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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Core Laboratories Inc. is a Delaware corporation. We were established in 1936 and are one of the world’s leading providers of proprietary and patented reservoir description and production enhancement services and products to the oil and gas industry, primarily through client relationships with many of the world’s major, national and independent oil companies.

On May 1, 2023, Core Laboratories N.V. completed its previously announced redomestication transaction (the “Redomestication Transaction”), which through a series of steps, resulted in the merger of Core Laboratories N.V., a holding company in the Netherlands, with and into Core Laboratories Luxembourg S.A., a public limited liability company incorporated under the laws of Luxembourg, with Core Laboratories Luxembourg S.A. surviving, and subsequently the migration of Core Laboratories Luxembourg S.A. out of Luxembourg and its domestication as Core Laboratories Inc., a Delaware corporation. The Redomestication Transaction has been accounted for as a transaction between entities under common control. There is no difference between the combined separate entities prior to the Redomestication Transaction and the combined separate entities after the Redomestication Transaction with respect to the consolidated financial statements; therefore, comparative information reported in these financial statements do not differ from amounts previously reported under Core Laboratories N.V.’s consolidated financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with Core Laboratories N.V.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and Core Laboratories N.V.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, including Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies.

We operate our business in two segments. These complementary operating segments provide different services and products and utilize different technologies for evaluating and improving reservoir performance and increasing oil and gas recovery from new and existing fields:

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Reservoir Description: Encompasses the characterization of petroleum reservoir rock and reservoir fluids samples to increase production and improve recovery of crude oil and natural gas from our clients’ reservoirs. We provide laboratory-based analytical and field services to characterize properties of crude oil and crude oil-derived products to the oil and gas industry. Services associated with these fluids include determining the quality and measuring the quantity of the reservoir fluids and their derived products, such as gasoline, diesel and biofuels. We also provide proprietary and joint industry studies based on these types of analyses and manufacture associated laboratory equipment. In addition, we provide reservoir description capabilities that support various activities associated with energy transition projects, including services that support carbon capture, utilization and storage, geothermal projects, and the evaluation and appraisal of mining activities around lithium and other elements necessary for energy storage.

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Production Enhancement: Includes services and manufactured products associated with reservoir well completions, perforations, stimulation, production and well abandonment. We provide integrated diagnostic services to evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of well completions and to develop solutions aimed at increasing the effectiveness of enhanced oil recovery projects.

General Overview

We provide services as well as design and produce products which enable our clients to evaluate and improve reservoir performance and increase oil and gas recovery from new and existing fields. These services and products are generally in higher demand when our clients are investing capital in their field development programs that are designed to increase productivity from existing fields or when exploring for, appraising and developing new fields. Our clients’ investment in capital expenditure programs tends to correlate over the longer term to oil and natural gas commodity prices. During periods of higher, stable prices, our clients generally invest more in capital expenditures and, during periods of lower or volatile commodity prices, they tend to invest less. Consequently, the level of capital expenditures by our clients impacts the demand for our services and products.

The following table summarizes the annual average and year-end worldwide and U.S. rig counts for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, as well as the annual average and year-end spot price of a barrel of WTI crude, Europe Brent crude and a MMBtu of natural gas:

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Baker Hughes U.S. Average Rig Count (1) 599 689 721

Baker Hughes U.S. Land-based Average Rig Count (1) 580 670 706

Baker Hughes U.S. Year-End Rig Count (2) 589 623 780

Baker Hughes U.S. Land-based Year-End Rig Count (2) 575 603 763

Average Crude Oil Price per Barrel WTI (3) $ 76.63 $ 77.58 $ 94.90

Average Natural Gas Price per MMBtu (5) $ 2.19 $ 2.52 $ 6.45

Year-end Crude Oil Price per Barrel WTI (3) $ 72.44 $ 71.89 $ 80.16

Year-end Crude Oil Price per Barrel Brent (4) $ 74.58 $ 77.69 $ 82.82

Year-end Natural Gas Price per MMBtu (5) $ 3.40 $ 2.58 $ 3.52

(2) Year-end rig count as reported by Baker Hughes - Worldwide Rig Count.

In general, activities associated with the exploration of oil and gas in the U.S. onshore market are more sensitive to changes in the crude-oil commodity prices, as opposed to larger international and offshore projects which take multiple years to plan and develop. These international and offshore projects once announced and started, will continue through completion, despite changes in the current price of crude oil. The geopolitical conflict between Russia and Ukraine that began in February 2022, caused disruptions to traditional maritime supply chains associated with the movement of crude oil, initially reducing the level of crude oil sourced from Russia and being imported into various European ports. The disruptions to traditional maritime supply chains of crude oil and derived products, such as diesel fuel, and associated sanctions imposed on maritime exports of these products out of Russia caused significant volatility in both the prices and trading patterns of these products during 2022 and into 2023. As a result, average crude-oil prices were elevated during 2022, but have since decreased, moderating in 2023 and stabilizing in 2024. The maritime supply chains associated with the movement of crude oil have continued to realign and stabilize in 2023 and 2024, which reduced some of the volatility in crude-oil prices, however, expanded sanctions were issued in January 2025, which have resulted in more recent elevated prices and uncertainty.

The conflict in the Middle East that began in October 2023 has resulted in additional disruptions in the movement and trading of crude oil which continued throughout 2024. The Company's volume of associated laboratory services is commensurate with the trading and movement of crude-oil into Europe, the Middle East, Asia and across the globe. However, the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and other countries may implement additional sanctions, export controls or other measures against Russia, Belarus and other countries, regions, officials, individuals or industries in the respective territories. We have no way to predict the progress or outcome of these events, and any resulting government responses are fluid and beyond our control. According to the latest International Energy Agency’s report, the current global demand for crude oil and natural gas remains at a moderate level though the growth momentum is expected to slow down in 2025 due to further weakening of the macroeconomic climate, as Gross Domestic Product (“GDP”) growth stays below trend in major economies, including China.

U.S. land drilling and completion activities improved in 2022, however, activity decreased during 2023 and continued to decrease throughout 2024. Since April 2023, the U.S. land-based rig count has continuously declined resulting in a 5% reduction as of December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023.

Information published by the EIA, shows that the inventory of wells drilled but uncompleted (a “DUC” well) in the U.S., was 5,825 as of December 31, 2023, and declined to 5,238 at end of 2024. This data indicates that during the period of higher activity, operators were drilling wells but not completing them as the DUC inventory grew. As activity levels began to decline, operators began to drill fewer new wells and were completing some of the wells that had been previously drilled but not completed. As drilling and completion activity levels continued to decline from 2023 to 2024, the number of wells completed continued to outpace the number of new wells drilled during these periods.

In the U.S., the land-based average rig count decreased approximately 5% from 2022 to 2023 primarily due to a significant decline in natural gas prices. Additionally, efficiencies gains in drilling and completing wells allowed operators to complete their drilling programs ahead of their original schedule. Average natural gas prices continued to decline by approximately 13% in 2024 compared to 2023, and as a result the U.S. land-based average rig count decreased by a similar level in 2024. Demand

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for product sales and associated services will typically change in tandem with the changes in the rig count and associated drilling and completion activity.

Outside of the U.S., international average rig count showed an increase of approximately 6% in 2023 from 2022, however, subsequently remained flat in 2024. Long-term international and offshore projects which are commonly announced through Final Investment Decisions and subsequently initiated are not as susceptible or at-risk to delay or suspension due to short-term volatility in crude-oil commodity prices. The Company has maintained its annual capital expenditures between $10.0 million and $13.0 million during the years 2022, 2023 and 2024, which is significantly reduced from average annual capital expenditures in years prior to the pandemic.

Results of Operations

Operating Results for the Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

We evaluate our operating results by analyzing revenue, operating income and operating income margin (defined as operating income divided by total revenue). Since we have a relatively fixed cost structure, decreases in revenue generally translate into lower operating income results. Results for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are summarized in the following chart.

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Results of operations as a percentage of applicable revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022 are as follows (in thousands, except for per share information):

REVENUE:

OPERATING EXPENSES:

Other Data:

* Percentage based on applicable revenue rather than total revenue.

"NM" means not meaningful.

(1) Excludes depreciation.

