Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes and other financial information appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All references to “2023” and “2022” are referring to the twelve-month period ended December 31 for each of those respective fiscal years. This section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K generally discusses 2023 and 2022 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2023 and 2022. The following discussion may contain forward-looking statements that reflect our plans and expectations. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated by these forward-looking statements due to the factors discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. We do not undertake, and specifically disclaim, any obligation to update any forward-looking statements to reflect the occurrence of events or circumstances after the date of such statements except as required by law.
Overview
We are a leading asset manager, developer, and operator of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties in the Washington, D.C. region. We have become the area’s premier real estate service company by creating extraordinary places, delivering exceptional experiences, and generating excellent results for all stakeholders.
We provide a comprehensive suite of real estate services to our asset-owning clients, including asset management, property management, development and construction management, and more. Our client base is composed primarily of institutional real estate investors, high net worth family offices, financial institutions, and governmental bodies seeking to develop real estate they own through public-private partnerships. We employ a talented staff of real estate professionals that are led by our seasoned management team and are tasked with delivering high-quality services to the premium, strategically located assets in our managed portfolio.
We primarily operate under long-term asset management and property management agreements that provide recurring fee-based revenue streams. Our asset management services platform is anchored by a long-term, full-service asset management agreement with an affiliate that includes a cost-plus fee structure and covers all of the properties in our Anchor Portfolio (the "2022 AMA" - see below for additional details). As a vertically integrated real estate services company, we perform all property management services through three wholly owned subsidiaries: CHCI Commercial, CHCI Residential, and ParkX Management ("ParkX"). All properties included in our managed portfolio have entered into property management agreements with our operational subsidiaries that provide for market-rate fees related to our services.
Our asset-light, debt-free business model allows us to substantially mitigate risks that are typically associated with real estate development and operation. The fee-based approach we have adopted helps drive consistent, predictable top-line growth and provides us with a streamlined balance sheet that grants us maximum flexibility to explore potential growth opportunities outside of our core business operations.
We distinguish ourselves from industry peers through an established standard of excellence that extends from who we hire to how we deliver our broad suite of real estate services. We are able maintain this high standard because We Show Up - every day, in person, in a collaborative environment that is structured to deliver on our mission to make a difference for our customers, our stakeholders, and in the communities that we serve.
Managed Portfolio
The following table summarizes the operating assets that are included in our managed portfolio:
Type # of Assets Size/Scale % Leased
Commercial 13 2.0 million sqft. 92%
Residential 6 1.8 million sqft. / ~1,700 units 97%
In addition, we manage the following assets that are under construction and scheduled for delivery in the next 12 to 24 months:
•3 commercial assets that represent approximately 600,000 square feet;
•1 residential asset with 420 units representing approximately 430,000 square feet;
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•1 JW Marriott-branded hotel/condominium with 243 keys and 95 residential units representing a total of approximately 520,000 square feet; and
•2 commercial parking garages with approximately 2,900 spaces.
Our development pipeline currently includes 5 commercial assets that represent approximately 1.5 million square feet, 6 residential assets with 2,599 units that represent approximately 2.8 million square feet, and 1 hotel that will include 140 keys. At full build out, our managed portfolio of assets is currently projected to total 68 assets representing nearly 10 million square feet.
The following tables provide further details on our managed portfolio:
Anchor Portfolio
Name Status Description
Other Portfolio Assets
Name Status Description
Comstock 41 - Additional Information
Given its proximity to BLVD 44, we plan to explore rezoning opportunities at Comstock 41 that would allow for potential relocation of moderately-priced dwelling units from BLVD 44 to Comstock 41 as well as utilization of excess parking capacity at both BLVD 44 and BLVD Ansel. In conjunction with the acquisition, we entered into a contingent fee agreement with BLVD 44 should these pursuits prove successful (See Note 14 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
We intend to maintain a limited financial role in any future development activities that may occur at this site and plan to only offer fee-based development and asset management services to any affiliate or suitable third-party financial sponsor of any potential future developments.
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Significant Developments
CES Divestiture
On March 31, 2022, we completed the sale of Comstock Environmental Services, LLC ("CES"), a wholly owned subsidiary, to August Mack Environmental, Inc. ("August Mack"). This strategic divestiture was based on the continued growth and future prospects of our asset management business. Accordingly, we have reflected CES as a discontinued operation in our consolidated financial statements for all periods presented, and unless otherwise noted, all amounts and disclosures relate solely to our continuing operations. (See Note 3 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
Series C Preferred Stock Redemption and 2022 Asset Management Agreement
On June 13, 2022, we completed two separate significant transactions to further deleverage our balance sheet and enhance our long-term revenue outlook and growth potential. The first one with CP Real Estate Services, LC (“CPRES”), an entity owned by Christopher Clemente, Comstock’s Chief Executive Officer, redeemed all outstanding Series C preferred stock at a significant discount to carrying value. Secondly, we executed a new asset management agreement with Comstock Partners, LC ("CP"), an entity controlled by Mr. Clemente and wholly owned by Mr. Clemente and certain family members, which covers our Anchor Portfolio of assets (the "2022 AMA"). The 2022 AMA increased the base fees we collect, expanded the services that qualify for additional supplemental fees, extended the term through 2035, and most notably introduced a mark-to-market incentive fee based on the imputed profit of Anchor Portfolio assets, generally as each is stabilized and as further specified in the agreement. (See Notes 10 and 14 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
Outlook
We aspire to be among the most admired real estate asset managers, operators, and developers by creating extraordinary places, providing exceptional experiences, and generating excellent results for all stakeholders. Our commitment to this mission drives our ability to expand our managed portfolio of assets, grow revenue, and deliver value to our shareholders.
Our real estate development and asset management operations are primarily located in the greater Washington, D.C. area, where we believe our decades of experience provides us with the best opportunity to continue developing, managing, and investing in high-quality real estate assets and capitalizing on positive growth trends.
We plan to pursue further expansion of our wholly owned property management subsidiaries to increase recurring, fee-based revenue streams as we continue to develop additional relationships with new customers that require the expert real estate asset management, development management, construction management and other services that we routinely provide.
We believe that we are properly staffed for current market conditions and feel that we will maintain the ability to manage risk and pursue additional growth across each of our operational subsidiaries. Given current market conditions, we feel more opportunities to acquire distressed properties at below market prices may arise. We remain well-positioned to capitalize on such opportunities due to our asset-light, debt-free business model that has strengthened our balance sheet and provided us with the flexibility to pursue unique growth opportunities across all facets of our vertically integrated operating platform.
COVID-19 Update
On May 11, 2023, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services declared an end to the public health emergency for COVID-19. While we never experienced any significant impacts on our business resulting from COVID-19, future regional or global health emergencies may have a negative impact on our results of operations and financial condition. Although the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the greater Washington, D.C. area real estate market remains uncertain, we believe that our Anchor Portfolio is well positioned to withstand any future potential negative impacts.
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Results of Operations
The following tables set forth consolidated statement of operations data for the periods presented (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Operating costs and expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative 2,305 1,784
Depreciation and amortization 212 206
Income (loss) from operations 9,164 7,952
Other income (expense):
Interest income (expense), net 96 (222)
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures (1,187) 121
Other income (expense), net 79 2
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax 8,152 7,853
Provision for (benefit from) income tax 368 125
Net income (loss) from continuing operations 7,784 7,728
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax — (381)
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption — 2,046
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders $ 7,784 $ 9,393
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022
Revenue
The following table summarizes revenue by line of business (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Amount % Amount % $ %
Revenue increased 13.8% in 2023. The $5.4 million comparative increase was primarily driven by the continued expansion of our managed portfolio, which included 8 additional assets in 2023. Recurring asset management and property management fee-based revenue increased by a combined $3.0 million, or 12.6%, and reimbursable staffing charges increased $2.1 million, or 25.3%. Incentive fee revenue also increased 22.7% to $4.8 million, however that increase was offset by a $0.8 million decrease in supplemental leasing, acquisition, and development fee revenue due to higher transactional volume in 2022.
