanding common stock at all times during a specified testing period. If we were to fail to so qualify as a domestically controlled qualified investment entity and our common stock were to fail to be “regularly traded”, a gain realized by a non-U.S. investor on a sale of our common stock would be subject to FIRPTA tax and applicable withholding. No assurance can be given that we will be a domestically controlled qualified investment entity. Additionally, any distributions we make to our non-U.S. stockholders that are attributable to gain from the sale of any USRPI will also generally be subject to FIRPTA tax and applicable withholdings, unless the recipient non-U.S. stockholder has not owned more than 10% of our common stock at any time during the year preceding the distribution and our common stock is treated as being “regularly traded”.

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General Risks

Security breaches through cyber attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems could harm our business.

We face risks associated with security breaches, whether through cyber attacks or cyber intrusions over the Internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside our organization or persons with access to systems inside our organization and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations (including managing our building systems) and, in some cases, may be critical to the operations of certain of our tenants. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems, and have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our efforts will be effective in preventing attempted security breaches or disruptions. Even the most well protected information, networks, systems and facilities remain potentially vulnerable because the techniques used in such attempted security breaches evolve and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, and in some cases are designed not be detected and, in fact, may not be detected. Accordingly, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate security barriers or other preventative measures, and thus it is impossible for us to entirely mitigate this risk. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could have an adverse effect on our business, for example:

•Disruption to our networks and systems and thus our operations and/or those of our tenants or vendors;

•Misstated financial reports, violations of loan covenants, missed reporting deadlines and missed permitting deadlines;

•Inability to comply with laws and regulations;

•Unauthorized access to, destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or others, which others could be used to compete against us or for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes;

•Rendering us unable to maintain the building systems relied upon by our tenants;

•The requirement of significant management attention and resources to remedy any damages that result;

•Claims for breach of contract, damages, credits, penalties or termination of leases or other agreements; and

•Damage to our reputation among our tenants, investors, or others.

Litigation could have an adverse effect on our business.

From time to time, we are party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. An unfavorable resolution of litigation could adversely affect us. Even when there is a favorable outcome, litigation may result in substantial expenses and significantly divert the attention of our management with a similar adverse effect on us.

If we fail to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting, we may not be able to accurately report our financial results.

An effective system of internal control over financial reporting is necessary for us to provide reliable financial reports, prevent fraud and operate successfully as a public company. There can be no guarantee that our internal controls over financial reporting will be effective in accomplishing all control objectives all of the time. Deficiencies, including material weaknesses, in our internal control over financial reporting that may occur in the future could result in material misstatements in our financial reporting, which could result in restatements of our financial statements. Failure to maintain effective internal controls could cause us to not meet our reporting obligations, which could affect our ability to remain listed with the NYSE or result in SEC enforcement actions, and could cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information.

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New accounting pronouncements could adversely affect our operating results or the reported financial performance of our tenants.

Accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how we record and report our financial condition and results of operations. Uncertainties posed by various initiatives of accounting standard-setting by the FASB and the SEC, which create and interpret applicable accounting standards for U.S. companies, may change the financial accounting and reporting standards or their interpretation and application of these standards that govern the preparation of our financial statements. Similarly, these changes could have a material impact on our tenants’ reported financial condition or results of operations, credit ratings and preferences regarding leasing real estate. See "New Accounting Pronouncements" in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 2. Properties

We present property level data for our Total Portfolio, except that we present historical capital expenditures for our Consolidated Portfolio.

Office Portfolio Summary as of December 31, 2021

Los Angeles

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(1) The rentable square feet in each region is based on the Rentable Square Feet as reported in the 2021 fourth quarter CBRE Marketview report for our submarkets in that region.

(2) Our market share is calculated by dividing our Rentable Square Feet by the applicable Region's Rentable Square Feet, weighted in the case of averages based on the square feet of exposure in our total portfolio to each submarket as follows:

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(3) In calculating market share, we adjusted the rentable square footage by (i) removing approximately 313,000 rentable square feet of vacant space at an office building in Honolulu that we are converting to residential apartments, from both our rentable square footage and that of the submarket and (ii) removing a 218,000 square foot property located just outside the Beverly Hills city limits from both the numerator and the denominator.

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Office Portfolio Percentage Leased and In-place Rents as of December 31, 2021

Los Angeles

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(1)Regional data reflects the following underlying submarket data:

Region Submarket PercentLeased Monthly Rent Per Leased Square Foot(2)

Westside Beverly Hills 92.8 % $ 4.66

Warner Center/Woodland Hills 83.9 2.56

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(2) Does not include signed leases not yet commenced, which are included in percent leased but excluded from annualized rent.

Office Lease Diversification as of December 31, 2021

Portfolio Tenant Size

Median Average

Office Leases Rentable Square Feet Annualized Rent

Square Feet Under Lease Number Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent

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Largest Office Tenants as of December 31, 2021

The table below presents tenants paying 1% or more of our aggregate Annualized Rent:

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(1) Expiration dates are per lease (expiration dates do not reflect storage and similar leases).

(2) Square footage (rounded) expires as follows: 15,000 square feet in 2022; 13,000 square feet in 2023; and 462,000 square feet in 2024.