Service Revenue

Service revenue is primarily tied to activities associated with the exploration, production, movement and refinement of oil, gas and derived products outside the U.S. Service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $388.2 million, an increase of 4% compared to 2023. The increase was due to growth in activity levels in both U.S. and international markets. Approximately 70% of service revenue is generated from international markets, and in 2024, growth occurred in several international markets, primarily in Europe, Africa and Asia Pacific, despite the headwinds from the on-going geopolitical conflicts previously discussed. The increase in U.S. service revenue in 2024 compared to 2023, benefited from continued growing client activity from 2023 into 2024, for our reservoir core and reservoir fluids analysis services on projects from across the globe that are often conducted in our advanced technology center located in Houston, Texas, as well as a growing demand for CCS projects. Well completion diagnostic services in the U.S. market also showed strong growth in 2024 compared to 2023 although some well diagnostic projects in the Gulf of Mexico were delayed due to multiple hurricanes during 2024. Service revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $371.9 million, increased by 7% compared to 2022. In 2023, the increase was due to growth in activity levels in both U.S. and international markets. The growth occurred in several international markets including the recovery of services in the European region. The increase in U.S. operations benefited from growing client activity year over year for our reservoir core and reservoir fluids analysis services on projects from across the globe, as well as a growing demand for CCS projects.

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Product Sales Revenue

Product sales revenue, which is equally tied to the completion of onshore wells in the U.S. and international activities. Product sales to the U.S. onshore markets are generally delivered more frequently and in smaller quantities, versus product sales to international markets which are typically shipped and delivered in bulk and the timing of delivery can vary from one period to another. Product sales revenue for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $135.6 million, a decrease of 2% compared to 2023. The decline in our product sales revenue is primarily associated with the activity decline in the U.S. onshore market, where the U.S. land-based average rig count decreased 13% in 2024 compared to 2023. Product sales revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023, was $137.9 million, a decrease of 3% compared to 2022. The decrease in product sales, is primarily driven by the decline in the U.S. onshore market, where the U.S. land-based average rig count decreased by 5% in 2023 compared to 2022.

Cost of Services, excluding depreciation

Cost of services for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $297.3 million, an increase of 5% compared to 2023, which is slightly higher than the change in service revenue. Cost of services for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $282.1 million, an increase of 3% compared to 2022. Cost of services expressed as a percentage of service revenue increased to 77% in 2024 compared to 76% in 2023. The slight increase in cost of services as a percentage of service revenue in 2024, was primarily associated with higher employee compensation and higher operating costs as a result of additional costs incurred due to the fire incident at one of our U.K. facilities. The additional costs and loss of income from business interruption were substantially covered by insurance proceeds recorded in Other (income) expense, net. Cost of services expressed as a percentage of service revenue improved to 76% in 2023 from 79% in 2022. Improvement in cost of services as a percentage of service revenue in 2023, was primarily associated with improved utilization of our global laboratory network on higher revenue.

Cost of Product Sales, excluding depreciation

Cost of product sales for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $123.2 million, an increase of 5% compared to 2023 and cost of product sales as a percentage of sales revenue increased to 91% in 2024 from 86% in 2023. Both were driven primarily by certain inventory and other related asset write-downs of approximately $3.3 million in 2024. Cost of product sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $117.8 million, a decrease of 1% compared to 2022 and cost of product sales expressed as a percentage of product sales revenue increased to approximately 86% in 2023 from 84% in 2022. Both were primarily due to inflation in material costs throughout 2023 and higher absorption of fixed costs on a lower revenue base.

General and Administrative Expense, excluding depreciation

General and administrative (“G&A”) expense includes corporate management and centralized administrative services that benefit our operations. G&A expense was $39.8 million in 2024, a decrease of 1% or $0.5 million. The decrease is associated with lower employee compensation costs, which were substantially offset by increases in costs associated with the implementation of a global human capital management system and a third-party assessment of the Company’s IT cybersecurity environment. G&A expense was $40.3 million in 2023, an increase of 6% or $2.1 million compared to 2022. The increase is primarily due to changes in value of company owned life insurance and stock compensation expense during the period. See Note 17 - Stock-Based Compensation of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further details.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $15.0 million, a decrease from $15.8 million and $17.2 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in 2024 and 2023 is associated with assets which became fully depreciated and lower levels of capital expenditures.

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Other (Income) Expense, net

The components of other (income) expense, net are as follows (in thousands):

For the Years Ended December 31,

Results of non-consolidated subsidiaries (236 ) (394 ) (294 )

Return on pension assets and other pension costs (1,178 ) (1,365 ) (545 )

Loss on lease abandonment and other exit costs 699 1,146 —

Insurance and other settlements (8,432 ) (604 ) (669 )

Severance and other charges 985 — 3,332

ATM termination costs — 455 —

Total other (income) expense, net $ (9,953 ) $ (850 ) $ (722 )

In 2024 and 2022, we sold certain ownership interest in mineral rights of certain properties for a net gain of $1.4 million and $0.7 million, respectively, which is included in gain on sale of assets.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we abandoned certain leases in the U.S. and Canada and incurred lease abandonment and other exit costs of $0.7 million and $1.1 million, respectively. As a result of consolidating and exiting these facilities, the associated leasehold improvements, right of use assets and other assets of $1.1 million and $1.1 million were abandoned and expensed during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

In February 2024, we had a fire incident at one of our U.K. facilities and we have recorded partial settlements and certain net gains from insurance recovery of $8.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2024. Amounts associated with partial settlement for costs incurred and loss of income from business interruption are $4.0 million, and net gains associated with property, plant and equipment are $4.4 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we wrote off previously deferred costs of $0.5 million upon termination of our 2022 at-the-market offering (“ATM Program”). See Note 14 - Equity for additional information.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the State of Louisiana expropriated the access road to one of our facilities and paid us a settlement of $0.6 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we received insurance settlements of $0.7 million associated with business interruptions and property losses to certain facilities caused by the North America mid-continent winter storm in February 2021.

Foreign exchange (gain) loss, net is summarized in the following table (in thousands):

For the Years Ended December 31,

Angolan Kwanza $ (46 ) $ 188 $ (2 )

Australian Dollar (2 ) 81 9

Foreign exchange (gain) loss, net $ 1,197 $ 176 $ 229

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Interest Expense

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $12.4 million compared to $13.4 million and $11.6 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. In 2024, the Company reduced its total outstanding debt by $38.0 million or 23% from end of 2023. The decrease in interest expense associated with lower outstanding debt was partially offset by a higher average blended interest rates in 2024 compared to 2023. In September 2023, the 2011 Senior Notes of $75 million with a fixed rate of 4.11% matured and were partially refinanced with the 2023 Senior Notes of $50 million with higher fixed rates of 7.25% and 7.50%. In 2023, the Company reduced its outstanding debt from end of 2022, however, the interest expense was higher in 2023 primarily due to: 1) rising interest rates on our variable rate debt during these periods, and 2) partial refinancing of the 2011 Senior Notes of $75 million with the 2023 Senior Notes of $50 million, as discussed above. See Note 11 - Long-term Debt, net of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further detail. Interest expense was also affected by changes associated with our interest rate swap agreements, as described in Note 15 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense was $14.0 million in 2024 and resulted in an effective tax rate of 30.4%. The 2024 tax expense was primarily impacted by the geographic mix of earnings. Income tax expense was $4.2 million in 2023 and resulted in an effective tax rate of 10.2%. The 2023 tax expense was primarily impacted by the reversal of deferred tax liabilities of $11.6 million associated with the Redomestication Transaction, partially offset by the geographic mix of earnings.

See Note 9 - Income Taxes of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further detail of income tax expense.

Segment Analysis

The following charts and tables summarize the annual revenue and operating results as a percentage of applicable revenue for our two complementary operating segments.

Segment Revenue

REVENUE:

OPERATING INCOME:

* Percentage, which represents operating margin, is based on operating income divided by applicable revenue rather than total revenue.

“NM” means not meaningful.

(1) “Corporate and other” represents those items that are not directly relating to a particular operating segment.

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Reservoir Description

Reservoir Description operations are closely correlated with trends in international and offshore activity levels, with approximately 80% of its revenue sourced from producing fields, development projects and movement of crude oil and derived products outside the U.S. The Company continues to see growth in international projects across several international regions and disruptions in the maritime movement and logistical trading patterns for crude oil and derived products, caused by the Russia-Ukraine and Middle East geopolitical conflicts have begun to stabilize.

Revenue from the Reservoir Description operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $346.1 million, an increase of 4% compared to 2023. The increased revenue in 2024 is primarily due to growing client activity for our reservoir core and reservoir fluids analysis services on projects in several regions across the globe, as well as continued momentum of growing demand for CCS projects in the last couple of years. Additionally, crude assay services associated with the maritime movement of crude oil and derived products which were impacted by the Russia-Ukraine conflict continued to improve in 2024. The growth in revenue was partially offset by delayed project revenue caused by the fire incident at one of our U.K. facilities. The Company holds insurance policies for both property damage and business interruption, which has minimized the loss to the Company associated with the fire. Revenue from the Reservoir Description operating segment was $333.3 million in 2023, an increase of 8% when compared to $307.7 million in 2022. The increased revenue in 2023 is primarily due to growing client activity for our reservoir core and reservoir fluids analysis services on projects in several regions across the globe, as well as growing demand for CCS projects. Additionally, crude assay services associated with the maritime movement of crude oil and derived products improved in 2023, which were negatively impacted by the Russia-Ukraine conflict that began in 2022.