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Operating costs and expenses
The following table summarizes operating costs and expenses (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Change
Operating costs and expenses increased 13.4% in 2023. The $4.2 million comparative increase was primarily due to a $2.6 million increase in personnel expenses from increased headcount and employee compensation. Also driving the variance were a $0.4 million increase in rent expense stemming from the corporate headquarters lease expansion that was executed in 2022, a $0.3 million increase in regulatory and compliance costs, and a $0.2 million increase in IT expenditures.
Other income (expense)
The following table summarizes other income (expense) (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31, Change
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures (1,187) 121 (1,308) N/M
Other income (expense), net 79 2 77 N/M
Total other income (expense) $ (1,012) $ (99) $ (913) N/M
Other income (expense) changed by $(0.9) million in 2023, primarily driven by primarily driven by a $1.3 million net decrease in mark-to-market valuations of equity method investments in real estate ventures, primarily due to the increased interest rate environment. The decrease was partially offset by a $0.3 million increase in interest income (expense) that stemmed from interest earned on money market sweep accounts in 2023 and the full pay down of our outstanding debt in 2022.
Income taxes
Provision for income tax was $0.4 million in 2023, compared to 0.1 million in 2022. The $0.3 million increase was primarily due to higher pre-tax book income given that valuation allowance releases and the net total of book-to-tax adjustments were comparatively flat. As of December 31, 2023, we had $122.8 million of net operating loss (“NOL") carryforwards.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we prepare certain financial measures that are not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), specifically Adjusted EBITDA.
We define Adjusted EBITDA as net income (loss) from continuing operations, excluding the impact of interest expense (net of interest income), income taxes, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, and mark-to-market valuation gain (loss) on equity method investments in real estate ventures.
We use Adjusted EBITDA to evaluate financial performance, analyze the underlying trends in our business and establish operational goals and forecasts that are used when allocating resources. We expect to compute Adjusted EBITDA consistently using the same methods each period.
We believe Adjusted EBITDA is a useful measure because it permits investors to better understand changes over comparative periods by providing financial results that are unaffected by certain non-cash items that are not considered by management to be indicative of our operational performance.
While we believe that Adjusted EBITDA is useful to investors when evaluating our business, it is not prepared and presented in accordance with GAAP, and therefore should be considered supplemental in nature. Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered
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in isolation, or as a substitute for other financial performance measures presented in accordance with GAAP. Adjusted EBITDA may differ from similarly titled measures presented by other companies.
The following table presents a reconciliation of net income (loss) from continuing operations, the most directly comparable financial measure as measured in accordance with GAAP, to Adjusted EBITDA (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Net income (loss) from continuing operations $ 7,784 $ 7,728
Interest (income) expense, net (96) 222
Depreciation and amortization 212 206
Stock-based compensation 968 834
(Gain) loss on real estate ventures 1,187 (121)
Seasonality and Quarterly Fluctuations
None.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity is defined as the current amount of readily available cash and the ability to generate adequate amounts of cash to meet the current needs for cash. We assess our liquidity in terms of our cash and cash equivalents on hand and the ability to generate cash to fund our operating activities.
Our principal sources of liquidity as of December 31, 2023, were our cash and cash equivalents of $18.8 million and our $10.0 million of available borrowings on our Credit Facility.
Significant factors which could affect future liquidity include the adequacy of available lines of credit, cash flows generated from operating activities, working capital management and investments.
Our primary capital needs are for working capital obligations and other general corporate purposes, including investments and capital expenditures. Our primary sources of working capital are cash from operations and distributions from investments in real estate ventures. We have historically financed our operations with internally generated funds and borrowings from our credit facilities. (See Note 7 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
We believe we currently have adequate liquidity and availability of capital to fund our present operations and meet our commitments on our existing debt.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flows for the periods indicated (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Continuing operations
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 9,003 $ 8,397 $ 606
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (1,547) (2,099) 552
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (390) (10,068) 9,678
Discontinued operations, net — (331) 331
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents $ 7,066 $ (4,101) $ 11,167
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Operating Activities
The $0.6 million variance in net operating cash activity was primarily driven by a $1.9 million increase in net income from continuing operations after adjustments for non-cash items, partially offset by a $1.3 million incremental cash outflow stemming from changes to our net working capital that was primarily due to decreased accrued personnel costs.
Investing Activities
The $0.6 million variance net investing cash activity was primarily driven by a $1.1 million decrease in investments in real estate ventures and a $0.4 million decrease in fixed asset purchases, partially offset by $1.0 million in proceeds received from the CES divestiture that was finalized in the first quarter of fiscal year 2022.
Financing Activities
The $9.7 million variance in net financing cash activity was primarily driven by a $4.0 million cash payment made in 2022 related to the early redemption of Series C Preferred Stock and a $5.5 million payment made in 2022 to satisfy the outstanding balance of our credit facility.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
From time to time, we may have off-balance-sheet unconsolidated investments in real estate ventures and other unconsolidated arrangements with varying structures. (See Note 5 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP. Accounting policies, methods and estimates are an integral part of the preparation of consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP and, in part, are based upon management’s current judgments. Those judgments are normally based on knowledge and experience with regard to past and current events and assumptions about future events. Certain accounting policies, methods and estimates are particularly sensitive because of their significance to the consolidated financial statements and because of the possibility that future events affecting them may differ from management’s current judgments. While there are a number of accounting policies, methods and estimates affecting our consolidated financial statements, areas that are particularly significant include:
•Investments in real estate ventures
•Revenue - Incentive Fees
•Income taxes
Investments in real estate ventures
For investments in real estate ventures that we have elected to report at fair value, we maintain an investment account that is increased or decreased each reporting period by contributions, distributions, and the difference between the fair value of the investment and the carrying value as of the balance sheet date. These fair value adjustments are reflected as gains or losses in our consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of these investments as of the balance sheet date is generally determined using a discounted cash flow analysis, income approach, or sales-comparable approach, depending on the unique characteristics of the real estate venture.
In addition, we perform a two-step analysis to determine if our investments in real estate ventures qualify as a variable interest entity (“VIE”) and need to be consolidated. We first analyze if the entity lacks sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or if the equity holders, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest in order to determine VIE qualification. If an entity is determined to be a VIE, we then analyze if it is the primary beneficiary to determine if the entity needs to be included in its consolidated financial results. The primary beneficiary has both (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the entity. We consider a variety of factors in identifying the entity that holds the power to direct matters that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, including evaluating the nature of relationships and activities of the parties involved and, where necessary, determining which party within a related-party group is most closely associated with the VIE and would therefore be considered the primary beneficiary. We determine primary beneficiary status of a VIE at the time of investment and perform ongoing reassessments to evaluate whether changes in the entity’s capital structure or changes in the nature of its involvement with the entity result in a change to the VIE designation or a change to its consolidation conclusion.
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We have minority voting and economic interests in our investments in real estate ventures that we have elected to report at fair value and do not control the activities that most significantly impact their economic performance. We have determined we are not the primary beneficiary in these investments, and therefore do not consolidate them into our balance sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 or into our statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.
Revenue - Incentive Fees
Pursuant to the 2022 AMA, we are entitled to earn incentive compensation fees revenue ("Incentive Fees") on certain managed real estate assets if defined triggering events, which are differentiated based on the classification of the assets, are achieved. (See Note 14 for additional information).
