dan20251231_10k.htm
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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, DC 20549
Form 10-K
☑ Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Fiscal Year Ended: December 31, 2025
OR
☐ Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Transition Period From to
Commission File Number: 1-1063
Dana Incorporated
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
(State of incorporation) (IRS Employer Identification Number)
(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (419) 887-3000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Title of each class Trading Symbol Name of exchange on which registered
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share DAN New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☑
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☑ No ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.:
Large accelerated filer ☑ Accelerated filer ☐
Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐
Emerging growth company ☐
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management's assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☑
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant's executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☑
The aggregate market value of the common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant computed by reference to the closing price of the common stock on June 30, 2025 was $2,237,467,839.
There were 108,642,939 shares of the registrant's common stock outstanding at February 6, 2026.
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement to be delivered to stockholders in connection with the Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on April 22, 2026 are incorporated by reference into Part III.
Table of Contents
DANA INCORPORATED
FORM 10-K
YEAR ENDED December 31, 2025
Table of Contents
Pages
PART I
Item 1 Business 1
Item 1A Risk Factors 7
Item 1B Unresolved Staff Comments 12
Item 1C Cybersecurity 12
Item 2 Properties 13
Item 3 Legal Proceedings 13
PART II
Item 6 [Reserved] 14
Item 7A Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 30
Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 31
Item 9A Controls and Procedures 75
Item 9B Other Information 75
Item 9C Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 75
PART III
Item 10 Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 75
Item 11 Executive Compensation 75
Item 14 Principal Accountant Fees and Services 76
PART IV
Item 15 Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 77
Signatures 80
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Forward-Looking Information
Statements in this report (or otherwise made by us or on our behalf) that are not entirely historical constitute “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Such forward-looking statements can often be identified by words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “believes,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “projects,” “outlook,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “could,” “potential,” “continue,” “ongoing” and similar expressions, variations or negatives of these words. These statements represent the present expectations of Dana Incorporated and its consolidated subsidiaries based on our current information and assumptions. Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties. Our plans, actions and actual results could differ materially from our present expectations due to a number of factors, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this report and in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). All forward-looking statements speak only as of the date made and we undertake no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances that may arise after the date of this report.
PART I
(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
Item 1. Business
General
Dana Incorporated (Dana), with history dating back to 1904, is headquartered in Maumee, Ohio. We are a world leader in providing power-conveyance and energy-management solutions for on-highway vehicles. The company's portfolio improves the efficiency, performance, and sustainability of light and commercial vehicles. From axles, driveshafts, transmissions, sealing and thermal products to electrification products including motors, inverters, controllers, e-sealing, e-thermal and digital solutions, we enable the propulsion of internal combustion engine (ICE), hybrid and electric powered vehicles by supplying nearly every major on-highway vehicle manufacturer in the world. As of December 31, 2025 excluding the Off-Highway business which is presented as a discontinued operation, we employed approximately 26,900 people and operated in 24 countries.
The terms “Dana,” “we,” “our” and “us” are references to Dana. These references include the subsidiaries of Dana unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise.
Recent Strategic Actions
Cost reduction initiatives — During the fourth quarter of 2024, we announced further actions to support sustained long-term profitability and enhanced cash flow generation. This includes substantial reduction in selling, general and administrative costs and aligning engineering expenses to match current industry dynamics,
including the ongoing delay in the adoption of electric vehicles. We expect to deliver annualized savings of $325 through 2026. Approximately $260 of annualized savings was realized through 2025 with an additional $65 to be realized in 2026. See Summary of Consolidated Results and Segment Results of Operations in Item 7 and Note 4 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
Segment realignment — Through December 2024, we managed our operations globally through four operating segments. Our Light Vehicle and Power Technologies segments primarily supported light vehicle original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) with products for light trucks, SUVs, CUVs, vans and passenger cars. Our Commercial Vehicle segment supported the OEMs of on-highway commercial vehicles (primarily trucks and buses), while our Off-Highway segment supported OEMs of off-highway vehicles (primarily wheeled vehicles used in construction, mining and agricultural applications). In the first quarter of 2025, our Power Technologies segment was integrated into our Light Vehicle and Commercial Vehicle segments, streamlining the business, enhancing our go-to-market approach and serving our customers more efficiently. The OEM-facing business was integrated into our Light Vehicle segment while the aftermarket business was integrated into our Commercial Vehicle segment. See Note 20 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
Divestiture of Off-Highway Business — Dana has embarked on a strategic plan to focus on our core on-highway markets, creating a more focused and nimble Dana through the divestiture of our Off-Highway business. In June 2025, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell our Off-Highway business to Allison Transmission Holdings, Inc. We analyzed the quantitative and qualitative factors relevant to the pending divestiture of our Off-Highway business and determined that the conditions for discontinued operations presentation have been met. As such, the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of that business are reported as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Prior period amounts have been recast to reflect discontinued operations presentation. See Note 1 and Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information. The transaction closed on January 1, 2026, with Dana receiving initial cash proceeds of $2,664. The sale price is subject to adjustment based on net working capital and net indebtedness balances as of the closing date.
Capital Structure Initiatives — Net cash proceeds from the Off-Highway business divestiture will be used to pay down debt, strengthening Dana’s financial position, and provide capital returns to shareholders. On January 7, 2026, we purchased, via a net proceeds tender offer, $138 of our November 2027 Notes, $142 of our June 2028 Notes, €141 of our July 2029 Notes ($164 as of January 7, 2026), $173 of our September 2030 Notes, €9 of our 2031 Notes ($10 as of January 7, 2026) and $152 of our February 2032 Notes at prices equal to 100.00% plus accrued and unpaid interest. On January 8, 2026, we redeemed the remaining $262 of our November 2027 Notes and the remaining $258 of our June 2028 Notes at prices equal to 100.00% plus accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, on January 2, 2026, we repaid the $225 outstanding balance on the Term A Facility. See Note 13 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information. On June 8, 2025, Dana’s board of directors approved a program to provide up to a $1,000 return of capital to shareholders through common stock share repurchases and/or special dividends through the end of 2027. On February 11, 2026, Dana's board of directors increased and extended the share repurchase program to a total of $2,000 through the end of 2030. Through January 31, 2026, we have spent $750 to repurchase 37,943,413 shares under the approved stock repurchase program. See Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
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Overview of our Business
We have aligned our organization around two operating segments: Light Vehicle Drive Systems (Light Vehicle) and Commercial Vehicle Drive and Motion Systems (Commercial Vehicle). These operating segments have global responsibility and accountability for business commercial activities and financial performance.
External sales by operating segment for the years ended December 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023 were as follows:
Dollars % of Total Dollars % of Total Dollars % of Total
Refer to Segment Results of Operations in Item 7 and Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for further financial information about our operating segments.
Our business is diversified across end-markets, products and customers. The following table summarizes the markets, products and largest customers of each of our operating segments as of December 31, 2025:
Segment Markets Products Largest Customers
Light Vehicle Light vehicle market: Axles Ford Motor Company
Light trucks (full frame) Driveshafts Stellantis N.V.*
Sport utility vehicles ICE, hybrid and e-transmissions Toyota Motor Corporation
Crossover utility vehicles e-Axle systems Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi
Utility vans e-Transmission systems Alliance
Sports cars Inverters Tata Motors Ltd (including
Super sports cars Electric motors Jaguar Land Rover)
Controllers General Motors Company
ICE sealing and thermal Volkswagen AG
e-Sealing Benteler Group
e-Thermal cooling systems Suzuki Motor Corporation
Battery cooling Mercedes-Benz Group AG
Electronics cooling
Hydrogen fuel cell cooling
New power industrial cooling
Commercial Vehicle Commercial vehicle market: Axles PACCAR Inc
Medium duty trucks Driveshafts Traton SE
Heavy duty trucks Hybrid and e-transmissions AB Volvo
Buses e-Axle systems Daimler Truck AB
Specialty vehicles e-Transmission systems Ford Motor Company
Inverters CNH Industrial N.V.
Electric motors Stellantis N.V.
Controllers Hinduja Group
ICE sealing and thermal Toyota Motor Corporation
e-Sealing Oshkosh Corporation
e-Thermal cooling systems
Battery cooling
Electronics cooling
Hydrogen fuel cell cooling
New power industrial cooling
* Via a directed supply relationship
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Geographic Operations
We maintain administrative and operational organizations in North America, Europe, South America and Asia Pacific to support our operating segments, assist with the management of affiliate relations and facilitate financial and statutory reporting and tax compliance on a worldwide basis. Our operations are located in the following countries:
North America Europe South America Asia Pacific
Canada France Spain Argentina Australia
México Germany Sweden Brazil China
United States Hungary Switzerland Colombia India
Ireland United Kingdom Japan
Italy Singapore
Lithuania South Korea
South Africa Thailand
Our non-U.S. subsidiaries and affiliates manufacture and sell products similar to those we produce in the United States. Operations outside the U.S. may be subject to a greater risk of changing political, economic and social environments, changing governmental laws and regulations, currency revaluations and market fluctuations than our domestic operations. See the discussion of risk factors in Item 1A.
Sales reported by our non-U.S. subsidiaries comprised $3,211, or 43%, of our 2025 consolidated sales of $7,500. A summary of sales and long-lived assets by geographic region can be found in Note 20 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
Customer Dependence
We are largely dependent on light-, medium- and heavy-duty vehicle original equipment manufacturer (OEM) customers. Ford Motor Company (Ford) and Stellantis N.V. (Stellantis) were the only individual customers accounting for 10% or more of our consolidated sales in one or more of the past three years. As a percentage of total sales from operations, our sales to Ford were approximately 32% in 2025, 31% in 2024 and 28% in 2023. Our sales to Stellantis (via a directed supply relationship) were approximately 13% in 2025, 10% in 2024 and 12% in 2023. Toyota Motor Corporation, Volkswagen AG (including Traton SE), and PACCAR, Inc. were our third, fourth and fifth largest customers in 2025. Our 10 largest customers collectively accounted for approximately 76% of our sales in 2025.
Loss of all or a substantial portion of our sales to Ford, Stellantis or other large volume customers would have a significant adverse effect on our financial results until such lost sales volume could be replaced and there is no assurance that any such lost volume would be replaced.
Sources and Availability of Raw Materials
We use a variety of raw materials in the production of our products, including steel and products containing steel, stainless steel, forgings, castings, bearings, semiconductors, and magnets and related rare earth materials. Other commodity purchases include aluminum, brass, copper and plastics. These materials are typically available from multiple qualified sources in quantities sufficient for our needs. However, some of our operations remain dependent on single sources for certain raw materials.
While our suppliers have generally been able to support our needs, our operations may experience shortages and delays in the supply of raw material from time to time due to strong market demand, capacity limitations, supply chain disruptions, short lead times, production schedule increases from our customers and other problems experienced by the suppliers. A significant or prolonged shortage of critical components from any of our suppliers could adversely impact our ability to meet our production schedules and to deliver our products to our customers in a timely manner.
Seasonality
Our businesses are generally not seasonal. However, in the light vehicle market, our sales are closely related to the production schedules of our OEM customers and those schedules have historically been weakest in the third quarter of the year due to a large number of model year changeovers that occur during this period. Additionally, third-quarter production schedules in Europe are typically impacted by summer vacation schedules and fourth-quarter production is affected globally by year-end holidays.
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Backlog
A substantial amount of the new business we are awarded by OEMs is granted well in advance of a program launch. These awards typically extend through the life of the given program. This backlog of new business does not represent firm orders. We estimate future sales from new business using the projected volume under these programs.
Competition
Within each of our markets, we compete with a variety of independent suppliers and distributors, as well as with the in-house operations of certain OEMs. With a focus on product innovation, we differentiate ourselves through efficiency and performance, reliability, materials and processes, sustainability and product extension.
The following table summarizes our principal competitors by operating segment as of December 31, 2025:
Segment Principal Competitors
Light Vehicle Borg Warner Inc. Magna International Inc.
Denso Corporation Schaeffler AG
ElringKlinger AG Tenneco Inc.
Hanon Systems Valeo SE
Hofer Powertrain GmbH YinLun Co., LTD
Jing-Jin Electric Technologies Co. Ltd. ZF Friedrichshafen AG
Linamar Corporation Vertically integrated OEM operations
Commercial Vehicle Allison Transmission Holdings, Inc. Freudenberg Group
BorgWarner Inc. Hendrickson Holdings, LLC
Cummins Inc. Linamar Corporation
Danfoss A/S Mahle GmbH
Denso Corporation Tenneco Inc.
Eaton Corporation plc Tirson Kardan A.Ş.
Ege Endüstru ve Ticaret A.S. YinLun Co., LTD
ElringKlinger AG ZF Friedrichshafen AG
Eugen Klein GmbH Vertically integrated OEM operations
Intellectual Property
Our proprietary driveline and power technologies product lines have strong identities in the markets we serve. Throughout these product lines, we manufacture and sell our products under a number of patents that have been obtained over a period of years and expire at various times. We consider each of these patents to be of value and aggressively protect our rights in key markets. We are involved with many product lines and the loss or expiration of any particular patent would not materially affect our sales and profits.
We own or have licensed numerous trademarks that are registered or subject to pending applications in many jurisdictions. For example, our Spicer®, Spicer ElectrifiedTM, Victor Reinz®, Long® and Dana TM4TM trademarks are widely recognized in their market segments. We regard our trademarks as valuable assets and strategically pursue available protection of these rights.