(3) Square footage (rounded) expires as follows: 7 leases totaling 71,000 square feet in 2022; 6 leases totaling 47,000 square feet in 2023; 2 leases totaling 11,000 square feet in 2024; 4 leases totaling 89,000 square feet in 2025; 5 leases totaling 32,000 square feet in 2026; and 3 leases totaling 71,000 square feet in 2027. Tenant has options to terminate 15,000 square feet in 2023; and 51,000 square feet in 2025.

(4) Square footage (rounded) expires as follows: 1,000 square feet in 2022; and 209,000 square feet in 2027.

(5) Square footage (rounded) expires as follows: 3,000 square feet in 2022; 30,000 square feet in 2023; 26,000 square feet in 2025; and 70,000 square feet in 2027. Tenant has an option to terminate 32,000 square feet in 2024.

(6) Square footage (rounded) expires as follows: 34,000 square feet in 2029; 46,000 square feet in 2035, 31,000 square feet in 2037, and 74,000 square feet in 2038.

(7) Square footage (rounded) expires as follows: 29,000 square feet in 2023, and 54,000 square feet in 2028.

Office Industry Diversification as of December 31, 2021

Industry Number of Leases Annualized Rent as a Percent of Total

Accounting & Consulting 304 9.6

Educational Services 56 3.4

Public Administration 85 2.7

Manufacturing & Distribution 50 1.1

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Office Lease Expirations as of December 31, 2021 (assuming non-exercise of renewal options and early termination rights)

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(1)Represents annualized rent at December 31, 2021 divided by leased square feet.

(2)Represents annualized rent at expiration divided by leased square feet.

(3)Represents the square footage adjustments for leases that do not reflect BOMA remeasurement.

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Historical Office Tenant Improvements and Leasing Commissions

Year Ended December 31,

Renewal leases

Tenant improvement costs per square foot (1) $ 8.58 $ 8.98 $ 12.47

Leasing commission costs per square foot (1) 5.88 6.99 7.61

New leases

Tenant improvement costs per square foot (1) $ 27.43 $ 25.46 $ 26.41

Leasing commission costs per square foot (1) 9.81 9.41 10.73

Total leases

Tenant improvement costs per square foot (1) $ 14.28 $ 13.27 $ 17.93

Leasing commission costs per square foot (1) 7.07 7.62 8.84

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(1)Tenant improvements and leasing commissions are reported in the period in which the lease is signed. Tenant improvements are based on signed leases, or, for leases in which a tenant improvement allowance was not specified, the amount budgeted at the time the lease commenced.

Historical Office Recurring Capital Expenditures (consolidated office portfolio)

Year Ended December 31,

Recurring Capital Expenditures per square foot(1) $ 0.26 $ 0.26 $ 0.27

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(1)We excluded the following properties in accordance with our definition of Recurring Capital Expenditures:

•For 2021, we excluded eleven properties with an aggregate 2.9 million square feet.

•For 2020, we excluded eleven properties with an aggregate 3.0 million square feet.

•For 2019, we excluded twelve properties with an aggregate 3.2 million square feet.

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Multifamily Portfolio as of December 31, 2021

Submarket Number of Properties Number of Units Units as a Percent of Total

Los Angeles

Submarket Percent Leased Annualized Rent(1) Monthly Rent Per Leased Unit

Los Angeles

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(1) The multifamily portfolio also includes 10,495 square feet of ancillary retail space generating annualized rent of $433,286, which is not included in multifamily annualized rent.

(2) 83 units at one property, which are temporarily unoccupied as a result of a fire, are omitted from the calculation of Percent Leased. These units, as well as insurance recoveries for lost rent, are also omitted from the calculation of Annualized Rent.

Historical Multifamily Recurring Capital Expenditures

Year Ended December 31,

Recurring Capital Expenditures per unit(1) $ 818 $ 832 $ 960

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(1)Recurring Capital Expenditures are costs associated with the turnover of units. Our multifamily portfolio includes a large number of units that, due to Santa Monica rent control laws, have had only modest rent increases since 1979. During 2021, when a tenant vacated one of these units, we incurred on average $40 thousand per unit to bring the unit up to our standards. We classify these capital expenditures as non-recurring.

(2)We excluded the following properties in accordance with our definition of Recurring Capital Expenditures:

•For 2021, we excluded two properties with an aggregate 939 units.

•For 2020, we excluded four properties with an aggregate 1,057 units.

•For 2019, we excluded two properties with an aggregate 837 units.

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Item 3. Legal Proceedings

From time to time, we are party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. Excluding ordinary, routine litigation incidental to our business, we are not currently a party to any legal proceedings that we believe would reasonably be expected to have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market for Common Stock; Dividends

Our common stock is traded on the NYSE under the symbol “DEI”. On December 31, 2021, the closing price of our common stock was $33.50.

The table below presents the dividends declared for our common stock as reported by the NYSE:

First Quarter Second Quarter Third Quarter Fourth Quarter

Holders of Record

We had 11 holders of record of our common stock on February 11, 2022. Many of the shares of our common stock are held in “street” name and accordingly, the number of beneficial owners of such shares is not known or included in the foregoing number.

Sales of Unregistered Securities

None.

Repurchases of Equity Securities

None.

