CHCI US Equity☆

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

____________________________________

FORM 10-K

____________________________________

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020

OR

Commission File Number 001-32375

____________________________________

Comstock Holding Companies, Inc.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its Charter)

____________________________________

Delaware

(State or other jurisdiction of

incorporation or organization)

1900 Reston Metro Plaza, 10th Floor

Reston, VA

(Address of principal executive offices)

20-1164345

(I.R.S. Employer

Identification No.)

20190

(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (703) 230-1985

____________________________________

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class TradingSymbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered

Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share CHCI The Nasdaq Capital Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on The NASDAQ Stock Market on June 30, 2020, was $6,564,736. The number of shares of Registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of March 26, 2021 was 8,296,212.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2021 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to Regulation 14A are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2020

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I 1

Item 1. Business 1

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 9

Item 2. Properties 9

Item 3. Legal Proceedings 9

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 9

Item 6. Selected Financial Data 11

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 15

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 15

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 15

Item 9B. Other Information 16

PART III 17

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 17

Item 11. Executive Compensation 17

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 17

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 18

SIGNATURES 22

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS F-1

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PART I

CAUTIONARY NOTES REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Some of the statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “may,” “likely,” “intend,” “expect,” “will,” “should,” “seeks” or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements are based largely on our expectations and involve inherent risks and uncertainties including certain risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. When considering those forward-looking statements, you should keep in mind the risks, uncertainties and other cautionary statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statement, which speaks only as of the date made. Some factors which may affect the accuracy of the forward-looking statements apply generally to the real estate industry, while other factors apply directly to us. Any number of important factors which could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements include: general economic and market conditions, including interest rate levels; changes in the real estate markets; inherent risks in investment in real estate; our ability to attract and retain clients; our ability to compete in the markets in which we operate; regulatory actions; fluctuations in operating results; shortages and increased costs of labor or materials; adverse weather conditions and natural disasters; public health emergencies, including potential risks and uncertainties relating to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic; our ability to raise debt and equity capital and grow our operations on a profitable basis; and our continuing relationships with affiliates.

Our actual results could differ materially from these projected or suggested by the forward-looking statements. The Company undertakes no obligation to update publicly or revise any forward-looking statements in light of new information or future events, except as required by law.

Item 1. Business

The following business description should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Financial information for each of our reportable segments is included in Note 20 to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

Throughout this annual report on Form 10-K, dollar amounts are presented in thousands, except per share data, number of units, or as otherwise noted.

The Company

Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (“CHCI” or “the Company”) is a developer, operator, and asset manager of mixed-use and transit-oriented development properties in the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, where we focus primarily on select high-growth urban and transitioning “sub-urban” markets. We provide a broad range of real estate asset management services, including development and construction management services, leasing and property management services, debt and equity financing origination, and other real estate related services. Our customers primarily include private and institutional owners and investors in the real estate properties that we manage and various governmental bodies that have a vested interest in public-private partnerships responsible for the development of certain properties that we develop and manage. We also invest capital on behalf of our asset management clients and institutional real estate investors in office, retail, residential and mixed-use properties, generally retaining an economic interest for the Company and providing management services to those properties, thereby enabling the Company to increase its assets under management (“AUM”) in order to realize competitive advantages of scale and enhance our overall returns. The Company also provides additional fee-based real estate services, including corporate planning, capital markets, brokerage, title insurance, design, and environmental consulting and engineering services, to properties in the Company’s managed portfolio and to other clients in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region.

As of December 31, 2020, our AUM consisted of 25 operating assets comprising 12 commercial assets totaling approximately 1.7 million square feet and 4 multifamily assets totaling 1,123 units, and 9 commercial garages comprised of over 8,000 parking spaces. Additionally, we have: (i) two commercial assets currently under-construction and scheduled for delivery in 2021 and 2022 totaling approximately 460,000 square feet that are 79% pre-leased; and (ii) 18 development pipeline assets consisting of approximately 2.0 million square feet of additional planned commercial development, approximately 1,700 multifamily units and 2 hotel assets that will include 370 keys.

Overview

As a vertically integrated real estate operating and investment company, we earn revenue from multiple sources, including fees generated from asset management services that we provide to our managed portfolio of real estate assets on behalf

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of our asset management clients, and fees from additional real estate related services, including environmental consulting and engineering services provided to our managed properties and unrelated third-party clients in the Mid-Atlantic Region.

The services we provide pursuant to the asset management agreements covering our AUM properties vary by property and client, and include property management, development and construction management, leasing management, acquisition and disposition management, origination and negotiation of debt and equity facilities, risk management, and various other property-specific services. Substantially all the properties included in our managed portfolio are covered by long-term, full-service asset management agreements encompassing all aspects of design, development, construction, and operations management relating to the subject properties. Our long-term asset management contracts generally include material early termination payments to us in the event the contract is prematurely terminated by the asset owner. A limited number of properties in our managed portfolio are covered by service-specific asset management contracts that focus our services on defined critical elements of operations, such as marketing, leasing, and construction management, where the property owner continues to manage other operating functions. Our limited-service asset management agreements generally are anticipated to be short term in nature and do not include material early termination penalties.

Anchoring the Company’s asset management services platform is a long-term full service asset management agreement (the “2019 AMA”) with an affiliated company owned by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Christopher Clemente, that encompasses the majority of the properties we currently manage, including two of the largest transit-oriented, mixed-use developments in the Washington, DC area: Reston Station, a 5 million square foot transit-oriented, mixed-use development located in Reston, VA, and Loudoun Station, a nearly 2.5 million square foot transit-oriented, mixed-use development in Ashburn, VA, as well as other additional development assets, which together constitute our anchor portfolio (the “Anchor Portfolio”). The 2019 AMA for our Anchor Portfolio is a long-term agreement with an original term of 10 years that provides for significant financial payments to Comstock in the case of early termination by the asset owner.

In addition to the various recurring asset management fee-based revenue received by the Company, we also generate additional revenue from co-investments with our investment partners in certain property acquisitions and expect to receive performance-based incentive compensation from assets in our Anchor Portfolio and other assets in our managed portfolio. The Company can earn these incentive-based fees upon the occurrence of certain transaction-related events, including asset acquisitions or dispositions, asset related capital market transactions, leasing, marketing and property management, development and construction management, real title services, and environmental services, and when the performance of a subject property meets defined performance metrics. The co-investment business plans are property specific and therefore vary in expected duration but are generally expected to be between four and seven years; but may be accelerated or extended depending upon market conditions or the strategic objectives of the subject joint venture.

Our Business Strategy

In early 2018, the Company transitioned our business strategy and operating platform from being focused on the capital intensive, on-balance sheet development and sale of residential homes that, among other things required us to maintain a significant on-balance sheet land inventory, to our current lower risk, asset-light, fee-based services model focused on asset management of commercial and mixed-use real estate primarily in the greater Washington, D.C. region. We generate base fees, incentive fees, transaction fees, and profit participation by providing a broad range of real estate asset management services, including development, construction management, leasing and property management services, as well as acquisition and disposition services, employing our substantial experience in entitling, designing, developing, and managing a significant and diverse range of properties included in our Anchor Portfolio, while also co-investing with institutional partners to acquire existing, stabilized properties, which we manage as well. The Company and its management team have been active in the metropolitan Washington, D.C. region since 1985 and in other key U.S. markets, having developed, acquired, and managed large-scale portfolios of real estate assets, including thousands of rental apartments, and millions of square feet of mixed-use properties including office buildings, hotels, commercial garages, transit-oriented developments, and millions of square feet of regional shopping malls, as well as numerous public-private partnership developments that include large-scale public infrastructure improvements. We believe that our management team’s extensive experience in managing such a diverse and extensive portfolio of developments and stabilized assets provides the knowledge base necessary to distinguish our business focus and strategy, which is focused on:

Properties that Generate Stable, recurring cash flows

Our revenues are generated primarily from recurring asset management fees, property management fees and additional real estate services fees.Our asset management agreements provide a highly visible and reliable source of revenue and position the Company to enhance bottom line results as the Company’s Anchor Portfolio and other assets under management expand.Our Anchor Portfolio provides a stable, cost-plus fee structure foundation pursuant to the 2019 AMA.This approach enables the Company to generate consistent, positive earnings through the development and management of and the provision of

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additional services related to, our Anchor Portfolio and provides the opportunity to increase our earnings through the expansion of our managed portfolio of properties pursuant to acquisitions of additional stabilized assets with institutional partners.