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Engineering and Research and Development
Since our introduction of the automotive universal joint in 1904, we have been focused on technological innovation. Our objective is to be an essential partner to our customers, and we remain highly focused on offering superior product quality, technologically advanced products, world-class service and competitive prices. To enhance quality and reduce costs, we use statistical process control, cellular manufacturing, flexible regional production and assembly, global sourcing and extensive employee training.
We engage in ongoing engineering and research and development activities to improve the reliability, performance and cost-effectiveness of our existing products and to design and develop innovative products that meet customer requirements for new applications. We integrate related operations to create a more innovative environment, speed product development, maximize efficiency and improve communication and information sharing among our research and development operations. Our research and development costs were $105 in 2025, $184 in 2024 and $196 in 2023. Total engineering expenses including research and development were $224 in 2025, $305 in 2024 and $316 in 2023.
As a leading global supplier in the mobility sector, the company is committed to driving innovation and enhancing the performance, efficiency, and safety of transportation solutions across major mobility markets. Our engineering and research and development efforts focus on creating advanced technologies that meet the evolving needs of customers while addressing environmental challenges and improving driving experience. Our research and development initiatives are centered on enhancing efficiency, performance, and safety of mobility. This includes advancements in powertrain systems, vehicle dynamics and thermal management. We continue to maintain a balanced approach to innovation by investing strategically in both internal combustion (ICE) and electric vehicle (EV) technologies. Our ICE developments focus on improving fuel efficiency, reducing emissions and ensuring compliance with global regulatory standards. Concurrently our EV investments are improving the range, performance, and sustainability of electric vehicles. Dana has also embraced the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies to enhance both the research and development process and the products we develop. These technologies are integrated into our product design and testing phases to accelerate development and into our products to provide real-time optimization of performance.
Human Capital
Our talented people power a customer-centric organization that is continuously improving the performance and efficiency of vehicles and machines around the globe. The following table summarizes our employees by operating segment and geographical region as of December 31, 2025:
Segment Employees Region Employees
Technical and administrative 1,800 Asia Pacific 5,300
We value people by treating others with respect and putting safety, inclusion, and integrity at the heart of everything we do.
Safety – The health and safety of employees remain our highest priority and we believe our company has an essential responsibility to safeguard life, health, property, and the environment for the well-being of all involved. Through a commitment to proactive processes, we actively promote and pursue safety in all that we do. This is achieved through a consistent commitment to excellence in, health, safety, security management, and risk elimination. Dana’s health, safety and security programs ensure that all employees receive training, guidance, and assistance in safety awareness and risk prevention. An implemented, verified, audited, and communicated occupational health and safety management system reflects Dana’s internal and external commitment to all our stakeholders in identifying and reducing the health and safety risk of our employees around the world. Dana has developed robust safety systems, including detailed work instructions and processes for standard and non-standard work, as well as regular layer process audits to ensure that we carefully consider safety in each of our work functions.
Compensation and Benefits – We are committed to providing all employees with quality and competitive compensation and benefit programs that focus on all aspects of wellbeing – physical, mental, and financial. We benchmark our plans globally to ensure competitiveness and value. We utilize standards, processes and programs to ensure competitiveness and value globally, while allowing for differences based upon region and geography. Our programs are designed to attract and retain employees and motivate and reward performance in order to drive superior results. Some examples include base and variable pay, health benefits, life insurance, employee assistance programs, paid time off, and retirement and savings plans.
Ethics and Compliance – All Dana employees are expected to follow Dana’s Standards of Business Conduct, which includes a range of subjects, from respect in the workplace and use of corporate assets to gifts and conflicts of interest, as well as protection of confidential information. Our employee on-boarding process involves a written acknowledgement of the receipt and review of the standards. All salaried employees globally must complete a series of online ethics and compliance training modules as part of the onboarding process, and additional ethics and compliance trainings annually thereafter on subjects such as workplace harassment, trade compliance, anti-trust, and data privacy, and complete an annual business conduct certification. We also maintain a global Ethics and Compliance Helpline which is available in multiple languages and can be used to anonymously report concerns.
Talent Development and Training– Dana has invested in and integrated SuccessFactors, an industry-leading human resource information system, as our global system of record. This platform supports integrated performance management and learning and development. Key features include a consistent talent review and calibration process with detailed reporting capabilities. Performance review is a yearlong process including three phases: goal setting, continuous feedback, and year-end rating and calibration. This increases commitment and adaptability to aligned personal and business objectives. Our learning resources blend subscription and custom content, offering hundreds of thousands of learning assets. Global administrators support the creation, assignment, and reporting of learning progress. Learning resources are accessible through both self-guided and assigned learning paths and are included in the talent development and performance review process. Training completion is tracked and includes automated reminders to enhance accountability and compliance, particularly for mandatory training such as cybersecurity.
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Environmental Compliance
We make capital expenditures in the normal course of business as necessary to ensure that our facilities are in compliance with applicable environmental laws and regulations. The cost of environmental compliance has not been a material part of capital expenditures and did not have a material adverse effect on our earnings or competitive position in 2025.
Available Information
Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 as amended (Exchange Act) are available, free of charge, on or through our Internet website at http://www.dana.com/investors as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the SEC. Copies of any materials we file with the SEC can also be obtained free of charge through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov. We also post our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Standards of Business Conduct for Members of the Board of Directors, Board Committee membership lists and charters, Standards of Business Conduct and other corporate governance materials on our Internet website. Copies of these posted materials are also available in print, free of charge, to any stockholder upon request from: Dana Incorporated, Investor Relations, P.O. Box 1000, Maumee, Ohio 43537, or via telephone in the U.S. at 800-537-8823 or e-mail at InvestorRelations@dana.com. The inclusion of our website address in this report is an inactive textual reference only and is not intended to include or incorporate by reference the information on our website into this report.
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Item 1A. Risk Factors
We are impacted by events and conditions that affect the light vehicle and commercial vehicle markets that we serve, as well as by factors specific to Dana. Among the risks that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations are the following, many of which are interrelated.
Risk Factors Related to the Markets We Serve
A downturn in the global economy could have a substantial adverse effect on our business.
Our business is tied to general economic and industry conditions as demand for vehicles depends largely on the strength of the economy, employment levels, consumer confidence levels, the availability and cost of credit and the cost of fuel. These factors have had and could continue to have a substantial impact on our business. Adverse global economic conditions could also cause our customers and suppliers to experience severe economic constraints in the future, including bankruptcy, which could have a material adverse impact on our financial position and results of operations.
Our results of operations could be adversely affected by climate change, natural catastrophes or public health crises, in the locations in which we, our customers or our suppliers operate.
There is global scientific consensus that emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) continue to alter the composition of Earth’s atmosphere in ways that are affecting and are expected to continue to affect the global climate. These considerations may lead to new international, national, regional, or local legislative or regulatory responses. Various stakeholders, including legislators and regulators, shareholders, and non-governmental organizations, as well as companies in many business sectors, including Dana, are continuing to look for ways to reduce GHG emissions. The regulation of GHG emissions from certain stationary or mobile sources or the imposition of carbon pricing mechanisms could result in additional costs to Dana in the form of taxes or emission allowances, facilities improvements, and energy costs, which would increase Dana’s operating costs through higher utility, transportation, and materials costs. Because the impact of any future climate change-related legislative, regulatory, or product standard requirements on Dana’s global businesses and products is dependent on the timing and design of mandates or standards, Dana is unable to predict their potential impact at this time. The potential physical impacts of climate change on Dana’s facilities, suppliers, and customers and therefore on Dana’s operations are highly uncertain and will be particular to the circumstances developing in various geographic regions. These may include extreme weather events and long-term changes in temperature levels and water availability. These potential physical effects may adversely affect the demand for Dana’s products and the cost, production, sales, and financial performance of Dana’s operations.
A natural disaster could disrupt our operations, or our customers’ or suppliers’ operations and could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Although we have continuity plans designed to mitigate the impact of natural disasters on our operations, those plans may be insufficient, and any catastrophe may disrupt our ability to manufacture and deliver products to our customers, resulting in an adverse impact on our business and results of operations.
In addition, our global operations expose us to risks associated with public health crises, such as epidemics and pandemics, which could harm our business and cause our operating results to suffer. Pandemics, such as the novel coronavirus disease (COVID) pandemic, may have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Efforts to combat a pandemic can be complicated by viral variants and uneven access to, and acceptance and effectiveness of, vaccines globally. Pandemics may negatively impact the global economy, disrupt our operations as well as those of our customers, suppliers, and the global supply chains in which we participate, and create significant volatility and disruption of financial markets. The extent of the impact of a pandemic on our business and financial performance, including our ability to execute our near-term and long-term operational, strategic, and capital structure initiatives, will depend on the duration and severity of the pandemic, which are uncertain and cannot be predicted.
We may face facility closure requirements and other operational restrictions with respect to some or all of our locations for prolonged periods of time due to, among other factors, evolving and increasingly stringent governmental restrictions including public health directives, quarantine policies or social distancing measures. We operate as part of the complex integrated global supply chains of our largest customers. As a pandemic dissipates at varying times and rates in different regions around the world, there could be a prolonged negative impact on these global supply chains. Our ability to continue operations at specific facilities will be impacted by the interdependencies of the various participants of these global supply chains, which are largely beyond our direct control. A prolonged shut down of these global supply chains would have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.
Rising interest rates could have a substantial adverse effect on our business
Rising interest rates could have a dampening effect on overall economic activity, the financial condition of our customers and the financial condition of the end customers who ultimately create demand for the products we supply, all of which could negatively affect demand for our products. An increase in interest rates could make it difficult for us to obtain financing at attractive rates, impacting our ability to execute on our growth strategies or future acquisitions.
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We could be adversely impacted by the loss of any of our significant customers, changes in their requirements for our products or changes in their financial condition.
We are reliant upon sales to several significant customers. Sales to our ten largest customers accounted for 76% of our overall sales in 2025. Changes in our business relationships with any of our large customers or in the timing, size and continuation of their various programs could have a material adverse impact on us.
The loss of any of these customers, the loss of business with respect to one or more of their vehicle models on which we have high component content, or a significant decline in the production levels of such vehicles would negatively impact our business, results of operations and financial condition. Pricing pressure from our customers also poses certain risks. Inability on our part to offset pricing concessions with cost reductions would adversely affect our profitability. We are continually bidding on new business with these customers, as well as seeking to diversify our customer base, but there is no assurance that our efforts will be successful. Further, to the extent that the financial condition of our largest customers deteriorates, including possible bankruptcies, mergers or liquidations, or their sales otherwise decline, our financial position and results of operations could be adversely affected.
We may be adversely impacted by changes in international legislative and political conditions.
We operate in 24 countries around the world and we depend on significant foreign suppliers and customers. Legislative and political activities within the countries where we conduct business, particularly in emerging markets and less developed countries, could adversely impact our ability to operate in those countries. The political situation in a number of countries in which we operate could create instability in our contractual relationships with no effective legal safeguards for resolution of these issues, or potentially result in the seizure of our assets. We operate in Argentina, where trade-related initiatives and other government restrictions limit our ability to optimize operating effectiveness. At December 31, 2025, our net asset exposure related to Argentina was approximately $59, including $19 of net fixed assets.
We may be adversely impacted by changes in trade policies and proposed or imposed tariffs, including but not limited to, the imposition of new tariffs by the U.S. government on imports to the U.S. and/or the imposition of retaliatory tariffs by foreign countries.
Section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, as amended (the Trade Act), gives the executive branch of the U.S. government broad authority to restrict imports in the interest of national security by imposing tariffs. Tariffs imposed on imported steel and aluminum could raise the costs associated with manufacturing our products. We work with our customers to recover a portion of any increased costs, and with our suppliers to defray costs, associated with tariffs. While we have been successful in the past recovering a significant portion of costs increases, there is no assurance that cost increases resulting from trade policies and tariffs will not adversely impact our profitability. Our sales may also be adversely impacted if tariffs are assessed directly on the products we produce or on our customers’ products containing content sourced from us.
Global trade policy continues to evolve and the ultimate impact of recent developments with respect to U.S. tariffs is unclear. On February 20, 2026, the United States Supreme Court issued a ruling striking down certain tariffs previously imposed under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act ("IEEPA"). Following the Supreme Court’s decision, the U.S. presidential administration announced its intention to invoke other laws to collect tariffs and announced new tariffs on imports from all countries, in addition to any existing non-IEEPA tariffs. There remains substantial uncertainty regarding the duration of existing and newly announced tariffs, potential changes or pauses to such tariffs, tariff levels, and whether further additional tariffs or other retaliatory actions may be imposed, modified, or suspended, and the impacts of such actions on Dana's business. These and future changes in tariffs, trade policies, trade actions, or retaliatory trade measures in response, have resulted and may continue to result in additional costs and pricing pressures, supply chain disruptions, volatile or unpredictable customer spending patterns, and increased economic or geopolitical risks, which could adversely impact Dana's future sales, business, financial condition, and results of operations, materially or in ways that Dana cannot predict.
We may be adversely impacted by the strength of the U.S. dollar relative to the currencies in the other countries in which we do business.