Incentive Fees are calculated as a percentage of the imputed profit that would be realized upon the hypothetical sale or recapitalization of the asset (or assets) for which triggering event criteria were met. The calculation of imputed profit is based on a fair market value assessment that includes highly variable financial inputs and must also consider macro-economic and environmental factors that may affect fair market value. Due to the subjective and potentially volatile nature of this variable consideration, we only recognize revenue on Incentive Fees for each managed asset when 1) any material uncertainties associated with the valuation of real estate assets that drive Incentive Fees are substantially resolved and 2) it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of related cumulative Incentive Fee revenue recognized will not occur. As a result, we only recognize Incentive Fees at or near each asset's respective triggering event (as detailed in the 2022 AMA) when imputed profit could be reasonably calculated and relied upon to not materially change.
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized revenue from Incentive Fees of $4.8 million and $3.9 million, respectively. These operating asset triggering events are part of a series of annual operating asset triggering events that began on October 1, 2022, and are scheduled each October 1 through 2024. Subsequent to these scheduled triggering events, and in accordance with terms pursuant to the 2022 AMA, incentive fees may be recognized on assets currently under development upon the achievement of future triggering events tied to various metrics that indicate stabilization, such as occupancy and leasing rates. (See Note 14 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
Income taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. The deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on the deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We provide a valuation allowance when we consider it “more likely than not” (greater than a 50% probability) that a deferred income tax asset will not be fully recovered. Adjustments to the valuation allowance are a component of the income tax provision or benefit in our consolidated statements of operations.
For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recorded net decreases to our deferred tax valuation allowance of $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
Not applicable.
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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data
COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Page
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
Board of Directors and Stockholders
Comstock Holding Companies, Inc.
Opinion on the financial statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Companyas of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of itsoperations and itscash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
Basis for opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.
Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical audit matter
The critical audit mattercommunicated below is a matterarising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relatesto accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matterbelow, providing a separate opinionon the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Realizability of Deferred Tax Assets and Valuation Allowance Assessment
As described further in Note 12 to the consolidated financial statements,the Company assesses available positive and negative evidence to estimate whether sufficient future taxable income will be generated to permit use of existing deferred tax assets. The Company continues to record valuation allowances against deferred tax assets when it is considered more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized prior to expiration. During 2023, after weighing all available positive and negative evidence, the Company released $1.5 million of the valuation allowance as management deemed estimated future taxable income to be sufficient to realize additional deferred tax assets related to net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards.
The principal considerationfor our determination that the realizability of deferred tax assetsis a critical audit matter is that the estimate of future taxable income is an accounting estimate subject to a high level of estimation uncertainty. There is inherent uncertainty and subjectivity related to management’s judgments and assumptions regarding the Company’s future taxable income, the determination of which is complex in nature and may be affected by future operations of the Company and market or economic conditions. As such, significant auditor judgment was required.
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Our audit procedures related to the realizability of deferred tax assetsincluded the following, among others.
•We obtained an understanding of the design and tested implementation of controls relating to the evaluation of the realizability of deferred tax assets and the estimation of future taxable income;
•We evaluated management’s assumptions regarding the Company’s estimated future taxable income, including comparison of previous forecasts to actual results and obtained support for incremental changes applied to the prior forecast;
•With the assistance of our income tax specialists, we evaluated the nature of each of the deferred tax assets, including their expiration dates and their projected utilization when compared to projections of future taxable income.
/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.
Arlington, Virginia
March 21, 2024
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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(In thousands, except per share data)
December 31,
Assets
Current assets:
Accounts receivable, net 496 504
Accounts receivable - related parties 4,749 3,291
Prepaid expenses and other current assets 353 264
Leasehold improvements, net 89 119
Investments in real estate ventures 7,077 7,013
Deferred compensation plan assets 53 —
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 838 742
Current operating lease liabilities 854 791
Deferred compensation plan liabilities 77 —
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)
Stockholders' equity:
Treasury stock, at cost (86 shares of Class A common stock) (2,662) (2,662)
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $ 49,939 $ 42,473
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Operations
(In thousands, except per share data)
Year Ended December 31,
Operating costs and expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative 2,305 1,784
Depreciation and amortization 212 206
Income (loss) from operations 9,164 7,952
Other income (expense):
Interest income (expense), net 96 (222)
Gain (loss) on real estate ventures (1,187) 121
Other income (expense), net 79 2
Income (loss) from continuing operations before income tax 8,152 7,853
Provision for (benefit from) income tax 368 125
Net income (loss) from continuing operations 7,784 7,728
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations, net of tax — (381)
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption — 2,046
Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders $ 7,784 $ 9,393
Weighted-average common stock outstanding:
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic - Continuing operations $ 0.81 $ 1.09
Basic - Discontinued operations — (0.04)
Basic net income (loss) per share $ 0.81 $ 1.05
Diluted - Continuing operations $ 0.77 $ 1.02
Diluted - Discontinued operations — (0.04)
Diluted net income (loss) per share $ 0.77 $ 0.98
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Changes in Stockholders' Equity
(In thousands)
Series C Class A Class B
Preferred Stock Common Stock Common Stock Treasury Accumulated
Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount APIC stock deficit Total
Stock-based compensation — — — — — — 779 — — 779
Net income (loss) — — — — — — — — 7,347 7,347
Stock-based compensation — — — — — — 968 — — 968
Net income (loss) — — — — — — — — 7,784 7,784
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(In thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
Operating Activities - Continuing Operations
Net income (loss) from continuing operations $ 7,784 $ 7,728
Depreciation and amortization 212 206
Stock-based compensation 968 834
(Gain) loss on real estate ventures 1,187 (121)
Distributions from real estate ventures 44 162
Deferred income taxes 470 (55)
Accrued interest income (48) —
(Gain) loss on disposal of fixed assets 9 —
(Gain) loss on deferred compensation plan 1 —
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Prepaid expenses and other current assets (41) (67)
Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 26 (41)
Deferred compensation plan liabilities 75 —
Other assets and liabilities 44 192
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 9,003 8,397
Investing Activities - Continuing Operations
Investments in real estate ventures (1,583) (2,709)
Proceeds from sale of CES — 1,016
Distributions from real estate ventures 335 220
Purchase of deferred compensation plan securities (52) —
Purchase of fixed assets/leasehold improvements/intangibles (247) (626)
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities (1,547) (2,099)
Financing Activities - Continuing Operations
Payments under credit facility - due to affiliates — $ (5,500)
Redemption of Series C Preferred Stock — (4,000)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (390) (10,068)
Discontinued Operations
Operating cash flows, net — (305)
Investing cash flows, net — —
Financing cash flows, net — (26)
Net cash provided by (used in) discontinued operations — (331)
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents 7,066 (4,101)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 11,722 15,823
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 18,788 $ 11,722
Supplemental Cash Flow Information
Net cash paid (received) for:
Supplemental Disclosure of Non-Cash Investing and Financing Activities
Issuance of Series A common stock to redeem Series C preferred stock $ — $ 4,230
Right of use assets and lease liabilities at commencement — 1,224
See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(In thousands, except per share data or otherwise indicated)
1. Company Overview
Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. ("Comstock" or the "Company"), founded in 1985 and incorporated in the state of Delaware in 2004, is a leading asset manager, developer, and operator of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area.
On March 31, 2022, the Company completed the sale of Comstock Environmental Services, LLC ("CES"), a wholly owned subsidiary, to August Mack Environmental, Inc. ("August Mack") for approximately $1.4 million of total consideration. (See Note 3 for additional information).
On June 13, 2022, the Company completed two separate significant transactions to further deleverage its balance sheet and enhance its long-term revenue outlook and growth potential. The first one with CP Real Estate Services, LC (“CPRES”), an entity owned by Christopher Clemente, Comstock’s Chief Executive Officer, redeemed all outstanding Series C preferred stock at a significant discount to carrying value. Secondly, the Company executed a new asset management agreement with Comstock Partners, LC ("CP"), an entity controlled by Mr. Clemente and wholly owned by Mr. Clemente and certain family members, which covers its Anchor Portfolio of assets (the "2022 AMA"). (See Notes 10 and 14 for additional information).