Mixed-Use and Transit-Oriented Assets in High-Growth Areas in the greater Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area

We are a developer, operator, and asset manager of high quality, mixed-use and transit-oriented development properties with a focus on select transitioning “sub-urban” markets in the greater Washington D.C. metropolitan area. These submarkets are experiencing increased short-term demand resulting from a flight to quality and perceived safety prompted by the Covid-19 pandemic and currently include the Dulles Corridor and the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor in Northern Virginia. These areas also feature strong long-term trends such as economic growth and attractive demographic attributes, as well as superior transportation infrastructure that caters to the preferences of multifamily, office and retail tenants.

These trends indicate that commercial tenants are likely to continue seeking to locate (or relocate) offices to urban, mixed-use developments in “sub-urban” markets such as our key markets. These sub-markets have also demonstrated demand trends that we believe will continue to result in commercial tenants’ willingness to pay higher rents for commercial space as compared to locations that do not offer the benefits and amenities available in mixed-use and transit-oriented developments, while also attracting residential tenants willing to pay premium rents for high quality rental apartments in amenity-rich areas that, among other benefits, provides direct or easily walkable access to Metro-rail and other transit services. A significant portion of the Company’s portfolio of managed assets is located in such areas, adjacent to Metro-rail stations with multiple housing choices, popular restaurants, entertainment venues and other amenities prioritized by today’s corporate tenants and their workforce.

Our business strategy focuses on development of the Anchor Portfolio while also identifying similar high-quality office, retail, residential and mixed-use properties that can be acquired in high-demand areas in the greater Washington, D.C. region that we believe provide an opportunity for appropriate risk adjusted returns and that are suitable for co-investment such with institutional real estate investors that seek investment opportunities in such real estate assets but may lack the local expertise or operational infrastructure necessary to identify, acquire, and manage such assets. Our acquisition strategy is aligned with that of institutional real estate investors and is currently focused on value-add, core, and core-plus opportunities as well as other opportunistic asset acquisitions.

Capitalizing on Significant Growth Trends in the Technology and Government Sector that drive Market Demand in Northern Virginia

Significant growth trends in demand for cyber security and other technology services in the government sector, as well as in the private sector, have generated substantial growth and attracted large technology companies, such as Microsoft, Google, and Amazon to the Dulles Corridor and the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor in Northern Virginia. In 2018, Northern Virginia was selected by Amazon as the location for its highly publicized “HQ2” second headquarters. Amazon’s HQ2 has recently begun operations and is reportedly expected to create 25,000 or more new jobs over the next several years as its 5 million square foot complex develops in Arlington County at the eastern end of the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor. Meanwhile, Amazon Web Services has focused its expansion in the Dulles Corridor to the west, where it has been increasing its office and data center presence in recent years. We believe Amazon’s presence in these corridors, along with the continued growth and investment by other large technology companies, will continue to benefit Northern Virginia’s employment market, which has experienced market leading job growth in the Washington, DC region.

Further, Northern Virginia’s significant data infrastructure, capable of serving the growing needs of the federal government and its defense and information contractors, has spurred the expansion and/or relocation of several federal government agencies, including the FBI, CIA, NSA, and the Customs and Border Patrol agency, to the Dulles Corridor. Because of its significant information infrastructure, the Dulles Corridor has become known as the “Internet Capital of the World”. With its vast network of high-capacity data centers, primarily located in eastern Loudoun County, Virginia in the western portion of the Dulles Corridor, Loudoun County reportedly hosts upwards of 70% of the world’s internet traffic. As a result, Loudoun County continues to experience tremendous growth in data center development and employment and has become the global leader in absorption of data center capacity, accounting for more than 40% of national data center space absorption in recent years.

The Company and its management team have been focused on these developing trends for more than two decades and the Company, through the 2019 AMA, controls the development and asset management of a significant portfolio of high-profile assets at the forefront of the urban transformation taking place in the Dulles Corridor. With a stabilized portfolio and development pipeline that include millions of square feet of mixed-use and transit-oriented properties located at key Metro stations in the Dulles Corridor, the Company is well positioned to capitalize on trends that are shaping the future mixed-use real estate landscape in the Washington, DC area and providing opportunities for significant growth and attractive returns to the Company.

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Leveraging our Development Capabilities to Secure Public-Private Partnership Development Opportunities as a means of Further Growing Assets Under Management

Affiliates of the Company have been selected by multiple local governments (including Fairfax County, Loudoun County, and the Town of Herndon, Virginia) to develop and manage large-scale mixed-use developments that include transit facilities and other public infrastructure elements through public-private partnerships at a time when local jurisdictions are focused on public-private partnerships as a means of leveraging private sector capabilities to meet public infrastructure development needs.In addition, recent changes to the Comprehensive Land Use Plans of Fairfax County and Loudoun County encourage high-density and mixed-use development proximate to the new Silver Line Metro Stations in the Dulles Corridor, resulting in compelling growth opportunities for the Company and its Anchor Portfolio, most of which is adjacent to the terminus station of Phase I of the Silver Line that opened in 2014 and the terminus station of Phase II of the Silver Line that is scheduled to open in late 2021 or early 2022.

Constructing and Stabilizing Our Significant Development Pipeline

We expect to generate additional fees from our significant pipeline of development opportunities. As of December 31, 2020, we had two commercial assets under-construction and scheduled to deliver in 2021 and 2022 totaling 460,000 square feet. Approximately 79% of the space in these two buildings is pre-leased. Additionally, our Anchor Portfolio includes 18 future development pipeline assets consisting of approximately 2.0 million square feet of additional planned commercial development, approximately 1,700 multifamily units and 2 hotel assets with approximately 370 rooms. At full build out, our Anchor Portfolio will be approximately 7.4 million square feet and include approximately 18 total commercial assets comprised of approximately 3.8 million square feet, 12 total residential assets comprised of approximately 2,800 units spanning 3.2 million total square feet, 15 total commercial garages comprised of approximately 17,000 parking spaces, and 2 hotels comprised of approximately 370 hotel rooms and approximately 400,000 square feet.

Actively Growing our Real Estate Services Platform

In addition to the asset management services we provide in connection with our AUM, we also provide a variety of supplemental real estate services in the areas of strategic corporate planning, transaction related capital markets and financial consulting, commercial mortgage brokerage, real title insurance services, design and environmental consulting and engineering services, and industrial hygiene services. Our environmental services group provides consulting and engineering services, environmental studies, remediation management services and site-specific solutions for properties that may require or benefit from environmental due diligence, site-specific assessments, and industrial hygiene services. Our real estate services business platform allows us to generate additional positive fee income from our highly qualified personnel and serves as a potential catalyst for additional strategic institutional real estate acquisition joint venture opportunities.

Sustainable and Socially Responsible Business Strategy

Comstock is committed to pursuing environmental sustainability, social responsibility and best corporate governance (“ESG”) practices in all of our operations. We recognize that development of real estate can have significant impact, positive or negative, for the surrounding community, the region, and the environment that we all share. We believe that companies developing real estate have a responsibility to maximize the positive impacts while taking steps to minimize negative impacts. Supporting and fostering these initiatives is instrumental in making our communities better places to live, work, and play while simultaneously bolstering asset value, reducing risk, and positively impacting all stakeholders.

Our neighborhoods are transit-oriented developments that include extraordinary multifamily and commercial properties with a walkable, amenity-rich environment surrounded by restaurants, shops and entertainment venues. These transit-centric, and amenity-rich developments bring together multiple transit options and become neighborhoods with reduced carbon footprints, benefiting the local community, our shared environment, and ultimately, Comstock’s shareholders. In recognition of the positive impacts resulting from Comstock’s Reston Station design, the development was awarded the designation of Best Workplaces for Commuters in 2020 and 2021 by the Best Workplaces for Commuters Organization created by the National Center for Transit Research at the Center for Urban Transportation Research.