Approximately 43% of our sales in 2025 were from operations located in countries other than the U.S. Currency variations can have an impact on our results (expressed in U.S. dollars). Currency variations can also adversely affect margins on sales of our products in countries outside of the U.S. and margins on sales of products that include components obtained from affiliates or other suppliers located outside of the U.S. Strengthening of the U.S. dollar against the euro and currencies of other countries in which we have operations could have an adverse effect on our results reported in U.S. dollars. We use a combination of natural hedging techniques and financial derivatives to mitigate foreign currency exchange rate risks. Such hedging activities may be ineffective or may not offset more than a portion of the adverse financial impact resulting from currency variations.
We may be adversely impacted by new laws, regulations or policies of governmental organizations related to increased fuel economy standards and reduced greenhouse gas emissions, or changes in existing ones.
The markets and customers we serve are subject to substantial government regulation, which often differs by state, region and country. These regulations, and proposals for additional regulation, are advanced primarily out of concern for the environment (including concerns about global climate change and its impact) and energy independence. We anticipate that the number and extent of these regulations, and the costs to comply with them, will increase significantly in the future.
In the U.S., vehicle fuel economy and greenhouse gas emissions are regulated under a harmonized national program administered by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Other governments in the markets we serve are also creating new policies to address these same issues, including the European Union, Brazil, China and India. These government regulatory requirements could significantly affect our customers by altering their global product development plans and substantially increasing their costs, which could result in limitations on the types of vehicles they sell and the geographical markets they serve. Any of these outcomes could adversely affect our financial position and results of operations.
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Company-Specific Risk Factors
We have taken, and continue to take, cost-reduction actions. Although our process includes planning for potential negative consequences, the cost-reduction actions may expose us to additional production risk and could adversely affect our sales, profitability and ability to retain and attract employees.
We have been reducing costs in all of our businesses and have discontinued product lines, exited businesses, consolidated manufacturing operations and positioned operations in lower cost locations. The impact of these cost-reduction actions on our sales and profitability may be influenced by many factors including our ability to successfully complete these ongoing efforts, our ability to generate the level of cost savings we expect or that are necessary to enable us to effectively compete, delays in implementation of anticipated workforce reductions, decline in employee morale and the potential inability to meet operational targets due to our inability to retain or recruit key employees.
We may not realize any or all of our estimated cost savings, which would have a negative effect on our results of operations.
During the fourth quarter of 2024, we announced further actions to support sustained long-term profitability and enhanced cash flow generation. This includes substantial reduction in selling, general and administrative costs and aligning engineering expenses to match current industry dynamics, including the ongoing delay in the adoption of electric vehicles. We expect to deliver annualized savings of $325 through 2026. Approximately $260 of annualized savings was realized through 2025 with an additional $65 to be realized in 2026. Any cost savings that we realize from such efforts may differ materially from our estimates, which involve risks, uncertainties, assumptions and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such estimates. In addition, any cost savings that we realize may be offset, in whole or in part, by reductions in net sales, or through increases in other expenses. Our cost reduction actions are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties that may change at any time. We cannot assure you that cost reductions will be completed as anticipated or that the benefits we expect will be achieved on a timely basis or at all.
We depend on our subsidiaries for cash to satisfy the obligations of the company.
Our subsidiaries conduct all of our operations and own substantially all of our assets. Our cash flow and our ability to meet our obligations depend on the cash flow of our subsidiaries. In addition, the payment of funds in the form of dividends, intercompany payments, tax sharing payments and otherwise may be subject to restrictions under the laws of the countries of incorporation of our subsidiaries or the by-laws of the subsidiary.
Labor stoppages or work slowdowns at Dana, key suppliers or our customers could result in a disruption in our operations and have a material adverse effect on our businesses.
We and our customers rely on our respective suppliers to provide parts needed to maintain production levels. We all rely on workforces represented by labor unions. Workforce disputes that result in work stoppages or slowdowns could disrupt operations of all of these businesses, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on the supply of, or demand for, the products we supply our customers.
We could be adversely affected if we are unable to recover portions of commodity (including costs of steel and other raw materials), labor, transportation and energy costs from our customers.
Commodity, labor, transportation and energy costs have been volatile over the past several years creating pressure on our profit margins. We continue to work with our customers to recover a portion of our material cost increases. While we have been successful in the past recovering a significant portion of such cost increases, there is no assurance that increases in commodity costs, which can be impacted by a variety of factors, including changes in trade laws and tariffs, will not adversely impact our profitability in the future. We may also experience labor shortages in certain geographies and increased competition for qualified candidates. These shortages could adversely affect our ability to meet customer demand and increase labor costs, which would reduce our profitability. Standard freight may increase due to shipping container and truck driver shortages and port congestion attributable to global supply chain disruptions resulting from regional and global pandemics and conflicts. We may also incur significant premium freight, resulting from frequent changes in customer order patterns. If we are unable to pass labor, transportation and energy cost increases on to our customer base or otherwise mitigate the costs, our profit margin could be adversely affected.
We could be adversely affected if we experience shortages of components from our suppliers or if disruptions in the supply chain lead to parts shortages for our customers.
A substantial portion of our annual cost of sales is driven by the purchase of goods and services. To manage and minimize these costs, we have been consolidating our supplier base. As a result, we are dependent on single sources of supply for some components of our products. We select our suppliers based on total value (including price, delivery and quality), taking into consideration their production capacities and financial condition, and we expect that they will be able to support our needs. However, there is no assurance that adverse financial conditions, including bankruptcies of our suppliers, reduced levels of production, natural disasters or other problems experienced by our suppliers will not result in shortages or delays in their supply of components to us or even in the financial collapse of one or more such suppliers. If we were to experience a significant or prolonged shortage of critical components from any of our suppliers, particularly those who are sole sources, and were unable to procure the components from other sources, we would be unable to meet our production schedules for some of our key products and to ship such products to our customers in a timely fashion, which would adversely affect our sales, profitability and customer relations.
Adverse economic conditions, natural disasters and other factors can similarly lead to financial distress or production problems for other suppliers to our customers which can create disruptions to our production levels. Any such supply-chain induced disruptions to our production are likely to create operating inefficiencies that will adversely affect our sales, profitability and customer relations.
Our profitability and results of operations may be adversely affected by program launch difficulties.
The launch of new business is a complex process, the success of which depends on a wide range of factors, including the production readiness of our manufacturing facilities and manufacturing processes and those of our suppliers, as well as factors related to tooling, equipment, employees, initial product quality and other factors. Our failure to successfully launch material new or takeover business could have an adverse effect on our profitability and results of operations.
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We use important intellectual property in our business. If we are unable to protect our intellectual property or if a third party makes assertions against us or our customers relating to intellectual property rights, our business could be adversely affected.
We own important intellectual property, including patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets, and are involved in numerous licensing arrangements. Our intellectual property plays an important role in maintaining our competitive position in a number of the markets that we serve. Our competitors may develop technologies that are similar or superior to our proprietary technologies or design around the patents we own or license. Further, as we expand our operations in jurisdictions where the protection of intellectual property rights is less robust, the risk of others duplicating our proprietary technologies increases, despite efforts we undertake to protect them. Developments or assertions by or against us relating to intellectual property rights, and any inability to protect these rights, could have a material adverse impact on our business and our competitive position.
We could encounter unexpected difficulties integrating acquisitions and operating joint ventures.
We acquired businesses in the past, and we may complete additional acquisitions and investments in the future that complement or expand our businesses. The success of this strategy will depend on our ability to successfully complete these transactions or arrangements, to integrate the businesses acquired in these transactions and to develop satisfactory working arrangements with our strategic partners in the joint ventures. We could encounter unexpected difficulties in completing these transactions and integrating the acquisitions with our existing operations. We also may not realize the degree or timing of benefits anticipated when we entered into a transaction.
Several of our joint ventures operate pursuant to established agreements and, as such, we do not unilaterally control the joint venture. There is a risk that the partners’ objectives for the joint venture may not be aligned with ours, leading to potential differences over management of the joint venture that could adversely impact its financial performance and consequent contribution to our earnings. Additionally, inability on the part of our partners to satisfy their contractual obligations under the agreements could adversely impact our results of operations and financial position.
We could be adversely impacted by the costs of environmental, health, safety and product liability compliance.
Our operations are subject to environmental laws and regulations in the U.S. and other countries that govern emissions to the air; discharges to water; the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste materials; and the cleanup of contaminated properties. Historically, environmental costs related to our former and existing operations have not been material. However, there is no assurance that the costs of complying with current environmental laws and regulations, or those that may be adopted in the future, will not increase and adversely impact us.
There is also no assurance that the costs of complying with current laws and regulations, or those that may be adopted in the future, that relate to health, safety and product liability matters will not adversely impact us. There is also a risk of warranty and product liability claims, as well as product recalls, if our products fail to perform to specifications or cause property damage, injury or death. (See Notes 15 and 16 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information on product liabilities and warranties.)
A failure of our information technology infrastructure could adversely impact our business and operations.
We recognize the increasing volume of cyber attacks and employ commercially practical efforts to provide reasonable assurance that the risks of such attacks are appropriately mitigated. Challenges such as malware, unauthorized access and cyber attacks, including those that use advanced artificial intelligence, phishing campaigns that target our associates, as well as other disruptions, continue to evolve and may surpass our current safeguards. Each year, we evaluate the threat profile of our industry to stay abreast of trends and to provide reasonable assurance our existing countermeasures will address any new threats identified. Despite our implementation of security measures, our IT systems and those of our service providers are vulnerable to circumstances beyond our reasonable control including acts of terror, acts of government, natural disasters, civil unrest and denial of service attacks which may lead to the theft of our intellectual property, trade secrets or business disruption. To the extent that any disruption or security breach results in a loss or damage to our data or an inappropriate disclosure of confidential information, it could cause significant damage to our reputation, affect our relationships with our customers, suppliers and employees, lead to claims against the company and ultimately harm our business. Additionally, we may be required to incur significant costs to protect against damage caused by these disruptions or security breaches in the future.
Our current and potential use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) and other emerging technologies may expose us to operational, legal and regulatory risks that could adversely affect our business and reputation.
Our use of AI and machine learning presents risks that could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We currently incorporate AI-powered tools, in certain instances, into certain internal business operations, including elements of production processes and certain administrative functions. AI algorithms may be flawed or perform unpredictably, and datasets may be insufficient, inaccurate, biased or otherwise problematic, which could lead to errors, operational disruptions, unintended outcomes or suboptimal decisions. The rapid evolution and increased adoption of AI technologies may increase the risk of technical disruptions to our operations and the processes and functions for which the technology is deployed. The use of AI tools also raises risks related to privacy and inadvertent disclosure of sensitive information. AI systems may access, process or expose personal, confidential or proprietary data in ways that we do not intend or anticipate. In addition, evolving AI and data-governance laws, regulations and standards may impose additional requirements or restrictions on our development and use of AI, increase compliance costs or limit certain use cases. Constraints in hardware (such as GPU availability), power capacity or other supply chain elements may limit our ability to scale AI responsibly. We also face competitive risk if other companies develop or adopt AI capabilities more effectively, at lower cost or more rapidly than we do. Because our AI capabilities currently depend in part on third-party providers of models, cloud services and infrastructure, changes in their performance, pricing, licensing terms or availability could materially increase our costs or reduce availability. Collectively, these risks could adversely affect our financial condition, operating results, cash flows and reputation. See also our risk factor titled "A failure of our information technology infrastructure could adversely impact our business and operations" for cybersecurity risks, including AI-enabled threats.
We participate in certain multi-employer pension plans which are not fully funded.
We contribute to certain multi-employer defined benefit pension plans for certain of our union-represented employees in the U.S. in accordance with our collective bargaining agreements. Contributions are based on hours worked except in cases of layoff or leave where we generally contribute based on 40 hours per week for a maximum of one year. The plans are not fully funded as of December 31, 2025. We could be held liable to the plans for our obligation, as well as those of other employers, due to our participation in the plans. Contribution rates could increase if the plans are required to adopt a funding improvement plan, if the performance of plan assets does not meet expectations or as a result of future collectively bargained wage and benefit agreements. (See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information on multi-employer pension plans.)
Changes in interest rates and asset returns could increase our pension funding obligations and reduce our profitability.
We have unfunded obligations under certain of our defined benefit pension and other postretirement benefit plans. The valuation of our future payment obligations under the plans and the related plan assets are subject to significant adverse changes if the credit and capital markets cause interest rates and projected rates of return to decline. Such declines could also require us to make significant additional contributions to our pension plans in the future. A material increase in the unfunded obligations of these plans could also result in a significant increase in our pension expense in the future.
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We may incur additional tax expense or become subject to additional tax exposure.
Our provision for income taxes and the cash outlays required to satisfy our income tax obligations in the future could be adversely affected by numerous factors. These factors include changes in the level of earnings in the tax jurisdictions in which we operate, changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities, changes in our plans to repatriate the earnings of our non-U.S. operations to the U.S. and changes in tax laws and regulations.
Our income tax returns are subject to examination by federal, state and local tax authorities in the U.S. and tax authorities outside the U.S. The results of these examinations and the ongoing assessments of our tax exposures could also have an adverse effect on our provision for income taxes and the cash outlays required to satisfy our income tax obligations.