The Company operates through four primarily real estate-focused subsidiaries – CHCI Asset Management, LC (“CAM”); CHCI Residential Management, LC; CHCI Commercial Management, LC; and Park X Management, LC.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
The Company has reflected CES as a discontinued operation in its consolidated statements of operations for all periods presented. Unless otherwise noted, all amounts and disclosures throughout these Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements relate to the Company's continuing operations. (See Note 3 for additional information).
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Significant items subject to such estimates include, but are not limited to, the valuation of equity method investments, incentive fee revenue recognition, and the valuation of deferred tax assets. Assumptions made in the development of these estimates contemplate both the macroeconomic landscape and the Company's anticipated results, however actual results may differ materially from these estimates.
Fiscal Year
Comstock uses a fiscal reporting calendar which begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. The fiscal years presented are the years ended December 31, 2023 (“2023”) and December 31, 2022 (“2022”). Each of the Company’s fiscal quarters ends on the last day of the calendar month.
Segment Information
Operating segments are defined as components of a business that can earn revenue and incur expenses for which discrete financial information is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) in order to decide how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company's CODM, its chief executive officer, primarily reviews consolidated results of operations to assess performance and make decisions on how to allocate resources, therefore the Company views its operations and manages its business as one reportable operating segment.
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Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of cash and short-term investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents include holdings in checking and overnight sweep investment accounts, all of which have daily maturities. The carrying amount of cash equivalents approximates fair value due to the short-term maturity of these investments.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are recorded at the amount invoiced. The Company records an allowance for doubtful accounts on an as-needed basis to reduce the trade accounts receivables balance by the estimated amounts that may become uncollectible in the future. The allowance for doubtful accounts estimate is based on the accounts receivable aging report, historical collection experience, and the payee's general financial condition. The Company does not record an allowance for doubtful accounts on accounts receivable from related parties due to the nature of the receivables and collection history. As of December 31, 2023, the Company's allowance for doubtful accounts was $0.2 million.
Concentrations of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash, cash equivalents, and accounts receivable from related parties. The Company invests a significant portion of its excess cash position into U.S. Treasury-based funds through an automated overnight sweep investment account program administered by a brokerage firm affiliated with the bank at which the majority of our cash deposits are held. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents in financial institutions that management believes to be financially sound and with minimal credit risk. At times, the Company's deposits exceed federally insured limits, however management believes that the Company’s credit risk exposure is mitigated by the financial strength of the banking institutions in which the deposits are held. The Company does a significant amount of business with related parties, demonstrated by related parties accounting for 97.4% of its consolidated revenue and 90.5% of its accounts receivable in 2023. The Company generally does not obtain collateral or other security to support financial instruments subject to credit risk and monitors the credit standing of its related party entities.
Investments in Real Estate Ventures
The Company holds investments in certain real estate ventures that qualify for equity method accounting treatment. Based on elections made at the investment date, the Company has elected to record certain equity method investments at fair value. With this treatment, investments are recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets and subsequently remeasured at each reporting period. The fair value of these investments as of the balance sheet date is generally determined using a discounted cash flow analysis, income approach, or sales-comparable approach, depending on the unique characteristics of the real estate venture. Assumptions about the discount rate are based on a weighted average cost of capital built up from various interest rate components applicable to the Company. Assumptions about the growth rate and future financial performance of a reporting unit are based on the Company's forecasts, business plans, economic projections and anticipated future cash flows. Market multiples are derived from recent transactions among comparable real estate properties of similar size, construct, and location. The net change in the fair value of the investments is recorded on the consolidated statements of operations as other income (expense).
In addition, the Company performs an analysis on its investments in real estate ventures to determine if they qualify as a variable interest entity (“VIE”). For an entity in which we have acquired an interest, the entity will be considered a VIE if either of the following characteristics are met: (i) the entity lacks sufficient equity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, or (ii) equity holders, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. If an entity is determined to be a VIE, the Company then determines if it is the primary beneficiary to determine if the entity needs to be included in its consolidated financial results. The primary beneficiary has both (i) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the entity. The Company considers a variety of factors in identifying the entity that holds the power to direct matters that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance, including evaluating the nature of relationships and activities of the parties involved and, where necessary, determining which party within a related-party group is most closely associated with the VIE and would therefore be considered the primary beneficiary. The Company determines primary beneficiary status of a VIE at the time of investment and performs ongoing reassessments to evaluate whether changes in the entity’s capital structure or changes in the nature of its involvement with the entity result in a change to the VIE designation or a change to its consolidation conclusion. (See Note 5 for additional information).
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Fixed Assets
Fixed assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which are as follows:
Asset Class Estimated Useful Life
Leasehold improvements Shorter of asset life or related lease term
Furniture and fixtures 7 years
Office equipment 5 years
Vehicles 5 years
Computer equipment 3 years
Capitalized software 3 years
Evaluation of Long-Lived Assets
The Company evaluates the recoverability of its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the future undiscounted cash flows the asset is expected to generate. If the asset is considered to be impaired, the amount of any impairment is measured as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the impaired asset.
Goodwill and Intangible Assets
On an annual basis, and at interim periods when circumstances require, the Company tests the recoverability of any goodwill and intangible assets balances that exist at that time and reviews for indicators of impairment. The Company performs impairment assessments at the reporting unit level, which is defined as an operating segment or one level below an operating segment, also known as a component. To test for the recoverability of goodwill and indefinite-lived intangible assets, the Company first performs a qualitative assessment based on economic, industry and company-specific factors for all or selected reporting units to determine whether the existence of events and circumstances indicates that it is more likely than not that the goodwill or indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. Based on the results of the qualitative assessment, two additional steps in the impairment assessment may be required. The first step would require a comparison of each reporting unit’s fair value to the respective carrying value. If the carrying value exceeds the fair value, a second step is performed to measure the amount of impairment loss on a relative fair value basis, if any.
Fair Value Measurement
The Company applies fair value accounting for all financial assets and liabilities that are reported at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received from selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. The accounting guidance establishes a defined three-tier hierarchy to classify and disclose the fair value of assets and liabilities on both the date of their initial measurement as well as all subsequent periods. The hierarchy prioritizes the inputs used to measure fair value by the lowest level of input that is available and significant to the fair value measurement. The three levels are described as follows:
•Level 1: Observable inputs. Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;
•Level 2: Observable inputs other than the quoted price. Includes quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets and amounts derived from valuation models where all significant inputs are observable in active markets; and
•Level 3: Unobservable inputs. Includes amounts derived from valuation models where one or more significant inputs are unobservable and require the Company to develop relevant assumptions.
The Company evaluates its financial assets and liabilities subject to fair value measurements on a recurring basis to determine the appropriate level of classification as of each reporting period.
Leases
The determination of whether an arrangement contains a lease and the classification of a lease, if applicable, is made at lease commencement, at which time the Company also measures and recognizes a right-of-use ("ROU") asset, representing the Company’s right to use the underlying asset, and a lease liability, representing the Company’s obligation to make lease payments under the terms of the arrangement. Operating lease assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments (e.g., rent) over the lease term beginning at the commencement date. The operating lease
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assets are adjusted for lease incentives, deferred rent, and initial direct costs, if incurred. The related lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company's leases generally do not include an implicit rate; therefore, an incremental borrowing rate is used that is based on information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of future minimum lease payments. The Company typically looks to floating interest rates charged under existing arrangements or current market interest rates at the time of lease commencement when determining the incremental borrowing rate.
For the purpose of recognizing operating lease assets and liabilities, the Company has elected the practical expedient to not recognize an asset or lease liability for short-term leases, which are leases with a term of twelve months or less. The lease term is defined as the non-cancelable portion of the lease term plus any periods covered by an option to extend the lease if it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised.