Although the Company has long focused on ESG best practices, in response to the recent market focus on these important issues, Comstock plans to publish its first ESG Report in 2021 to highlight our prior accomplishments and lay out our future goals in this important area. We are investing in the people, processes, and products to make this reporting commitment an integral part of our long-term strategy. Our ESG team is comprised of members of our development and operations teams, as well as senior management, including our CEO. The ESG team focuses on identifying critical elements of our designs and operations that address elements of ESG best practices, while also identifying additional steps that we can take to enhance the positive impacts of our developments while further minimizing any potential negative impacts on the surrounding community, the region, and the environment that we all share. The ESG team will continuously seek to implement, manage, improve, and monitor our sustainability efforts while identifying new opportunities for enhancing our ability to position the Company as a leader in this

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space. Our ESG Report will outline in significant detail the Company’s existing ESG accomplishments in the areas of energy and water conservation and resource management, social responsibility, and community improvements, as well as our corporate governance practices and focus on our important future ESG Initiatives.

Managed Portfolio

Reston Station

Reston Station is among the largest mixed-use, transit-oriented developments in the greater Washington D.C. market. Located at the terminus of Phase I of Metro’s Silver Line, the Reston Station neighborhood spans the Dulles Toll Road and surrounds the first, and currently only, Metro rail station in the Dulles Corridor. Covering a total of approximately 60 acres, assets included in Comstock’s managed portfolio cover approximately 37 of the 60-acre neighborhood and will, upon full build-out, include approximately five million square feet of mixed-used development. The Company is providing a wide variety of its real estate and asset management services to the project pursuant to the 2019 AMA, including development and construction management services, leasing management services, property management services, capital markets services, and environmental services.The Reston Station neighborhood is being developed in four districts as follows:

Metro Plaza District

The Metro Plaza District has been developed with one of the largest underground commuter parking garages and bus transit facilities in the region, is located adjacent to the terminus of Phase I of Metro’s Silver Line Station and forms the foundation for up to 1.4 million square feet of mixed-use development in five buildings. To date, three buildings consisting of approximately 0.8 million square feet of stabilized mix of uses (residential, office, and retail) have been developed and stabilized while one additional building consisting of approximately 210,000 square feet scheduled to deliver in Q2-2021 and the final of five buildings, consisting of approximately 250,000 square feet, is scheduled to deliver in early 2022.

The Reston Station Metro Plaza and its 1.7 million square foot subterranean garage and transit facility is the subject of a public-private partnership between affiliates of the Company and Fairfax County, Virginia. The Reston Station transit facility provides Metro rail commuters with an indoor bus transit depot designed to accommodate upwards of 110 buses per hour, 2,300 commuter parking spaces operated by Fairfax County and additional approximately 1,500 spaces for retail, office and commuter uses operated by a Company subsidiary, the only Tesla Super Charging Station in the Dulles Corridor as well as numerous other electric vehicle charging stations, numerous bicycle parking and storage facilities, and substantial storm water management vaults designed to minimize the potential of flooding in the subject area and state-of-the-art water treatment systems to minimize the environmental impact of storm water runoff.

As of December 31, 2020, construction has been completed on two of the five buildings located above the Reston Station Transit Facility including a 380,000 square foot Trophy-Class office tower, a significant portion of which has been leased to Google and other corporate users, and approximately 450,000 square foot residential tower including 448 rental apartments. Two additional office buildings are currently under construction, containing approximately 460,000 square feet of Class-A office space with one scheduled for delivery in 2021 and one scheduled for delivery in 2022. All buildings on the Metro Plaza have ground floor retail, which is substantially leased to high-quality tenants, including Starbucks, CVS and others. Entitlements allow for the construction of a fifth tower, a residential or hotel building of up to approximately 120,000 square feet, above a portion of the retail space on the Metro Plaza. The three office buildings referenced above are approximately 75% leased. The residential building is approximately 86% leased.

Reston Row District

The Reston Row District has entitlements in place that allow for approximately 1.4 million square feet of mixed-use development, including Class-A office, multifamily units, retail and hotel uses.The Reston Row District is situated on approximately 11 acres adjacent to Reston Station’s Metro Plaza District and the Reston Station Transit Facility. Marriott International has entered into a franchise agreement with one of Comstock managed entities covered under the 2019 AMA concerning the development and operation of a JW Marriott Hotel and residential tower that is planned to be developed in the first of two phases of the Reston Row District, including approximately 240 hotel rooms, approximately 90 JW Marriott branded condominium residences and retail, entertainment, conference and meeting spaces.

Commerce District

The Commerce District has entitlements in place that allow for approximately 1.4 million square feet of mixed-use development, in addition to four existing Class-A office buildings that include a total of approximately 590,000 square feet. The Commerce District property is situated on approximately 16 acres located adjacent to the south entrance to the Wiehle Reston-East Metro Station and lies directly across the Dulles Toll Road from the Metro Plaza District of Reston Station and the Reston Station Transit Facility. Currently, Comstock is leasing and managing the four existing office buildings and one existing

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retail building while it is also finalizing plans for the new buildings that will include up to 1.4 million square feet of office, retail, hotel and residential uses.

West District

The West District at Reston Station consists of approximately 3 acres of land located adjacent to the Reston Row District and owned by affiliates of the Company and approximately 13 surrounding acres owned by others.The Comstock owned portion of the West District was previously developed by an affiliate of the Company with a 90,000 square foot office building and was recently entitled for development of an additional residential building of up to approximately 260,000 square feet. An adjoining parcel in the West District is owned by an entity not affiliated with Comstock and has been developed with an existing 421-unit residential apartment building. Two additional existing office buildings owned by entities not affiliated with Comstock and a medical facility owned and operated by Kaiser Permanente are also included in the West District.

Loudoun Station

Loudoun Station, located at the terminus of Phase II of Metro’s Silver Line, is Loudoun County’s first Metro connected development and represents Loudoun County’s beginning transformation into a transit connected community with direct metro rail connectivity to Dulles International Airport, Reston, Tysons Corner, and downtown Washington, D.C. Currently, Loudoun Station has approximately 1,000,000 square feet of mixed-use development completed, including 675 residential units, approximately 50,000 square feet of Class-A office space, approximately 150,000 thousand square feet of retail spaces including an 11-sceen AMC Cinema, and a 1,500-space Metro commuter parking garage. The Metro Garage is the focus of a public-private partnership between an affiliate of the Company and Loudoun County, Virginia and is managed by a subsidiary of the Company. Phase II of Metro’s Silver Line is under construction and expected to commence passenger service in late 2021 or early 2022.The Company is providing a variety of its real estate and asset management services related to the existing buildings and the future development pursuant to the 2019 AMA, including development and construction management services, leasing management services, property management services, and capital markets services.

Herndon Station

Herndon Station will include up to approximately 340,000 square feet of residential, retail and entertainment spaces, including a performing arts center, and an approximately 700 space parking garage in the historic downtown portion of the Town of Herndon in western Fairfax County, Virginia. The commercial Garage is the focus of a public private partnership between an affiliate of the Company and the Town of Herndon. The development will also include improvements to existing connections to the adjacent WO&D trail, a popular pedestrian and bicycle route managed by Northern Virginia Regional Parks Authority and Fairfax County Parks Department.The Company is providing a variety of asset management and development services related to the Herndon Station development pursuant to the 2019 AMA.

Momentum at Shady Grove Metro

In mid-2018, the Company committed an approximately 2-acre site that it had previously planned to develop as for-sale condominiums, to a joint venture with Stratford Capital, LLC (the “Comstock Stratford JV”) and began development of a dedicated workforce housing development consisting of 110 multifamily dwelling units. The recently completed development, known as the Momentum, is located in Rockville, Maryland, adjacent to the Shady Grove Metro Station on Metro’s Red Line, was developed as an all work-force housing development that qualified as a low-income housing tax credit (LIHTC) development. The Company received payment for the contribution of the land to the Comstock Stratford JV and received fees for managing the development of the project as construction manager for the Comstock Stratford JV.

International Gateway

Since 2018 the Company has, pursuant to an asset management agreement with an unaffiliated property owner, provided asset management, property management, leasing management, and consulting services for a privately owned portfolio of two mixed-use retail/office buildings in Tysons Corner, Virginia, known as International Gateway.

The Hartford Building

In late 2019, the Company partnered with Comstock Partners, LC (“Partners”), an entity that is controlled by our CEO, and wholly owned by Mr. Clemente and certain family members, to acquire a Class-A office building immediately adjacent to Clarendon Station on Metro’s Orange Line in Arlington County’s premier transit-oriented office market, the Rosslyn-Ballston Corridor.Built in 2003, the 211,000 square foot mixed-use LEED GOLD building is approximately 78% leased to multiple high-quality tenants.In February 2020, the Company arranged for DivcoWest to purchase a majority ownership stake in the Hartford Building and secured a $87 million loan facility from MetLife. As part of the transaction, the Company entered into asset management and property management agreements to manage the property.