An inability to provide products with the technology required to satisfy customer requirements would adversely impact our ability to successfully compete in our markets.
The vehicular markets in which we operate are undergoing significant technological change, with increasing focus on electrified and autonomous vehicles. These and other technological advances could render certain of our products obsolete. Maintaining our competitive position is dependent on our ability to develop commercially-viable products and services that support the future technologies embraced by our customers.
We could be adversely impacted by increased competition in the markets we serve.
The mobility industry is beginning to shift away from petroleum fuel vehicles ("ICE" vehicles) and migrate to alternate fuel vehicles (as a group "EV-based vehicles"). As the market transitions from ICE vehicles to EV-based vehicles, the Company anticipates its content per vehicle opportunity will increase up to three-fold on a dollar basis. The Company's primary driveline content on ICE vehicles includes axles and driveshafts. As the market transitions to EV-based vehicles we anticipate losing driveshaft content but adding additional driveline content in the form of gearboxes, e-motors, e-axles, power electronics, and software controls. We anticipate a similar three-fold opportunity in thermal and sealing products, as current ICE-vehicle content is replaced with EV-based vehicle content including metallic bipolar plates, battery cold plates and power electronic cooling modules. With the increased content opportunity presented by EV-based vehicles, we are beginning to see increased competition when it comes to bidding on new customer programs. The number of competitors bidding on EV-based vehicle programs is higher than what we historically experienced on ICE vehicle programs. In addition, our OEM customers continue to assess which EV-based components they will vertically integrate and for which programs. A significant increase in competition for EV-based vehicle programs from existing and new market entrants could negatively impact our sales and profitability. A significant increase in vertical integration of EV-based vehicle components by our OEM customers could negatively impact our sales and profitability.
We could be adversely impacted by an extended transition period away from petroleum fuel vehicles to alternate fuel vehicles.
As the market transitions from ICE vehicles to EV-based vehicles, we will continue to experience elevated levels of research and development costs, capital investment and inventory levels. During the transition period, we will need to maintain production capacity to meet both ICE and EV-related customer demand, requiring incremental capital investment and reducing our ability to operate at scale. In addition, we will need to maintain incremental levels of inventory to satisfy ICE and EV-related customer demand, as raw materials and components used in the production of ICE and EV-related products are largely unique. An extended transition period could negatively impact our profitability, cash flows and financial position.
Failure to appropriately anticipate and react to the cyclical and volatile nature of production rates and customer demands in our business can adversely impact our results of operations.
Our financial performance is directly related to production levels of our customers. In several of our markets, customer production levels are prone to significant cyclicality, influenced by general economic conditions, changing consumer preferences, regulatory changes, and other factors. Oftentimes the rapidity of the downcycles and upcycles can be severe. Successfully executing operationally during periods of extreme downward and upward demand pressures can be challenging. Our inability to recognize and react appropriately to the production cycles inherent in our markets can adversely impact our operating results.
Our continued success is dependent on being able to retain and attract requisite talent.
Sustaining and growing our business requires that we continue to retain, develop and attract people with the requisite skills. With the vehicles of the future expected to undergo significant technological change, having qualified people savvy in the right technologies will be a key factor in our ability to develop the products necessary to successfully compete in the future. As a global organization, we are also dependent on our ability to attract and maintain a diverse work force that is fully engaged supporting our company’s objectives and initiatives.
Failure to maintain effective internal controls could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Regulatory provisions governing the financial reporting of U.S. public companies require that we maintain effective disclosure controls and internal controls over financial reporting across our operations in 24 countries. Effective internal controls are designed to provide reasonable assurance of compliance, and, as such, they can be susceptible to human error, circumvention or override, and fraud. Failure to maintain adequate, effective internal controls could result in potential financial misstatements or other forms of noncompliance that have an adverse impact on our results of operations, financial condition or organizational reputation.
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Our working capital requirements may negatively affect our liquidity.
Our working capital requirements can vary significantly, depending in part on the level, variability and timing of our customers’ orders and production schedules and availability of raw materials and components from our suppliers. As production volumes increase, our working capital requirements to support the higher volumes generally increase. If our working capital needs exceed our cash flows from operations, we look to our cash and cash equivalents balances and unused capacity of our Revolving Facility to satisfy those needs, as well as other potential sources of additional capital, which may not be available on satisfactory terms or in adequate amounts.
Developments in the financial markets or downgrades to Dana's credit rating could restrict our access to capital and increase financing costs.
At January 31, 2026, Dana had consolidated debt obligations of $1,315, with cash and cash equivalents of $659 and unused revolving credit capacity of $1,140. Our ability to grow the business and satisfy debt service obligations is dependent, in part, on our ability to gain access to capital at competitive costs. External factors beyond our control can adversely affect capital markets – either tightening availability of capital or increasing the cost of available capital. Failure on our part to maintain adequate financial performance and appropriate credit metrics can also affect our ability to access capital at competitive prices.
Increased scrutiny from the public, investors, and others regarding our environmental, social, and governance ("ESG") practices could impact our reputation.
We have established board and executive officer oversight of sustainability matters, with additional dedicated employee resources and a cross-functional/business sustainability leadership team to further develop and implement an enterprise-wide sustainability strategy, and we have published a sustainability report. Our sustainability report includes our policies and practices on a variety of ESG matters, including GHG emission targets and performance; safety management system goals and performance; standards of business conduct; and supplier code of business conduct. These efforts may result in increased investor, media, employee, and other stakeholder attention to such initiatives, and such stakeholders may not be satisfied with our ESG practices or initiatives. Additionally, organizations that inform investors on ESG matters have developed rating systems for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG. Unfavorable ratings may lead to negative investor sentiment, which could negatively impact our stock price and our ability to access capital at competitive prices. Any failure, or perceived failure, to respond to ESG concerns could harm our business and reputation.
Risk Factors Related to our Securities
Provisions in our Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws may discourage a takeover attempt.
Certain provisions of our Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws, as well as the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of Dana. Such provisions, including those governing the nomination of directors, limiting who may call special stockholders’ meetings and eliminating stockholder action by written consent, may make it more difficult for other persons, without the approval of our board of directors, to make a tender offer or otherwise acquire substantial amounts of common stock or to launch other takeover attempts that a stockholder might consider to be in such stockholder’s best interest.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity
Dana maintains a risk management program overseen by our Executive Leadership Team. Our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer and Senior Vice President, Chief Legal and Human Resources Officer / Corporate Secretary (General Counsel) have responsibility for our risk management program. In addition, our Business Unit Presidents and functional leads oversee strategic and operational risks, including cybersecurity risks. Cybersecurity is a top priority, and our cybersecurity program is driven by our commitment to maintaining a strong security architecture, active governance, and robust controls. Our cybersecurity program is led by our Senior Director of Cybersecurity and GRC (DOC) and overseen by Dana’s Enterprise Cybersecurity Steering Committee (ECSC). The ECSC is sponsored by senior leaders from disciplines such as Information Technology, Legal, Human Resources, Engineering, Product Development, and Operations, and includes the Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer (CIO); Senior Vice President and Chief Legal and Human Resources Officer; Senior Vice President and Chief Technology Officer; and Senior Vice President Global Operations. The ECSC is responsible for developing and overseeing strategies related to Dana’s cybersecurity program. As set forth in its charter, our Technology & Sustainability Committee, comprised of independent directors, has oversight responsibilities for cybersecurity risk and includes members with significant cybersecurity experience. The DOC and CIO regularly provide updates on Dana’s cybersecurity program to the Board and the Technology & Sustainability Committee.
Dana’s global cybersecurity team is charged with executing enterprise, product, and manufacturing cybersecurity programs and policies with a focus on security architecture, penetration testing, cyber risk management, incident response, vulnerability management, intelligence, awareness and training, and governance. Dana’s cybersecurity programs utilize the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework and leverage the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 27001 standard for information security. Dana periodically contracts with external auditing firms to assess the maturity of Dana’s cybersecurity program against the NIST Cybersecurity Framework. The results of these audits are shared with the Technology & Sustainability Committee. Dana leverages independent security ratings services assessments to aid in measuring our progress along the cybersecurity continuum as well as for measurement against peer companies. Dana’s supplier risk management process incorporates cybersecurity review and assessment procedures over third-party vendors and service providers.
Dana has an established cybersecurity awareness training program. Formal training on topics relating to cybersecurity is mandatory at least annually for all employees with access to the Company’s network. Training is administered and tracked through online learning modules. Training topics include how to escalate suspicious activities including phishing, viruses, spams, insider threats, suspect human behaviors or safety issues. Training is supplemented by phishing awareness campaigns.
In the event a high-risk cybersecurity incident is identified, our Incident Response Team will coordinate the response in accordance with our Information Security Incident Response Plan and make necessary communications to the ECSC and executive leadership. The DOC and CIO will make any required communications to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), with the CEO making any required communications to the Board and Technology & Sustainability Committee. Our CEO, Chief Financial Officer, General Counsel and CIO are responsible for assessing such incidents for materiality, ensuring that any required notification or communication occurs and determining, among other things, whether any prohibition on the trading of our common stock by insiders should be imposed prior to the disclosure of information about a material cybersecurity event.
In the last three years we have not experienced any cybersecurity incident that has been material to the results of our operations or that has caused us to incur any material expenses.
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Item 2. Properties
Light Vehicle Commercial Vehicle Total
Manufacturing and assembly plants 47 19 66
As of January 1, 2026, after the divestiture of the Off-Highway business, we had sixty-six major manufacturing and assembly plants. In addition, we had seven aftermarket sales and services facilities supporting our customers.
Our world headquarters is located in Maumee, Ohio. This facility and other facilities in the greater Detroit, Michigan and Maumee, Ohio areas house functions that have global or North American regional responsibility for finance and accounting, tax, treasury, risk management, legal, human resources, procurement and supply chain management, communications and information technology. We operate numerous other management, marketing and administrative facilities globally.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings
We are a party to various pending judicial and administrative proceedings that arose in the ordinary course of business. After reviewing the currently pending lawsuits and proceedings (including the probable outcomes, reasonably anticipated costs and expenses and our established reserves for uninsured liabilities), we do not believe that any liabilities that may result from these proceedings are reasonably likely to have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition or results of operations. Legal proceedings are also discussed in Note 15 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Market information — Our common stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol "DAN."
Holders of common stock — Based on reports by our transfer agent, there were approximately 2,190 registered holders of our common stock on February 6, 2026.
Reference is made to the Equity Compensation Plan Information section of Item 12 for certain information regarding our equity compensation plans.
Stockholder return — The following graph shows the cumulative total shareholder return for our common stock since December 31, 2020. The graph compares our performance to that of the Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index (S&P 500) and the Dow Jones US Auto Parts Index. The comparison assumes $100 was invested at the closing price on December 31, 2020. Each of the returns shown assumes that all dividends paid were reinvested.
Performance chart
Index
Issuer's purchases of equity securities — On June 8, 2025 our Board of Directors approved a stock repurchase program of up to an aggregate of $1,000 less any amount of special dividends distributed in connection with the sale of Off-Highway. The program expires on December 31, 2027. The following table summarizes our purchases of common stock during the fourth quarter of 2025.
Trading arrangements — During the three months ended December 31, 2025, none of the Company’s directors or executive officers adopted, modified or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of Company securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) or any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading agreement.
Annual meeting — We will hold an annual meeting of shareholders on April 22, 2026.
Item 6. [Reserved]
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (Dollars in millions)
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and accompanying notes in Item 8.
Management Overview
We are a global provider of high-technology products to virtually every major on-highway vehicle manufacturer in the world. Our technologies include drive systems (axles, driveshafts and transmissions); electrodynamic technologies (motors, inverters, software and control systems, battery-management systems, and fuel cell plates); sealing solutions (gaskets, seals, cam covers, and oil pan modules); thermal-management technologies (transmission and engine oil cooling, battery and electronics cooling, charge air cooling, and thermal-acoustical protective shielding); and digital solutions (active and passive system controls and descriptive and predictive analytics). We serve our global light vehicle and medium/heavy vehicle markets through two business units – Light Vehicle Drive Systems (Light Vehicle) and Commercial Vehicle Drive and Motion Systems (Commercial Vehicle). We have a diverse customer base and geographic footprint which minimizes our exposure to individual market and segment declines. In 2025, 60% of our sales came from North American operations and 40% from operations throughout the rest of the world. Our sales by operating segment were Light Vehicle – 70% and Commercial Vehicle – 30%.
Operational and Strategic Initiatives
Our strategy builds on our strong technology foundation and leverages our resources across the organization while driving a customer-centric focus, expanding our global markets, and delivering innovative solutions for the mobility markets we serve.
Central to our strategy is leveraging our core operations. This foundational element enables us to infuse strong operational disciplines throughout the strategy, making it practical, actionable, and effective. We are achieving improved profitability by actively improving our cost structure and gaining efficiencies across all of our operations and functions.
Our customers remain at the center of our value system. These relationships are strengthened as we are physically located where we need to be in order to provide unparalleled service. We prioritize our customers’ needs as we engineer solutions that differentiate their products while making it easier to do business by streamlining our commercial organization. Our customer-centric focus has uniquely positioned us to win more than our fair share of new business and capitalize on future customer outsourcing initiatives.