Revenue
The Company’s revenue streams, revenue recognition policies, and cost of revenue details are summarized by the following:
Asset Management/Property Management/Parking
Asset management pricing associated with the 2022 AMA includes a cost-plus management fee or a market-rate fee form of variable consideration, and the Company earns whichever is higher. Revenue for other asset management contracts is generally in the form of a monthly fee based upon property-level cash receipts or leasing agreements executed at the managed properties.
Property Management pricing is generally in the form of a monthly management fee based upon property-level cash receipts, square footage under management, or some other variable metric. Parking management pricing is generally in the form of a fixed monthly management fee to include additional fixed fees for accounting, remote monitoring, ticketing, insurance, and various other site-level services. In addition, property management and parking revenue includes reimbursable expenses such as payroll and other employee costs for those performing services at managed properties.
Asset management, property management, and parking services represent a series of distinct daily services rendered over time. The revenue these services is presented gross for any services provided by the Company's employees and presented net of third-party reimbursements in instances where the Company does not control third-party services delivered to the client. Consistent with the transfer of control for distinct, daily services to the customer, revenue is typically recognized at the end of each period for the fees associated with the services performed.
Financing
Compensation for commercial mortgage and structured financing services is received via fees paid upon successful commercial financing from third-party lenders. The earned fees are contingent upon the funding of the loan, which represents the transfer of control for services to the customer. Therefore, the Company's performance obligation is satisfied at the point in time of the funding of the loan when there is a present right to payment.
Leasing
Compensation for providing strategic advice and execution for owners, investors, and occupiers is received in the form of a commission. The commission is paid upon signing of the lease by the tenant, therefore the Company's performance obligation is satisfied at the time of the contractual event, when there is a present right to payment.
Construction & Development
Fees for project and development services for owners and occupiers of real estate are typically variable and based on a percentage of the total project cost. Project and development services represent a series of performance obligations delivered over time; therefore, the Company recognizes revenue over time for these services accordingly.
Incentive Fees
Pursuant to the 2022 AMA, incentive compensation fees revenue ("Incentive Fees") may be earned on certain managed real estate assets if defined triggering events, which are differentiated based on the classification of the assets, are achieved. (See Note 14 for additional information).
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Incentive Fees are calculated as a percentage of the imputed profit that would be realized upon the hypothetical sale or recapitalization of the asset (or assets) for which triggering event criteria were met. The calculation of imputed profit is based on a fair market value assessment that includes highly variable financial inputs and must also consider macro-economic and environmental factors that may affect fair market value. Due to the subjective and potentially volatile nature of this variable consideration, revenue is only recognized on Incentive Fees for each managed asset when 1) any material uncertainties associated with the valuation of real estate assets that drive Incentive Fees are substantially resolved and 2) it is probable that a significant reversal in the amount of related cumulative Incentive Fee revenue recognized will not occur. As a result, the Company only recognizes Incentive Fees at or near each asset's respective triggering event (as detailed in the 2022 AMA) when imputed profit can be reasonably calculated and relied upon to not materially change.
Cost of Revenue
Cost of revenue is composed primarily of employment expenses for personnel dedicated to providing services to the Anchor Portfolio as well as the costs and expenses of the Company related to maintaining the public listing of its shares and complying with related regulatory and reporting obligations pursuant to the 2022 AMA. It also includes payroll and other reimbursable expenses incurred under the Company's various property management agreements.
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation expense for restricted stock units is measured based on the fair value of the Company’s common stock on the grant date. The Company utilizes the Black-Scholes option pricing model to estimate the grant-date fair value of stock option awards. The exercise price of stock option awards is set to equal the quoted closing market price of the underlying common stock at the date of the grant. The following weighted-average assumptions are also used to calculate the estimated fair value of stock option awards:
•Expected volatility: The expected volatility of the Company’s shares is estimated using the historical stock price volatility over the most recent period commensurate with the estimated expected term of the awards.
•Expected term: The Company determines the expected term by calculating the weighted-average period of time between the grant date and exercise or post-vesting cancellation date of all outstanding stock options.
•Dividend yield: The Company has not paid dividends and does not anticipate paying a cash dividend in the foreseeable future and, accordingly, uses an expected dividend yield of zero.
•Risk-free interest rate: The Company bases the risk-free interest rate on the implied yield available on a U.S. Treasury note with a term equal to the estimated expected term of the awards.
The Company applies the graded vesting attribution method to recognize compensation expense for stock-based awards. Using this method, the estimated grant-date fair value of the award is recognized over the requisite service period for each separately vesting tranche as though each tranche of the award is, in substance, a separate award. This advanced recognition expense from future vesting tranches results in the accelerated recognition of the overall compensation cost related to the award. The Company has elected to account for forfeitures as they occur. For awards with a performance-based vesting condition, the Company accrues stock-based compensation expense if it is probable that the performance condition will be achieved.
Interest Income
Interest income from our automated overnight "sweep account" program investments is recognized on an accrual basis. Interest income is included in "interest income (expense), net" on our consolidated statements of operations.
Income Taxes
Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on the deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We provide a valuation allowance when we consider it “more likely than not” (greater than 50% probability) that a deferred income tax asset will not be fully recovered. Adjustments to the valuation allowance are a component of the deferred income tax expense or benefit in the consolidated statements of operations.
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For interim periods, an income tax provision (benefit) is recognized based on the estimated annual effective tax rate expected for the entire fiscal year. The interim annual estimated effective tax rate is based on the statutory tax rates then in effect, as adjusted for estimated changes in permanent differences, and excludes certain discrete items whose tax effect, when material, is recognized in the interim period in which they occur. These changes in permanent differences and discrete items result in variances to the effective tax rate from period to period. Impacts from significant pre-tax, non-recognized subsequent events are excluded from the interim estimated annual effective rate until the period in which they occur.
Net Income (Loss) per Share
Basic net income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period, without consideration for common share equivalents or any impacts from Preferred Stock activity. Common share equivalents consist of the incremental common shares issuable upon the exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock unit awards. Diluted net income (loss) per common share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders by the fully diluted weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. The diluted weighted-average common shares outstanding amount includes the impact of common share equivalents, which are the incremental shares of common stock that would be issuable upon the hypothetical exercise of stock options and vesting of restricted stock unit awards. The common stock equivalents are calculated using the treasury stock method and average market prices during the periods and are included in the diluted net income (loss) per share calculation unless their inclusion would be anti-dilutive.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Adopted
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-13, “Financial Instruments—Credit Losses: Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments.” This guidance is intended to introduce a revised approach to the recognition and measurement of credit losses, emphasizing an updated model based on current expected credit losses ("CECL") rather than incurred losses. The Company adopted the standard effective January 1, 2023, and determined that adoption of the standard had no material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements - Not Yet Adopted
In March 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-01, “Leases (Topic 842) – Common Control Arrangements.” This guidance amends certain provisions of ASC 842, specifically those that apply to leasing arrangements between related parties under common control. The standard will become effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In October 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-06, “Disclosure Improvements – Codification Amendments in Response to the SEC’s Disclosure Update and Simplification Initiative.” This guidance affects a wide variety of topics in the Codification. The effective date for each amendment will be the date on which the removal of the respective related disclosures from Regulation S-X or Regulation S-K becomes effective. Early adoption is prohibited. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, “Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improving Reportable Segment Disclosures.” This guidance is intended to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant expenses. The standard requires disclosures to include significant segment expenses that are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"), a description of other segment items by reportable segment, and any additional measures of a segment's profit or loss used by the CODM when deciding how to allocate resources. The standard also requires all annual disclosures currently required by ASC Topic 280 to be included in interim periods. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted and requires retrospective application to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” This guidance is a final standard on improvements to income tax disclosures and requires disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation as well as information on income taxes paid. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, with early adoption permitted and should be applied prospectively. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of this standard on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
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3. Discontinued Operations
On March 31, 2022, the Company completed the sale of CES to August Mack in accordance with the Asset Purchase Agreement for approximately $1.4 million of total consideration, composed of $1.0 million in cash and $0.4 million of cash held in escrow that is subject to net working capital and other adjustments. The Company executed this divestiture to enhance its focus and pursue continued growth initiatives for its core asset management business.