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Segment Data

We operate in the following business segments: Asset Management and Real Estate Services. Financial information related to these business segments for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2020 is set forth in Note 20 to the financial statements.

Operations

As a vertically integrated real estate operating and investment company, the Company has broad real estate development and management capabilities that enable us to generate fees for services provided in connection with the real estate assets we manage. Our experienced management team provides a full range of services related to acquisition, development, and operations of real estate assets.

COVID-19

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (“WHO”) announced a global health emergency because of a new strain of coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China (the “COVID-19 outbreak”) and the risks to the international community as the virus spreads globally beyond its point of origin. In March 2020, the WHO classified the COVID-19 outbreak as a pandemic, based on the rapid increase in exposure globally. While we have not seen a significant impact to our results from COVID-19 to date, if the virus continues to cause significant negative impacts to economic conditions or consumer confidence, our revenues including our property management revenues, trade receivables, related party receivables, goodwill and our fair value investments, results of operations, financial condition and liquidity could be adversely impacted.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Paycheck Protection Program (the “PPP”) was established under the CARES Act and administered by the U.S. Small Business Administration (“SBA”). Companies who met the eligibility requirements set forth by the PPP could qualify for PPP loans provided by local lenders, which supports payroll, rent and utility expenses (“qualified expenses”). If the loan proceeds are fully utilized to pay qualified expenses over the covered period, as further defined by the PPP, the full principal amount of the PPP loan may qualify for loan forgiveness, subject to potential reduction based on the level of full-time employees maintained by the organization during the covered period as compared to a baseline period.

In April 2020, the Company received proceeds of $1.95 million under the PPP (the "PPP Loan") provided by Mainstreet Bank. The Company submitted the PPP loan forgiveness application to the lender in December 2020. The Lender completed its review and submitted the Company's forgiveness application to the SBA in February 2021. The SBA will, subject to any SBA review of the loan or loan application, remit the appropriate forgiveness amount to the lender, plus any interest accrued through the date of payment, not later than 90 days after the lender issues its decision to the SBA. See Note 9 - CARES Act for more information.

Outlook

Although the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the commercial real estate market in the greater Washington, DC area remains uncertain, we believe that our Anchor Portfolio is well positioned to withstand potential negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. We also believe that our management team is properly aligned with the interests of the Company and its shareholders and is committed to the Company’s objectives of providing exceptional experiences for those that we do business with while enhancing shareholder value. Further, we believe that we are properly staffed for current market conditions and the foreseeable future and that our Company has the ability to manage risk and pursue opportunities for additional growth as market conditions warrant. Our real estate development and management operations are primarily focused on the greater Washington, D.C. region, where we believe our 30-plus years of experience provides us the best opportunity to continue leveraging our significant experience acquiring, developing, and managing high quality real estate assets and capitalizing on positive growth trends, while our environmental consulting and remediation management services business is well positioned to capitalize on opportunities to continue its recent growth throughout the entire U.S. Mid-Atlantic region.

Competition

The real estate asset management and services industry is highly competitive. Our growth will depend upon our ability to attract and maintain the appropriate personnel and to professionally manage the assets subject to the 2019 AMA and other management agreements and to expand our services to new clients on a cost-efficient basis. We compete with other businesses in the asset management and real estate-related services businesses on the basis of price, location, experience, service and reputation. Many of these competitors are larger than us and operate on a national or global scale and they and their clients may have greater technical, marketing and financial resources. Such competitors may also enjoy competitive advantages that result from, among other things, lower costs of capital, greater business scale and enhanced operating efficiencies.Their larger

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scale and broad national or global presence may allow them to offset downturns in certain localized markets or seasonality related to certain services with increased or steady operations in other markets. We also face competitors on a local and regional basis. Certain competitors may also be subject to different regulatory requirements or rules that may allow them more flexibility or better access to pursue potential investments and raise capital for themselves or their managed companies. In addition, certain competitors may have higher risk tolerance, different risk assessments or lower return thresholds, which could allow them to consider a broader range of investments and to bid more aggressively for investment opportunities than us. Our ability to continue to compete effectively will depend in large part upon the ability to attract, retain and motivate employees, and we must compete with our competitors to attract and retain experienced and talented employees.

Governmental Regulation and Environmental Matters

We are subject to various local, state and federal statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning finance, banking, investments, zoning, building design, construction, density requirements and similar matters. We may also be subject to periodic delays or may be precluded entirely from developing in certain communities due to building moratoriums or “slow-growth” or “no-growth” initiatives that could be implemented in the future in the states where we operate. Local and state governments also have broad discretion regarding the imposition of development fees for projects in their jurisdiction.

We are also subject to a variety of local, state and federal statutes, ordinances, rules and regulations concerning protection of the environment. Some of the laws to which we and our properties are subject to may impose requirements concerning development in waters of the United States, including wetlands, the closure of water supply wells, management of asbestos-containing materials, exposure to radon and similar issues. The particular environmental laws that apply to any given real estate asset vary based on several factors, including the environmental conditions related to a particular property and the present and former uses of the property.

Technology and Intellectual Property

We utilize our technology infrastructure to facilitate the management of our client’s assets and the marketing of our services. We use media and internet-based marketing platforms primarily in lieu of print advertisements. We believe that the residential renting population will continue to increase its reliance on information available on the internet to help guide its rental decision. Accordingly, through our marketing efforts, we will continue to seek to leverage this trend to lower per lease marketing costs while maximizing potential lease transactions.

Our Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Board, Christopher Clemente, has licensed his ownership interest in the “Comstock” brand and trademark to us in perpetuity. We have registered our trademarks and routinely take steps, and occasionally take legal action, to protect the Company against brand infringement from third parties. Mr. Clemente has retained the right to continue to use the “Comstock” brand and trademark including for real estate development projects in our current or future markets that are unrelated to the Company but, currently, substantially all of Mr. Clemente’s real estate development business is conducted with the Company pursuant to the 2019 AMA.

Seasonality

We experience limited seasonality across our business segments. With respect to our Asset Management segment, we do not expect seasonality to materially impact our operations. With respect to our Real Estate Services segment, we do anticipate being impacted by adverse weather conditions. The markets in which we operate are four-season markets that experience significant periods of rain and snow. Construction and remediation cycles and efforts are often adversely affected by severe weather. As a result of seasonal activity across our Real Estate Services business segment, our quarterly results of operations and financial position at the end of a particular fiscal quarter are not necessarily representative of the balance of our fiscal year.

Employees

At December 31, 2020, the Company had 136 full-time and 11 part-time employees. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining agreements, and we have never experienced a work stoppage. We believe we have good relations with our employees and provide a comprehensive benefits program to attract and retain top talent, including, without limitation, paid vacation, sick leave and volunteer hours, 401K contributions, professional development funds that reset each year, community service initiatives, and online and in-person trainings and e-learning opportunities. We further encourage our employees to provide feedback on our benefits program and periodically make enhancements to our benefits program in response thereto.

In response to the impacts of COVID-19, the Company commenced implementing protocols and procedures for the safety, health and comfort of employees in March 2020, which continue at present time. We assembled a COVID-19 task

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force comprised of employees from multiple departments to formulate and implement health and safety protocols in our workplace, including, without limitation, implementation of CDC and Virginia required and recommended protocols, enhanced daily cleaning of workspaces, installation of protective screens between cubicles, providing temperature scanners at office locations, implementation of an Infectious Disease (COVID-19) Preparedness and Response Plan that is updated periodically as governmental mandates and guidance change, Virginia Occupational Safety and Health COVID-19 trainings for all employees, providing free lunches each workday to employees since April 2020 (continues at present time), providing reimbursements for child care expenses and partnering with the Learning Care Group to provide child care discounts to employees, and providing COVID-19 related paid leave.