Operating income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $51.5 million, an increase of 25% compared to 2023. Operating margins increased to 14.9% in 2024 from 12.3% in 2023. The increase in operating income and operating margins in 2024 was primarily due to high operating margins associated with the incremental revenue of $12.8 million in 2024 and continued improvement in utilization of our global laboratory network. Operating income in 2023 was $41.0 million, an increase of 79% compared to 2022. Operating margins increased to 12.3% in 2023 compared to 7.4% in 2022. The increase in operating income and operating margin in 2023, correlates to the incremental revenue and the improved utilization of our global laboratory network, as well as the negative impact from the beginning of the Russia-Ukraine conflict in 2022.

Production Enhancement

Production Enhancement’s operations are largely focused on complex completions in unconventional, tight-oil reservoirs in the U.S. as well as conventional projects across the globe. U.S. onshore drilling and completion activities peaked in 2022, after the COVID-19 pandemic, but declined in 2023 and declined further in 2024. The decline in drilling and completion activity was primarily due to the weakening of both crude oil and natural gas commodity prices in 2023, and oil and gas producing companies remain focused on return of investment versus growing production, and were more disciplined with their annual production growth plans. As a result, average rig count in the U.S. onshore market declined by 13% in 2024 compared to 2023.

Revenue from the Production Enhancement operating segment for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $177.7 million, a slight increase of 1% compared to 2023, primarily due to a higher level of service revenue associated with strong growth in well completion diagnostic services in 2024. This increase was substantially offset by lower activity and product sales into the U.S. onshore market. Revenue from the Production Enhancement operating segment was $176.4 million in 2023, a decrease of 3% compared to 2022. In 2023, the decrease in drilling and completion activities in the U.S. land market is primarily due to operating companies reduced activity in 2023 as they were ahead of schedule in their annual drilling programs due to efficiencies gained in drilling and completing wells. Operators continue to remain focused on return of investment versus growing production, as discussed above.

Operating income for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $6.6 million, a decrease of 47%. Operating margins decreased to 3.7% in 2024 from 7.1% in 2023. The decrease in operating income and operating margin in 2024, was primarily due to 1) a charge of $3.3 million recorded in 2024 associated with inventory and other related asset write-downs, 2) a loss on sales of $0.6 million associated with the disposal of a building, and 3) severance and other charges of $0.5 million incurred in 2024, and no similar transactions in 2023. Operating income was $12.5 million in 2023 compared to $16.4 million in 2022. Operating margin of 7.1% in 2023 decreased from 9.0% in 2022. The decrease in operating income and operating margins in 2023, correlates to the decrease in revenue and higher absorption of fixed costs on a lower revenue base, as well as increased cost associated with inflation on materials and shipping costs.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

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General

We have historically financed our activities through cash on hand, cash flows from operations, bank credit facilities, equity financing and the issuance of debt. Cash flows from operating activities provide the primary source of funds to finance our operating needs, capital expenditures, dividends and share repurchase program. Our ability to maintain and grow our operating income and cash flow depends, to a large extent, on continued investing activities. We believe our future cash flows from operations, supplemented by our borrowing capacity and the ability to issue additional equity and debt, should be sufficient to fund our debt requirements, working capital, capital expenditures, dividends, share repurchase program and future acquisitions. The Company will continue to monitor and evaluate the availability of debt and equity markets.

We were a holding company incorporated in the Netherlands, and after the Redomestication Transaction completed in May 2023, we are a holding company incorporated in Delaware. Therefore, we conduct substantially all of our operations through our subsidiaries. Our cash availability is largely dependent upon the ability of our subsidiaries to pay cash dividends or otherwise distribute or advance funds to us and on the terms and conditions of our existing and future credit arrangements. There are no restrictions preventing any of our subsidiaries from repatriating earnings, except for the unrepatriated earnings of our Russian subsidiary which are not expected to be distributed in the foreseeable future, and there are no restrictions or income taxes associated with distributing cash to the parent company through loans or advances. As of December 31, 2024, $18.4 million of our $19.2 million of cash balances was held by our foreign subsidiaries.

The Company continues to maintain a quarterly dividend of $0.01 per share.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes cash flows (in thousands):

For the Years Ended December 31,

Cash provided by (used in):

Net change in cash and cash equivalents $ 4,037 $ (308 ) $ (2,275 )

Comparing the year ended December 31, 2024, to the year ended December 31, 2023, net income decreased $4.9 million, however, cash provided by operating activities increased $31.6 million. In 2024, improvement in cash provided by operating activities was primarily driven by improved operational working capital of $34.7 million compared to 2023, partially offset by higher cash used in prepaid expenses and other assets in 2024 versus 2023. Comparing the year ended December 31, 2023 to the year ended December 31, 2022, net income increased $17.4 million, however, cash provided by operating activities was relatively flat between these periods. Net income for the year ended December 31, 2023 includes a non-cash tax benefit of approximately $11.6 million associated with the Company’s Redomestication Transaction, partially offset by a decrease of $3.3 million in net deferred tax assets, and non-cash investment gains of $5.0 million in 2023 compared to non-cash losses of $5.1 million in 2022.

Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 of $6.4 million was driven primarily by funding capital expenditures of $13.0 million offset by: 1) $1.7 million of proceeds from sale of assets, 2) $2.1 million of insurance recovery proceeds on property, plant and equipment associated with the fire incident in one of our facilities in the U.K., and 3) $2.8 million received on company owned life insurance policies. Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 of $6.7 million was driven primarily by funding capital expenditures of $10.6 million offset by $3.4 million of net proceeds received on company owned life insurance policies and $0.5 million of proceeds from sales of assets. Cash used by investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2022 of $3.9 million was primarily due to funding capital expenditures of $10.2 million, offset by $2.1 million of proceeds received from sale of assets and net proceeds of $4.2 million received from insurance and company-owned life insurance policies.

Cash used in financing activities in 2024 of $46.0 million was primarily due to: 1) a net reduction in debt of $38 million, 2) dividends paid of $1.9 million, and 3) repurchase of common stock of $5.3 million. Cash used in financing activities in 2023 of $18.4 million was primarily due to: 1) a net reduction in debt of $9.0 million, 2) debt issuance costs of $1.3 million primarily associated with the issuance of the 2023 Senior Notes, 3) cash paid for costs incurred in the Redomestication Transaction of $4.1 million, 4) dividends paid of $1.9 million, and 5) repurchase of common stock of $2.2 million. Cash used in financing activities in 2022 of $23.4 million was primarily due to: 1) a net reduction in debt of $15.0 million, 2) debt issuance costs

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incurred of $2.2 million associated with renewing our credit facility in 2022, 3) dividends paid of $1.9 million, and 4) repurchase of common stock of $3.9 million.

During 2024, we repurchased 286,440 shares of our common stock for an aggregate amount of $5.3 million, or an average price of $18.52 per share. See Note 14 - Equity of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information. We believe our share repurchase program has been beneficial to our shareholders over the longer term. Our share price has increased from $4.03 per share in 2002, when we began to repurchase shares, to $17.31 per share on December 31, 2024, an increase exceeding 300%. The 1% stock buyback excise tax may apply to the shares repurchased under our share purchase program. The amount subject to the excise tax generally is the fair market value of stock repurchased by us net of the fair market value of any stock issued by us during such taxable year.

We utilize the non-GAAP financial measure of free cash flow to evaluate our cash flows and results of operations. Free cash flow is defined as net cash provided by operating activities (which is the most directly comparable U.S. GAAP measure) less cash paid for capital expenditures. Management believes that free cash flow provides useful information to investors regarding the cash available in the period that was in excess of our needs to fund our capital expenditures and operating activities. Free cash flow is not a measure of operating performance under U.S. GAAP and should not be considered in isolation nor construed as an alternative to operating income, net income or cash flows from operating, investing or financing activities, each as determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Free cash flow does not represent residual cash available for distribution because we may have other non-discretionary expenditures that are not deducted from the measure. Moreover, since free cash flow is not a measure determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP and thus is susceptible to varying interpretations and calculations, free cash flow, as presented, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures presented by other companies. The following table reconciles this non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable measure calculated and presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP (in thousands):

For the Years Ended December 31,

Free cash flow increased significantly by $29.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to improvement in our operational working capital as discussed above, offset by a slightly higher level of capital spending associated with replacing equipment and restoring the facility that were damaged in the fire at one of our facilities in the U.K. that occurred in 2024.

Free cash flow decreased slightly by $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a slightly higher level of capital spending in 2023.