The following table reconciles major line items constituting pretax income (loss) from discontinued operations to net income (loss) from discontinued operations as presented in the consolidated statements of operations (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Cost of revenue — (1,562)
Selling, general, and administrative — (403)
Other income (expense) — 87
Pre-tax income (loss) from discontinued operations — (418)
Provision for (benefit from) income tax — (37)
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations $ — $ (381)
The Company recognized a net loss of $0.2 million on the divestiture of CES, calculated by comparing the final adjusted purchase price to the carrying value of the net assets sold in the transaction as of March 31, 2022. These amounts reflect the finalized transaction costs and net working capital adjustments.
4. Fixed Assets & Intangible Assets
The following table provides a detailed breakout of fixed assets, by type (in thousands):
December 31,
Computer equipment and capitalized software $ 444 $ 538
Furniture and fixtures 115 80
Office equipment 67 60
Accumulated depreciation (341) (340)
Total fixed assets, net $ 478 $ 421
Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively.
On May 6, 2022, the Company purchased the rights to the www.comstock.com domain name for $0.1 million. The Company has recorded the domain name purchase as an indefinite-lived intangible asset on its consolidated balance sheets that will be tested annually for impairment.
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5. Investments in Real Estate Ventures
The following table summarizes the Company's investments in real estate ventures that are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets (in thousands):
December 31,
Investment Ownership % 2023 2022 Accounting Method
Total investments recorded at fair value 5,513 7,013
Total investments in real estate ventures $ 7,077 $ 7,013
The Company’s maximum loss exposure on each of its investments in real estate ventures is equal to the carrying amount of the investment. Additional details on each investment are as follows:
Investors X
On April 30, 2019, the Company entered into a master transfer agreement with CPRES which entitled the Company to priority distribution of residual cash flow from its Class B membership interest in Comstock Investors X, L.C. ("Investors X"), an unconsolidated variable interest entity that owns the Company's residual homebuilding operations. As of December 31, 2023, the residual cash flow primarily relates to anticipated proceeds from the sale of rezoned residential lots. The cash will be released as land development work associated with these projects is completed and lots are sold. (See Note 14 for additional information).
The Hartford
In December 2019, the Company entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire The Hartford Building ("The Hartford"), a Class-A office building adjacent to Clarendon Station on Metro’s Orange Line in Arlington County’s premier transit-oriented office market, the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor. Built in 2003, the 211,000 square foot mixed-use Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (“LEED”) GOLD building is being leased to multiple high-quality tenants. In February 2020, the Company arranged for DivcoWest to purchase a majority ownership stake in The Hartford Building and secured a $87.0 million loan facility from MetLife. As part of the transaction, the Company entered into asset management and property management agreements to manage the property in exchange for market-rate fees, for which it recognized $0.9 million of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s ownership interest in The Hartford was 2.5%. (See Note 14 for additional information).
BLVD Forty Four
In October 2021, the Company entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire a stabilized 15-story, luxury high-rise apartment building in Rockville, Maryland that was rebranded as BLVD Forty Four. Located one block from the Rockville Station on Metro's Red Line and in the heart of the I-270 Technology and Life Science Corridor, the 263-unit mixed use property built in 2015 includes approximately 16,000 square feet of retail and a commercial parking garage. In connection with the transaction, the Company received an acquisition fee and is entitled to receive investment-related income and promote distributions in connection with its equity interest in the asset. The Company also provides asset, residential, retail and parking property management services for the property in exchange for market-rate fees, for which it recognized $1.3 million of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s ownership interest in BLVD Forty Four was 5.0%. (See Note 14 for additional information).
BLVD Ansel
In March 2022, the Company entered into a joint venture with CP to acquire BLVD Ansel, a newly completed 18-story, luxury high-rise apartment building with 250 units located adjacent to the Rockville Metro Station and BLVD Forty Four in Rockville, Maryland. BLVD Ansel features approximately 20,000 square feet of retail space, 611 parking spaces, and expansive amenities including multiple private workspaces designed to meet the needs of remote-working residents. In connection with the transaction, the Company received an acquisition fee and is entitled to receive investment-related income and promote distributions in connection with its equity interest in the asset. The Company also provides asset, residential, retail and parking property management services for the property in exchange for market rate fees, for which it recognized $1.1 million of revenue
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for the year ended December 31, 2023. Fair value is determined using an income approach and sales comparable approach models. As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s ownership interest in BLVD Ansel was 5.0%. (See Note 14 for additional information).
The following table below summarizes the activity of the Company’s unconsolidated investments in real estate ventures that are reported at fair value (in thousands):
Distributions (382)
Change in fair value (16)
Investments 89
Distributions (379)
Change in fair value (1,210)
Comstock 41
In December 2023, the Company completed the acquisition of an 18,150 square foot land parcel located at 41 Maryland Avenue in Rockville, Maryland (“Comstock 41”) through a wholly owned subsidiary for $1.5 million. This investment property sits adjacent to BLVD Ansel and BLVD Forty-Four and is currently a surface parking lot. Comstock 41 has existing entitlements for at least 117 dwelling units and approximately 11,000 square feet of retail space. (See Note 14 for additional information).
Other Investments
In addition, the Company has a joint venture with Superior Title Services, Inc. ("STS") to provide title insurance to its clients. The Company records this co-investment using the equity method of accounting and adjusts the carrying value of the investment for its proportionate share of net income and distributions. The carrying value of the STS investment is recorded in "other assets" on the Company's consolidated statement of balance sheets. The Company's proportionate share of net income and distributions are recorded in gain (loss) on real estate ventures in the consolidated statements of operations and was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Investment Financial Information
The following tables summarize the combined summarized statements of operations information for our unconsolidated investments in real estate ventures (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Combined Statements of Operations: 2023 2022
6. Leases
The Company has operating leases for office space leased in various buildings for its own use. The Company's leases have original terms ranging from 5 to 10 years. The Company's lease agreements do not contain any residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants. Lease costs related to the Company's operating leases are primarily reflected in "cost of revenue" in the consolidated statements of operations, as they are a reimbursable cost under the Company's respective asset management agreements. (See Note 14 for additional information).
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The following table summarizes operating lease costs, by type (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Operating lease costs
Total operating lease costs $ 1,644 $ 1,406
The following table presents supplemental cash flow information related to the Company's operating leases (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Cash paid for lease liabilities:
Operating cash flows from operating leases $ 1,588 $ 1,350
As of December 31, 2023 the Company's operating leases had a weighted-average remaining lease term of 6.76 years and a weighted-average discount rate of 4.64%.
The following table summarizes future lease liability payments (in thousands):
Year Ending December 31, Operating Leases
Total future lease payments 8,355
Imputed interest (1,228)
Total lease liabilities $ 7,127
The Company does not have any lease liabilities which have not yet commenced as of December 31, 2023.
7. Debt
Credit Facility - Due to Affiliates
On March 19, 2020, the Company entered into a Revolving Capital Line of Credit Agreement with CPRES, pursuant to which the Company secured a $10.0 million capital line of credit (the “Credit Facility”) that will expire in March 2025. The Credit Facility provides for an initial variable interest rate of the Wall Street Journal Prime Rate plus 1.00% per annum on advances made under the Credit Facility, payable monthly in arrears. The Company made a $5.5 million initial draw on the Credit Facility in the form of a note with an April 30, 2023, maturity date.