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Performance Graph

The information below shall not be deemed to be “soliciting material” or to be “filed” with the SEC or subject to Regulation 14A or 14C, other than as provided in Item 201 of Regulation S-K, or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically request that such information be treated as soliciting material or specifically incorporate it by reference into a filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

The graph below compares the cumulative total return on our common stock from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2021 to the cumulative total return of the S&P 500, NAREIT Equity and an appropriate “peer group” index (assuming a $100 investment in our common stock and in each of the indexes on December 31, 2016, and that all dividends were reinvested into additional shares of common stock at the frequency with which dividends are paid on the common stock during the applicable fiscal year). The total return performance presented in this graph is not necessarily indicative of, and is not intended to suggest, the total future return performance.

Period Ending

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(1)FTSE NAREIT Equity REITs index.

(2)Consists of Boston Properties, Inc. (BXP), Kilroy Realty Corporation (KRC), SL Green Realty Corp. (SLG), Vornado Trust (VNO) and Hudson Pacific Properties, Inc (HPP).

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our Forward Looking Statements disclaimer and our consolidated financial statements and related notes in Item 15 of this Report. During 2021, our results of operations were impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and capital transactions - see "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on our Business" and "Financings, Developments and Repositionings" further below.

Overview

Douglas Emmett, Inc. is a fully integrated, self-administered and self-managed REIT. Through our interest in our Operating Partnership and its subsidiaries, our consolidated JVs and our unconsolidated Fund, we are one of the largest owners and operators of high-quality office and multifamily properties in Los Angeles County, California and in Honolulu, Hawaii. We focus on owning, acquiring, developing and managing a substantial market share of top-tier office properties and premier multifamily communities in neighborhoods that possess significant supply constraints, high-end executive housing and key lifestyle amenities. As of December 31, 2021, our portfolio consisted of the following (including ancillary retail space):

Consolidated Portfolio(1) Total Portfolio(2)

Office

Class A Properties 69 71

Multifamily

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(1) Our Consolidated Portfolio includes the properties in our consolidated results. Through our subsidiaries, we wholly-own 53 office properties totaling 13.6 million square feet and 11 residential properties with 4,038 apartments. Through three consolidated JVs, we partially own an additional 16 office properties totaling 4.2 million square feet and one residential property with 350 apartments. Our Consolidated Portfolio also includes two wholly-owned land parcels from which we receive ground rent from ground leases to the owners of a Class A office building and a hotel (the land parcels are not included in the number of Class A Properties).

(2) Our Total Portfolio includes our Consolidated Portfolio as well as two properties totaling 0.4 million square feet owned by our unconsolidated Fund, Partnership X. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information about Partnership X.

(3) As of December 31, 2021, we removed approximately 313,000 Rentable Square Feet of vacant space at an office building that we are converting to residential apartments. See "Financings, Developments and Repositionings" further below.

Revenues by Segment and Location

During 2021, revenues from our Consolidated Portfolio were derived as follows:

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Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on our Business

Our buildings have remained open and available to our tenants throughout the pandemic. The governmental authorities in the jurisdictions in which we primarily operate, California, Los Angeles, Beverly Hills and Santa Monica, passed COVID-19 pandemic relief ordinances of varying duration and scope (residential, retail, and office), and with varying exemptions, that generally prohibit evictions, late fees and interest and allow rent deferral over certain periods. While improving, our rent collections continue to be negatively impacted by the remaining impact of these ordinances and the pandemic.

Our results of operations for 2021 generally compare favorably with 2020, due to the gradual recovery, better collections and lower write-offs of uncollectible receivables, and an increase in tenant recoveries. Charges for uncollectible tenant receivables and deferred rent receivables, which were primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic, reduced our rental revenues and tenant recoveries by $3.0 million and $41.0 million for 2021 and 2020, respectively. If we subsequently collect amounts that were previously written off, then the amounts collected will be recorded as an increase to our rental revenues and tenant recoveries. See "Rental Revenues and Tenant Recoveries" in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report regarding our accounting policy. It is unclear how the pandemic will impact our future collections.

Other considerations that could impact our future leasing, rent collections, and revenue include:

•How long the pandemic continues;

•Whether governmental authorities authorize any new tenant protections;

•Whether more tenants stop paying rent if their business worsens;

•How attendance in our buildings changes and impacts parking revenue or rent collection; and/or

•How leasing activity and occupancy will evolve, including any long-term trends after the pandemic ends.

Overall, we expect the pandemic to continue to adversely impact many parts of our business, and those impacts have been, and will continue, to be material. For more information about the risks to our business, see "Risk Factors” in Part I, Item 1A. of this Report.

Financings, Developments and Repositionings

Financings

During the first quarter of 2021:

•We paid down the principal balance of our unconsolidated Fund's term loan by $5.25 million from $110.0 million to $104.75 million. The loan was subsequently paid off in the third quarter of 2021 - see below.

•Interest rate swaps which hedged a $580.0 million interest-only term loan for one of our consolidated JV's expired and were replaced by forward swaps executed in 2020. This reduced the term-loan swap-fixed interest rate from 2.37% to 2.17%. The loan was subsequently paid off in the third quarter of 2021 - see below.