Senior Notes, Credit Facility and Available Future Liquidity

We, along with our wholly owned subsidiary Core Laboratories (U.S.) Interests Holdings, Inc. (“CLIH”) as issuer, have senior notes that were issued through private placement transactions. Additionally, we, along with CLIH, have a secured credit facility, the Eighth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (as amended, the “Credit Facility”) for an aggregate borrowing commitment of $135.0 million with a $50.0 million “accordion” feature. As of December 31, 2024, the Credit Facility has an available borrowing capacity of approximately $106.1 million.

Our debt instruments are summarized in the following table (in thousands):

December 31,

Less: Debt issuance costs (1,889 ) (2,866 )

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As of December 31, 2024, we have two series of senior notes, the 2021 Senior Notes and the 2023 Senior Notes, outstanding with an aggregate principal amount of $110.0 million. The 2021 Senior Notes and the 2023 Senior Notes are collectively the “Senior Notes”.

In accordance with the terms of the Credit Facility, our leverage ratio is 1.31, and our interest coverage ratio is 6.74, each for the period ended December 31, 2024. We are in compliance with all covenants contained in our Credit Facility and Senior Notes. Certain of our material, wholly owned subsidiaries, are guarantors or co-borrowers under the Credit Facility and Senior Notes. See Note 11 - Long-Term Debt, net of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding the terms and financial covenants of the Senior Notes and the Credit Facility.

See Note 15 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding interest rate swap agreements we have entered to fix the underlying risk-free rate on our Credit Facility and the 2023 Senior Notes.

In addition to our repayment commitments under our Credit Facility and our Senior Notes, we have non-cancellable operating lease arrangements under which we lease office and lab space, machinery, equipment and vehicles. We also have employer contribution commitments related to our Dutch pension plan with amounts payable in the future based upon workforce factors that cannot be estimated beyond one year. These material future contractual obligations are discussed in Note 7 - Leases, Note 11 - Long-term Debt, net and Note 12 - Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. We have no significant purchase commitments or similar obligations outstanding at December 31, 2024.

We have uncertain tax positions of $3.3 million that we have accrued for at December 31, 2024; the amounts and timing of payment, if any, are uncertain. See Note 9 - Income Taxes of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further detail of this amount.

At December 31, 2024, we had tax net operating loss carry-forwards in various jurisdictions of $28.8 million. Although we cannot be certain that these net operating loss carry-forwards will be utilized, we anticipate that we will have sufficient taxable income in future years to allow us to fully utilize the carry-forwards that are not subject to a valuation allowance as of December 31, 2024. If unused, those carry-forwards which are subject to expiration may expire during the years 2025 through 2038. During 2024, no material net operating loss carry-forwards, which carried a full valuation allowance, expired unused.

We expect our investment in capital expenditures to track with client demand for our services and products. Given the uncertain trend in industry activity levels, we have not determined, at this time, the level of investment that will be made in 2025. We will, however, continue to invest in the purchase or replacement of obsolete or worn-out instrumentation, tools and equipment, to consolidate certain facilities to gain operational efficiencies, and to increase our presence where requested by our clients.

Outlook

Currently, global oil inventories are low relative to historical levels, and with continued supply restrictions from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and other oil producing nations (“OPEC+”) global supply is expected to be managed and maintained at a level to meet forecasted growth in oil demand for the next few years. During the last couple of years, OPEC+ and its key member, Saudi Arabia, announced several mandatory and voluntary reductions in production that continued in 2024. The current production cuts are scheduled to be phased out gradually starting from April 1, 2025, stretching to October 2026, but OPEC+ retains the discretion to pause or reverse the adjustments as necessary.

The current global demand for crude oil and natural gas remains at a modest level and according to the latest International Energy Agency’s report, global demand is expected to continue increasing in 2025 and beyond. As a result, it is anticipated that crude-oil commodity prices for the near-term will remain at current levels or increase if projections for demand remain accurate or disruptions to supply occur. In 2023, capital spending towards the exploration of crude oil and natural gas reached their highest level in over a decade with modest growth in 2024 and additional growth expected in 2025. Outside the U.S., international oil and gas projects continue to build and are expected to grow and accelerate into the next several years. U.S. onshore drilling and completion activities are expected to remain at levels comparable to activity levels in 2024, with some typical seasonal decrease towards the end of the year. Therefore, our clients’ activities associated with the appraisal, development and production of crude oil and natural gas are also expected to remain at current levels or increase in 2025.

The ongoing geopolitical conflicts between Russia and Ukraine and in the Middle East continue to cause disruptions to traditional maritime supply chains and the trading of crude oil and derived products, such as diesel fuel. The maritime supply chains associated with the movement of crude oil have continued to realign and stabilize throughout 2023 and in 2024, which

35

has reduced some of the volatility in crude-oil prices and disruptions to our operations. Core Lab expects crude-oil supply lines to remain reasonably stable in 2025, however, recently expanded sanctions have created additional uncertainty, and the Company's volume of associated laboratory services may be impacted but are expected to be commensurate with the trading and movement of crude-oil into Europe, the Middle East, Asia and across the globe. The United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and other countries continue to expand sanctions, export controls and other measures against Russia, Belarus, Iran and other countries, officials, individuals or industries in the respective territories, which may have further impact on the trading and movement of crude oil and derived products. We have no way to predict the progress or outcome of these events, and any resulting government responses are fluid and beyond our control.

We continue to focus on large-scale core analyses and reservoir fluids characterization studies in most oil-producing regions across the globe, which include both newly developed fields and brownfield extensions in many offshore developments in both the U.S. and internationally. In the U.S. we are involved in projects in many of the onshore unconventional basins and offshore projects in the Gulf of Mexico. Outside the U.S. we continue to work on many smaller and large-scale projects analyzing crude oil and derived products in every major producing region of the world. Notable larger projects are in locations such as Guyana and Suriname located offshore South America, Australia, Southern Namibia and the Middle East. Analysis and measurement of crude oil derived products also occurs in every major producing region of the world. Additionally, some of our major clients have increased their investment in projects to capture and sequester CO2. The Company’s activities on these projects have expanded and are expected to continue expanding in 2025 and beyond.

Our major clients continue to focus on capital management, return on invested capital, free cash flow, and returning capital to their shareholders, as opposed to a focus on production growth. The companies adopting value versus volume metrics tend to be the more technologically sophisticated operators and form the foundation of Core Lab’s worldwide client base. As oil and gas commodity prices have stabilized or are expected to increase in the near to mid-term, the Company expects our clients’ activities associated with increasing oil and gas reserves and production levels will continue to increase in the coming years.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis and utilize our historical experience, as well as various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable in a given circumstance, in order to make these estimates. By nature, these judgments are subject to an inherent degree of uncertainty. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if it is highly subjective and if changes in the estimate under different assumptions would result in a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations. The following transaction types require significant judgment and, therefore, are considered critical accounting policies as of December 31, 2024.

Income Taxes

Our income tax expense includes income taxes of the U.S. and other countries as well as local, state and provincial income taxes. We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement carrying value and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the years in which the asset is expected to be recovered or the liability is expected to be settled. We estimate the likelihood of the recoverability of our deferred tax assets (particularly, net operating loss carry-forwards). Any valuation allowance recorded is based on estimates and assumptions of taxable income into the future and a determination is made of the magnitude of deferred tax assets which are more likely than not to be realized. Valuation allowances of our net deferred tax assets aggregated to $8.8 million and $8.3 million at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. If these estimates and related assumptions change in the future, we may be required to record additional valuation allowance against our deferred tax assets and our effective tax rate may increase which could result in a material adverse impact on our financial position, results of operations and cash flows. We record a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in our tax return. We also recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

Long-Lived Assets, Intangibles and Goodwill

Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Major renewals and improvements are capitalized while maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense as incurred. They are depreciated using the straight-line method based on their individual estimated useful lives, except for leasehold improvements, which are depreciated over the remaining lease term, if shorter. We estimate the useful lives and salvage values of our assets based on historical data of similar

36

assets. When long-lived assets are sold or retired, the remaining costs and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in income. These capitalized long-lived assets could become impaired if our operating plans or business environment changes.

Intangible assets, including patents, technology, and trademarks, are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment for intangibles with a definite life. Intangibles with definite lives are amortized using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful life of the intangible. Intangibles with indefinite lives, which consist primarily of corporate trade names, are not amortized, but are tested for impairment annually or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that impairment is possible.

We review our long-lived assets (“LLA”), including definite-lived intangible and right-of-use assets, for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their net book value may not be recovered over their remaining service lives. Indicators of possible impairment may include significant declines in activity levels in regions where specific assets or groups of assets are located, extended periods of idle use, declining revenue or cash flow or overall changes in general market conditions.

Whenever possible impairment is indicated, we compare the carrying value of the assets or asset groups to the sum of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected from use, plus salvage value, less the costs of the subsequent disposition of the assets. If impairment is still indicated, we compare the fair value of the assets to the carrying value and recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value.