Dana has embarked on a strategic plan to focus on core on-highway markets and accelerate value creation by improving its cost structure, increasing its efficiency, and creating a more focused and nimble Dana.
Recent Strategic Actions
Cost reduction initiatives — During the fourth quarter of 2024, we announced further actions to support sustained long-term profitability and enhanced cash flow generation. This includes substantial reduction in selling, general and administrative costs and aligning engineering expenses to match current industry dynamics,
including the ongoing delay in the adoption of electric vehicles. We expect to deliver annualized savings of $325 through 2026. Approximately $260 of annualized savings was realized through 2025 with an additional $65 to be realized in 2026. See Summary of Consolidated Results and Segment Results of Operations in Item 7 and Note 4 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
Segment realignment — Through December 2024, we managed our operations globally through four operating segments. Our Light Vehicle and Power Technologies segments primarily supported light vehicle original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) with products for light trucks, SUVs, CUVs, vans and passenger cars. Our Commercial Vehicles segment supported the OEMs of on-highway commercial vehicles (primarily trucks and buses), while our Off-Highway segment supported OEMs of off-highway vehicles (primarily wheeled vehicles used in construction, mining and agricultural applications). In the first quarter of 2025, our Power Technologies segment was integrated into our Light Vehicle and Commercial Vehicle segments, streamlining the business, enhancing our go-to-market approach and serving our customers more efficiently. The OEM-facing business was integrated into our Light Vehicle segment while the aftermarket business was integrated into our Commercial Vehicle segment. See Note 20 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
Divestiture of Off-Highway Business — Dana has embarked on a strategic plan to focus on our core on-highway markets, creating a more focused and nimble Dana through the divestiture of our Off-Highway business. In June 2025, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell our Off-Highway business to Allison Transmission Holdings, Inc. We analyzed the quantitative and qualitative factors relevant to the pending divestiture of our Off-Highway business and determined that the conditions for discontinued operations presentation have been met. As such, the financial position, results of operations and cash flows of that business are reported as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. Prior period amounts have been recast to reflect discontinued operations presentation. See Note 1 and Note 2 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information. The transaction closed on January 1, 2026, with Dana receiving initial cash proceeds of $2,664. The sale price is subject to adjustment based on net working capital and net indebtedness balances as of the closing date.
Capital Structure Initiatives — Net cash proceeds from the Off-Highway business divestiture will be used to pay down debt, strengthening Dana’s financial position, and provide capital returns to shareholders. On January 7, 2026, we purchased, via a net proceeds tender offer, $138 of our November 2027 Notes, $142 of our June 2028 Notes, €141 of our July 2029 Notes ($164 as of January 7, 2026), $173 of our September 2030 Notes, €9 of our 2031 Notes ($10 as of January 7, 2026) and $152 of our February 2032 Notes at prices equal to 100.00% plus accrued and unpaid interest. On January 8, 2026, we redeemed the remaining $262 of our November 2027 Notes and the remaining $258 of our June 2028 Notes at prices equal to 100.00% plus accrued and unpaid interest. In addition, on January 2, 2026, we repaid the $225 outstanding balance on the Term A Facility. See Note 13 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information. On June 8, 2025, Dana’s board of directors approved a program to provide up to a $1,000 return of capital to shareholders through common stock share repurchases and/or special dividends through the end of 2027. On February 11, 2026, Dana's board of directors increased and extended the share repurchase program to a total of $2,000 through the end of 2030. Through January 31, 2026, we have spent $750 to repurchase 37,943,413 shares under the approved stock repurchase program. See Note 8 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
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Other Initiatives
Aftermarket opportunities — We have a global group dedicated to identifying and developing aftermarket growth opportunities that leverage the capabilities within our existing businesses – targeting increased future aftermarket sales. Powered by recognized brands such as Dana®, Spicer®, Spicer ElectrifiedTM, Victor Reinz®, Glaser®, GWB®, Thompson®, Tru-Cool®, SVL®, and TransejesTM, Dana delivers a broad range of aftermarket solutions – including genuine, all makes, and value lines – servicing passenger and commercial vehicles across the globe.
Selective acquisitions — Although transformational opportunities will be considered when strategically and economically attractive, our acquisition focus is principally directed at “bolt-on” or adjacent acquisition opportunities that have a strategic fit with our existing core businesses, particularly opportunities that support our enterprise strategy and enhance the value proposition of our product offerings. Any potential acquisition will be evaluated in the same manner we currently consider customer program opportunities and other uses of capital – with a disciplined financial approach designed to ensure profitable growth and increased shareholder value.
Trends in Our Markets
We serve our customers in two core global end markets: light vehicle, primarily full frame trucks and SUVs; and commercial vehicle, including medium-and heavy-duty trucks and busses. Each of our end-markets has unique cyclical dynamics and market drivers. These cycles are impacted by periods of investment where end-user vehicle fleets are refreshed or expanded in reaction to demand usage patterns, regulatory changes, or when the age of vehicles in service reach their useful life. Key market drivers include regional economic growth rates; cost and availability of end customer financing; and industrial output. Our multi-market coverage and broad customer base help provide stability across the cycles while mitigating secular variability.
Light vehicle markets — Our driveline business is weighted more heavily to the truck and SUV segments of the light-vehicle market versus the passenger-car segment. Our vehicle content is greater on rear-wheel drive, four-wheel drive, and all-wheel drive vehicles, as well as hybrid and electric vehicles. During 2025, light-truck markets showed marginal improvement across all regions except North America, which was flat compared to 2024. The outlook for 2026 reflects global light-truck production being relatively stable in North America and Asia Pacific, while Europe and South America reflect marginal improvement, in comparison with the prior year.
Commercial vehicle markets — Our primary business is driveline systems for medium and heavy-duty trucks and busses, including the emerging market for hybrid and electric vehicles. Key regional markets are North America, South America (primarily Brazil) and Asia Pacific. During 2025, production of Class-8 and Classes 5-7 trucks in North America both decreased 23% compared to 2024. The outlook for 2026 is for a moderate increase in production of Classes 5-7 trucks and continued deterioration in Class-8 truck production compared to the prior year. Outside of North America, production of medium- and heavy-duty trucks in South America decreased 7% compared to 2024, reflecting relatively stable economic conditions in the region. The 2026 outlook for South America reflects medium- and heavy-duty production being relatively flat compared to the prior year. Production of medium- and heavy-duty trucks in Asia Pacific, driven by China and India, increased 12% in 2024. The 2026 outlook for Asia Pacific is for a modest increase in production from the prior year.
Foreign currency — With 43% of our 2025 sales coming from outside the U.S., international currency movements can have a significant effect on our sales and results of operations. The euro zone countries and Brazil accounted for 32% and 13% of our 2025 non-U.S. sales, respectively, while India, Thailand and China accounted for 9%, 8% and 7%, respectively. Although sales in South Africa are less than 7% of our non-U.S. sales, the rand has been volatile and significantly impacted sales from time to time. International currencies strengthened against the U.S. dollar in 2025, increasing 2025 sales by $28. A stronger euro and Thai baht, were partially offset by a weaker Brazilian real and India rupee.
Argentina has experienced significant inflationary pressures the past several years, contributing to significant devaluation of its currency among other economic challenges. Our Argentine operation supports our Light Vehicle operating segment. Our sales in Argentina for 2025 of approximately $231 are 3% of our consolidated sales and our net asset exposure related to Argentina was approximately $59, including $19 of net fixed assets, at December 31, 2025. During the second quarter of 2018, we determined that Argentina's economy met the GAAP definition of a highly inflationary economy. In assessing Argentina's economy as highly inflationary we considered its three-year cumulative inflation rate along with other factors. As a result, effective July 1, 2018, the U.S. dollar is the functional currency for our Argentine operations, rather than the Argentine peso. Beginning July 1, 2018, peso-denominated monetary assets and liabilities are remeasured into U.S. dollars using current Argentine peso exchange rates with resulting translation gains or losses included in results of operations. Nonmonetary assets and liabilities are remeasured into U.S. dollar using historic Argentine peso exchange rates. Reference is made to Note 1 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
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Commodity costs — The cost of our products may be significantly impacted by changes in raw material commodity prices, the most important to us being those of various grades of steel, aluminum, copper, brass and rare earth materials. The effects of changes in commodity prices are reflected directly in our purchases of commodities and indirectly through our purchases of products such as castings, forgings, bearings, batteries and component parts that include commodities. Most of our major customer agreements provide for the sharing of significant commodity price changes with those customers based on the movement in various published commodity indexes. Where such formal agreements are not present, we have historically been successful implementing price adjustments that largely compensate for the inflationary impact of material costs. Material cost changes will customarily have some impact on our financial results as customer pricing adjustments typically lag commodity price changes. Higher commodity prices decreased year-over-year earnings by $19 in 2025. Material recovery pricing actions increased year-over-year earnings by $19 in 2025.
Sales, Earnings and Cash Flow Outlook
Adjusted EBITDA and adjusted free cash flow are non-GAAP financial measures. See the Non-GAAP Financial Measures discussion below for definitions of our non-GAAP financial measures and reconciliations to the most directly comparable U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) measures. We have not provided a reconciliation of our adjusted EBITDA outlook to the most comparable GAAP measure of net income. Providing net income guidance is potentially misleading and not practical given the difficulty of projecting event driven transactional and other non-core operating items that are included in net income, including restructuring actions, asset impairments and certain income tax adjustments. The accompanying reconciliations of these non-GAAP measures with the most comparable GAAP measures for the historical periods presented are indicative of the reconciliations that will be prepared upon completion of the periods covered by the non-GAAP guidance.
Our 2026 sales outlook is $7,300 to $7,700, reflecting declining global market demand, offset by $200 of net new business backlog, dissipation of the tariff recovery lag experienced in 2025 and currency tailwinds. Based on our current sales and exchange rate outlook for 2026, we expect international currencies to be a modest tailwind to sales primarily due to a stronger euro. At sales levels in our current outlook for 2026, a 5% movement on the euro would impact our annual sales by approximately $135. A 5% change on the Chinese renminbi, Indian rupee or Brazilian real rates would impact our annual sales in each of those countries by approximately $25. At our current sales outlook for 2026, we expect full year 2026 adjusted EBITDA to approximate $750 to $850. Adjusted EBITDA margin is expected to be 10.7% at the midpoint of our guidance range, a 260 basis-point improvement over 2025, reflecting the impact of significant cost savings actions, improved operational performance and favorable product mix, partially offset by the impact of lower end-market demand and net material cost recoveries. We expect to generate free cash flow of $300 at the midpoint of our guidance range reflecting the benefit of higher year-over-year adjusted EBITDA and lower income tax and interest payments, partially offset by higher capital spending.
Among our operational and strategic initiatives is continued focus on and investment in product technology – delivering products and technology that are key to bringing solutions to issues of paramount importance to our customers. Our success on this front is measured, in part, by our sales backlog – net new business awarded that will be launching over the next three years, adding to our base annual sales. This backlog excludes replacement business and represents incremental sales associated with new programs for which we have received formal customer awards. At December 31, 2025, our sales backlog of net new business for the 2026 through 2028 period was $750. We expect to realize $200 of our sales backlog in 2026, with incremental sales backlog of $300 and $250 being realized in 2027 and 2028, respectively.
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Consolidated Results of Operations
Summary Consolidated Results of Operations (2025 versus 2024)
% of % of Increase/
Dollars Net Sales Dollars Net Sales (Decrease)
Selling, general and administrative expenses 387 5.2 % 429 5.5 % (42 )
Amortization of intangibles 7 8 (1 )
Restructuring charges, net 23 70 (47 )
Loss on disposal group previously held for sale — (26 ) 26
Other income (expense), net (46 ) (21 ) (25 )
Earnings (loss) before interest and income taxes 139 (176 ) 315
Interest income 10 13 (3 )
Loss before income taxes (32 ) (321 ) 289
Equity in earnings of affiliates 32 10 22
Net loss from continuing operations (53 ) (342 ) 289
Net income from discontinued operations 155 293 (138 )
Less: Noncontrolling interests net income from continuing operations 17 21 (4 )
Net income (loss) attributable to the parent company $ 85 $ (57 ) $ 142
Sales — The following table shows changes in our sales by geographic region.
Amount of Change Due To
Increase/ Currency Organic
2025 2024 (Decrease) Effects Divestiture Change
Sales in 2025 were $234 lower than in 2024. Stronger international currencies increased sales by $28, principally due to a stronger euro and Thai baht, partially offset by a weaker Brazilian real and Indian rupee. The organic sales decrease of $257, or 3%, resulted primarily from lower full-frame light-truck production volumes in North America and lower medium/heavy-truck production volumes in North America and South America, partially offset by the conversion of sales backlog. Pricing actions and recoveries, including material commodity price and tariff and inflationary costs adjustments, increased sales by $202.
The North America organic sales decrease of 3% was driven principally by lower full-frame light-truck and medium- and heavy-truck production volumes, partially offset by the conversion of sales backlog and net customer pricing and tariff and cost recovery actions. Full-frame light-truck production was down 1%, Class 8 production was down 23% and Classes 5-7 was down 23% compared to 2024. Excluding currency effects, sales in Europe were down 3% compared with 2024, reflecting lower electric-vehicle product orders. Excluding currency effects, sales in South America were down 5% compared to 2024, reflecting lower light-truck product orders and lower medium/heavy-duty production volumes. Excluding currency effects, sales in Asia Pacific were down 4% compared to 2024, reflecting lower electric-vehicle related production orders, partially offset by modestly improving medium/heavy-truck production volumes.