During the second quarter of 2021:

•We closed a secured, non-recourse $300.0 million interest-only term loan scheduled to mature in May 2028. The loan bears interest at LIBOR + 1.40% (with a zero-percent LIBOR floor), which has been effectively fixed at 2.21% until June 2026 with interest rate swaps (which do not have zero-percent LIBOR floors). The loan is secured by three of our wholly-owned office properties that were previously unencumbered. We used $175.0 million of the proceeds to pay off our revolving credit facility balance.

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During the third quarter of 2021:

•We closed a secured, non-recourse $625.0 million interest-only term loan for one of our consolidated JVs. The loan matures in August 2028. The loan bears interest at LIBOR + 1.35% (with a zero-percent LIBOR floor), which has been effectively fixed at 2.12% until June 2025 with interest rate swaps (which do not have zero-percent LIBOR floors). The loan is secured by the JV's four properties. We used $580.0 million of the proceeds to pay off a loan that was secured by the same properties.

•We closed a secured, non-recourse $115.0 million interest-only term loan for our unconsolidated Fund. The loan matures in September 2028. Starting on October 1, 2021, the loan bears interest at LIBOR + 1.35% (with a zero-percent LIBOR floor), which has been effectively fixed at 2.19% until October 2026 with interest rate swaps (which do not have zero-percent LIBOR floors). The loan is secured by the Fund's two properties. We used $104.75 million of the proceeds to pay off the Fund's term loan that was secured by the same properties. We have made certain guarantees related to the loan and the swaps - see "Guarantees" in Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report.

During the fourth quarter of 2021:

•We closed a secured, non-recourse $300.0 million interest-only term loan for one of our consolidated wholly-owned subsidiaries. The loan matures in January 2029 and bears interest at SOFR + 1.56%(with a zero-percent SOFR floor). The loan was effectively fixed with an interest rate swap (which does not have a zero-percent SOFR floor) at 3.42% until December 31, 2021, and 2.66% thereafter until January 2027. We used the proceeds from the new loan to pay off a $300.0 million loan secured by the same property.

See Notes 8 and 10 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information regarding our debt and derivatives, respectively.

Developments

Residential High-Rise Tower, Brentwood, California - "The Landmark Los Angeles"

In West Los Angeles, we completed the construction of a 34-story high-rise apartment building with 376 apartments, and we expect to place the building into service during the first quarter of 2022. The tower was built on a site that is directly adjacent to a 394 thousand square foot office building, a one acre park, and a 712 unit residential property, all of which we own.

1132 Bishop Street, Honolulu, Hawaii - "The Residences at Bishop Place"

In downtown Honolulu, we are converting a 25-story, 493 thousand square foot office tower into 493 rental apartments. As of December 31, 2021, we had delivered and leased approximately fifty-percent of the planned units. The conversion will continue in phases through 2025 as the remaining office space is vacated, therefore, the expected timing of the remaining spending is uncertain.

Repositionings

We often strategically purchase properties with large vacancies or expected near-term lease roll-over and use our knowledge of the property and submarket to reposition the property for the optimal use and tenant mix. In addition, we may reposition properties already in our portfolio. The work we undertake to reposition a building typically takes months or even years, and could involve a range of improvements from a complete structural renovation to a targeted remodeling of selected spaces. During the repositioning, the affected property may display depressed rental revenue and occupancy levels that impact our results and, therefore, comparisons of our performance from period to period.

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Rental Rate Trends - Total Portfolio

Office Rental Rates

Our office rental rates for 2021 and 2020 were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, although these declines were partly offset by lower tenant improvement costs.

The table below presents the average annual rental rate per leased square foot and the annualized lease transaction costs per leased square foot for leases executed in our total office portfolio during the respective periods:

Year Ended December 31,

___________________________________________________

(1)These average rental rates are not directly comparable from year to year because the averages are significantly affected from period to period by factors such as the buildings, submarkets, and types of space and terms involved in the leases executed during the respective reporting period. Because straight-line rent takes into account the full economic value during the full term of each lease, including rent concessions and escalations, we believe that it may provide a better comparison than ending cash rents, which include the impact of the annual escalations over the entire term of the lease.

(2)Reflects the weighted average straight-line Annualized Rent.

(3)Reflects the weighted average leasing commissions and tenant improvement allowances divided by the weighted average number of years for the leases. Excludes leases substantially negotiated by the seller in the case of acquired properties and leases for tenants relocated from space at the landlord's request.

Office Rent Roll

The table below presents the rent roll for new and renewed leases per leased square foot executed in our total office portfolio:

Rent Roll(1)(2) Expiring Rate(2) New/Renewal Rate(2) Percentage Change

___________________________________________________

(1)Represents the average annual initial stabilized cash and straight-line rents per square foot on new and renewed leases signed during the year compared to the prior leases for the same space. Excludes leases with a term of twelve months or less, leases where the prior lease was terminated more than a year before signing of the new lease, leases for tenants relocated at the landlord's request, leases in acquired buildings where we believe the information about the prior agreement is incomplete or where we believe the base rent reflects other off-market inducements to the tenant, and other non-comparable leases.

(2)Our office rent roll can fluctuate from period to period as a result of changes in our submarkets, buildings and term of the expiring leases, making these metrics difficult to predict.

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Multifamily Rental Rates

Our multifamily rental rates for 2021 and 2020 were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.