We believe that we are properly staffed for current market conditions, although the continued impacts of COVID-19 remain uncertain, and have the ability to manage growth as market conditions warrant.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

Since December 31, 2009, the Company has been leasing office space located at 1886 Metro Center Drive, Reston, Virginia for its corporate headquarters from an affiliate wholly owned by our Chief Executive Officer. The amount of the leased space was 16,447 square feet. On October 31, 2020, the Company’s then-current lease for its corporate headquarters in Reston, Virginia expired following a one-month extension of the lease term. On November 1, 2020, the Company executed a new lease to relocate its corporate headquarters to new office space located at 1900 Reston Metro Plaza, Reston, Virginia for a ten

year term from an affiliate wholly owned by our Chief Executive Officer. See related party transactions in Note 14 in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

On July 17, 2017, the Company, through its subsidiary, Comstock Environmental, acquired the assets and liabilities of Monridge Environmental, LLC. On August 1, 2017, Comstock Environmental entered into a lease for approximately 2,800 square feet of office space at 806 Fayette Street, Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. On August 1, 2020 the Company terminated the lease. The Company subsequently executed a month-to-month lease agreement for the office space. During 2018, Comstock Environmental also opened operations in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area from the Company’s corporate offices.

The Company believes that its properties are adequately maintained and suitable for their intended use and the Company’s needs. For information regarding our projects, see Item 1 ‘Business – Our Developed Communities.’

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Currently, we are not subject to any material legal proceedings. From time to time, however, we are named as a defendant in legal actions arising from our normal business activities. Although we cannot accurately predict the amount of our liability, if any, that could arise with respect to legal actions pending against us, we do not expect that any such liability will have a material adverse effect on our financial position, operating results or cash flows. We believe that we have obtained adequate insurance coverage, rights to indemnification, or where appropriate, have established reserves in connection with these legal proceedings.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our Class A common stock is traded on NASDAQ under the symbol “CHCI”. The high and low per share closing sales prices of the Company’s stock for each quarter during the past two years were as follows:

High Low

Holders

As of December 31, 2020, there were approximately 37 record holders of our Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2020, there was 1 holder of our Class B common stock.

Dividend Policy

We have never declared or paid any dividends on our common stock. We do not anticipate paying any dividends on our common stock during the foreseeable future but intend to retain any earnings for future growth of our business.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

We did not repurchase any securities under our share repurchase program during the year ended December 31, 2020.

Recent Issues of Unregistered Securities

We did not issue any unregistered securities during the year ended December 31, 2020.

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Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Not Applicable.

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion and analysis contain forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors including, but not limited to, those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly under the heading “Cautionary Notes Regarding Forward-looking Statements.”

Overview

In early 2018, the Company transitioned its operating platform from being primarily focused on the development and sale of residential homes to our current fee-based services model focused on commercial and mixed-use real estate primarily in the greater Washington, D.C. region. We are a developer, operator, and asset manager of mixed-use and transit-oriented development properties in the greater Washington, D.C. metropolitan area where we primarily focus on select high-growth urban and transitioning “sub-urban” markets. We also provide additional fee-based real estate services, including corporate planning, capital markets, brokerage, title insurance, design, and environmental consulting and remediation services, to properties in the Company’s managed portfolio and to other clients in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Information regarding recent accounting pronouncements is contained in Note 2 in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“GAAP”), which require us to make certain estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. On an ongoing basis, we evaluate our estimates including those related to the consolidation of variable interest entities (“VIEs”), revenue recognition and the fair value of equity method investments. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates.

A summary of significant accounting policies is provided in Note 2 in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements. The following section is a summary of certain aspects of those accounting policies that require the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments and estimates.

Goodwill impairment

We test our goodwill for impairment on an annual basis, and more frequently when an event occurs, or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the asset may not be recoverable. We believe the methodology that we use, including both a discounted cash flow model as well as a market multiple model, to review impairment of goodwill, which includes a significant amount of judgment and estimates, provides us with a reasonable basis to determine whether impairment has occurred.

Investments in real estate ventures at fair value

For investments in real estate ventures reported at fair value, we maintain an investment account that is increased or decreased each reporting period by the difference between the fair value of the investment and the carrying value as of the balance sheet date. These fair value adjustments are reflected as gains or losses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of these investments as of the balance sheet date is generally determined using a Discounted Cash Flow (“DCF”) analysis, income approach, or sales comparable approach, depending on the unique characteristics of the real estate venture.

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Revenue recognition

Revenues generated through real estate professional services such as asset and property management, administrative support, environmental design, engineering and remediation represent a series of daily performance obligations delivered over time due to the continuous transfer of control to our clients. For asset and property management, pricing is generally in the form of monthly management fees based on a cost-plus agreement, percentage of property-level cash receipts, square footage under management or some other variable metric recognized over time. For Real Estate Services, pricing is generally in the form of cost-plus contracts recognized over time.

Equity-based compensation

Compensation costs related to our equity-based compensation plans are recognized within our income statement or capitalized to real estate inventories reported in discontinued operations for awards issued to employees that are involved in production. The costs recognized are based on the grant-date fair value. Compensation costs for share-based grants are recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award (from the date of grant through the period of the last separately vesting portion of the grant).

The fair value of each option award is calculated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model which includes certain subjective assumptions. Expected volatilities are calculated based on our historical trading activities. We recognize forfeitures as they occur. The risk-free rate for the periods is based on the U.S. Treasury rates in effect at the time of grant. The expected term of options is based on the Company’s historical experience.

Income taxes

Income taxes are accounted for under the asset and liability method in accordance with ASC 740, AccountingforIncomeTaxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax basis. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on the deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. We provide a valuation allowance when we consider it “more likely than not” (greater than a 50% probability) that a deferred income tax asset will not be fully recovered. Adjustments to the valuation allowance are a component of the deferred income tax expense or benefit in the Consolidated Statement of Operations.

Results of Operations

Year ended December 31, 2020 compared to year ended December 31, 2019

Revenue – asset management

Revenue from asset management for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $21.9 million and $19.6 million, respectively. The 11.8% year over year growth of $2.3 million in revenue was primarily due to increased headcount and other costs that are reimbursable from Comstock Development Services ("CDS") under the 2019 AMA and the other asset management agreements. The reimbursable costs are recognized as revenue in the period in which the related costs are incurred. The increased headcount and associated personnel costs are primarily attributable to the additional real estate assets being managed along with the additional management agreements year over year. Please see Note 2 - Summaryof Significant Accounting Policies for more information on the additional management agreements.

Revenue – real estate services

Revenue from real estate services for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $6.8 million and $5.7 million, respectively. The 19.1% increase of $1.1 million is primarily attributable to continued organic revenue growth within our Comstock Environmental business, partially offset by a decrease in closing financing transactions which generated incremental revenue of $0.6 million and $1.1 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Direct costs – asset management

Direct costs – asset management for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $18.4 million and $16.6 million, respectively. This 11.4% increase of $1.9 million was primarily related to increased personnel expense from headcount increases as well as from the continued growth of our asset management operations.

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Direct costs – real estate services

Direct costs – real estate services decreased by $0.5 million to $4.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2020, as compared to $4.6 million during the year ended December 31, 2019. The decrease is primarily due to the recognition of $419 thousand in direct costs related to the real estate services segment from the Paycheck Protection Program Loan ("PPP Loan") as a government grant. Please see Note 9 - CARES Act for more information on the PPP Loan and the Paycheck Protection Program ("PPP").The grant was recognized during the covered period of the PPP Loan in the second quarter of 2020 as the related payroll costs were incurred, and the Company has complied with the forgiveness conditions attached to the PPP Loan.

General and administrative

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2020 increased $1.5 million to $3.0 million, as compared to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The year-over-year increase is attributable to increases in employee headcount and general overhead increases associated with the increased headcount. General overhead costs include such items as software expense and non-capitalized computer expenses.

Sales and marketing

Sales and marketing expenses was $661.0 thousand and $383.0 thousand for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. The increase is attributable to increased sales development programs launched by our Environmental business unit to grow the business. The increase in sale development costs has helped drive our 19.1%$1.1 million increase in real estate services revenue year over year.

Interest expense

For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 non-capitalized interest expense was $379.0 thousand and $474.0 thousand, respectively. This was a decrease of 20.0%. The $95.0 thousand decrease was primarily related to the retiring of the Comstock Growth Fund loan in 2020 that carried a higher interest rate than the CDS Note, partially offset by the April 30, 2019 Master Transfer Agreement (“MTA”). Prior to the MTA certain interest expense was capitalized to homebuilding projects and expensed when the projects were sold. After the MTA this interest expense is no longer capitalized into homebuilding projects but expensed as incurred.

Income taxes

During the year ended December 31, 2020, the Company recognized an income tax expense related to continuing operations of $25.0 thousand. During the year ended December 31, 2019, the Company recognized an income tax expense related to continuing operations of $2.0 thousand. The de minimis income tax expense in both years is primarily attributable to state tax obligations which our federal and state NOLs cannot offset.