We did not record any material impairment charges relating to our long-lived assets and intangible assets with definite lives during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

The geopolitical conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which began in February 2022 and has continued through December 31, 2024, has resulted in disruptions to our operations in Russia and Ukraine. The Company’s operation, assets and facilities in Ukraine are immaterial. As of December 31, 2024, all laboratory facilities, offices, and locations in Russia continued to operate with no significant impact to local business operations. The Company evaluated LLA in Russia and Ukraine as part of our assessment of our assets group. Based on our assessments, we did not identify any triggering events and determined there was no impairment for LLA in Russia and Ukraine as of December 31, 2024.

We record goodwill as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in acquisitions accounted for under the purchase method of accounting. Goodwill is not subject to amortization and is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate goodwill is more likely than not impaired. Goodwill is tested at the reporting until level. Our reporting units are the same as our two operating segments.

We assess intangibles with indefinite lives and goodwill for impairment either by performing a qualitative assessment or a quantitative test. The qualitative assessment is to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than carrying value. If it is concluded that it is more-likely-than not that an impairment exists, a quantitative test is required which compares the estimated fair value to carrying value. If the estimated fair value is less than carrying value, then there is an impairment loss limited to the carrying value. Significant judgments and assumptions are inherent in our estimate of future cash flows used to determine the estimate of fair value which include assumptions regarding future revenue growth rates, discount rates and expected margins.

We completed our annual impairment assessment of intangibles with indefinite lives and goodwill as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, by performing a qualitative assessment, which indicated we did not meet the threshold of more likely than not that there was an impairment and therefore no quantitative test was required.

Any subsequent impairment loss could result in a material adverse effect upon our financial position and results of operations.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any off-balance sheet financing arrangements such as securitization agreements, liquidity trust vehicles or special purpose entities. As such, we are not materially exposed to any financing, liquidity, market or credit risk that could arise if we had engaged in such financing arrangements.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Form 10-K and the documents incorporated in this Form 10-K by reference contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. These “forward-looking

37

statements” are based on an analysis of currently available competitive, financial and economic data and our operating plans. They are inherently uncertain and investors should recognize that events and actual results could turn out to be significantly different from our expectations. By way of illustration, when used in this document, words such as “anticipate”, “believe”, “expect”, “intend”, “estimate”, “project”, “will”, “should”, “could”, “may”, “predict” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. You are cautioned that actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements. Any forward-looking statements, including statements regarding the intent, belief or current expectations of us or our management, are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us and the industry in which we operate, including, among other things:

•

our ability to continue to develop or acquire new and useful technology;

•

the realization of anticipated synergies from acquired businesses and future acquisitions;

•

our dependence on one industry, oil and gas, and the impact of commodity prices on the expenditure levels of our clients;

•

competition in the markets we serve;

•

the risks and uncertainties attendant to adverse industry, political, economic and financial market conditions, including stock prices, government regulations, interest rates and credit availability;

•

unsettled political conditions, war, civil unrest, currency controls and governmental actions in the numerous countries in which we operate;

•

changes in the price of oil and natural gas;

•

major outbreak of global pandemic and restricting mobilization of field personnel;

•

weather and seasonal factors;

•

integration of acquired businesses; and

•

the effects of industry consolidation.

Our business depends, to a large degree, on the level of spending by oil and gas companies for exploration, development and production activities. Therefore, a sustained increase or decrease in the oil and natural gas commodity prices, which could have a material impact on exploration, development and production activities, could also materially affect our financial position, results of operations and cash flows.

The above description of risks and uncertainties is by no means all-inclusive, but is designed to highlight what we believe are important factors to consider. For a more detailed description of risk factors, please see “Item 1A. Risk Factors” in this Form 10-K and our reports and registration statements filed from time to time with the SEC.

All forward-looking statements in this Form 10-K are based on information available to us on the date of this Form 10-K. We do not intend to update or revise any forward-looking statements that we may make in this Form 10-K or other documents, reports, filings or press releases, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, unless required by law.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 – Summary of Significant Accounting Policies of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of accounting standards adopted during the year and to be adopted in future periods.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market Risk

We are exposed to market risk, which is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market prices and rates. We do not believe that our exposure to market risks, which is primarily related to interest rate changes, is material.

Interest Rate Risk

We maintain certain debt instruments at a fixed rate whose fair value will fluctuate based on changes in interest rates and market perception of our credit risk. The fair value of our debt at December 31, 2024 and 2023 approximated the book value.

38

Under the Amended Credit Facility, the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) plus 2.00% to SOFR plus 3.00% will be applied to outstanding borrowings. At December 31, 2024, we had an outstanding borrowings of $18 million. A 10% change in interest rates would not have a material impact on our results of operations or cash flows.

Foreign Currency Risk

We operate in a number of international areas which exposes us to foreign currency exchange rate risk. We do not currently hold or issue forward exchange contracts or other derivative instruments for hedging or speculative purposes. Foreign exchange gains and losses are the result of fluctuations in the U.S. dollar (“USD”) against foreign currencies and are included in other (income) expense, net in the consolidated statements of operations. We recognize foreign exchange losses in countries where the USD weakens against the local currency and we have net monetary liabilities denominated in the local currency, as well as in countries where the USD strengthens against the local currency and we have net monetary assets denominated in the local currency. We recognize foreign exchange gains in countries where the USD strengthens against the local currency and we have net monetary liabilities denominated in the local currency and in countries where the USD weakens against the local currency and we have net monetary assets denominated in the local currency.

Credit Risk

Our financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Substantially all cash and cash equivalents are on deposit at commercial banks or investment firms. Our trade receivables are with a variety of domestic, international and national oil and gas companies. Management considers this credit risk to be limited due to the creditworthiness and financial resources of these financial institutions and companies.

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

For the financial statements and supplementary data required by this Item 8, see Part IV “Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.”

ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING ANDFINANCIAL DISCLOSURE

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, under the supervision of and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act, as of the end of the period covered by this report. Our disclosure controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable assurance that the information required to be disclosed by us in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2024 at the reasonable assurance level.

Our management does not expect that our disclosure controls and procedures or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all errors and all fraud. Further, the design of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within a company have been detected.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

39

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management, under the supervision of and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, conducted an evaluation of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth in Internal Control − Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment using these criteria, our management determined that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There was no change in our system of internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act, during our fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

During our fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024, no director or officer of the Company adopted, modified or terminated any “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” within the meaning of Item 408(a) of Regulation S-K.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

None.

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PART III

The information required by Part III (Items 10 through 14) is incorporated by reference from our definitive proxy statement (the “2025 Proxy Statement”) to be filed in connection with our 2025 annual meeting of shareholders pursuant to Regulation 14A under the Exchange Act. We expect to file our definitive proxy statement with the SEC within 120 days after the close of the year ended December 31, 2024.

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

Incorporated by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders.

Core Lab has a Code of Ethics and Corporate Responsibility that applies to all of its directors, officers and employees, including its principal executive, financial and accounting officers, or persons performing similar functions. Core Lab’s Code of Ethics and Corporate Responsibility is posted on its website at www.corelab.com/sustainability/governance/our-ethics-program.pdf.

Core Lab has adopted an Insider Trading Policy that governs the purchase, sale, and/or other disposition of our securities by our directors, officers, and employees designed to promote compliance with insider trading laws, rules, and regulations, and any listing standards applicable to us. A copy of our Insider Trading Policy, as amended to date, is filed as Exhibit 19.1 to this Annual Report.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information set forth under the captions “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” and “Information About our Named Executive Officers and Executive Compensation” in Core Lab’s 2025 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information under the captions “Ownership of Securities—Security Ownership by Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Compensation Discussion and Analysis—2024 Compensation Program Details” in Core Lab’s 2025 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information under the captions “Information About our Directors and Director Compensation—Director Independence” and “Information About our Directors and Director Compensation—Related Person Transactions” in Core Lab’s 2025 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

Our independent registered public accounting firm is KPMG LLP, Houston, TX, Auditor Firm ID: 185.

The information under the caption “Information About our Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm” in Core Lab’s 2025 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

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PART IV

ITEM 15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES

(a)

Financial Statements

1. The following reports, financial statements and schedules are filed herewith on the pages indicated:

Page

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm-KPMG LLP F-1

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 F-4

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements F-11

2. Financial Statement Schedule

Schedule II - Valuation and Qualifying Account

(b)

Exhibits

The exhibits listed in the accompanying “Index to Exhibits” are incorporated by reference to the filing indicated or are filed herewith.

ITEM 16. FORM 10-K SUMMARY

Not applicable.

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INDEX TO EXHIBITS

Exhibit No. Exhibit Title Incorporated by Reference from theFollowing Documents

43

19.1 Insider Trading Policy Filed Herewith

21.1 Significant Subsidiaries of the Registrant Filed Herewith

23.1 Consent of KPMG LLP Filed Herewith

(1) Management contracts or compensatory plans or arrangements.