The table below presents the average annual rental rate per leased unit for new tenants:

Year Ended December 31,

_____________________________________________________

(1) These average rental rates are not directly comparable from year to year because of changes in the properties and units included. For example: (i) the average for 2018 decreased from 2017 because we added a significant number of units at our Moanalua Hillside Apartments development in Honolulu, where the rental rates are lower than the average in our portfolio, (ii) the average for 2019 increased from 2018 because we acquired The Glendon where higher rental rates offset the effect of adding additional units at our Moanalua Hillside Apartments development, and (iii) the average for 2020 increased from 2019 because we added a significant number of units at our Bishop Place development in Honolulu, where the rental rates are higher than the average in our portfolio.

Multifamily Rent Roll

The rent on leases subject to rent change during 2021 (new tenants and existing tenants undergoing annual rent review) was 2.1% higher on average than the prior rent on the same unit.

Occupancy Rates - Total Portfolio

Our office occupancy rates were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic during 2021 and 2020. Our multifamily occupancy rates were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020, but have improved during 2021.

The tables below present the occupancy rates for our total office portfolio and multifamily portfolio:

December 31,

Year Ended December 31,

___________________________________________________

(1)Occupancy rates include the impact of property acquisitions, most of whose occupancy rates at the time of acquisition were below that of our existing portfolio.

(2)The Occupancy Rate for our multifamily portfolio was impacted by our acquisition of The Glendon property in 2019 and new units at our Moanalua Hillside Apartments development in Honolulu in 2019 and 2018.

(3)Average occupancy rates are calculated by averaging the occupancy rates at the end of each of the quarters in the period and at the end of the quarter immediately prior to the start of the period.

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Office Lease Expirations

As of December 31, 2021, assuming non-exercise of renewal options and early termination rights, we expect to see expiring square footage in our total office portfolio as follows:

______________________________________________________

(1) Average of the percentage of leases at December 31, 2018, 2019, and 2020 with the same remaining duration as the leases for the labeled year had at December 31, 2021. Acquisitions are included in the prior year average commencing in the quarter after the acquisition.

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Results of Operations

Comparison of 2021 to 2020

Our results in both periods were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The first three months of the comparable period results were largely unaffected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The current period generally compares favorably with the comparable period due to the gradual recovery, better collections and lower write-offs of uncollectible receivables, and an increase in tenant recoveries.

Year Ended December 31, Favorable (Unfavorable)

(In thousands)

Revenues

Operating expenses

Non-Operating Income and Expenses

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Year Ended December 31, Favorable (Unfavorable)

(In thousands)

Comparison of 2020 to 2019

See Item 7 of Part II in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the SEC on February 22, 2021 for a comparison of our results of operations for 2020 compared to 2019.

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Non-GAAP Supplemental Financial Measure: FFO

Usefulness to Investors

We report FFO because it is a widely reported measure of the performance of equity REITs, and is also used by some investors to identify the impact of trends in occupancy rates, rental rates and operating costs from year to year, excluding the impacts from changes in the value of our real estate, and to compare our performance with other REITs. FFO is a non-GAAP financial measure for which we believe that net income is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. FFO has limitations as a measure of our performance because it excludes depreciation and amortization of real estate, and captures neither the changes in the value of our properties that result from use or market conditions, nor the level of capital expenditures, tenant improvements and leasing commissions necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, all of which have real economic effect and could materially impact our results from operations. FFO should be considered only as a supplement to net income as a measure of our performance and should not be used as a measure of our liquidity or cash flow, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends. Other REITs may not calculate FFO in accordance with the NAREIT definition and, accordingly, our FFO may not be comparable to the FFO of other REITs. See "Results of Operations" above for a discussion of the items that impacted our net income.

Comparison of 2021 to 2020

During 2021, FFO increased by $10.9 million, or 2.9%, to $383.5 million, compared to $372.5 million for 2020. The increase was primarily due to: (i) an increase in revenues from our office portfolio due to better collections and lower write-offs of uncollectible receivables and an increase in tenant recoveries, and (ii) an increase in revenues from our multifamily portfolio due to higher occupancy, better collections and new units at our Bishop Place development project in Hawaii.

Comparison of 2020 to 2019

See Item 7 of Part II in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the SEC on February 22, 2021 for a comparison of our FFO for 2020 compared to 2019.

Reconciliation to GAAP

The table below reconciles our FFO (the FFO attributable to our common stockholders and noncontrolling interests in our Operating Partnership - which includes our share of our consolidated JVs and our unconsolidated Fund's FFO) to net income attributable to common stockholders (the most directly comparable GAAP measure):

Year Ended December 31,

Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 65,267 $ 50,421

Depreciation and amortization of real estate assets 371,289 385,248

Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests (9,136) (11,868)

Adjustments attributable to unconsolidated Fund (1) 2,796 2,739

Adjustments attributable to consolidated JVs (2) (46,760) (47,606)

Gain on sale of investment in real estate — (6,393)

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(1)Adjusts for our share of Partnership X's depreciation and amortization of real estate assets.

(2)Adjusts for the net income (loss) and depreciation and amortization of real estate assets that is attributable to the noncontrolling interests in our consolidated JVs.