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Loss from discontinued operations

On April 30, 2019, the Company entered into the Master Transfer Agreement ("MTA") that sets forth certain transactions to complete the Company’s previously announced exit from the homebuilding and land development business in favor of a migration to an asset management model. Refer to Note 13 – Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities

for further discussion regarding the accounting related to discontinued operations. The operating results of the discontinued operations that are reflected on the Consolidated Statement of Operations within the net loss from discontinued operations are as follows:

Revenues

Revenue—homebuilding $ 14,919

Expenses

Cost of sales—homebuilding 14,901

Sales and marketing 270

General and administrative 21

Operating loss (273)

Income tax benefit (15)

Net loss from discontinued operations (258)

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests 313

Net loss attributable to Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. $ (571)

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We finance our Asset Management and Real Estate Services operations, capital expenditures, and business acquisitions with internally generated funds, borrowings from our credit facilities and long-term debt. Pursuant to the Master Transfer Agreement (the "MTA"), the Company transferred to CDS management of its Class A membership interests in Investors X, the entity owning the Company’s residual homebuilding operations in exchange for residual cash flows. The associated debt obligations were also transferred to CDS. See Note 8 in the accompanying consolidated financial statements for more details on our debt and credit facilities.

On March 19, 2020, the Company entered into a Revolving Capital Line of Credit Agreement (the “Loan Documents”) with CDS, pursuant to which the Company secured a $10.0 million capital line of credit (the “Revolver”). Under the terms of the Loan Documents, the Revolver provides for an initial variable interest rate of the WSJ Prime Rate plus 1.00% per annum on advances made under the Revolver, payable monthly in arrears. The five-year term facility allows for interim draws that carry a maturity date of 12 months from the initial date of the disbursement unless a longer initial term is agreed to by CDS. On March 27, 2020 the Company borrowed $5.5 million under the Revolver. The $5.5 million borrowing has a maturity date of April 30, 2023. On April 10, 2020, the capital provided to the Company by the Revolver was utilized to retire all of the Company’s 10% corporate indebtedness maturing in 2020 owed to Comstock Growth Fund, L.C.

On April 20, 2020, the Company was granted the PPP Loan in the aggregate amount of $1.95 million pursuant to the PPP under the CARES Act, which was enacted March 27, 2020. Under the terms of the PPP, PPP loans and accrued interest are forgivable after twenty-four weeks as long as the borrower uses the loan proceeds for eligible purposes, including payroll, benefits, rent and utilities, and maintains its payroll levels. The amount of loan forgiveness will be reduced if the borrower terminates employees or reduces salaries during the forgiveness period.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company had used the entire loan proceeds to fund its payroll and rent expenses. As a result, the Company believes that it has met the PPP eligibility criteria for forgiveness and has concluded that the loan represents, in substance, a government grant that is expected to be forgiven. As such, in accordance with IAS 20 “Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance”, the Company has recognized the entire loan amount as a reduction to the associated expenses as at December 31, 2020.

The Company does not anticipate taking any action that would cause any portion of the PPP Loan to be ineligible for forgiveness. However, to the extent that any amount is deemed unforgivable, such amount is payable over 2 to 5 years at an interest rate of 1%, with a deferral of payments for the first 6 months.

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Cash Flow

Net cash provided by operating activities was $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. The $3.4 million net cash provided by operations in 2020 was primarily due to $2.1 million of net income generated during the year. Net cash provided by operating activities was $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2019. The $8.4 million net cash provided by operations in 2019 was primarily due to $7.8 million in cash provided by discontinued operations.

Net cash used in investing activities was $1.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This was primarily attributable to the purchase of fixed assets for the new headquarters lease. Net cash used in investing activities attributable to continuing operations was immaterial for the years ended December 31, 2019.

Net cash used in financing activities was $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2020. This was primarily attributable to the retirement of debt partially offset by proceeds under the Revolver of $5.5 million. Net cash used in financing activities was immaterial for the year ended December 31, 2019. Net cash used in financing activities from discontinued operations was $6.0 million primarily as a result of note payoff related to each lot or unit sale in the Investors X communities.

Share Repurchase Program

In November 2014, our board of directors approved a new share repurchase program authorizing the Company to repurchase up to 429,000 shares of our Class A common stock in one or more open market or privately negotiated transactions. We made no share repurchases under our share repurchase program in 2020 or 2019.

Trends and Uncertainties

In December 2019, a novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) surfaced in Wuhan, China. Through March 2021, the spread of this virus has caused business disruption primarily in the travel, leisure and hospitality industries and with respect to companies that have significant operations or supply chains in China. The spread of COVID-19 has also caused significant volatility in U.S. and international debt and equity markets, which can negatively impact consumer confidence. There is significant uncertainty around the breadth and duration of business disruptions related to COVID-19, as well as its impact on the U.S. economy and consumer confidence. The extent to which COVID-19 impacts our results will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity of COVID-19 and the actions taken to contain it or treat its impact. While we have not seen a significant impact on our business resulting from COVID-19 to date, if the virus continues to cause significant negative impacts to economic conditions or consumer confidence, our results of operations and financial condition could be adversely impacted.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Not applicable.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Reference is made to the Consolidated Financial Statements, the notes thereto, and the report thereon, commencing on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), as of December 31, 2020. Disclosure controls and procedures are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the rules and forms of the SEC and that such information is accumulated and communicated to management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as

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appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based on this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2020.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over our financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act.

We conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2020 based on the Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this evaluation, management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2020. Our management determined that, as of December 31, 2020, our internal control over financial reporting is effective.

Limitations on the Effectiveness of Controls

We do not expect that our disclosure controls and internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only assurance, at the reasonable assurance level, that the objectives of the control system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

The design of any system of controls also is based in part upon certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions; over time, a control may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and may not be detected.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

No change has occurred in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) during our last fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2020, that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

The certifications of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) are filed with this Annual Report on Form 10-K as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2. The certifications of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C.1350 are furnished with this Annual Report on Form 10-K as Exhibit 32.1.

Item 9B. Other Information

None.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the definitive Proxy Statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A of the Exchange Act for our 2021 Annual Meeting of Stockholders or an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a) The following documents are filed as part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

(1)Consolidated Financial Statements are listed in the Index to Financial Statements on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(2)Schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or because the information required to be set forth therein is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or notes thereto.

(3)Exhibits

ExhibitNumber Exhibit

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21.1* List of subsidiaries

23.1* Consent of BDO USA, LLP

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23.2* Consent of Grant Thornton, LLP

* Filed herewith.

+ Management contracts or compensatory plans, contracts or arrangements

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC.

Date: March 31, 2021 By: /s/ Christopher Clemente

Christopher ClementeChairman and Chief Executive Officer

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the date indicated.

Signature Capacity Date

/s/ Christopher Clemente Chairman of the Board of Directors and March 31, 2021

Christopher Clemente Chief Executive Officer (Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Christopher Guthrie Chief Financial Officer March 31, 2021

/s/ David Guernsey Director March 31, 2021

David M. Guernsey

/s/ James MacCutcheon Director March 31, 2021

James A. MacCutcheon

/s/ Robert Pincus Director March 31, 2021

Robert P. Pincus

/s/ Socrates Verses Director March 31, 2021

Socrates Verses

/s/ Joseph Squeri Director March 31, 2021

Joseph M. Squeri

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Page

COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firms F-4

Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2020 and 2019 F-5

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-9

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Comstock Holding Companies, Inc.

Opinion on the financial statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2020, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes(collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Companyas of December 31, 2020, and the results of itsoperations and itscash flows for the year ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates

Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities

As discussed in Notes 4 and 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company holds an equity investment in Comstock Investors X, L.C. (“Investors X”) and accounts for its investment as an unconsolidated variable interest entity (“VIE”) under the equity method. To reach its accounting conclusion, the Company evaluates whether it holds a controlling financial interest in Investors X. A controlling financial interest is defined as (a) the power to direct the activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the VIE's economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. We identified the assessment of the primary beneficiaries of Investors X as a critical audit matter.

The principal consideration that the assessment of the primary beneficiaries of Investors X is a critical audit matter is that auditing the Company’s determination of whether it has power required significant auditor judgment to evaluate both the activities of the investee that most significantly impact the investee’s economics and the distribution of the power among the members of Investors X through governing documents and related service agreements that ultimately determine the outcome of such activities. The Company’s determination that it does not have the power to direct the significant activities impacting each of the investees’ economic performance (“power”) is key to its determination that it is not the primary beneficiary of Investors X and does not have to consolidate the entity.