44

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the SecuritiesExchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signedon its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

CORE LABORATORIES INC.

Date: February 12, 2025 By: /s/ LAWRENCE BRUNO

Lawrence Bruno

Chief Executive Officer, Chairman, President and Director

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, thisreport has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of theRegistrant and in the capacities indicated, on the 12th day of February 2025.

Signature

/s/ LAWRENCE BRUNO /s/ CHRISTOPHER S. HILL

Lawrence Bruno Christopher S. Hill

Chief Executive Officer, Chairman, Senior Vice President and

President and Director Chief Financial Officer

/s/ SOW HANG TEO /s/ CURTIS ANASTASIO

Sow Hang Teo Curtis Anastasio

Vice President, Treasurer and Director

Chief Accounting Officer

/s/ MARTHA Z. CARNES /s/ HARVEY KLINGENSMITH

Martha Z. Carnes Harvey Klingensmith

Director Director

/s/ KATHERINE A. MURRAY /s/ MICHAEL STRAUGHEN

Katherine A. Murray Michael Straughen

Director Director

/s/ KWAKU TEMENG

Kwaku Temeng

Director

45

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Core Laboratories Inc.:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Core Laboratories Inc and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 12, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of a critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Evaluation of income tax expense

As discussed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company recorded deferred tax assets, net of $69.6 million and deferred tax liabilities, net of $13.8 million as of December 31, 2024, and income tax expense of $14.0 million for the year then ended. The Company serves international markets and is subject to income taxes in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions, which affect the Company’s income tax expense.

We identified the evaluation of income tax expense as a critical audit matter. Complex auditor judgment was required in evaluating the Company’s interpretation and application of U.S. tax laws and the related impacts to income tax expense. There was complexity in the evaluation of the U.S. tax on Subpart F income and global intangible low-taxed income (GILTI), and the Company’s calculations were based on interpretations of complex income tax regulations.

The following are the primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter. We evaluated the design and tested the operating effectiveness of certain internal controls over the Company’s income tax expense process, including controls over

F-1

the Company’s determination of Subpart F income and GILTI. We involved tax professionals with specialized skills and knowledge who assisted in:

• evaluating the Company’s application of U.S. tax laws to its legal entity structure and the effect on the Company’s income tax provision

• assessing the accuracy of the Company’s calculations of current period income tax expense and deductions associated with Subpart F income and GILTI.

/s/ KPMG LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.

Houston, Texas

February 12, 2025

F-2

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors

Core Laboratories Inc.:

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Core Laboratories Inc. and subsidiaries' (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and financial statement schedule II (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 12, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management's Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Houston, Texas

February 12, 2025

F-3

CORE LABORATORIES INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

December 31, 2024 and 2023

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

ASSETS

CURRENT ASSETS:

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

CURRENT LIABILITIES:

Taxes other than payroll and income 7,106 5,939

LONG-TERM OPERATING LEASE LIABILITIES 43,343 42,076

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

EQUITY:

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (5,769 ) (4,972 )

Total Core Laboratories Inc. shareholders' equity 251,991 224,815

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-4

CORE LABORATORIES INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands, except per share data)

REVENUE:

OPERATING EXPENSES:

Net income attributable to non-controlling interest 753 350 205

Net income attributable to Core Laboratories Inc. $ 31,400 $ 36,675 $ 19,453

EARNINGS PER SHARE INFORMATION:

Diluted earnings per share $ 0.67 $ 0.78 $ 0.42

WEIGHTED AVERAGE COMMON SHARES OUTSTANDING:

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-5

CORE LABORATORIES INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands)

Other comprehensive income (loss):

Interest rate swaps:

Gain on fair value of interest rate swaps — — 6,015

Interest rate swap amount reclassified to net income (1,040 ) (492 ) 998

Pension and other postretirement benefit plans:

Amortization of actuarial gain (loss) reclassified to net income 32 (1,130 ) 603

Total pension and other postretirement benefit plans 24 (806 ) 487

Total other comprehensive income (loss) (797 ) (1,195 ) 6,356

Comprehensive income attributable to non-controlling interests 753 350 205

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-6

CORE LABORATORIES INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Common Stock

New share issuance 1 2 6

Change in par value — (727 ) —

Additional Paid-In Capital

New share issuance (1 ) (2 ) (6 )

Change in par value and equity related transactions — (4,097 ) —

Retained Earnings

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Interest rate swaps, net of income taxes (821 ) (389 ) 5,869

Treasury Stock

Balance at Beginning of Period $ (1,449 ) $ (1,362 ) $ (4,075 )

Non-Controlling Interest

Non-controlling interest dividends — (54 ) (61 )

Net income attributable to non-controlling interest 753 350 205

Total Equity

New share issuance — — —

Change in par value and equity related transactions — (4,824 ) —

Non-controlling interest dividends — (54 ) (61 )

Interest rate swaps, net of income taxes (821 ) (389 ) 5,869

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-7

CORE LABORATORIES INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY (Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Common Stock - Number of shares issued

Treasury Stock - Number of shares

Common Stock - Number of shares outstanding

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-8

CORE LABORATORIES INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands)

CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:

Changes in value of life insurance policies (2,821 ) (4,963 ) 5,069

Gain on insurance recovery on property, plant and equipment (4,398 ) — —

Realization of pension obligation (33 ) (892 ) 451

Net provision for credit losses 1,203 179 (6 )

Changes in assets and liabilities:

Prepaid expenses and other current assets (5,674 ) 1,952 (76 )

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:

Patents and other intangibles 20 67 (29 )

Proceeds from sale of business, net of cash sold — — 240

Proceeds from insurance recovery 2,102 — 583

Net cash used in investing activities (6,394 ) (6,652 ) (3,856 )

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:

Equity related transaction costs (756 ) (4,068 ) (411 )

Other financing activities — (54 ) (2 )

NET CHANGE IN CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS 4,037 (308 ) (2,275 )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-9

CORE LABORATORIES INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)

For the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022

(In thousands)

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:

Non-cash investing and financing activities:

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-10

CORE LABORATORIES INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

DECEMBER 31, 2024

1. DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Core Laboratories Inc. (“Core Laboratories”, “Core Lab”, “the Company”, “we”, “our” or “us”) is a Delaware corporation. We were established in 1936 and are one of the world’s leading providers of proprietary and patented reservoir description and production enhancement services and products to the oil and gas industry primarily through client relationships with many of the world’s major, national and independent oil companies. These services and products can enable our clients to evaluate and improve reservoir performance and increase oil and gas recovery from their new and existing fields. We make measurements on reservoir rocks, reservoir fluids (crude oil, natural gas and water) and their derived products. In addition, we assist clients in evaluating subsurface targets associated with carbon capture and sequestration projects or initiatives. We have over 70 offices in more than 50 countries and have approximately 3,500 employees.

On May 1, 2023, Core Laboratories N.V. completed its previously announced redomestication transaction (the “Redomestication Transaction”), which through a series of steps, resulted in the merger of Core Laboratories N.V., a holding company in the Netherlands, with and into Core Laboratories Luxembourg S.A., a public limited liability company incorporated under the laws of Luxembourg, with Core Laboratories Luxembourg S.A. surviving, and subsequently the migration of Core Laboratories Luxembourg S.A. out of Luxembourg and its domestication as Core Laboratories Inc., a Delaware corporation. As a result of the Redomestication Transaction, all common shares in Core Laboratories N.V. were canceled and exchanged for common stock in Core Laboratories Luxembourg S.A. on a one-for-one basis. Former holders of Core Laboratories N.V. common shares now hold one share of common stock of Core Laboratories Inc. (formerly Core Laboratories Luxembourg S.A.) for each Core Laboratories N.V. common share owned immediately prior to the consummation of the Redomestication Transaction, and the business, assets, liabilities, directors and officers of Core Laboratories Inc. became the same as the business, assets, liabilities, directors and officers of Core Laboratories N.V. immediately prior to the Redomestication Transaction.