On September 30, 2022, the Company paid down its $5.5 million outstanding principal balance on the Credit Facility in full. As of December 31, 2023, the Credit Facility remained available for use and the Company had no outstanding debt or financing arrangements for which future payments are due.
8. Commitments and Contingencies
The Company maintains certain non-cancelable operating leases that contain various renewal options. (See Note 6 for additional information)
The Company is subject to litigation from time to time in the ordinary course of business; however, the Company does not expect the results, if any, to have a material adverse impact on its results of operations, financial position, or liquidity. The Company records a contingent liability when it is both probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably
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estimated; however, the Company is not aware of any reasonably possible losses that would have a material impact on its results of operations, financial position, or liquidity. The Company expenses legal defense costs as they are incurred.
9. Fair Value Disclosures
As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, other current assets, and accounts payable approximated fair value because of the short-term nature of these instruments.
As of December 31, 2023, deferred compensation plan assets, which are Company-funded investments that are meant to correlate with participant-directed hypothetical investments in stock and bond mutual funds, are measured using quoted prices in active markets based on the market price per unit multiplied by the number of units held (Level 1). Corresponding deferred compensation plan liabilities reflect the fair value of the aforementioned hypothetical investments and are based on inputs derived principally from observable market data (Level 2) through their direct correlation with the deferred compensation plan assets.
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had certain equity method investments in real estate ventures that it elected to record at fair value using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3). (See Note 5 for additional information).
The Company may also value its non-financial assets and liabilities, including items such as long-lived assets, at fair value on a non-recurring basis if it is determined that impairment has occurred. Such fair value measurements typically use significant unobservable inputs (Level 3), unless a quoted market price (Level 1) or quoted prices for similar instruments, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in inactive markets, or amounts derived from valuation models (Level 2) are available.
10. Stockholders' Equity
Common Stock
The Company's certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, each with a par value of $0.01 per share. Holders of Class A common stock and Class B common stock are entitled to dividends when, as and if, declared by the Company's board of directors, subject to the rights of the holders of all classes of stock outstanding having priority rights to dividends. Holders of Class A common stock are entitled to one vote per share and holders of Class B common stock are entitled to fifteen votes per share. Shares of our Class B common stock are convertible into an equivalent number of shares of our Class A common stock and generally convert into shares of our Class A common stock upon transfer. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had not declared any dividends.
Preferred Stock
The Company's certificate of incorporation authorizes the issuance of Series C non-convertible preferred stock with a par value of $0.01 per share. Series C Preferred Stock has a discretionary, non-cumulative, dividend feature and is redeemable by holders in the event of liquidation or change in control of the Company.
On June 13, 2022, the Company entered into a Share Exchange and Purchase Agreement ("SEPA") with CPRES, pursuant to which the Company acquired from CPRES all outstanding shares of its non-convertible and non-redeemable Series C preferred stock for (i) 1.0 million shares of the Company’s Class A common stock, valued at the consolidated closing bid price of the Class A shares on Nasdaq on the business day immediately preceding the entry into the SEPA and (ii) $4.0 million in cash. The SEPA was unanimously approved by the independent directors of the Company. Upon completion of the transaction, all shares of Series C preferred stock were immediately cancelled and fully retired.
At the time of the transaction, the total carrying value of the Series C preferred stock (including the related additional paid-in capital) was $10.3 million. The share exchange was accounted for as a redemption; therefore, the $2.0 million difference between the carrying value and the $8.3 million fair value of the consideration paid upon redemption was added to net income to arrive at income attributable to common stockholders and calculate net income (loss) per share for the Company's fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. (See Note 13 for additional information).
Stock-based Compensation
On February 12, 2019, the Company approved the 2019 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”), which replaced the 2004 Long-Term Compensation Plan (the “2004 Plan”). The 2019 Plan provides for the issuance of stock options, stock appreciation rights ("SARs"), restricted stock, restricted stock units, dividend equivalents, performance awards, and stock or other stock-based awards. The 2019 Plan mandates that all lapsed, forfeited, expired, terminated, cancelled and withheld shares, including those from the predecessor plan, be returned to the 2019 Plan and made available for issuance. The 2019 Plan originally authorized
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2.5 million shares of the Company's Class A common stock for issuance. As of December 31, 2023, there were 1.4 million shares of Class A common stock available for issuance under the 2019 Plan.
During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company recorded stock-based compensation expense of $1.0 million and $0.8 million, respectively. Stock-based compensation costs are included in selling, general, and administrative expense on the Company's consolidated statements of operations. As of December 31, 2023, there was $0.8 million of total unrecognized stock-based compensation, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.9 years.
Restricted Stock Units
Restricted stock unit (“RSU”) awards granted to employees are subject to continued employment and generally vest in four annual installments over the four years period following the grant dates. The Company also grants certain RSU awards to management that contain additional vesting conditions tied directly to a defined performance metric for the Company (“PSUs”). The actual number of PSUs that will vest can range from 60% to 120% of the original grant target amount, depending upon actual Company performance below or above the established performance metric targets. The Company estimates performance in relation to the defined targets when calculating the related stock-based compensation expense.
The following table summarizes all restricted stock unit activity (in thousands, except per share data):
RSUsOutstanding Weighted-Average Grant Date Fair Value
Canceled/Forfeited (53) 3.90
The total intrinsic value of RSUs that vested during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $1.1 million and $1.0 million, respectively.
Stock Options
Non-qualified stock options generally expire 10 years after the grant date and, except under certain conditions, the options are subject to continued employment and vest in four annual installments over the four-year period following the grant dates.
The following table summarizes all stock option activity (in thousands, except per share data and time periods):
Granted — —
Exercised — —
Canceled/Forfeited — —
There were no stock option exercises during the year ended December 31, 2023. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the year ended December 31,2022, was $0.6 million.
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11. Revenue
All the Company's revenue was for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was generated in the United States.
The following tables summarize the Company’s revenue by line of business, customer type, and contract type (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Revenue by Line of Business
Year Ended December 31,
Revenue by Customer Type
Year Ended December 31,
Revenue by Contract Fee Type1
1 Certain contracts contain multiple revenue streams with characteristics that lend to classification in more than one category.
For the years ended December 31, 2023, and 2022 the Company recognized revenue from incentive fees of $4.8 million and $3.9 million, respectively. The incentive fee revenue recognized in both periods stemmed from scheduled annual triggering events for operating assets that began on October 1, 2022, and are scheduled each October 1 through 2024, pursuant to the terms of the 2022 AMA. All Incentive Fees recognized to date have been related to services performed in prior periods for which revenue recognition criteria were previously constrained. Subsequent to these scheduled triggering events, and in accordance with terms pursuant to the 2022 AMA, incentive fees may be recognized on assets currently under development upon the achievement of future triggering events tied to various metrics that indicate stabilization, such as occupancy and leasing rates. (See Note 14 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
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12. Income Tax
The following table summarizes the components of the provision for (benefit from) income tax (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Current:
Federal $ — $ —
Deferred:
Other:
Provision for (benefit from) income taxes $ 368 $ 125
The following table presents a reconciliation the statutory federal income tax rate to the Company's effective income tax rate:
Year Ended December 31,
State income taxes, net of federal benefit 4.64 % 5.67 %
Permanent differences 0.50 % (2.40) %
Return to provision (0.99) % 0.00 %
Change in valuation allowance (18.99) % (14.54) %
Change in state tax rate (0.21) % (5.70) %
Effective tax rate 4.51 % 1.59 %
The Company's effective tax rates for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 differ from the U.S. federal statutory tax rate of 21%, primarily due to state income taxes and the impact of valuation allowance releases of $1.5 million and $1.1 million, respectively.