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Our audit procedures related to the assessment of the primary beneficiary of Investors X included the following, among others:

•We read the Investors X governing documents (including related service agreements) and underlying financial information and made inquiries with management to obtain a detailed understanding of the entity and its operations.

•We compared the key facts included in management's analysis to the governing documents and the Company's interests in Investors X.

•We evaluated whether the Company’s conclusion that Investors X met the criteria of a VIE was appropriate and in accordance with relevant accounting guidance.

•Through consultation with our national office, we evaluated whether the Company's assessment effectively identified the primary beneficiary of Investors X through an analysis of the significant activities of Investors X and which parties hold the power to direct those significant activities and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from Investors X, in accordance with relevant accounting guidance.

•We considered the evidence obtained in other areas of the audit to determine if there were reconsideration events that had not been identified by the Company, including, among others, reading board minutes and confirming the terms of certain agreements, if any.

/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.

Arlington, Virginia

March 31, 2021

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Stockholders and Board of Directors

Comstock Holding Companies, Inc.

Reston, Virginia

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audit we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2016 to 2019.

Potomac, Maryland

April 14, 2020

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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

ASSETS

Current assets:

Cash and cash equivalents $ 7,032 $ 3,511

Trade receivables - related parties 3,598 3,644

Prepaid and other assets, net 242 274

Equity method investments at fair value 6,307 8,421

Operating lease right-of-use assets 7,914 114

Intangible assets, net 36 103

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Current liabilities:

Short term operating lease liabilities 569 —

Short term notes payable - due to affiliates, net of discount — 5,706

Short term notes payable 5 77

Long term notes payable - due to affiliates 5,500 —

Long term notes payable, net of deferred financing charges — 1,212

Long term operating lease liabilities, net of current portion 7,361 61

Commitments and contingencies (Note 10)

STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Treasury stock, at cost (85,570 shares Class A common stock) (2,662) (2,662)

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY $ 28,579 $ 19,933

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

For the years ended December 31,

Revenue

Operating expenses

Direct costs - real estate services 4,097 4,611

Income before income tax expense 2,300 2,026

Income tax expense (25) (2)

Loss on equity method investments carried at fair value (193) (560)

Net income from continuing operations 2,082 1,464

Net loss from discontinued operations, net of tax — (571)

Income per share from continuing operations

Basic net income per share $ 0.26 $ 0.22

Diluted net income per share $ 0.24 $ 0.22

Loss per share from discontinued operations

Basic net loss per share $ — $ (0.09)

Diluted net loss per share $ — $ (0.09)

Income per share

Basic net income per share $ 0.26 $ 0.13

Diluted net income per share $ 0.24 $ 0.13

Basic weighted average shares outstanding 8,056 6,617

Diluted weighted average shares outstanding 8,539 6,799

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

Shares Amount Shares Amount Shares Amount

Stock compensation and issuances — — 71 1 — — 509 — — — 510

Accrued Liability settled through issuance of stock — — 63 — — — 141 — — — 141

Series C conversion of non-controlling interest 641 (428) — — — — — — — (428)

Gain on deconsolidation of discontinued operations — — — — — — 682 — — — 682

Stock compensation and issuances — — 107 1 — — 776 — — — 777

Accrued Liability settled through issuance of stock — — 30 — — — 68 — — — 68

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data)

For the years ended December 31,

Cash flows from operating activities:

Adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities

Amortization of loan discount, loan commitment and deferred financing fees 27 84

Amortization expense 67 67

Earnings from unconsolidated joint venture, net of distributions 96 50

Stock-based compensation 777 479

Loss on equity method investments carried at fair value 193 560

Distributions from equity method investments carried at fair value 103 —

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Trade receivables - related party 46 (694)

Deferred revenue — (1,875)

Prepaid and other assets (64) 11

Lease liabilities 69 —

Accrued liabilities 866 72

Net cash provided by operating activities of discontinued operations — 7,793

Net cash provided by operating activities 3,436 8,394

Cash flows from investing activities:

Contributions to equity method investments carried at fair value — (1,200)

Distributions from equity method investments carried at fair value 1,818 1,525

Purchase of fixed assets (147) (207)

Principal received on note receivable — 27

Net cash provided by investing activities 1,671 145

Cash flows from financing activities:

Proceeds from notes payable 5,554 —

Payments on notes payable (7,071) (228)

Loan financing costs — (28)

Proceeds from exercise of warrants — 360

Taxes paid related to net share settlement of equity awards (69) (35)

Net cash used in financing activities from discontinued operations — (5,951)

Net cash used in financing activities (1,586) (5,882)

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents 3,521 2,657

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 3,511 854

Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 7,032 $ 3,511

Supplemental cash flow information:

Interest paid, net of interest capitalized $ 397 $ 420

Income taxes paid $ — $ —

Supplemental disclosure for non-cash activity:

Accrued liability settled through issuance of stock $ 68 $ 141

Conversion of noncontrolling interest to CHCI equity $ — $ 16,019

Gain on deconsolidation of Investors X recorded in APIC $ — $ 682

Increase in operating lease right-of-use assets $ 8,023 $ 170

Issuance of stock in lieu of interest due $ — $ 66

Gain on early extinguishment of debt $ 50 $ —

PPP Loan proceeds received $ 1,954 $ —

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these Consolidated Financial Statements.

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COMSTOCK HOLDING COMPANIES, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Amounts in thousands, except per share data, number of units, or as otherwise noted)

1. ORGANIZATION

Comstock Holding Companies, Inc., incorporated in 2004 as a Delaware corporation, is a multi-faceted asset management and services company primarily focused in the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Statistical Area. In 2018, the Company made a strategic decision to transform its operating platform from being primarily focused on developing on-balance sheet, for-sale, homebuilding projects to being focused on commercial and residential asset management and real estate related services. On April 30, 2019 the Company announced the exit from the homebuilding business. The Company now operates through five primarily real estate focused subsidiaries – CDS Asset Management, LC (“CAM”), Comstock Residential Management, LC, Comstock Commercial Management, LC, Park X Management, LC and Comstock Environmental Services, LC (“CES”). See Note 21 - Subsequent Events for entity name changes that occurred on February 18, 2021. The Company’s homebuilding operations are presented in Discontinued Operations (see Note 19 – Discontinued Operations). References in these Consolidated Financial Statements to “Comstock,” “Company”, “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Comstock Holding Companies, Inc. together in each case with our subsidiaries unless the context suggests otherwise.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

A summary of the significant accounting policies and practices used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements is as follows:

Basis of presentation

The accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated. Investments in real estate ventures over which we exercise significant influence, but do not control, are accounted for either at fair value or under the equity method.

When applying principles of consolidation, we begin by determining whether an investee entity is a variable interest entity ("VIE") or a voting interest entity. U.S. GAAP draws a distinction between voting interest entities, which are embodied by common and traditional corporate and certain partnership structures, and VIEs, broadly defined as entities for which control is achieved through means other than voting rights. For voting interest entities, the interest holder with control through majority ownership and majority voting rights consolidates the entity. For VIEs, determination of the "primary beneficiary" dictates the accounting treatment. We identify the primary beneficiary of a VIE as the enterprise having both (i) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and (ii) the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits of the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. We perform the primary beneficiary analysis as of the inception of our investment and upon the occurrence of a reconsideration event. When we determine we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consolidate the VIE; when we determine we are not the primary beneficiary of the VIE, we account for our investment in the VIE at fair value or under the equity method, based upon an election made at the time of investment.

Our determination of the appropriate accounting method to apply for unconsolidated investments is based on the level of influence we have in the underlying entity. When we have an asset management or property management contract with a real estate limited partnership in which we also hold an ownership interest, the combination of our limited partner interest and the management agreement generally provides us with significant influence over such real estate limited partnership. Accordingly, we account for such investments either at fair value or under the equity method. We eliminate transactions with such subsidiaries to the extent of our ownership in such subsidiaries.

Use of estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates are utilized, including but not limited to, the valuation of equity method investments, valuation of deferred tax assets, analysis of goodwill impairment, and valuation of equity-based compensation.