Cost of sales and gross margin — Cost of sales decreased $458, or 6%, when compared to 2024. Cost of sales as a percent of sales was 310 basis points lower than in the previous year. Incremental margins from cost reduction initiatives of $223, higher material cost savings of $90, operational efficiencies of $53, lower premium freight costs of $22, lower spending on electrification initiatives of $7 and lower warranty expense of $2 were partially offset by unfavorable product mix, tariff-related impacts of $116, non-material inflation of $122, commodity cost increases of $19 and higher incentive compensation expense of $13. Commodity costs are primarily driven by certain grades of steel and aluminum. Non-material inflation includes higher labor, energy and transportation rates.
Gross margin of $602 for 2025 increased $224 from 2024. Gross margin as a percent of sales was 8.0% in 2025, 310 basis points higher than in 2024. The improvement in gross margin as a percent of sales was driven principally by the cost of sales factors referenced above. Material cost recovery mechanisms with our customers lag material cost changes by our suppliers by approximately 90 days. The recovery of non-material inflation is not specifically provided for in our current contracts with customers resulting in prolonged negotiations and indeterminate recoveries.
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Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) — SG&A expenses in 2025 were $387 (5.2% of sales) as compared to $429 (5.5% of sales) in 2024. SG&A expenses were $42 lower in 2025 primarily due to lower salary and employee benefit costs and lower travel and discretionary spending, resulting from global headcount and cost reduction initiatives that commenced during the fourth quarter of 2024, partially offset by higher incentive compensation.
Amortization of intangibles — Amortization expense was $7 in 2025 and $8 in 2024. See Note 3 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
Restructuring charges, net — Net restructuring charges were $23 in 2025 and $70 in 2024. See Note 4 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
Loss on disposal group previously held for sale — In February 2024, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell our European hydraulics business to HPIH S.à r.l. We classified the disposal group as held for sale, recognizing a $26 loss to adjust the carrying value of net assets to fair value less estimated costs to sell. The transaction was not completed by the date set forth in the definitive agreement. The assets of the European hydraulics business are no longer held for sale and have been reclassified as held and used at the lower of their adjusted carrying value or fair value at the date the held for sale criteria was no longer met.
Other income (expense), net — The following table shows the major components of other income (expense), net.
Non-service cost components of pension and OPEB costs $ (11 ) $ (17 )
Government assistance 5 10
Foreign exchange gain (loss) (8 ) (15 )
Strategic transaction expenses (12 ) (3 )
Loss on sale of property, plant and equipment — (1 )
Loss on divestiture of ownership interests (9 ) —
Impairment of electric vehicle program property, plant and equipment (16 ) —
Other, net 5 5
Other income (expense), net $ (46 ) $ (21 )
We continue to account for Argentina as a highly inflationary economy and remeasure the financial statements of our Argentine subsidiaries as if their functional currency was the U.S. dollar. Continued devaluation of the Argentine peso was the primary driver of the foreign exchange loss in 2025 and 2024. Strategic transaction expenses relate primarily to costs incurred in connection with acquisition and divestiture related activities, including costs to complete the transaction and post-closing integration costs, and other strategic initiatives. On June 6, 2025, we sold our ownership interest in Switch Mobility Limited, recognizing an $8 pre-tax loss on the transaction. See Note 21 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information. During the fourth quarter of 2025, we recorded an impairment charge associated with machinery and equipment, including construction in progress, of certain electric vehicle programs that were either cancelled by the customer or that have experienced a precipitous decline in program volumes.
Interest income and interest expense — Interest income was $10 in 2025 and $13 in 2024. Interest expense increased from $158 in 2024 to $181 in 2025, due to higher average outstanding borrowings, partially offset by lower average interest rates. Average effective interest rates, inclusive of amortization of debt issuance costs, approximated 5.2% in 2025 and 5.8% in 2024.
Income tax expense — Income tax expense was $53 in 2025 and $31 in 2024. During 2025, we recorded a tax benefit of $48 to release valuation allowance on certain U.S. federal attributes, $7 of tax benefit due to basis difference in a foreign subsidiary as a result of a change in tax status, $9 of tax expense for income tax reserves associated with prior tax years in a foreign jurisdiction and $6 of tax expense resulting from the sale of Dana's ownership interest in an equity method investment. During 2024, we recorded tax expense of $21 for valuation allowances related to foreign jurisdictions and tax expense of $11 due to revisions in our assertions on unremitted earnings in foreign jurisdictions. See Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
Equity in earnings of affiliates — Net earnings from equity investments were $32 in 2025 and $10 in 2024. Net earnings from Dongfeng Dana Axle Co., Ltd. (DDAC) were $9 in 2025 and $3 in 2024. On April 25, 2025, we sold our ownership interest in Axles India Limited, recognizing a $19 pre-tax gain on the transaction. See Note 21 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
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Summary Consolidated Results of Operations (2024 versus 2023)
% of % of Increase/
Dollars Net Sales Dollars Net Sales (Decrease)
Selling, general and administrative expenses 429 5.5 % 440 5.8 % (11 )
Amortization of intangibles 8 8 —
Restructuring charges, net 70 23 47
Loss on disposal group previously held for sale (26 ) (26 )
Other income (expense), net (21 ) (14 ) (7 )
Loss before interest and income taxes (176 ) (108 ) (68 )
Loss on extinguishment of debt — (1 ) 1
Interest income 13 15 (2 )
Loss before income taxes (321 ) (246 ) (75 )
Income tax expense 31 7 24
Equity in earnings (loss) of affiliates 10 (9 ) 19
Net loss from continuing operations (342 ) (262 ) (80 )
Net income from discontinued operations 293 310 (17 )
Net income (loss) (49 ) 48 (97 )
Less: Noncontrolling interests net income from continuing operations 21 22 (1 )
Net income (loss) attributable to the parent company $ (57 ) $ 38 $ (95 )
Sales — The following table shows changes in our sales by geographic region.
Amount of Change Due To
Increase/ Currency Organic
2024 2023 (Decrease) Effects Divestiture Change
Sales in 2024 were $121 higher than in 2023. Weaker international currencies decreased sales by $42, principally due to a weaker Brazilian real, Indian rupee and Thai baht. The organic sales increase of $163, or 2%, resulted from having a full year of production on a full-frame light-truck customer program that launched and was ramping up production in the first quarter of 2023 and the conversion of sales backlog. Pricing actions and recoveries, including material commodity price and inflationary cost adjustments, increased sales by $131.
The North America organic sales increase of 6% was driven principally by having a full year of production on a full-frame light-truck customer program that launched and was ramping up production in the first quarter of 2024, the conversion of sales backlog and net customer pricing and cost recovery actions. Excluding currency effects, sales in Europe were down 5% compared with 2023, reflecting lower electric vehicle related product sales. Excluding currency effects, sales in South America were up 14% compared with 2023, reflecting improved medium- and heavy-duty truck production volumes. Excluding currency effects, sales in Asia Pacific decreased 10% compared to 2023, reflecting lower electric vehicle related product sales.
Cost of sales and gross margin — Cost of sales for 2024 increased $120, or 2%, when compared to 2023. Cost of sales as a percent of sales was 10 basis points hihger than in the previous year. Incremental margins resulting from higher material cost savings of $90, lower premium freight costs of $26, lower incentive compensation expense of $15, lower program launch costs of $11 and lower spending on electrification initiatives of $5, were partially offset by unfavorable product mix, non-material inflation of $157, operational inefficiencies of $16 and higher warranty expense of $6. Commodity costs are primarily driven by certain grades of steel and aluminum. Non-material inflation includes higher labor, energy and transportation rates.
Gross margin of $378 for 2024 increased $1 from 2023. Gross margin as a percent of sales was 4.9% in 2024, 10 basis points lower than in 2023. The gross margin as a percent of sales was driven principally by the cost of sales factors referenced above. Material cost recovery mechanisms with our customers lag material cost changes by our suppliers by approximately 90 days. With commodity costs abating during 2024, gross margin was negatively impacted by net material cost recoveries on both a dollar and percentage basis. The recovery of non-material inflation is not specifically provided for in our current contracts with customers resulting in prolonged negotiations and indeterminate recoveries.
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Selling, general and administrative expenses (SG&A) — SG&A expenses in 2024 were $429 (5.5% of sales) as compared to $440 (5.8% of sales) in 2023. SG&A expenses were $11 lower in 2024 primarily due to lower incentive compensation and lower professional services and consulting costs, partially offset by increased information technology expenses.
Amortization of intangibles — Amortization expense was $8 in both 2024 and 2023. See Note 3 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
Restructuring charges, net — Net restructuring charges were $70 in 2024 and $23 in 2023. See Note 4 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
Loss on disposal group previously held for sale — In February 2024, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell our European hydraulics business to HPIH S.à r.l. We classified the disposal group as held for sale, recognizing a $26 loss to adjust the carrying value of net assets to fair value less estimated costs to sell. The transaction was not completed by the date set forth in the definitive agreement. The assets of the European hydraulics business are no longer held for sale and have been reclassified as held and used at the lower of their adjusted carrying value or fair value at the date the held for sale criteria was no longer met.
Other income (expense), net — The following table shows the major components of other income (expense), net.
Non-service cost components of pension and OPEB costs $ (17 ) $ (10 )
Government assistance 10 15
Foreign exchange gain (loss) (15 ) (17 )
Strategic transaction expenses (3 ) (5 )
Loss on sale of property, plant and equipment (1 ) —
Other, net 5 3
Other income (expense), net $ (21 ) $ (14 )
We continue to account for Argentina as a highly inflationary economy and remeasure the financial statements of our Argentine subsidiaries as if their functional currency was the U.S. dollar. The foreign exchange loss in 2023 was primarily due to the Argentine government significantly devaluing the Argentine peso during the fourth quarter of 2023. Continued devaluation of the Argentine peso was the primary driver of the foreign exchange loss in 2024. Strategic transaction expenses relate primarily to costs incurred in connection with acquisition and divestiture related activities, including costs to complete the transaction and post-closing integration costs, and other strategic initiatives. Strategic transaction expenses in 2024 and 2023 were primarily attributable to investigating potential acquisitions and business ventures, divestitures and other strategic initiatives.
Loss on extinguishment of debt —On June 9, 2023 we redeemed $200 of our April 2025 Notes. The $1 loss on extinguishment of debt is comprised of the write-off of previously deferred financing costs associated with the April 2025 Notes. See Note 13 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
Interest income and interest expense — Interest income was $13 in 2024 and $15 in 2023. Interest expense increased from $152 in 2023 to $158 in 2024, due to higher average outstanding borrowings and higher average interest rates. Average effective interest rates, inclusive of amortization of debt issuance costs, approximated 5.8% in 2024 and 5.6% in 2023.
Income tax expense — Income tax expense was $31 in 2024 and $7 in 2023. During 2024, we recorded tax expense of $21 for valuation allowances related to foreign jurisdictions and tax expense of $11 due to revisions in our assertions on unremitted earnings in foreign jurisdictions. During 2023, we recorded tax expense of $14 for income tax reserves associated with prior tax years in foreign jurisdictions. In addition, we recorded net benefit of $55 on the intercompany sale of intangible assets to the U.S. See Note 17 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information.
Equity in earnings of affiliates — Net earnings (loss) from equity investments were earnings of $10 in 2024 and a loss of $9 in 2023. Net earnings (loss) from Dongfeng Dana Axle Co., Ltd. (DDAC) were earnings of $3 in 2024 and a loss of $16 in 2023. DDAC’s 2023 results were negatively impacted by valuation allowances being recorded against certain deferred tax assets.
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Segment Results of Operations (2025 versus 2024)
Light Vehicle
Segment
Segment EBITDA
Sales EBITDA Margin
Volume and mix (206 ) (49 )
Divestiture (5 )
Currency effects 22 1
Light Vehicle sales in 2025, exclusive of divestiture and currency effects, were 1% lower than 2024 reflecting lower production volumes in North America and lower electric-vehicle product orders in Europe and Asia Pacific partially offset by the benefit of net customer pricing and cost and tariff recovery actions and the conversion of sales backlog. Year-over-year North America full-frame light truck production decreased 1% while light-truck production in Europe, Asia Pacific and South America increased 2%, 8% and 7%, respectively. Net customer pricing and cost and tariff recovery actions increased year-over-year sales by $156.
Light Vehicle segment EBITDA increased by $132 in 2025. Lower sales volumes decreased year-over-year earnings by $49 (24% decremental margin). The year-over-year performance-related earnings increase was driven by net customer pricing and cost and tariff recovery actions of $156, cost reduction initiatives of $99, higher material cost savings of $66, lower premium freight costs of $11 and operational efficiencies, inclusive of lower corporate allocations resulting from cost reduction initiatives, of $65. Partially offsetting these performance-related earnings increases were higher tariff-related costs of $96, inflationary cost increases of $92, commodity cost increases of $13, higher incentive compensation expense of $9, higher warranty expense of $6 and higher program launch costs of $1.