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The Company has recorded valuation allowances for certain tax attributes and deferred tax assets due to the existence of sufficient uncertainty regarding the future realization of those deferred tax assets through future taxable income. Based on its recent financial performance and current forecasts of future operating results, the Company conducts a quarterly analysis to determine if it is more likely than not that a portion of the deferred tax assets related to its net operating loss carryforwards will be utilized in future periods. The Company's effective tax rate in any given period is directly impacted by the timing and magnitude of any partial valuation allowance releases.
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The following table summarizes the components of the Company's deferred tax assets and liabilities (in thousands):
December 31,
Deferred tax assets:
Net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards $ 31,465 $ 33,532
Stock-based compensation 471 481
Goodwill amortization — (1)
Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation and amortization (38) —
Total deferred tax liabilities (1,777) (1,943)
Net deferred income tax assets (liabilities) $ 10,885 $ 11,355
As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $122.8 million of net operating loss (“NOL") carryforwards. These NOLs, if unused, will begin expiring in 2028. Under Code Section 382 (“Section 382”) rules, if a change of ownership is triggered, the Company’s NOL assets and possibly certain other deferred tax assets may be impaired. Given Section 382’s broad definition, an ownership change could be the unintended consequence of otherwise normal market trading in the Company’s stock that is outside of the Company’s control. In an effort to preserve the availability of these NOLs, the Company has adopted a Section 382 rights agreement that is scheduled to expire on March 27, 2025. The Section 382 rights agreement helps to reduce the likelihood of an unintended “ownership change”, thus preserving the value of these future tax benefits. We estimate that as of December 31, 2023, the three-year cumulative shift in ownership of the Company’s stock had not triggered a limitation in the use of our NOL asset.
As of December 31, 2023, there were no uncertain tax positions that, if recognized, would affect the Company's effective tax rate. We file U.S. and state income tax returns in jurisdictions with varying statutes of limitations. All of our income tax returns remain subject to examination by federal and state tax authorities due to the availability of our NOL carryforwards.
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13. Net Income (Loss) Per Share
The following table sets forth the calculation of basic and diluted net income per share (in thousands, except per share data):
Year Ended December 31,
Numerator:
Net income (loss) from continuing operations - Basic and Diluted $ 7,784 $ 7,728
Impact of Series C preferred stock redemption — 2,046
Net income (loss) from discontinued operations - Basic and Diluted — (381)
Denominator:
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Basic 9,629 8,974
Effect of common share equivalents 479 601
Weighted-average common shares outstanding - Diluted 10,108 9,575
Net income (loss) per share:
Basic - Continuing operations $ 0.81 $ 1.09
Basic - Discontinued operations — (0.04)
Basic net income (loss) per share $ 0.81 $ 1.05
Diluted - Continuing operations $ 0.77 $ 1.02
Diluted - Discontinued operations — (0.04)
Diluted net income (loss) per share $ 0.77 $ 0.98
The following common share equivalents have been excluded from the computation of diluted net income (loss) per share because their effect was anti-dilutive (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Restricted stock units 2 6
14. Related Party Transactions
On June 13, 2022, CHCI Asset Management, L.C. (“CAM”), an entity wholly owned by the Company, entered into a new master asset management agreement with CP (the “2022 AMA”) that superseded in its entirety the previous asset management agreement between CAM and CPRES dated April 30, 2019 (the “2019 AMA”). Entry into the 2022 AMA was unanimously approved by the independent directors of the Company.
Consistent with the structure of the 2019 AMA, the 2022 AMA engages CAM to manage and administer CP’s commercial real estate portfolio (the "Anchor Portfolio") and the day to-day operations of CP and each property-owning subsidiary of CP (collectively, the “CP Entities”). CAM will provide investment advisory, development, and asset management services necessary to build out, stabilize and manage the Anchor Portfolio, which currently consists primarily of two of the larger transit-oriented, mixed-use developments located on Washington D.C. Metro’s Silver Line (Reston Station and Loudoun Station) that are owned by CP Entities and ultimately controlled by Mr. Clemente.
Pursuant to the fee structures set forth in both the 2022 AMA and 2019 AMA, CAM is entitled to receive an annual payment equal to the greater of the "Cost-Plus Fee" or the "Market Rate Fee". The Cost-Plus Fee is equal to the sum of (i) the comprehensive costs incurred by or for providing services to the Anchor Portfolio, (ii) the costs and expenses of the Company related to maintaining the listing of its shares on a securities exchange and complying with regulatory and reporting obligations of
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a public company, and (iii) a fixed annual payment of $1.0 million. The Market Rate Fee calculation is defined in the respective asset management agreements as the sum of the fees detailed in the following table:
In addition to the annual payment of either the Market Rate Fee or the Cost-Plus Fee, CAM is also entitled on an annual basis to receive certain supplemental fees, as detailed for the respective asset management agreements in the following table:
Investment Origination Fee 1% of raised capital 1% of raised capital
The 2022 AMA will terminate on January 1, 2035 (“Initial Term”) and will automatically renew for successive additional one year terms (each an “Extension Term”) unless CP delivers written notice of non-renewal of the 2022 AMA at least 180 days prior to the termination date of the Initial Term or any Extension Term. Twenty-four months after the effective date of the 2022 AMA, CP is entitled to terminate the 2022 AMA without cause upon 180 days advance written notice to CAM. In the event of such a termination and in addition to the payment of any accrued annual fees due and payable as of the termination date under the 2022 AMA, CP is required to pay a termination fee equal to two times the Cost-Plus Fee or Market Rate Fee paid to CAM for the calendar year immediately preceding the termination.
Residential, Commercial, and Parking Property Management Agreements
The Company entered into separate residential property management agreements with properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives fees to manage and operate the properties, including tenant communications, leasing of apartment units, rent collections, building maintenance and day-to-day operations, engagement and supervision of contractors and vendors providing services for the buildings, and budget preparation and oversight.
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The Company entered into separate commercial property and parking management agreements with several properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives fees to manage and operate the office and retail portions of the properties, including tenant communications, rent collections, building maintenance and day-to-day operations, engagement and supervision of contractors and vendors providing services for the buildings, and budget preparation and oversight. These property management agreements each have initial terms of one year with successive, automatic one-year renewal terms. The Company generally receives base management fees under these agreements based upon a percentage of gross rental revenues for the portions of the buildings being managed in addition to reimbursement of specified expenses, including employment expenses of personnel employed by the Company in the management and operation of each property.
Construction Management Agreements
The Company has construction management agreements with properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives fees to provide certain construction management and supervision services, including construction supervision and management of the buildout of certain tenant premises. The Company receives a flat construction management fee for each engagement under a work authorization based upon the construction management or supervision fee set forth in the applicable tenant’s lease, which fee is generally 1% to 4% of the total costs (or total hard costs) of construction of the tenant’s improvements in its premises, or as otherwise agreed to by the parties.
Lease Procurement Agreements
The Company has lease procurement agreements with properties owned by CP Entities under which the Company receives certain finders' fees in connection with the procurement of new leases for such properties where an external broker is not engaged on behalf of the CP Entities. Such leasing fees are supplemental to the fees generated from the Company's management agreements referenced above and are generally 1-2% of the future lease payments to be received by the CP Entity from the executed lease.
Business Management Agreements
On April 30, 2019, CAM entered into a Business Management Agreement with Investors X, whereby CAM provides Investors X with asset and professional services related to the wind down of the Company’s divested homebuilding operations and the continuation of services related to the Company’s divested land development activities. The aggregate fee payable to CAM from Investors X under the Business Management Agreement, which ended on December 31, 2022, was $0.9 million payable in 15 quarterly installments of $0.1 million each. The Company considers Investors X to be a variable interest entity over which it does not have the power to direct activities that most significantly impact economic performance, therefore it is not the primary beneficiary of Investors X and does not have to consolidate the entity into its financial results. (See Note 5 for additional information).