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Discontinued Operations

On July 23, 2019 the Company completed the transfer of Investors X subject to the Master Transfer Agreement (“MTA”). For the year ended December 31, 2019, we classified revenues and expenses related to Investors X into discontinued operations on the Consolidated Statement of Operations and the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. See Note 19 – Discontinued Operations.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents are comprised of cash and short-term investments with maturities of three months or less when purchased. The carrying amount of cash equivalents approximates fair value due to the short-term maturity of these investments. The Company maintains cash and cash equivalents in financial institutions that at times exceeds federally insured limits. Management believes that the Company’s credit risk exposure is mitigated by the financial strength of the banking institution in which the deposits are held. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $5.3 million in U.S. bank accounts which were not fully insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

Trade Receivables and Concentration of Credit Risk

Trade receivables are recorded at the amount invoiced. We reduce accounts receivable by estimating an allowance for amounts that may become uncollectible in the future. Management determines the estimated allowance for uncollectible amounts based on their judgements in evaluating the aging of the receivables and the financial condition of our clients, which may be dependent on the type of client and the client’s current financial condition.

The Company does significant business with related party entities. Financial instruments that subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of related party receivables. The Company generally does not obtain collateral or other security to support financial instruments subject to credit risk, but monitors the credit standing of related party entities. The Company derives a substantial portion of its revenues from various related party entities; with related party entities accounting for 79% of the Company’s total consolidated revenues in 2020.

See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions for more information.

Investments in real estate ventures

We invest in certain real estate ventures that primarily own and operate real estate in two sectors, land development and commercial office. These investments take the form of equity ownership interests and, based upon investment-specific objectives, have included three to seven year planned investment periods. Our investments in real estate ventures are not redeemable until the disposition of the underlying real estate investment. We have elected to account for these equity method investments using the fair value option.

For investments in real estate ventures reported at fair value, we maintain an investment account that is increased or decreased each reporting period by the difference between the fair value of the investment and the carrying value as of the balance sheet date. These fair value adjustments are reflected as gains or losses on the Consolidated Statements of Operations. The fair value of these investments as of the balance sheet date is generally determined using a Discounted Cash Flow (“DCF”) analysis, based upon unobservable inputs in the fair value hierarchy.

See Note 4 - Equity Method Investments in Real Estate Ventures Carried at Fair Value for additional information on Investments in real estate ventures.

Fixed assets, net

Fixed assets are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation and are depreciated on the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives as follows:

Leasehold improvements Shorter of asset life or related lease term

Furniture and fixtures 7 years

Office equipment 5 years

Vehicles 3 years

Computer equipment 3 years

Capitalized software 3 years

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Leases

Our operating leases are related to office space we lease in various buildings for our own use. The terms of these non-cancelable operating leases typically require us to pay rent and a share of operating expenses and real estate taxes, generally with an inflation-based rent increase included. Our lease agreements do not contain any material residual value guarantees or material restrictive covenants.

Operating lease right-of-use assets and operating lease liabilities are recognized based on the present value of the future minimum lease payments (e.g. rent) over the lease term beginning at the commencement date. The Operating lease right-of-use assets are adjusted for lease incentives, deferred rent, and initial direct costs, if incurred. Our leases generally do not include an implicit rate; therefore, we use an incremental borrowing rate based on information available at the lease commencement date in determining the present value of future minimum lease payments. The related lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

See Note 6 – Leases for more information.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the aggregate purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired in a business acquisition. Following an acquisition, we perform an analysis to value the acquired company’s tangible and identifiable intangible assets and liabilities. With respect to identifiable intangible assets, we consider backlog, non-compete agreements, client relationships, trade names, patents and other assets. We amortize our intangible assets based on the period over which the contractual or economic benefits of the intangible assets are expected to be realized. We assess the recoverability of the unamortized balance of our intangible assets when indicators of impairment are present based on expected future profitability and undiscounted expected cash flows and their contribution to our overall operations. Should the review indicate that the carrying value is not fully recoverable, the excess of the carrying value over the fair value of the intangible assets would be recognized as an impairment loss.

We perform our annual goodwill impairment review during our fourth quarter as of October 1. In addition, we regularly evaluate whether events and circumstances have occurred that may indicate a potential change in recoverability of goodwill. We perform interim goodwill impairment reviews between our annual reviews if certain events and circumstances have occurred, including a deterioration in general economic conditions, an increased competitive environment, a change in management, key personnel, strategy or customers, significant or unusual changes in market capitalization, negative or declining cash flows, or a decline in actual or planned revenue or earnings compared with actual and projected results of relevant prior periods.

When assessing goodwill for impairment, the Company may first assess qualitative factors to evaluate whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than it’s carrying amount or elect to bypass such assessment. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than it’s carrying value, or the Company elects to bypass such assessment, the Company then determines the fair value of each reporting unit. The estimate of the fair value of each reporting unit is based on a projected discounted cash flow model that includes significant assumptions and estimates including the Company's discount rate, growth rate and future financial performance as well as a market multiple model based upon similar transactions in the market. Assumptions about the discount rate are based on a weighted average cost of capital built up from various interest rate components applicable to the Company. Assumptions about the growth rate and future financial performance of a reporting unit are based on the Company's forecasts, business plans, economic projections and anticipated future cash flows. Market multiples are derived from recent transactions among businesses of a similar size and industry. The fair value of each reporting unit is compared to the carrying amount of the reporting unit. If the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds the fair value, then an impairment loss is recognized for the difference

Debt Issuance Costs

Costs incurred in connection with the issuance of long-term debt are deferred and amortized as interest expense over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method for term debt and on a straight-line basis for revolving debt. To the extent that debt is outstanding, these amounts are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as direct deductions of debt and as assets for costs related to revolving debt. See Note 8 for additional information on the Company's long-term debt and related debt issuance costs.

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Revenue recognition

The Company’s revenues consist primarily of

•Asset Management;

•Property Management;

•Capital Markets;

•Leasing;

•Project & Development Services; and

•Environmental Remediation

Asset Management

Asset Management primarily provides comprehensive real estate asset management services to the CDS portfolio, representing a series of daily performance obligations delivered over time. Pricing includes a cost-plus management fee or a market-rate fee form of variable consideration. The Company earns whichever is higher. See Note 14 – Related Party Transactions.

The amount of revenue recognized is presented gross for any services provided by our employees, as we control them. This is evidenced by our obligation for their performance and our ability to direct and redirect their work, as well as negotiate the value of such services. In the instances where we do not control third-party services delivered to the client, we report revenues net of the third-party reimbursements. Consistent with the transfer of control for distinct, daily services to the customer, revenue is typically recognized at the end of each period for the fees associated with the services performed.

Property Management

Property Management provides on-site day-to-day management services for owners of office, industrial, retail, multifamily residential and various other types of properties, representing a series of daily performance obligations delivered over time. Pricing is generally in the form of a monthly management fee based upon property-level cash receipts, square footage under management or some other variable metric. Revenues from project management may also include reimbursement of payroll and related costs for personnel providing the services and subcontracted vendor costs. Project management services represent a series of distinct daily services rendered over time. Consistent with the transfer of control for distinct, daily services to the customer, revenue is typically recognized at the end of each period for the fees associated with the services performed.

The amount of revenue recognized is presented gross for any services provided by our employees, as we control them. This is evidenced by our obligation for their performance and our ability to direct and redirect their work, as well as negotiate the value of such services. In the instances where we do not control third-party services delivered to the client, we report revenues net of the third-party reimbursements.

Capital Markets

We offer clients commercial mortgage and structured financing services. We are compensated for our services via a fee paid upon successful commercial financing from third party lenders. The fee earned is contingent upon the funding of the loan, which represents the transfer of control for services to the customer. Therefore, we typically satisfy our performance obligation at the point in time of the funding of the loan, when there is a present right to payment.

Leasing

We provide strategic advice and execution for owners, investors, and occupiers of real estate in connection with the leasing of office, industrial and retail space. We are compensated for our services in the form of a commission. Our commission is paid upon signing of the lease by the tenant. We satisfy our performance obligation at a point in time; generally, at the time of the contractual event where there is a present right to payment.

Project & Development Services

We provide project and construction management services for owners and occupiers of real estate in connection with the management and leasing of office, industrial and retail space. The fees that we earn are typically variable based upon a percentage of project cost. We are compensated for our services in the form management fees. Project and construction management services represent a series of performance obligations delivered over time and revenue is recognized over time.

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