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Non-GAAP Supplemental Financial Measure: Same Property NOI

Usefulness to Investors

We report Same Property NOI to facilitate a comparison of our operations between reported periods. Many investors use Same Property NOI to evaluate our operating performance and to compare our operating performance with other REITs, because it can reduce the impact of investing transactions on operating trends. Same Property NOI is a non-GAAP financial measure for which we believe that net income is the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure. We report Same Property NOI because it is a widely recognized measure of the performance of equity REITs, and is used by some investors to identify trends in occupancy rates, rental rates and operating costs and to compare our operating performance with that of other REITs. Same Property NOI has limitations as a measure of our performance because it excludes depreciation and amortization expense, and captures neither the changes in the value of our properties that result from use or market conditions, nor the level of capital expenditures, tenant improvements and leasing commissions necessary to maintain the operating performance of our properties, all of which have real economic effect and could materially impact our results from operations. Other REITs may not calculate Same Property NOI in the same manner. As a result, our Same Property NOI may not be comparable to the Same Property NOI of other REITs. Same Property NOI should be considered only as a supplement to net income as a measure of our performance and should not be used as a measure of our liquidity or cash flow, nor is it indicative of funds available to fund our cash needs, including our ability to pay dividends.

Comparison of 2021 to 2020:

Our same properties for 2021 included 67 office properties, aggregating 17.6 million Rentable Square Feet, and 10 multifamily properties with an aggregate 3,449 units. The amounts presented below reflect 100% (not our pro-rata share). Our Same Property results in both periods were adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The first three months of the comparable period results were largely unaffected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The current period generally compares favorably with the comparable period due to the gradual recovery, better collections and lower write-offs of uncollectible receivables, and an increase in tenant recoveries.

Year Ended December 31, Favorable(Unfavorable)

(In thousands)

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Reconciliation to GAAP

The table below presents a reconciliation of our Same Property NOI to net income attributable to common stockholders (the most directly comparable GAAP measure):

Year Ended December 31,

Non-comparable office expenses (7,113) (8,157)

Non-comparable multifamily expenses (6,067) (6,126)

General and administrative expenses (42,554) (39,601)

Income from unconsolidated Fund 946 430

Gain on sale of investment in real estate — 6,393

Less: Net loss attributable to noncontrolling interests 9,136 11,868

Net income attributable to common stockholders $ 65,267 $ 50,421

Comparison of 2020 to 2019

See Item 7 of Part II in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the SEC on February 22, 2021 for a comparison of our same property NOI for 2020 compared to 2019.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Short-term liquidity

During 2021, we generated cash from operations of $447.0 million. As of December 31, 2021, we had $335.9 million of cash and cash equivalents, and we had no balance outstanding on our $400.0 million revolving credit facility. Our earliest term loan maturity is December 2024. Excluding acquisitions and debt refinancings, we expect to meet our short-term liquidity requirements through cash on hand, cash generated by operations and our revolving credit facility. See Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information regarding our debt.

Long-term liquidity

Our long-term liquidity needs consist primarily of funds necessary to pay for acquisitions and debt refinancings. We do not expect to have sufficient funds on hand to cover these long-term cash requirements due to the requirement to distribute at least 90% of our income on an annual basis imposed by REIT federal tax rules. We plan to meet our long-term liquidity needs through long-term secured non-recourse debt, the issuance of equity securities, including common stock and OP Units, as well as property dispositions and JV transactions. We have an ATM program which would allow us, subject to market conditions, to sell up to $400.0 million of shares of common stock.

We only use property level, non-recourse debt. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 46% of our total office portfolio was unencumbered. To mitigate the impact of changing interest rates on our cash flows from operations, we generally enter into interest rate swap agreements with respect to our loans with floating interest rates. These swap agreements generally expire two years before the maturity date of the related loan, during which time we can refinance the loan without any interest penalty. See Notes 8 and 10 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information regarding our debt and derivative contracts, respectively.

Certain Contractual Obligations

See the following notes to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for information regarding our contractual commitments:

•Note 4 - minimum future ground lease payments;

•Note 8 - minimum future principal payments for our secured notes payable and revolving credit facility, and the interest rates that determine our future periodic interest payments; and

•Note 17 - contractual commitments.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Partnership X Debt

Our Fund, Partnership X, has its own secured non-recourse debt and interest rate swaps. We have made certain environmental and other limited indemnities and guarantees covering customary non-recourse carve-outs related to that loan, and we have also guaranteed the interest rate swaps. Partnership X has agreed to indemnify us for any amounts that we would be required to pay under these agreements. As of December 31, 2021, all of the obligations under the respective loan and swap agreements have been performed in accordance with the terms of those agreements. See "Guarantees" in Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information about our Fund's debt and swaps, and the respective guarantees.

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Cash Flows

Comparison of 2021 to 2020

Our operating cash flows in both periods were adversely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The first three months of 2020 were largely unaffected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

Year Ended December 31, Increase (Decrease)In Cash %

(In thousands)

___________________________________________________

(1) Our cash flows from operating activities are primarily dependent upon the occupancy and rental rates of our portfolio, the collectibility of tenant receivables, the level of our operating and general and administrative expenses, and interest expense. The increase in cash from operating activities was primarily due to: (i) an increase in revenues from our office portfolio due to better collections and an increase in tenant recoveries, and (ii) an increase in revenues from our multifamily portfolio due to higher occupancy, better collections and new units at our Bishop Place development project in Hawaii.

(2) Our cash flows used in investing activities are generally used to fund property acquisitions, developments and repositioning projects, and Recurring and non-Recurring Capital Expenditures. The decrease in cash was primarily due to: (i) an increase in capital expenditures for developments of $30.4 million, (ii) proceeds from the sale of a property in the comparable period of $20.7 million, and (iii) a decrease in insurance recoveries for property damage of $14.1 million, which was partly offset by: (a) a decrease in capital expenditures for improvements to real estate of $34.9 million, and (b) the acquisition of additional interests in our Fund in the comparable period of $6.6 million.

(3) Our cash flows provided by financing activities are generally impacted by our borrowings and capital activities, as well as dividends and distributions paid to common stockholders and noncontrolling interests, respectively. The increase in cash was primarily due to an increase in net borrowing of $145.0 million.

Comparison of 2020 to 2019

See Item 7 of Part II in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2020 filed with the SEC on February 22, 2021 for a comparison of our cash flows for 2020 compared to 2019.

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Critical Accounting Policies

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based upon our consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates of certain items which affect the reported amounts of our assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. While we believe that our estimates are based upon reasonable assumptions and judgments at the time that they are made, some of our estimates could prove to be incorrect, and those differences could be material. Below is a discussion of our critical accounting policies, which are the policies we believe require the most estimate and judgment. See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in Item 15 of this Report for the summary of our significant accounting policies.

Investment in Real Estate

Acquisitions and Initial Consolidation of VIEs

We account for property acquisitions as asset acquisitions. We allocate the purchase price for asset acquisitions, which includes the capitalized transaction costs, and for the properties upon the initial consolidation of VIEs not determined to be a business, on a relative fair value basis to: (i) land, (ii) buildings and improvements, (iii) tenant improvements and identifiable intangible assets such as in-place at-market leases, (iv) acquired above- and below-market ground and tenant leases, and if applicable (v) assumed debt, based upon comparable sales for land, and the income approach using our estimates of expected future cash flows and other valuation techniques, which include but are not limited to, our estimates of rental rates, revenue growth rates, capitalization rates and discount rates, for other assets and liabilities. We estimate the relative fair values of the tangible assets on an ‘‘as-if-vacant’’ basis. The estimated relative fair value of acquired in-place at-market leases are the estimated costs to lease the property to the occupancy level at the date of acquisition, including the fair value of leasing commissions and legal costs. We evaluate the time period over which we expect such occupancy level to be achieved and include an estimate of the net operating costs (primarily real estate taxes, insurance and utilities) incurred during the lease-up period. Above and below-market ground and tenant leases are recorded as an asset or liability based upon the present value (using an interest rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between the contractual amounts to be paid or received pursuant to the in-place ground or tenant leases, respectively, and our estimate of fair market rental rates for the corresponding in-place leases, over the remaining non-cancelable term of the leases. Assumed debt is recorded at fair value based upon the present value of the expected future payments and current interest rates.

These estimates require judgment, involve complex calculations, and the allocations have a direct and material impact on our results of operations because, for example, (i) there would be less depreciation if we allocate more value to land (which is not depreciated), or (ii) if we allocate more value to buildings than to tenant improvements, the depreciation would be recognized over a much longer time period, because buildings are depreciated over a longer time period than tenant improvements.

Cost capitalization

We capitalize development costs, including predevelopment costs, interest, property taxes, insurance and other costs directly related to the development of real estate. Indirect development costs, including salaries and benefits, office rent, and associated costs for those individuals directly responsible for and who spend their time on development activities are also capitalized and allocated to the projects to which they relate. Development costs are capitalized while substantial activities are ongoing to prepare an asset for its intended use. We consider a development project to be substantially complete when the residential units or office space is available for occupancy but no later than one year after cessation of major construction activity. Costs incurred after a project is substantially complete and ready for its intended use, or after development activities have ceased, are expensed as incurred. Costs previously capitalized related to abandoned developments are charged to earnings. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

The capitalization of development costs requires judgment, and can directly and materially impact our results of operations because, for example, (i) if we don't capitalize costs that should be capitalized, then our operating expenses would be overstated during the development period, and the subsequent depreciation of the developed real estate would be understated, or (ii) if we capitalize costs that should not be capitalized, then our operating expenses would be understated during the development period, and the subsequent depreciation of the real estate would be overstated. We capitalized development costs of $185.4 million, $186.4 million and $75.3 million during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

We assess our investment in real estate for impairment on a periodic basis, and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of our investments in real estate may not be recoverable. If the undiscounted future cash flows expected to be generated by the asset are less than the carrying value of the asset, and our evaluation indicates that we may be unable to recover the carrying value, then we would record an impairment loss to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the asset. Our estimates of future cash flows are based in part upon assumptions regarding future occupancy, rental rates and operating costs, and could differ materially from actual results. We record real estate held for sale at the lower of carrying value or estimated fair value, less costs to sell, and similarly recognize impairment losses if we believe that we cannot recover the carrying value. Our evaluation of market conditions for assets held for sale requires judgment, and our expectations could differ materially from actual results. Impairment losses would reduce our net income and could be material. Based upon such periodic assessments we did not record any impairment losses for our long-lived assets and Funds during 2021, 2020 or 2019.