Commercial Vehicle
Segment
Segment EBITDA
Sales EBITDA Margin
Volume and mix (253 ) (63 )
Currency effects 6 2
Commercial Vehicle sales, exclusive of currency effects, were 8% lower than 2024, reflecting generally weaker global markets partially offset by the conversion of sales backlog and net customer pricing and cost and tariff recovery actions. Year-over-year Class 8 production in North America was down 23% and Classes 5-7 was down 23%. Year-over-year medium/heavy truck production in Europe was up 3% while South America was down 7%. Net customer pricing and cost and tariff recovery actions increased year-over-year sales by $46.
Commercial Vehicle segment EBITDA increased $65 in 2025. Lower sales volumes decreased year-over-year earnings by $63 (25% decremental margin). The year-over-year performance-related earnings increase was driven by cost reduction initiatives of $53, net customer pricing and cost and tariff recovery actions of $46, higher material costs savings of $24, lower premium freight costs of $11, lower warranty expense of $8, lower spending on electrification initiatives of $7, lower program launch costs of $2 and operational efficiencies, inclusive of lower corporate allocations resulting from cost reduction initiatives, of $41. Partially offsetting these performance-related earnings increases were inflationary cost increases of $35, higher tariff-related costs of $20, commodity cost increases of $6 and higher incentive compensation expense of $5.
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Segment Results of Operations (2024 versus 2023)
Light Vehicle
Segment
Segment EBITDA
Sales EBITDA Margin
Currency effects (10 ) (2 )
Light Vehicle sales in 2024, exclusive of currency effects, were 5% higher than 2023, reflecting a full year of production on a full-frame light-truck customer program that launched and was ramping up production in the first quarter of 2023, the conversion of sale backlog and the benefit of net customer pricing and cost recovery actions, partially offset by mixed global markets. Year-over-year North America full-frame light-truck production increased 1% while light-truck production in Europe decreased 2%. Year-over-year South America and Asia Pacific light-truck production increased 7% and 1%, respectively. Net customer pricing and cost recovery actions increased year-over-year sales by $129.
Light Vehicle segment EBITDA increased by $103 in 2024. Higher sales volumes provided a year-over-year earnings benefit of $41 (29% incremental margin). The year-over-year performance-related earnings increase was driven by net customer pricing and cost recovery actions of $129, higher material cost savings of $63, lower premium freight costs of $17, lower incentive compensation expense of $15 and lower program launch costs of $12. Partially offsetting these performance-related earnings increases were inflationary cost increases of $146, higher spending on electrification initiatives of $14, commodity cost increases of $2, higher warranty expense of $1 and operational inefficiencies of $9.
Commercial Vehicle
Segment
Segment EBITDA
Sales EBITDA Margin
Volume and mix (110 ) (63 )
Performance 2 39
Currency effects (32 ) (3 )
Commercial Vehicle sales in 2024, exclusive of currency effects, were 4% lower than 2023 reflecting mixed global markets being partially offset by the conversion of sales backlog and net customer pricing and cost recovery actions. Year-over-year Class 8 production in North America was down 3% while Classes 5-7 were up 4%. Year-over-year medium/heavy-truck production in Europe and Asia Pacific were down 23% and 5%, respectively, while medium/heavy-truck production in South America was up 41%. Net customer pricing and cost recovery actions increased year-over-year sales by $2.
Commercial Vehicle segment EBITDA decreased $27 in 2024. Lower sales volumes and unfavorable product mix decreased earnings by $63 (57% decremental margin). The year-over-year performance-related earnings increase was driven by higher material cost savings of $27, lower spending on electrification initiatives of $24, lower premium freight costs of $9, lower incentive compensation expense of $8, net customer pricing and cost recovery actions of $2 and commodity cost decreases of $2. Partially offsetting these performance-related earnings increases were inflationary cost increases of $20, operational inefficiencies of $7, higher warranty expense of $5 and higher program launch costs of $1.
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Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Adjusted EBITDA
We have defined adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) before interest, income taxes, depreciation, amortization, equity grant expense, restructuring expense, non-service cost components of pension and other postretirement benefits (OPEB) costs and other adjustments not related to our core operations (gain/loss on debt extinguishment, pension settlements, divestitures, impairment, etc.). Adjusted EBITDA is a measure of our ability to maintain and continue to invest in our operations and provide shareholder returns. We use adjusted EBITDA in assessing the effectiveness of our business strategies, evaluating and pricing potential acquisitions and as a factor in making incentive compensation decisions. In addition to its use by management, we also believe adjusted EBITDA is a measure widely used by securities analysts, investors and others to evaluate financial performance of our company relative to other Tier 1 automotive suppliers. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered a substitute for earnings before income taxes, net income (loss) or other results reported in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
The following table provides a reconciliation of net loss from continuing operations to adjusted EBITDA.
Net loss from continuing operations $ (53 ) $ (342 ) $ (262 )
Equity in earnings (loss) of affiliates 32 10 (9 )
Income tax expense 53 31 7
Loss from continuing operations before income taxes (32 ) (321 ) (246 )
Restructuring charges, net 23 70 23
Loss on extinguishment of debt 1
Electric vehicle program termination charges 36
Loss on divestiture of ownership interests 9
Supplier capacity charge, net (21 ) 46
Loss on disposal group previously held for sale 26
Amounts attributable to previously closed/divested operations 9
Distress supplier costs 44
Free Cash Flow
We have defined adjusted free cash flow as cash provided by (used in) operating activities less purchases of property, plant and equipment plus proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment plus cash paid for Off-Highway business divestiture related activities. We believe adjusted free cash flow is useful to investors in
evaluating the operational cash flow of the company inclusive of the spending required to maintain the operations. Adjusted free cash flow is not intended to represent nor be an alternative to the measure of net cash provided by operating activities reported in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted free cash flow may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
The following table reconciles net cash flows provided by operating activities to adjusted free cash flow.
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 512 $ 450 $ 476
Cash paid for Off-Highway business divestiture related activities 75 — —
Adjusted free cash flow $ 331 $ 81 $ (23 )
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Liquidity
On January 1, 2026, Dana completed the sale of its Off-Highway business. Net cash proceeds from the Off-Highway business divestiture have been used to pay down debt, strengthening Dana’s financial position, and provide capital returns to shareholders. During January 2026, Dana purchase and redeemed certain of its senior notes, paid down its Term A Facility and continued to repurchase common shares under its board of director approved program. See "Capital Structure Initiatives" in Item 1 for additional information.
The following table provides a reconciliation of cash and cash equivalents to liquidity, a non-GAAP measure, at January 31, 2026:
Cash and cash equivalents $ 659
Additional cash availability from Revolving Facility 1,140
Total liquidity $ 1,799
We had availability of $1,140 at January 31, 2026 under our Revolving Facility after deducting $10 of outstanding letters of credit.
The components of our January 31, 2026 consolidated cash balance were as follows:
U.S. Non-U.S. Total
Cash and cash equivalents held at less than wholly-owned subsidiaries 70 70
A portion of the non-U.S. cash and cash equivalents is utilized for working capital and other operating purposes. Several countries have local regulatory requirements that restrict the ability of our operations to repatriate this cash. Beyond these restrictions, there are practical limitations on repatriation of cash from certain subsidiaries because of the resulting tax withholdings and subsidiary by-law restrictions which could limit our ability to access cash and other assets.
At December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with the covenants of our financing agreements. Under the Revolving Facility and our senior notes, we are required to comply with certain incurrence-based covenants customary for facilities of these types. The incurrence-based covenants in the Revolving Facility permit us to, among other things, (i) issue foreign subsidiary indebtedness, (ii) incur general secured indebtedness subject to a pro forma first lien net leverage ratio not to exceed 1.50:1.00 in the case of first lien debt and a pro forma secured net leverage ratio of 2.50:1.00 in the case of other secured debt and (iii) incur additional unsecured debt subject to a pro forma total net leverage ratio not to exceed 3.50:1.00, tested at the time of incurrence. We may also make dividend payments in respect of our common stock as well as certain investments and acquisitions subject to a pro forma total net leverage ratio of 2.75:1.00. In addition, the Revolving Facility is subject to a financial covenant requiring us to maintain a first lien net leverage ratio not to exceed 2.00:1.00. The indentures governing the senior notes include other incurrence-based covenants that may subject us to additional specified limitations.
From time to time, depending upon market, pricing and other conditions, as well as our cash balances and liquidity, we may seek to acquire our senior notes or other indebtedness or our common stock through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, tender offers, exchange offers or otherwise, upon such terms and at such prices as we may determine (or as may be provided for in the indentures governing the notes), for cash, securities or other consideration. In addition, we may enter into sale-leaseback transactions related to certain of our real estate holdings and factor receivables. There can be no assurance that we will pursue any such transactions in the future, as the pursuit of any alternative will depend upon numerous factors such as market conditions, our financial performance and the limitations applicable to such transactions under our financing and governance documents.
The principal sources of liquidity available for our future cash requirements are expected to be (i) cash flows from operations, (ii) cash and cash equivalents on hand and (iii) borrowings from our Revolving Facility. We believe that our overall liquidity and operating cash flow will be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash requirements for capital expenditures, working capital, debt obligations and other commitments during the next twelve months. While uncertainty surrounding the current economic environment could adversely impact our business, based on our current financial position, we believe it is unlikely that any such effects would preclude us from maintaining sufficient liquidity.
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Cash Flow
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 512 $ 450 $ 476
Net cash used in investing activities (222 ) (352 ) (528 )
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (371 ) (90 ) 160
The table above summarizes our consolidated statement of cash flows.
Operating activities — Exclusive of working capital, other cash provided by continuing operations was $300 and $43 in 2025 and 2024, respectively, while other cash used by continuing operations was $10 in 2023. The year-over-year improvement from 2023 to 2024 and 2024 to 2025 is primarily attributable to the impact of higher year-over-year operating earnings from continuing operations. Working capital provided cash of $29, $33 and $15 in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Cash of $47, $14 and $63 was used to fund higher accounts receivable in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Cash of $78 was provided by lower inventory levels in 2025. Cash of $11 and $37 was used to fund higher inventory levels is 2024 and 2023, respectively. Decreases in accounts payable and other net liabilities used cash of $2 in 2025, while increases in accounts payable and other net liabilities provided cash of $58 and $115 in 2024 and 2023, respectively. Operating activities of discontinued operations generated cash of $183, $374 and $471 in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Investing activities — Expenditures for property plant and equipment by continuing operations were $214, $312 and $427, in 2025, 2024 and 2023 respectively. The decrease in capital spending from 2023 to 2024 was primarily due to lower year-over-year program launches. The decrease in capital spending from 2024 to 2025 was primarily due to lower year-over-year program launches and a focus on rationalizing capital investments. On April 25, 2025, we sold our ownership interest in Axles India Limited for $43. On June 6, 2025, we sold our ownership interest in Switch Mobility Limited for $10. Investing activities of discontinued operations used cash of $53, $47 and $91 in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Financing activities — During 2025, we had net borrowings on our Revolving Facility of $390 and net borrowings on our Term A Facility of $225. During 2025, we redeemed the remaining $200 of our April 2025 Notes. During 2023, we made net repayments of $25 on our Revolving Facility. During 2023, we completed the issuance of €425 of our July 2031 Notes, paying financings costs of $7. Also during 2023, we redeemed $200 of our April 2025 Notes. During 2023, we paid financing costs of $2 to amend our credit and guaranty agreement, extending the Revolving Facility maturity to March 14, 2028. We used cash of $54, $58 and $58 for dividend payments to common stockholders in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During 2025, we used $650 to repurchase 34,278,815 common stock shares. Distributions to noncontrolling interests totaled $17, $20 and $10 in 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively. During 2024, we received $11 from Hydro-Québec, which represents deferred purchase consideration associated with their acquisition of a 45% ownership interest in SME S.p.A. from Dana. Hydro-Québec made cash contributions to Dana TM4 of $18 and $22 in 2024 and 2023, respectively. During 2025, we used cash of $14 to settle swaps associated with our April 2025 Notes.
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Contractual Obligations
We are obligated to make future cash payments in fixed amounts under various agreements. The following table summarizes our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2025, except for the long-term debt and interest payment figures which are presented as of January 8, 2026. On January 1, 2026, Dana completed the sale of its Off-Highway business. A portion of the cash proceeds from the divestiture were used to purchase and redeem certain of Dana's senior notes. See Note 13 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional information. The long-term debt and interest payment amounts presented in the table below are after the January 7, 2026 senior note purchases and January 8, 2026 senior note redemptions.
Payments Due by Period
Pension contribution(6) 18 18
Retiree health care benefits(7) 37 4 8 8 17
Uncertain income tax positions(8) —
______________________________________________________
Notes:
(1) Principal payments on long-term debt as of January 8, 2026.
Contingencies
For a summary of litigation and other contingencies, see Note 15 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8. Based on information available to us at the present time, we do not believe that any liabilities beyond the amounts already accrued that may result from these contingencies will have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.