We operate our business in two segments: (1) Reservoir Description and (2) Production Enhancement. These complementary operating segments provide different services and products and utilize different technologies for evaluating and improving reservoir performance and increasing oil and gas recovery from new and existing fields. For a description of the types of services and products offered by these operating segments, see Note 21 - Segment Reporting and Other Disaggregated Information.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation

The Redomestication Transaction has been accounted for as a transaction between entities under common control. Accordingly, Core Laboratories Inc. recorded the assets and liabilities transferred at their carrying values at the date of transfer. All common shares in Core Laboratories N.V., at par value EUR 0.02, were canceled and exchanged for common stock in Core Laboratories Inc., at par value $0.01, on a one-for-one basis. Core Laboratories Inc.’s common stock par value was decreased by $0.7 million for the difference between the total par value of common stock of Core Laboratories Inc. and the total par value of common shares of Core Laboratories N.V. at the date of transfer, with an offset to additional paid in capital. There is no difference between the combined separate entities prior to the Redomestication Transaction and the combined separate entities after the Redomestication Transaction, therefore, these financial statements, reported as though the exchange of equity interests had occurred at the beginning of the reporting period, and comparative information do not differ from amounts previously reported under Core Laboratories N.V.’s consolidated financial statements. These financial statements should be read in conjunction with Core Laboratories N.V.’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and Core Laboratories N.V.’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, including Note 2 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies. There have been no changes to the accounting policies of the combined entities during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Core Laboratories Inc. and its subsidiaries for which we have a controlling voting interest and/or a controlling financial interest. These financial statements have been prepared in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”). We use the equity method of accounting for investments in which we have less than a majority interest and do not exercise control but do exert significant influence. Non-controlling interest has been recorded to reflect outside ownership attributable to consolidated subsidiaries that are less than 100% owned. All inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

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Certain reclassifications were made to prior period amounts in order to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no impact on the reported net income or cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Pronouncements Adopted in 2024

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) 2023-07 Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses on an annual and interim basis. The amendment is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. We adopted the guidance for the year ended December 31, 2024 and applied it retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon adoption, our disclosures regarding segment reporting was expanded. See Note 21 - Segment Reporting and Other Disaggregated Information.

Pronouncements Not Yet Effective

In December 2023, FASB issued ASU 2023-09 Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures to improve transparency of income tax disclosures, primarily by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. The amendment is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The amendment should be applied prospectively; however, retrospective application is permitted. Upon adoption, our disclosures regarding income taxes will be expanded accordingly.

In November 2024, FASB issued ASU 2024-03 Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income – Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40) to improve disclosures about a public business entity’s expenses, by providing more detailed information about the types of expenses in commonly presented expense captions. As amended by ASU 2025-01 issued in January 2025, the amendment is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2026, and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendment may be applied prospectively or retrospectively. Upon adoption, our disclosures regarding expenses will be expanded.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make certain estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis and utilize our historical experience, as well as various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable in a given circumstance, in order to make these estimates. Actual results could differ from our estimates, as assumptions and conditions change.

The following accounts, among others, require us to use estimates and assumptions:

▪

allowance for credit losses;

▪

obsolete inventory;

▪

depreciation and amortization;

▪

long-lived assets, intangibles and goodwill;

▪

income taxes;

▪

pensions and other postretirement benefits;

▪

stock-based compensation; and

▪

leases.

Accounting policies relating to these accounts and the nature of these estimates are further discussed under the applicable caption. For each of these critical estimates it is at least reasonably possible that changes in these estimates will occur in the short term which may impact our financial position or results of operations.

F-12

Foreign Currencies

Our functional currency is the U.S. Dollar (“USD”). All inter-company financing, transactions and cash flows with our subsidiaries are transacted in USD. Revenue and expenses denominated in other currencies are measured at the applicable month-end exchange rate which approximates the average exchange rate. We remeasure monetary assets and liabilities denominated in other currencies to USD at year-end exchange rates. Non-monetary items, depreciation, amortization and certain components of cost of sales are measured at historical rates. Remeasurement and settlement difference are included in other (income) expense, net in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. See Note 19 - Other (Income) Expense, net.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Our financial instruments that potentially subject us to concentrations of credit risk relate primarily to cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. All cash and cash equivalents are on deposit at commercial banks or investment firms with significant financial resources. Our trade receivables are with a variety of domestic, international and national oil and gas companies. We had no clients who provided more than 10% of our revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022. We consider our credit risk related to trade accounts receivable to be limited due to the creditworthiness and financial resources of our clients. We apply the expected credit losses methodology for measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost basis. We evaluate our estimate for credit losses on an on-going basis throughout the year.

Concentration of Interest Rate Risk

We are exposed to interest rate risk on our revolving credit facility debt, which carries a variable interest rate. We are exposed to interest rate risk on our Senior Notes which carry a fixed interest rate, but whose fair value will fluctuate based on changes in interest rates and market perception of our credit risk. See Note 11 - Long-term Debt, net.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include all short-term, highly liquid instruments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less. These items are carried at cost, which approximates fair value.

Accounts Receivable

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at their invoiced amounts and do not bear interest. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our clients, monitor collections and payments, consider our historical collection experience and our current aging of client receivables outstanding, in addition to client’s representations and our understanding of the economic environment in which our clients operate. Based on our review we establish or adjust allowances for credit losses for specific clients and the accounts receivable, as a whole, and recognize expense. When an account is determined to be uncollectible, we charge the receivable to our allowance for credit losses. The net carrying value of accounts receivable approximates fair value.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets and liabilities arise from differences in timing of revenue recognition, billings and cash collections.

Contract assets include our right to payment for goods and services already transferred to a customer when the right to payment is conditional on something other than the passage of time. For example, we have contracts where we recognize revenue over time but do not have a contractual right to payment until we complete the performance obligations.

Contract liabilities consist of advance payments received and billings in excess of revenue recognized. We generally receive up-front payments relating to our consortia studies. We recognize revenue over the life of the study as the testing and analysis results are made available to our consortia members. We classify contract liabilities for contracts with a duration greater than twelve months as current or non-current based on the timing of revenue recognition. The current portion of contract liabilities is included in unearned revenues and the non-current portion of contract liabilities is included in other long-term liabilities.

Inventories

Inventories consist of manufactured goods, materials and supplies used for sales or services to clients. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value. Inventory costs are recorded at standard cost which approximates the first-in, first-out method.

F-13

Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets are comprised primarily of prepaid insurance, value added taxes and prepaid software licenses.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Major renewals and improvements are capitalized while maintenance and repair costs are charged to expense as incurred. They are depreciated using the straight-line method based on their individual estimated useful lives, except for leasehold improvements, which are depreciated over the remaining lease term, if shorter. We estimate the useful lives and salvage values of our assets based on historical data as follows:

Buildings and leasehold improvements 3 - 40 years

Machinery and equipment 3 - 10 years

When long-lived assets are sold or retired, the remaining costs and related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accounts and any resulting gain or loss is recognized in income.

We review our long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that their net book value may not be recovered over their remaining service lives. Indicators of possible impairment may include significant declines in activity levels in regions where specific assets or groups of assets are located, extended periods of idle use, declining revenue or cash flow or overall changes in general market conditions.

Whenever possible impairment is indicated, we compare the carrying value of the assets or asset groups to the sum of the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected from use, plus salvage value, less the costs of the subsequent disposition of the assets. If impairment is still indicated, we compare the fair value of the assets to the carrying value and recognize an impairment loss for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value. We did not record any material impairment charges relating to our long-lived assets held for use during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

The geopolitical conflict between Russia and Ukraine, which began in February 2022 and has continued through December 31, 2024, has resulted in disruptions to our operations in Russia and Ukraine. The Company evaluated long-lived assets in Russia and Ukraine as part of our assessment of our assets group and did not identify triggering events as of December 31, 2024. Based on our assessments, we determined there was no impairment for long-lived assets in Russia and Ukraine as of December 31, 2024. See Note 18 - Impairments and Other Charges.

Leases

We have operating leases primarily consisting of offices and lab space, machinery and equipment and vehicles. We determine if an arrangement is an operating or finance lease at inception. Lease assets and lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments over the lease term at commencement date. Where our lease does not provide an implicit rate, we estimate the discount rate used to discount the future minimum lease payments using our incremental borrowing rate and other information available at the commencement date. Operating leased assets also include all initial direct costs incurred. The lease term may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that we will exercise that option.

Operating leased assets are included in right of use (“ROU”) assets and, along with current and long-term operating lease liabilities, are separately presented in our consolidated balance sheet. Financing leased assets are included in property, plant and equipment, net and the related liabilities are included in other current and other long- term liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet.

ROU assets are subsequently depreciated over the estimated useful life of the asset and lease liabilities are carried at amortized cost using the effective interest rate method.

The Company has elected to apply the short-term lease exemption to all classes of underlying ROU assets. Accordingly, no ROU asset or lease liability is recognized for leases with a term of twelve months or less.

The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient for combining lease and non-lease components for vehicle leases and elected not to apply the practical expedient for combining lease and non-lease components to all other classes of underlying ROU assets.

F-14

Intangibles and Goodwill

Intangible assets, which include trade secrets, patents, technology, agreements not to compete, trade names, and trademarks, are carried at cost less accumulated amortization, for intangibles with a definite life, and any accumulated impairment. Intangibles with definite lives are amortized using the straight-line method based on the estimated useful life of the intangible. We review our intangible assets with definite lives for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that net book value may not be recovered over their remaining service lives.

We record goodwill as the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in acquisitions accounted for under the purchase method of accounting. Goodwill is not subject to amortization and is tested for impairment annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate goodwill is more likely than not impaired.

We assess intangibles with indefinite lives and goodwill for impairment by performing a qualitative assessment or a quantitative test. The qualitative assessment is to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances leads to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value is less than carrying value. If it is concluded that it is more-likely-than not that an impairment exists, a quantitative test is required which compares the estimated fair value to carrying value. If the estimated fair value is less than carrying value, then there is an impairment loss limited to the carrying value.

Significant judgments and assumptions are inherent in our estimate of future cash flows used to determine the estimate of the reporting unit’s fair value which include assumptions regarding future revenue growth rates, discount rates and expected margins. See Note 18 - Impairments and Other Charges.

Accounts Payable

Trade accounts payable are recorded at their invoiced amounts and do not bear interest. The carrying value of accounts payable approximates fair value.

Income Taxes

We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the consolidated financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the difference between the financial statement and the tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the asset is expected to be recovered or the liability is expected to be settled. We include interest and penalties from tax judgments in income tax expense.

We record a liability for unrecognized tax benefits resulting from uncertain tax positions taken or expected to be taken in our tax return. We also recognize interest and penalties, if any, related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense. See Note 9 - Income Taxes.

The Company is subject to controlled foreign corporations Subpart F income (“Subpart F”) tax, which is a tax primarily on passive income from controlled foreign corporations. In addition, the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act imposed a global intangible low-taxed income (“GILTI”) tax that determines the amount of Subpart F income that must be recognized. The FASB Staff Q&A, Topic 740, No. 5, Accounting for Global Intangible Low-Taxed Income, states that an entity can make an accounting policy election to either recognize deferred taxes for temporary basis differences expected to reverse as GILTI in the future years or provide for tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred. The Company has elected to recognize tax expense related to GILTI in the year the tax is incurred.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

We provide a non-contributory defined benefit pension plan covering substantially all of our Dutch employees (“Dutch Plan”) who were hired prior to 2000. We recognize net periodic pension costs associated with the Dutch Plan in income and recognize the unfunded status of the plan, if any, as another long-term liability. We recognize the actuarial gains or losses and prior service costs or credits that arise during the period as a component of other comprehensive income. The projection of benefit obligation and fair value of plan assets requires the use of assumptions and estimates. Actual results could differ from those estimates. See Note 12 - Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans.

We maintain defined contribution plans for the benefit of eligible employees primarily in Canada, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. We expense contributions in the period the contribution is made.

F-15

Derivative Instruments

We may enter into a variety of derivative instruments in connection with the management of our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates or currency exchange rates. See Note 15 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.

We do not enter into derivatives for speculative purposes.

Comprehensive Income

Comprehensive income is comprised of net income and other charges or credits to equity that are not the result of transactions with owners. Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) consists of prior service costs and unrecognized net actuarial gain or loss from the Dutch pension plan and changes in the fair value of our interest rate swaps. See Note 12 - Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans and Note 15 - Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.

Revenue Recognition

All of our revenue is derived from contracts with clients. Our contracts include standard commercial payment terms generally acceptable in each region, and do not include financing with extended payment terms. We have no significant obligations for refunds, warranties, or similar obligations. Our revenue does not include taxes collected from our clients. In certain circumstances we apply the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification Topic 606 - Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”) to a portfolio of contracts with similar characteristics. We use estimates and assumptions when accounting for a portfolio that reflect the size and composition of the portfolio of contracts.

We recognize revenue at an amount that reflects the consideration expected to be received in exchange for such services or goods as described below by applying the five-step method to: (1) identify the contract(s) with clients; (2) identify the performance obligation(s) in the contract; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation(s) in the contract; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy the performance obligation(s). A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct service or good to a client and is the unit of account under Topic 606. We have contracts with two general groups of performance obligations: those that require us to perform analysis and/or diagnostic tests in our laboratory or at the client’s wellsite and those from the sale of tools, diagnostic and equipment products and related services.

Service Revenue: We provide a variety of services to clients in the oil and gas industry. Where services are provided related to the testing and analysis of rock and fluids, we recognize revenue upon the provision of the test results or analysis to the client. For our design, field engineering and completion diagnostic services, we recognize revenue upon the delivery of those services at the well site or delivery of diagnostic data. In the case of our consortia studies, we have multiple performance obligations and revenue is recognized at the point in time when the testing and analysis results on each contributed core are made available to our consortia members. For arrangements that include multiple performance obligations, we allocate revenue to each performance obligation based on estimates of the price that we would charge the client for each promised service or product if it were sold on a standalone basis.

To a lesser extent, we enter into other types of contracts including service arrangements and non-subscription software and licensing agreements. We recognize revenue for these arrangements over time or at a point in time depending on our evaluation of when the client obtains control of the promised services or products.

Product Sales Revenue: We manufacture equipment that we sell to our clients in the oil and gas industry. We recognize revenue when control of the promised product is transferred to the client. Control of the product usually passes to the client at the time shipment is made or picked up by the client at our facilities, as defined within the contract.

Disaggregation of Revenue

We contract with clients for service revenue and/or product sales revenue. We present revenue disaggregated by services and product sales in our consolidated statements of operations. For revenue disaggregated by operating segment, see Note 21 - Segment Reporting and Other Disaggregated Information.

Stock-Based Compensation

For new awards issued and awards modified, repurchased or canceled, we record compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations equal to the fair value of the award at the date of the grant, modification, repurchase or cancellation over the requisite service period of the award. The fair value is generally determined by the quoted market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant less the discounted value of the expected dividends to be paid over the vesting

F-16

period. Market vesting conditions, as applicable, are included in the estimation of the fair value of the award. Forfeitures are recognized as they occur.

Non-controlling Interests

We maintain non-controlling interests in several investment ventures. Non-controlling interest have been recorded to reflect outside ownership attributable to consolidated subsidiaries that are less than 100% owned and presented as a separate component of equity in the consolidated balance sheets and income in the consolidated statements of operations and other comprehensive income, respectively. In addition, when a subsidiary is deconsolidated, any retained non-controlling equity investment in the former subsidiary will be initially measured at fair value and recorded as a gain or loss.

3. ACQUISITIONS AND DIVESTURES

We had no significant acquisitions or divestitures during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

4. CONTRACT ASSETS AND LIABILITIES

The balance of contract assets and contract liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

December 31,

Contract assets:

Contract liabilities:

Estimate of when contract liabilities will be recognized as revenue:

The current portion of contract assets is included in our accounts receivable as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The current portion of contract liabilities is included in unearned revenues as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and, as applicable, the non-current portion of contract liabilities is included in other long-term liabilities.

We did not recognize any impairment losses on our contract assets for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

5. INVENTORIES

Inventories consist of the following (in thousands):

December 31,

We include freight costs incurred for shipping inventory to our clients in the cost of product sales caption in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations.

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6. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT, NET

The components of property, plant and equipment, net are as follows (in thousands):

December 31,

Property, plant and equipment, net $ 97,063 $ 99,626

See Note 19 - Other (Income) Expense, net for additional information regarding the write-down of leasehold improvements.

7. LEASES

Our operating leases primarily consist of offices and lab space, machinery and equipment and vehicles.

We abandoned certain leases in the U.S. and Canada during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. We entered into a sublease agreement that commenced on July 1, 2023, for a portion of the existing office and lab space in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. See Note 19 - Other (Income) Expense, net for additional information regarding the write-down of right of use assets.

The components of lease expense and other information are as follows (in thousands):

For the Years Ended December 31,

Consolidated Statements of Operations:

Sublease income (227 ) (113 ) —

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows:

Other information:

Weighted-average discount rate - operating leases 5.45 % 5.32 % 4.62 %

Scheduled undiscounted lease payments for non-cancellable operating leases consist of the following (in thousands):

Operating Leases Operating Sublease

Total undiscounted lease payments 68,465 $ (871 )

Less: Imputed interest (14,432 )

Total operating lease liabilities $ 54,033

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8. INTANGIBLES AND GOODWILL

The components of intangibles, net are as follows (in thousands):

December 31,

Gross Accumulated Amortization Gross Accumulated Amortization

Useful life in years Carrying Value and Impairment Carrying Value and Impairment

Acquired trade names and trademarks Indefinite 4,624 11 4,624 11

Our estimated amortization expense relating to these intangibles for the next five years is summarized in the following table (in thousands):

The carrying value of goodwill of $99.4 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 is associated with our Reservoir Description operating segment. There have been no changes in the carrying value during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022.

9. INCOME TAXES

The components of income before income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

For the Years Ended December 31,

The components of income tax expense are as follows (in thousands):

For the Years Ended December 31,

Current:

Deferred:

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The differences in income tax expense computed using the statutory income tax rate and our income tax expense as reported in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations are as follows (in thousands):

For the Years Ended December 31,