Revenue Recognition - Collectibility of lease payments from office tenants

In accordance with Topic 842, if collectibility of lease payments is not probable at the commencement date, then we limit the lease income to the lesser of the income recognized on a straight-line basis or cash basis. If our assessment of collectibility changes after the commencement date, we record the difference between the lease income that would have been recognized on a straight-line basis and cash basis as a current-period adjustment to lease income. We adopted the complete impairment model guidance within Topic 842. Under this model, we no longer maintain a general reserve related to our receivables, and instead analyze, on a lease-by-lease basis, whether amounts due under the operating lease are deemed probable for collection. We write off tenant and deferred rent receivables as a charge against rental revenue in the period we determine the lease payments are not probable for collection.

Our assessment of the collectibility of lease payments requires judgment and could have a material impact on our results of operations. This assessment involves using a methodology that requires judgment and estimates about matters that are uncertain at the time the estimates are made, including tenant specific factors, specific industry conditions, and general economic trends and conditions. During 2021 and 2020, our results of operations were materially impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. See "Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on our Business". Charges for uncollectible amounts related to tenant receivables and deferred rent receivables, which were primarily due to the COVID-19 pandemic, reduced our rental revenues and tenant recoveries by $3.0 million and $41.0 million in 2021 and 2020, respectively.

Revenue Recognition for Tenant Recoveries

Our tenant recovery revenues for recoverable operating expenses are recognized as revenue in the period that the recoverable expenses are incurred. Subsequent to year-end, we perform reconciliations on a lease-by-lease basis and bill or credit each tenant for any differences between the estimated expenses we billed to the tenant and the actual expenses incurred. Estimating tenant recovery revenues requires an in-depth analysis of the complex terms of each underlying lease. Examples of estimates and judgments made when determining the amounts recoverable include:

•estimating the recoverable expenses;

•estimating the impact of changes to expense and occupancy during the year;

•estimating the fixed and variable components of operating expenses for each building;

•conforming recoverable expense pools to those used in the base year for the underlying lease; and

•judging whether an expense or capital expenditure is recoverable pursuant to the terms of the underlying lease.

These estimates require judgment and involve calculations for each of our office properties. If our estimates prove to be incorrect, then our tenant recovery revenues and net income could be materially and adversely affected in future periods when we perform our reconciliations. The impact of changing our current year tenant recovery billings by 5% would result in a change to our tenant recovery revenues and net income of $2.4 million, $2.6 million and $2.6 million during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

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Stock-Based Compensation

We award stock-based compensation to certain employees and non-employee directors in the form of LTIP Units. We recognize the fair value of the awards over the requisite vesting period, which is based upon service. The fair value of the awards is based upon the market value of our common stock on the grant date and a discount for post-vesting restrictions.

Our estimate of the discount for post-vesting restrictions requires judgment. If our estimate of the discount is too high or too low it would result in the fair value of the awards that we make being too low or too high, respectively, which would result in an under- or over-expense of stock-based compensation, respectively, and this under- or over-expensing of stock-based compensation would result in our net income being overstated or understated, respectively. Stock-based compensation expense was $20.9 million, $21.4 million and $18.4 million for 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The impact of changing the discount rate by 5% would result in a change to our stock-based compensation expense and net income of $1.0 million, $1.1 million and $0.9 million during 2021, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Hedging our Floating Rate Borrowings

As of December 31, 2021, all of our floating rate borrowings were hedged with interest rate swaps. Our use of these instruments exposes us to credit risk from the potential inability of our counterparties to perform under the terms of those agreements. We attempt to minimize this credit risk by contracting with a variety of financial counterparties with investment ratings.

Market Transition to SOFRfrom USD-LIBOR

On March 5, 2021, the FCA announced that USD-LIBOR will no longer be published after June 30, 2023. This announcement has several implications, including setting the spread that may be used to automatically convert contracts from USD-LIBOR to SOFR. Most of our floating rate borrowings and interest rate swaps are indexed to USD-LIBOR and we are monitoring this activity and evaluating the related risks in connection with transitioning contracts to SOFR - which include: (i) loan interest payments, (ii) swap interest payments, and (iii) the value of loans and swaps. While we currently expect USD-LIBOR to be available in substantially its current form until at least June 30, 2023, it is possible that USD-LIBOR will become unavailable prior to that time. This could occur, if, for example, sufficient banks decline to make submissions to the LIBOR administrator. In that case, the risks associated with the transition to SOFR will be accelerated and potentially magnified.

See Notes 8 and 10 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 15 of this Report for more information regarding our debt and interest rate swaps.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

See the Index to our Financial Statements in Item 15.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Table of Contents

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

As of December 31, 2021, the end of the period covered by this Report, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our CEO and CFO, regarding the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) at the end of the period covered by this Report. Based on the foregoing, our CEO and CFO concluded, as of that time, that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act (i) is processed, recorded, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms and (ii) is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and our CFO, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2021, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and the Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm thereon appear at pages F-1 and F-4, respectively, and are incorporated herein by reference.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

DEI US Equity

DEI · 10-K · period ended 2021-12-31

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Item 2. Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Item 9B. Other Information

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

DEI US Equity☆

DEI · 10-K · period ended 2021-12-31

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Item 2. Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Item 9B. Other Information

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

DEI US Equity