Critical Accounting Estimates
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP requires us to use estimates and make judgments and assumptions about future events that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses and the related disclosures. Considerable judgment is often involved in making these determinations. Critical estimates are those that require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments in the preparation of the financial statements and the accompanying notes. We evaluate these estimates and judgments on a regular basis. We believe our assumptions and estimates are reasonable and appropriate. However, the use of different assumptions could result in significantly different results and actual results could differ from those estimates. The following discussion of accounting estimates is intended to supplement the Summary of Significant Accounting Policies presented as Note 1 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
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Income taxes — Accounting for income taxes is complex, in part because we conduct business globally and therefore file income tax returns in numerous tax jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining the income tax provision, uncertain tax positions, deferred tax assets and liabilities and the valuation allowances recorded against our net deferred tax assets. A valuation allowance is provided when, in our judgment based upon available information, it is more likely than not that a portion of such deferred tax assets will not be realized. To make this assessment, we consider the historical and projected future taxable income or loss by tax jurisdiction. We consider all components of comprehensive income and weigh the positive and negative evidence, putting greater reliance on objectively verifiable historical evidence than on projections of future profitability that are dependent on actions that have not taken place as of the assessment date. We also consider changes to historical profitability of actions that occurred through the date of assessment and objectively verifiable effects of material forecasted events that would have a sustained effect on future profitability, as well as the effect on historical profits of nonrecurring events. We also incorporate the changes to historical and prospective income from tax planning strategies that are prudent and feasible.
In the ordinary course of business, there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is less than certain. We are regularly under audit by the various applicable tax authorities. Although the outcome of tax audits is always uncertain, we believe that we have appropriate support for the positions taken on our tax returns and that our annual tax provisions include amounts sufficient to pay assessments, if any, upon final determination by the taxing authorities. Nonetheless, the amounts ultimately paid, if any, upon resolution of the issues raised by the taxing authorities may differ materially from the amounts accrued for each year. See additional discussion of our deferred tax assets and liabilities in Note 17 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
Retiree benefits — Accounting for pension benefits and other postretirement benefits (OPEB) involves estimating the cost of benefits to be provided well into the future and generally attributing that cost to the time period each employee works. These plan expenses and obligations are dependent on assumptions developed by us in consultation with our outside advisers such as actuaries and other consultants and are generally calculated independently of funding requirements. The assumptions used, including inflation, discount rates, investment returns, mortality rates, turnover rates, retirement rates, future compensation levels and health care cost trend rates, have a significant impact on plan expenses and obligations. These assumptions are regularly reviewed and modified when appropriate based on historical experience, current trends and future outlook. Changes in one or more of the underlying assumptions could result in a material impact to our consolidated financial statements in any given period. If actual experience differs from expectations, our financial position and results of operations in future periods could be affected.
Mortality rates are based in part on the company's plan experience and actuarial estimates. The inflation assumption is based on an evaluation of external market indicators, while retirement and turnover rates are based primarily on actual plan experience. Health care cost trend rates are developed based on our actual historical claims experience, the near-term outlook and an assessment of likely long-term trends. For our largest plans, discount rates are based upon the construction of a yield curve which is developed based on a subset of high-quality fixed-income investments (those with yields between the 40th and 90th percentiles). The projected cash flows are matched to this yield curve and a present value developed which is then calibrated to develop a single equivalent discount rate. Pension benefits are funded through deposits with trustees that satisfy, at a minimum, the applicable funding regulations. For our largest defined benefit pension plans, expected investment rates of return are based on input from the plans’ investment advisers regarding our expected investment portfolio mix, historical rates of return on those assets, projected future asset class returns, the impact of active management and long-term market conditions and inflation expectations. We believe that the long-term asset allocation on average will approximate the targeted allocation and we regularly review the actual asset allocation to periodically re-balance the investments to the targeted allocation when appropriate. OPEB and the majority of our non-U.S. pension benefits are funded as they become due.
Actuarial gains or losses may result from changes in assumptions or when actual experience is different from that which was expected. Under the applicable standards, those gains and losses are not required to be immediately recognized in our results of operations as income or expense, but instead are deferred as part of AOCI and amortized into our results of operations over future periods.
U.S. retirement plans — Our U.S. defined benefit pension plans comprise 61% of our consolidated defined benefit pension obligations at December 31, 2025. These plans are frozen and no service-related costs are being incurred. Changes in our net obligations are principally attributable to changing discount rates and the performance of plan assets.
Rising discount rates decrease the present value of future pension obligations – a 25 basis point increase in the discount rate would decrease our U.S. pension liability by about $7. As indicated above, when establishing the expected long-term rate of return on our U.S. pension plan assets, we consider historical performance and forward looking return estimates reflective of our portfolio mix and investment strategy. Based on the most recent analysis of projected portfolio returns, we concluded that the use of a 5.75% expected return in 2026 is appropriate for our U.S. pension plans. See Note 12 to our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for information about the investing and allocation objectives related to our U.S. pension plan assets.
We use a full yield curve approach to estimate the service (where applicable) and interest components of the annual cost of our pension and other postretirement benefit plans. This method estimates interest and service expense using the specific spot rates, from the yield curve, that relate to projected cash flows. We believe this method is a more precise measurement of interest and service costs by improving the correlation between the projected cash flows and the corresponding interest rates. The determination of the projected benefit obligation at year end is unchanged.
At December 31, 2025, we have $125 of unrecognized losses relating to our U.S. pension plans. Actuarial gains and losses, which are primarily the result of changes in the discount rate and other assumptions and differences between actual and expected asset returns, are deferred in AOCI and amortized to expense following the corridor approach. We use the average remaining service period of active participants unless almost all of the plan’s participants are inactive, in which case we use the average remaining life expectancy of inactive participants.
Based on the current funded status of our U.S. plans, we expect to make contributions of $1 during 2026.
See Note 12 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8 for additional discussion of our pension and OPEB obligations.
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Acquisitions —From time to time, we make strategic acquisitions that have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. We allocate the purchase price of acquired businesses to the identifiable tangible and intangible assets acquired, liabilities assumed and any redeemable noncontrolling interests or noncontrolling interests based upon their estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. We determine the estimated fair values using information available to us and engage independent third-party valuation specialists when necessary. Estimating fair values can be complex and subject to significant business judgment. We believe the assumptions and estimates we have made in the past have been reasonable and appropriate, they were based, in part, on historical experience and information obtained from management of the acquired companies and were inherently uncertain. Critical estimates in valuing certain of the intangible assets we have acquired included, but were not limited to, future expected cash flows from product sales, customer contracts and acquired technologies, and discount rates. The discount rates used to discount expected future cash flows to present value were typically derived from a weighted-average cost of capital analysis and adjusted to reflect inherent risks. Unanticipated events and circumstances may occur that could affect either the accuracy or validity of such assumptions, estimates or actual results. Generally, we have, if necessary, up to one year from the acquisition date to finalize our estimates of acquisition date fair values.
Indefinite-lived intangible assets — Our indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment annually as of October 31 for all of our reporting units, and more frequently if events or circumstances warrant such a review. We make significant assumptions and estimates about the extent and timing of future cash flows, including revenue growth rates, projected gross margins, discount rates, and exit earnings multiples. The cash flows are estimated over a significant future period of time, which makes those estimates and assumptions subject to a high degree of uncertainty. Our utilization of market valuation models requires us to make certain assumptions and estimates regarding the applicability of those models to our assets and businesses. We use our internal forecasts, which we update quarterly, to make our cash flow projections. These forecasts are based on our knowledge of our customers’ production forecasts, our assessment of market growth rates, net new business, material and labor cost estimates, cost recovery agreements with customers and our estimate of savings expected from our restructuring activities.
The most likely factors that would significantly impact our forecasts are changes in customer production levels and loss of significant portions of our business. We believe that the assumptions and estimates used in the assessment of indefinite-lived intangible assets as of October 31, 2025 were reasonable.
Long-lived assets with definite lives — We perform impairment assessments on our property, plant and equipment and our definite-lived intangible assets whenever events and circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of the assets may not be recoverable. When indications are present, we compare the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows of the operations to which the assets relate to the carrying amounts of such assets. We utilize the cash flow projections discussed above for property, plant and equipment and amortizable intangibles. We group the assets and liabilities at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities and evaluate the asset group against the undiscounted future cash flows using the life of the primary assets. If the carrying amounts of the long-lived assets are not recoverable from future cash flows and exceed their fair value, an impairment loss is recognized to reduce the carrying amounts of the long-lived assets to their fair value. Fair value is determined based on discounted cash flows, third-party appraisals or other methods that provide appropriate estimates of value. Determining whether a triggering event has occurred, performing the impairment analysis and estimating the fair value of the assets require numerous assumptions and a considerable amount of management judgment.
Investments in affiliates — We had aggregate investments in affiliates of $102 at December 31, 2025 and $125 at December 31, 2024. We monitor our investments in affiliates for indicators of other-than-temporary declines in value on an ongoing basis in accordance with GAAP. If we determine that an other-than-temporary decline in value has occurred, we recognize an impairment loss, which is measured as the difference between the recorded carrying value and the fair value of the investment. Fair value is generally determined using the discounted cash flows (an income approach) or guideline public company (a market approach) methods.
Warranty — Costs related to product warranty obligations are estimated and accrued at the time of sale with a charge against cost of sales. Warranty accruals are evaluated and adjusted as appropriate based on occurrences giving rise to potential warranty exposure and associated experience. Warranty accruals and adjustments require significant judgment, including a determination of our involvement in the matter giving rise to the potential warranty issue or claim, our contractual requirements, estimates of units requiring repair and estimates of repair costs. If actual experience differs from expectations, our financial position and results of operations in future periods could be affected.
Contingency reserves — We have numerous other loss exposures, such as product liability, environmental liability and matters involving litigation. Establishing loss reserves for these matters requires the use of estimates and judgment regarding risk of exposure and ultimate liability. Product liability claims are generally estimated based on historical experience and the estimated costs associated with specific events giving rise to potential field campaigns or recalls. We consider the most probable method of remediation, current laws and regulations and existing technology in estimating our environmental liabilities. In the case of legal contingencies, estimates are made of the likely outcome of legal proceedings and potential exposure where reasonably determinable based on the information presently known to us. New information and other developments in these matters could materially affect our recorded liabilities.
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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk
We are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices for products we use in our manufacturing and interest rates. To reduce our exposure to these risks, we maintain risk management controls to monitor these risks and take appropriate actions to attempt to mitigate such forms of market risks.
Foreign currency exchange rate risk — Our foreign currency exposures are primarily associated with intercompany and third party sales and purchase transactions, cross-currency intercompany loans and external debt. We use forward contracts to manage our foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with a portion of our forecasted foreign currency-denominated sales and purchase transactions and with certain foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities. We also use currency swaps, including fixed-to-fixed cross-currency interest rate swaps, to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk associated with our intercompany loans and external debt. Foreign currency exposures are reviewed quarterly, at a minimum, and natural offsets are considered prior to entering into derivative instruments.
Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments treated as cash flow hedges are reported in other comprehensive income (loss) (OCI). Deferred gains and losses are reclassified to earnings in the same period in which the underlying transactions affect earnings. Specifically, with respect to the cross-currency interest rate swap, to the extent we recognize an exchange gain or loss on the underlying external debt, we reclassify an offsetting portion from OCI to earnings in the same period.
Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments not treated as cash flow hedges are recognized in earnings in the period in which those changes occur. Changes in the fair value of derivative instruments associated with product-related transactions are recorded in cost of sales, while those associated with non-product transactions are recorded in other income (expense), net. See Note 14 of our consolidated financial statements in Item 8.
The following table summarizes the sensitivity of the fair value of our derivative instruments, including forward contracts and currency swaps, at December 31, 2025 to a 10% change in foreign exchange rates.
10% Increase 10% Decrease
in Rates in Rates
Gain (Loss) Gain (Loss)
Foreign currency rate sensitivity:
Currency swaps $ (34 ) $ 34
Forward contracts $ (36 ) $ 42
At December 31, 2025, of the $1,610 total notional amount of foreign currency derivatives, approximately 56% primarily represents forward contracts associated with our forecasted foreign currency-denominated sales, purchase transactions and hedges of inter-company loans that are not deemed to be permanent in nature. The remaining 44% represents the aggregate of fixed-to-fixed cross-currency interest rate swaps.
To manage our global liquidity objectives, we periodically execute intercompany loans, some of which are foreign currency-denominated. With respect to such intercompany loans, the total notional amount outstanding at December 31, 2025 is approximately $768. Depending on the specific objective of each intercompany loan arrangement, certain intercompany loans may be hedged while others remain unhedged for strategic reasons. The decision to hedge the loan, to designate the loan itself as a hedge or not to hedge the loan is dependent on management's underlying strategy. Of the approximately $768 of foreign currency-denominated intercompany loans outstanding at December 31, 2025, $327, or 43%, has been hedged by one of our fixed-to-fixed cross-currency swaps whereby we have protected the income statement from exchange rate risk. Of the remaining 57% of such outstanding intercompany loans, $72 has been hedged by foreign currency forwards and the remaining balances have not been hedged.
Commodity price risk — We do not utilize derivative contracts to manage commodity price risk. Our overall strategy is to pass through commodity risk to our customers in our pricing agreements. A substantial portion of our customer agreements include contractual provisions for the pass-through of commodity price movements. In instances where the risk is not covered contractually, we have generally been able to adjust customer pricing to recover commodity cost increases.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Stockholders of Dana Incorporated
Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting