CARV · Read the filing

ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS.

The material risks that management believes affect the Company are described below. You should carefully consider the risks as described below, together with all of the information included herein. The risks described below are not the only risks the Company faces. Additional risks not presently known also may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Lending Activities

Our loan portfolio exhibits a high degree of risk.

We have a significant amount of commercial real estate loans that have a higher risk of default and loss than single-family residential mortgage loans. Commercial real estate loans amount to $178.3 million, or 29.1% of our loan portfolio at March 31, 2025. Commercial real estate loans generally are considered to involve a higher degree of risk due to a variety of factors, including generally larger loan balances and loan terms which often do not require full amortization of the loan over its term and, instead, provide for a balloon payment at the stated maturity date. Repayment of commercial real estate loans generally is dependent on income being generated by the rental property or underlying business in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses and debt service. Failure to adequately underwrite and monitor these loans may result in significant losses to Carver Federal.

The allowance for credit losses could be insufficient to cover Carver's actual loan losses.

We make various assumptions and judgments about the collectability of our loan portfolio, including the creditworthiness of our borrowers and the value of the real estate and other assets serving as collateral for the repayment of many of our loans. If our assumptions are incorrect, our allowance for credit losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, resulting in additions to our allowance. Material additions to the allowance would materially decrease net income.

In addition, the OCC periodically reviews the allowance for credit losses and may require us to increase our provision for credit losses or recognize further loan charge-offs. A material increase in the allowance for credit losses or loan charge-offs as required by the regulatory authorities would have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial condition and results of operations. Moreover, additions to the allowance may be necessary based on changes in economic and real estate market conditions, new information regarding existing loans and leases, identification of additional impaired loans and leases and other factors, both within and outside of our control. Additions to the allowance could have a negative impact on our results of operations.

Risks Related to Laws and Regulation and Their Enforcement

Failure to comply with the Formal Agreement could adversely affect our business.

In May 2025, the Bank entered into the Formal Agreement with the OCC. The Formal Agreement requires the Bank to, among other things: establish a Compliance Committee of its Board of Directors to specifically monitor and oversee the Bank's compliance with the Formal Agreement. This Committee has already been established and is actively underway. The Formal Agreement also requires the Bank to prepare a three-year strategic plan for the OCC's review, with such strategic plan to establish objectives specifically focusing on the Bank's earnings performance that will include measures for growth, capital, liquidity and balance sheet mix. Finally, the Formal Agreement requires the Bank to prepare an earnings program for the OCC's review designed to improve and sustain the earnings of the Bank. Failure to comply with the Formal Agreement could result in additional supervisory and enforcement actions against the Bank, its directors, or senior executive officers, including the issuance of a cease and desist order or the imposition of civil money penalties.

Any regulatory examination scrutiny or new regulatory requirements arising from the recent events in the banking industry could increase the Company’s expenses and affect the Company’s operations.

The Company anticipates increased regulatory scrutiny, in the course of routine examinations and otherwise, and new regulations directed towards banks, all of which may increase the Company’s costs of doing business and reduce its profitability. Among other things, there may be an increased focus by both regulators and investors on deposit composition and the level of uninsured deposits. As a result, the Bank could face increased scrutiny by regulators and the investor community.

Carver is subject to more stringent capital requirements, which may adversely impact the Company's return on equity, or constrain it from paying dividends or repurchasing shares.

Federal regulations require federally insured depository institutions to meet several minimum capital standards: a common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 4.5%, a Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets ratio of 6.0%, a total capital to risk-based assets of 8.0%, and a 4.0% Tier 1 capital to total assets leverage ratio. In addition to establishing the minimum regulatory capital requirements, the regulations limit capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments to management personnel if the institution does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier

1 capital to risk-weighted assets above the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. Regardless of the federal regulatory minimum requirements, Carver was issued an Individual Minimum Capital Ratio ("IMCR") letter by the OCC, which requires the Bank to maintain minimum regulatory capital levels of 9% for its Tier 1 leverage ratio and 12% for its total risk-based capital ratio. At March 31, 2025, the Bank's capital level exceeded the regulatory requirements to be considered "well capitalized," but did not meet its IMCR requirements. The Tier 1 leverage ratio was 8.70%, below the 9% IMCR requirement, and the total risk-based capital ratio was 11.56%, below the 12% IMCR requirement. The Bank is working on taking appropriate actions with the goal of achieving the IMCR targets. The application of these capital requirements, including the higher IMCR requirements, could, among other things, result in lower returns on equity, result in regulatory actions if we are unable to comply with such requirements and could limit the Bank's ability to pay dividends to the Company.

There can be no assurance that our regulator will approve payment of our deferred interest on our outstanding trust preferred securities.

Carver is a unitary savings and loan association holding company regulated by the FRB and almost all of its operating assets are owned by Carver Federal. Carver relies, in part, on dividends from the Bank to pay cash dividends to its stockholders, and to engage in share repurchase programs. Under the Formal Agreement, the OCC will monitor all capital distributions, including dividend payments, by the Bank to the Company, and the FRB regulates dividends paid by the Company. As the subsidiary of a savings and loan association holding company, Carver Federal must file a notice or an application (depending on the proposed dividend amount) with the OCC (and a notice with the FRB) prior to the declaration of each capital distribution. The OCC will disallow any proposed dividend, for among other reasons, that would result in the Bank’s failure to meet the OCC minimum capital requirements. Carver has suspended its regular quarterly cash dividend on its common stock. There are no assurances that dividend payments to the Company will resume.

Debenture interest payments on the Carver Statutory Trust I capital securities are subject to prior approval from the Federal Reserve Bank. A streamlined process has been developed for the Company to request regulatory approval to make debenture interest payments, although there is no assurance that the Federal Reserve Bank will continue to approve such quarterly payments. All quarterly payments up to and including the March 2025 payment were made. The Company deferred the interest payment due June 17, 2025 in order to manage liquidity.

The Company and the Bankoperate in a highly regulated industry, which limits the manner and scope of business activities.

Carver Federalis subject to extensive supervision, regulation and examination by the OCC, as the Bank's chartering authority and, to a lesser extent, by the FDIC, as insurer of its deposits. The Company is subject to extensive supervision, regulation and examination by the FRB, as regulator of the holding company. As a result, Carver Federal and the Company are limited in the manner in which Carver Federal and the Company conducts its business, undertakes new investments and activities and obtains financing. This regulatory structure is designed primarily for the protection of the deposit insurance funds and depositors, and not to benefit the Company's stockholders. This regulatory structure also gives the regulatory authorities extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities and examination policies, including policies with respect to capital levels, the timing and amount of dividend payments, the classification of assets and the establishment of adequate loan loss reserves for regulatory purposes. In addition, Carver Federal must comply with significant anti-money laundering and anti-terrorism laws. Government agencies have substantial discretion to impose significant monetary penalties on institutions which fail to comply with these laws.

The Dodd-Frank Act requires publicly traded companies to give stockholders a non-binding vote on executive compensation and so-called “golden parachute” payments. It also provides that the listing standards of the national securities exchanges shall require listed companies to implement and disclose “clawback” policies mandating the recovery of incentive compensation paid to executive officers in connection with accounting restatements.

The Financial Accounting Standards Board, the SEC and other regulatory entities, periodically change the financial accounting and reporting guidance that governs the preparation of the Company's consolidated financial statements. These changes can be difficult to predict and can materially impact how the Company records and reports its financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, the Company could be required to apply new or revised guidance retroactively.

Risks Related to the Economic Conditions

Carver's results of operations are affected by economic conditions in the New York metropolitan area.

At March 31, 2025, a significant majority of the Bank's lending portfolio was concentrated in the New York metropolitan area. As a result of this geographic concentration, Carver's results of operations are largely dependent on economic conditions in this area. Decreases in real estate values could adversely affect the value of property used as collateral for loans to our borrowers. Adverse changes in the economy caused by inflation, recession, unemployment, state or local real estate laws and regulations or other factors beyond the Bank's control may also continue to have a negative effect on the ability of borrowers to make timely mortgage or business loan payments, which would have an adverse impact on earnings.

The soundness of other financial institutions could negatively affect us.

Our ability to engage in routine funding transactions could be adversely affected by the actions and commercial soundness of other financial institutions. Financial services institutions are interrelated as a result of trading, clearing, counterparty, or other relationships. As a result, defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, one or more financial services institutions, or the financial services industry generally, have led to market-wide liquidity problems and could lead to losses or defaults by us or by other institutions. Many of these transactions expose us to credit risk in the event of default of our counterparty or client. In addition, our credit risk may be exacerbated when the collateral held by us cannot be realized upon or is liquidated at prices not sufficient to recover the full amount of the financial instrument exposure due us. There is no assurance that any such losses would not materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

Risks Related to Market Interest Rates

Changes in interest rates may adversely affect our profitability and financial condition.

We derive our income mainly from the difference or “spread” between the interest earned on loans, securities and other interest-earning assets and interest paid on deposits, borrowings and other interest-bearing liabilities. In general, the larger the spread, the more we earn. When market rates of interest change, the interest we receive on our assets and the interest we pay on our liabilities will fluctuate. This can cause decreases in our spread and can adversely affect our income. From an interest rate risk perspective, for many years the Company was asset sensitive, which indicated that assets were generally re-pricing faster than liabilities. For the past few years, Carver has been liability sensitive, which indicates that liabilities generally re-price faster than assets. In a rising rate environment, liability sensitivity is not preferable as it results in a reduction to our net interest margin.

Inflationary pressure appears to have decreased, but rates remain high. The target interest rate range had been held steady at its highest point between 5.25% to 5.5%, since July 2023, until the Federal Reserve lowered the rates by 50 basis points in September 2024, easing monetary policy for the first time since regular increases began in March 2022. The Federal Reserve approved two additional cuts in November and December 2024, lowering the overnight borrowing rate to a range between 4.25% to 4.5%, but has left interest rates unchanged since its January 2025 meeting.

Interest rates also affect how much money we lend. For example, when interest rates rise, the cost of borrowing increases and loan originations tend to decrease. A rising rate environment can also negatively impact the Company if the higher debt service costs on adjustable-rate loans lead to borrowers' inability to pay contractual obligations. In addition, changes in interest rates can affect the average life of loans and securities. For example, a reduction in interest rates generally results in increased prepayments of loans and mortgage-backed securities, as borrowers refinance their debt in order to reduce their borrowing cost. This causes reinvestment risk, because we generally are not able to reinvest prepayments at rates that are comparable to the rates we earned on the prepaid loans or securities in a declining rate environment.

Changes in market interest rates also impact the value of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. In particular, the unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale are reported, net of taxes, as accumulated other comprehensive income which is a component of stockholders’ equity. Consequently, declines in the fair value of these instruments resulting from changes in market interest rates may adversely affect stockholders’ equity.

Rising interest rates have decreased the value of the Company’s held-to-maturity securities portfolio, and the Company would realize losses if it were required to sell such securities to meet liquidity needs.

While inflationary pressure appears to have decreased, interest rates remain high and the trading value of previously issued government and other fixed income securities has declined significantly. These securities make up a majority of the

securities portfolio of most banks in the U.S., including a significant portion of the Company’s, resulting in unrealized losses embedded in the U.S. banks’ securities portfolios. While the Company does not currently intend to sell these securities, if the Company were required to sell such securities to meet liquidity needs, it may incur losses, which could impair the Company’s capital, financial condition, and results of operations and require the Company to raise additional capital on unfavorable terms, thereby negatively impacting its profitability. While the Company has taken actions to maximize its funding sources, there is no guarantee that such actions will be successful or sufficient in the event of sudden liquidity needs.

Risks Related to the Bank's Operations

Failure to maintain effective systems of internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operation and financial condition.

Effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures are necessary for the Company to provide reliable financial reports and effectively prevent fraud, and to operate successfully as a public company. If the Company cannot provide reliable financial reports or prevent fraud, its reputation and operating results would be harmed. As part of the Company’s ongoing monitoring of internal controls, it may discover material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in its internal controls that require remediation. A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of a company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

The Company continually works on improving its internal controls. However, the Company cannot be certain that these measures will ensure that it implements and maintains adequate controls over its financial processes and reporting. Any failure to maintain effective controls or to timely implement any necessary improvement of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures could, among other things, result in losses from fraud or error, harm the Company’s reputation, or cause investors to lose confidence in the Company’s reported financial information, all of which could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operation and financial condition.

A lack of liquidity could adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

Liquidity is essential to the Company’s business. The Company relies on its ability to generate deposits and effectively manage the repayment of its liabilities to ensure that there is adequate liquidity to fund operations. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale and maturities of loans and securities and other sources could have a substantial negative effect on liquidity. The Company’s most important source of funds is its deposits. Deposit balances can decrease when customers perceive alternative investments as providing a better risk adjusted return, which are strongly influenced by such external factors as the direction of interest rates, local and national economic conditions and the availability and attractiveness of alternative investments. Further, the demand for deposits may be reduced due to a variety of factors such as current negative trends in the banking sector, the level of and/or composition of our uninsured deposits, demographic patterns, changes in customer preferences, reductions in consumers’ disposable income, the monetary policy of the FRB or regulatory actions that decrease customer access to particular products. If customers move money out of bank deposits and into other investments such as money market funds, the Company would lose a relatively low-cost source of funds, which would increase its funding costs and reduce net interest income. Any changes made to the rates offered on deposits to remain competitive with other financial institutions may also adversely affect profitability and liquidity. Other primary sources of funds consist of cash flows from operations, maturities and sales of investment securities and/or loans, brokered deposits, borrowings from the FHLB of New York and/or FRB discount window, and unsecured borrowings. The Company also may borrow funds from third-party lenders, such as other financial institutions. The Company’s access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance or capitalize its activities, or on terms that are acceptable, could be impaired by factors that affect the Company directly or the financial services industry or economy in general, such as disruptions in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry, a decrease in the level of the Company’s business activity as a result of a downturn in markets or by one or more adverse regulatory actions against the Company or the financial sector in general. Any decline in available funding could adversely impact the Company’s ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet expenses, or to fulfill obligations such as meeting deposit withdrawal demands, any of which could have a material adverse impact on its liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Carver may not be able to utilize its income tax benefits.

The Company's ability to utilize the deferred tax asset generated by New Markets Tax Credit income tax benefits as well as other deferred tax assets depends on its ability to generate sufficient taxable income from operations in the future. Since the Bank has not generated sufficient taxable income to utilize tax credits as they were earned, a deferred tax asset has been recorded in the Company's financial statements.

The future recognition of Carver's deferred tax asset is highly dependent upon Carver's ability to generate sufficient taxable income. A valuation allowance is required to be maintained for any deferred tax assets that we estimate are more likely than not to be unrealizable, based on available evidence at the time the estimate is made. In assessing Carver's need for a valuation allowance, we rely upon estimates of future taxable income. Although we use the best available information to estimate future taxable income, underlying estimates and assumptions can change over time as a result of unanticipated events or circumstances influencing our projections. Valuation allowances related to deferred tax assets can be affected by changes to tax laws, statutory rates, and future taxable income levels. The Company determined that it would not be able to realize all of its net deferred tax assets in the future, as such a charge to income tax expense in the second quarter of fiscal 2011 was made. Conversely, if the Company were to determine that it would be able to realize its deferred tax assets in the future in excess of the net carrying amounts, the Company would decrease the recorded valuation allowance through a decrease in income tax expense in the period in which that determination was made.

On June 29, 2011, the Company raised $55 million of equity. The capital raise triggered a change in control under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code. Generally, Section 382 limits the utilization of an entity's net operating loss carry forwards, general business credits, and recognized built-in losses upon a change in ownership. The Company is subject to an annual limitation of approximately $0.9 million. The Company has a net deferred tax asset (“DTA”) of approximately $32.9 million. Based on management's calculations, the Section 382 limitation has resulted in previous reductions of the deferred tax asset of $5.8 million. The Company also continues to maintain a valuation allowance for the remaining net deferred tax asset of $32.9 million. The Company is unable to determine how much, if any, of the remaining DTA will be utilized.

Risks associated with cybersecurity could negatively affect our earnings.

The financial services industry has experienced an increase in both the number and severity of reported cyber attacks aimed at gaining unauthorized access to bank systems as a way to misappropriate assets and sensitive information, corrupt and destroy data, or cause operational disruptions.

We have established policies and procedures to prevent or limit the impact of security breaches, but such events may still occur or may not be adequately addressed if they do occur. Although we rely on security safeguards to secure our data, these safeguards may not fully protect our systems from compromises or breaches.

We also rely on the integrity and security of a variety of third party processors, payment, clearing and settlement systems, as well as the various participants involved in these systems, many of which have no direct relationship with us. Failure by these participants or their systems to protect our customers' transaction data may put us at risk for possible losses due to fraud or operational disruption.

Our customers are also the target of cyber attacks and identity theft. Large scale identity theft could result in customers' accounts being compromised and fraudulent activities being performed in their name. We have implemented certain safeguards against these types of activities but they may not fully protect us from fraudulent financial losses.

The occurrence of a breach of security involving our customers' information, regardless of its origin, could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers and business and subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, and could expose us to litigation and possible financial liability. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

System failure or breaches of Carver’s network security could subject it to increased operating costs as well as litigation and other liabilities.

The computer systems and network infrastructure Carver and its third-party service providers use has been, and in the future, could be vulnerable to unforeseen problems. Carver’s operations are dependent upon its ability to protect its computer equipment against damage from physical theft, fire, power loss, telecommunications failure or a similar catastrophic event, as well as from security breaches, denial of service attacks, viruses, worms and other disruptive problems caused by hackers. Any damage or failure that causes an interruption in Carver’s operations could have a material adverse effect on its financial condition and results of operations. Computer break-ins, phishing and other disruptions may occur, and in infrequent cases have occurred, and could jeopardize the security of information stored in and transmitted through Carver’s computer systems and network infrastructure, which may result in significant liability to Carver and may cause existing and potential customers to refrain from doing business with Carver. Although Carver, with the help of third-party service providers, intends to continue to implement security technology and establish operational procedures designed to prevent such damage, its security measures may not be successful. In addition, advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other

developments could result in a compromise or breach of the algorithms Carver and its third-party service providers use to encrypt and protect customer transaction data. A failure of such security measures could have a material adverse effect on Carver’s financial condition and results of operations.

It is possible that a significant amount of time and money may be spent to rectify the harm caused by a breach or hack. While Carver has general liability insurance, there are limitations on coverage as well as dollar amount. Furthermore, cyber incidents carry a greater risk of injury to Carver’s reputation. Finally, depending on the type of incident, banking regulators can impose restrictions on Carver’s business and consumer laws may require reimbursement of customer loss.

We are subject to risks and losses resulting from fraudulent activities that could adversely impact our financial performance and results of operations.

As a bank, we are susceptible to fraudulent activity that has been, and in the future may be committed against us or our clients, which may result in financial losses or increased costs to us or our clients, disclosure or misuse of our information or our client information, misappropriation of assets, privacy breaches against our clients, litigation or damage to our reputation. We are most subject to fraud and compliance risk in connection with the origination of loans, ACH transactions, wire transactions, ATM transactions, checking transactions, and debit cards that we have issued to our customers and through our online banking portals.

The Company's business could suffer if it fails to retain skilled people.

The Company's success depends on its ability to attract and retain key employees reflecting current market opportunities and challenges. Competition for the best people is intense, and the Company's size and limited resources may present additional challenges in being able to retain the best possible employees, which could adversely affect the results of operations.

Risks Related to Future Stock Issuances

We may be limited in our ability to access sufficient funding through a public or private equity offering or convertible debt offering.

Nasdaq rules impose restrictions on our ability to raise funds through a private offering of our common stock, convertible debt or similar instruments without obtaining stockholder approval. Under Nasdaq rules, an offering of more than 20% of our total shares outstanding at a price per share less than (i) the closing price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market immediately preceding the signing of the binding agreement, or (ii) the average closing price of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market for the five trading days immediately preceding the signing of the binding agreement requires stockholder approval unless the offering qualifies as a “public offering” for purposes of the Nasdaq rules. As of March 31, 2025, we had 5,283,564 shares of common stock outstanding. SEC rules impose restrictions on our ability to raise funds through the registered offering of our securities pursuant to a “shelf” registration statement on Form S-3. Under SEC rules, we are prohibited from selling securities under such a registration statement if the aggregate market value of the securities sold thereunder in any twelve-month period exceeds one-third of the market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates. We may be limited in our ability to access sufficient funding through a public or private equity offering or convertible debt offering.

A future issuance of stock could dilute the value of our common stock.

We may sell additional shares of common stock, or securities convertible into or exchangeable for such shares, in subsequent public or private offerings. As of March 31, 2025, there were 5,283,564 shares of our common stock outstanding. Future issuance of any new shares could cause further dilution in the value of our outstanding shares of common stock. We cannot predict the size of future issuances of our common stock, or securities convertible into or exchangeable for such shares, or the effect, if any, that future issuances and sales of shares of our common stock will have on the market price of our common stock. Sales of substantial amounts of our common stock or the perception that such sales could occur, may adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock.

Risks Related to Competitive Matters

Strong competition within the Bank's market areas could adversely affect profits and slow growth.

The New York metropolitan area has a high density of financial institutions, of which many are significantly larger than Carver Federal and with greater financial resources. Additionally, various large out-of-state financial institutions may continue to enter the New York metropolitan area market. All are considered competitors to varying degrees.

Carver Federal faces intense competition both in making loans and attracting deposits. Competition for loans, both locally and in the aggregate, comes principally from mortgage banking companies, commercial banks, savings banks and savings and loan associations. Most direct competition for deposits comes from commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations and credit unions. The Bank also faces competition for deposits from money market mutual funds and other corporate and government securities funds, as well as from other financial intermediaries, such as brokerage firms and insurance companies. Market area competition is a factor in pricing the Bank's loans and deposits, which could reduce net interest income. Competition also makes it more challenging to effectively grow loan and deposit balances. The Company's profitability depends upon its continued ability to successfully compete in its market areas.

ITEM 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

Not Applicable.

ITEM 1C.CYBERSECURITY.

Cybersecurity is a significant and integrated component of the Company’s risk management strategy, designed to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of sensitive information contained within the Company’s information systems. The Company is exposed to cybersecurity threats and incidents that are aimed at gaining unauthorized access to bank systems as a way to misappropriate assets and sensitive information, corrupt and destroy data, or cause operational disruptions. While we have experienced and identified cybersecurity threats, there has been no incident which has had a material effect on the Company's business strategy, results of operations or financial condition.

The Company maintains a comprehensive information technology and cybersecurity program which includes frameworks, policies, and procedures to prevent or limit the impact of cybersecurity threats and incidents. The program includes administrative, technical and physical safeguards to help ensure the security and confidentiality of customer records and information. The Bank's Information Security Officer and Vice President of Information Technology is responsible for implementation of the information technology security program, while the management team is responsible for administering and enforcing the policies and procedures in the program. Third party vendors are utilized to help validate our security posture and controls, and we have developed a third party vendor management program to assess and monitor risks arising from third party vendor systems. In addition, the Board of Directors and Information Security Planning Committee (ISPC) is responsible for the risk management oversight and ensuring that the processes are being implemented and functioning as designed. The ISPC Committee provides monthly reports and updates to the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors and/or ISPC Committee approves updates relating to substantial changes in technology related policies and procedures and reviews the status of Business Continuity Programs, Testing plans and results on no less than an annual basis.

While the Company, with the help of third-party service providers, has implemented security technology and established operational procedures designed to prevent or limit the impact of cybersecurity threats and incidents, such events may still occur and safeguards may not fully protect our systems from comprises or breaches which could have a material adverse effect on Carver’s financial condition and results of operations.

ITEM 2.PROPERTIES.

The Bank currently conducts its business through one administrative office and seven branches (including the Harlem West 125th Street Main branch). The following table sets forth certain information regarding Carver Federal's offices and other material properties at March 31, 2025. The Bank believes that such facilities are suitable and adequate for its operational needs.

Branches Address City/State Year Opened Owned or Leased Lease Expiration Date

St. Albans Branch 115-02 Merrick Boulevard Jamaica, NY 1996 Leased 2/2026

Malcolm X Blvd. Branch 142 Malcolm X Boulevard New York, NY 2001 Leased 4/2026

Atlantic Terminal Branch 4 Hanson Place Brooklyn, NY 2003 Leased 4/2029

Flatbush Branch 833 Flatbush Avenue Brooklyn, NY 2009 Leased 8/2027

Administrative Office

ITEM 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

From time to time, the Company and the Bank or one of its wholly-owned subsidiaries are parties to various legal proceedings incident to their business. At March 31, 2025, certain claims, suits, complaints and investigations (collectively “proceedings”) involving the Company and the Bank or a subsidiary, arising in the ordinary course of business, have been filed or are pending. The Company is unable at this time to determine the ultimate outcome of each proceeding, but believes, after discussions with legal counsel representing the Company and the Bank or the subsidiary in these proceedings, that it has meritorious defenses to each proceeding and appropriate measures have been taken to defend the interests of the Company, Bank or subsidiary. As of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we are not involved in any pending legal proceedings as a plaintiff or a defendant other than routine legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business, and are not involved in any legal proceeding, the outcome of which management believes would be material to the financial condition or results of operations of the Company or the Bank.

ITEM 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

Not Applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

Our shares of common stock are traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “CARV". At March 31, 2025, there were 5,283,564 shares of common stock outstanding, held by approximately 461 stockholders of record.

The Company does not currently pay a quarterly cash dividend on its common stock.

Under OCC regulations, the Bank will not be permitted to pay dividends to the Company on its capital stock if its regulatory capital would be reduced below applicable regulatory capital requirements or if its stockholders' equity would be reduced below the amount required to be maintained for the liquidation account, which was established in connection with the Bank's conversion to stock form. The OCC capital distribution regulations applicable to savings institutions (such as the Bank) that meet their regulatory capital requirements permit, after not less than 30 days prior notice to and non-objection by the FRB, capital distributions during a calendar year that do not exceed the Bank's net income for that year plus its retained net income for the prior two years. For information concerning the Bank's liquidation account, see Note 12 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

On August 6, 2002, the Company announced a stock repurchase program to repurchase up to 15,442 shares of its outstanding common stock. As of March 31, 2025, 11,744 shares of its common stock have been repurchased in open market transactions at an average price of $235.80 per share (as adjusted for 1-for-15 reverse stock split that occurred on October 27, 2011). The Company reissued shares as restricted stock in accordance with their management recognition plan. No shares were repurchased pursuant to the stock repurchase program during fiscal 2025.

Carver has the following equity compensation plans:

(1) The Carver Bancorp, Inc. 2014 Equity Incentive Plan became effective in September 2014 and provides for discretionary option grants, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock to those officers and directors selected by the Company’s Compensation Committee.

(2) The Carver Bancorp, Inc. 2024 Equity Incentive Plan became effective in December 2024 and provides for discretionary option grants, stock appreciation rights and restricted stock to officers, employees and directors selected by the Company’s Compensation Committee.

Additional information regarding Carver's equity compensation plans is incorporated by reference from the section entitled "Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans" in the Proxy Statement (as defined below in Item 10).

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities

On November 25, 2024, the Company entered into investment purchase agreements with certain Company directors under which it issued and sold 116,766 shares of its common stock, par value $0.01, at a price of $1.67 per share. The shares were issued on November 25, 2024, in a private placement exempt from registration under Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. The offering resulted in gross proceeds of $0.2 million. There were no underwriting discounts or commissions.

ITEM 6.[RESERVED]

ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements presented elsewhere in this report.

Executive Summary

Carver concluded fiscal 2025 with a net loss of $13.7 million, compared to a net loss of $3.0 million for fiscal 2024. The change in our results of operations was primarily driven by increases in interest expense, non-interest expense and provision for credit losses and a decrease in non-interest income, partially offset by a slight increase in interest income compared to the prior fiscal year.

The business climate continues to present significant challenges as banks continue to absorb heightened regulatory costs and compete for limited loan demand. Inflationary pressure appears to have decreased, but rates remain high and affect customer demand. The target interest rate range had been held steady at its highest point between 5.25% and 5.5% since July 2023, until the Federal Reserve lowered the rates by 50 basis points in September 2024, easing monetary policy for the first time since regular increases began in March 2022. The Federal Reserve approved two additional cuts in November and December, lowering the overnight borrowing rate to a range between 4.25% to 4.5%, but has left interest rates unchanged since its January 2025 meeting. For Carver, the economic climate of New York City (“the City”), in particular, impacts our business as the City lags behind the rest of New York State and the nation both in job growth and levels of unemployment. The City's local area inflation has exceeded the national rate, primarily due to housing costs, and its unemployment rate remains high at 5.1%, exceeding the national average.

The Company's liquidity position remains adequate. The impact of market volatility from continued inflation and high interest rates will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and difficult to predict. The Company is closely monitoring its asset quality, liquidity, and capital positions, as well as the credit risk in its loan portfolio. Management is actively working to minimize the current and future impact of the current business and industry environment, and is continuing to make adjustments to operations where appropriate or necessary to mitigate risk. However, these factors and events may have negative effects on the business, financial condition, and results of operations of the Company and its customers.

Subsequent Events

On May 14, 2025, the Bank entered into the Formal Agreement with the OCC. The Formal Agreement specifically provides that the Bank will take the following actions within the time frames specified:

•Establish a Compliance Committee of its Board of Directors to specifically monitor and oversee the Bank's compliance with the Formal Agreement. This Committee has already been established and is actively underway; .

•Prepare a three-year strategic plan for the OCC's review, with such strategic plan to establish objectives specifically focusing on the Bank's earnings performance that will include measures for growth, capital, liquidity and balance sheet mix; and

•Prepare an earnings program for the OCC's review designed to improve and sustain the earnings of the Bank.

The Formal Agreement specifically addresses the items referenced above through a new three-year strategic plan. The Bank's board of directors and management will address these provisions within the required time frames. Further, the Bank's board of directors and management are fully committed to, as expeditiously as possible, achieving sustainable earnings through a more robust and viable strategic plan, which are part of the Bank's new ongoing operations and actions under the leadership of its new Chief Executive Officer.

The foregoing description of the Formal Agreement is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Formal Agreement issued to the Bank, which is included herein as Exhibit 10.5.

SELECTED FINANCIAL INFORMATION

The following selected consolidated financial and other data is as of and for the years ended March 31 and is derived in part from, and should be read in conjunction with the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes:

Selected Financial Condition Data:

Number of branches 7 7 7 7 7

Operating Data:

Income tax (benefit) expense — — — — —

Selected Statistical Data:

Dividend payout ratio (8) — — — — —

Asset Quality Ratios:

(1)Net income (loss) divided by average total assets.

(2)Net income (loss) divided by average total stockholders' equity.

(3)Net interest income divided by average interest-earning assets.

(4)Combined weighted average interest rate earned less combined weighted average interest rate cost.

(5)Operating expense divided by sum of net interest income and non-interest income.

(6)Non-interest expense divided by average total assets.

(7)Average stockholders' equity divided by average assets for the period ended.

(8)Dividends paid to common stockholders as a percentage of net income available to common stockholders.

(9)Non-performing assets consist of nonaccrual loans and real estate owned.

(10)See Non-GAAP Financial Measures disclosure below for comparable GAAP measures.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to evaluating the Company's results of operations in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”), management routinely supplements their evaluation with an analysis of certain non-GAAP financial measures, such as the return on average stockholders' equity excluding average accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) ("AOCI"), and average stockholders' equity excluding AOCI to average assets. Management believes these non-GAAP financial measures provide information that is useful to investors in understanding the Company's underlying operating performance and trends, and facilitates comparisons with the performance of other banks and thrifts.

Return on average stockholders' equity, excluding AOCI measures how efficiently we generate profits from the resources provided by our net assets. Return on average stockholders' equity, excluding AOCI is calculated by dividing annualized net income (loss) attributable to Carver by average stockholders' equity, excluding AOCI. Management believes that this performance measure and average stockholders' equity, excluding AOCI to average assets explains the results of the Company's ongoing businesses in a manner that allows for a better understanding of the underlying trends in the Company's current businesses. For purposes of the Company's presentation, AOCI includes the changes in the market or fair value of its investment portfolio. These fluctuations have been excluded due to the unpredictable nature of this item and is not necessarily indicative of current operating or future performance.

Average Stockholders' Equity

Critical Accounting Estimates

Various elements of accounting estimates, by their nature, are inherently subject to estimation techniques, valuation assumptions and other subjective assessments. Carver's policy with respect to the methodologies used to determine the allowance for credit losses is the most critical accounting estimates. This estimate is important to the presentation of Carver's financial condition and results of operations, and involves a high degree of complexity, requiring management to make difficult and subjective judgments, which often require assumptions or estimates about highly uncertain matters. Such assumptions and estimates are susceptible to significant changes in today's economic environment. Changes in these judgments, assumptions or estimates could result in material differences in the Company's results of operations or financial condition.

Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL")

The ACL reflects management's evaluation of the loans presenting identified loss potential, as well as the risk inherent in various components of the portfolio. There is significant judgment applied in estimating the ACL. These assumptions and estimates are susceptible to significant changes based on the current environment. Inflationary pressure has decreased, but rates remain high. The target interest rate range had been held steady at its highest point between 5.25% to 5.5% since July 2023, until the Federal Reserve lowered rates by 50 basis points in September 2024, decreasing the target range to 4.75% to 5% and began easing monetary policy for the first time in four years. The Federal Reserve approved two additional cuts in November and December, lowering the overnight borrowing rate to a range between 4.25% to 4.5%, but has left interest rates unchanged since the January 2025 meeting. A high interest rate environment can negatively impact the Company if the higher debt service costs on adjustable-rate loans lead to borrowers' inability to pay contractual obligations. Further, any change in the size of the loan portfolio or any of its components could necessitate an increase in the ACL even though there may not be a decline in credit quality or an increase in potential problem loans. As such, there can never be assurance that the ACL accurately reflects

the actual loss potential inherent in a loan portfolio. There have been no significant changes to the inputs and assumptions during the twelve months ended March 31, 2025.

Expected credit losses are measured on a collective pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Loans with similar risk characteristics are grouped into homogeneous segments, or pools, for allowance calculation. The Company's loan portfolio segments as of March 31, 2025 were as follows:

•One-to-four Family - Carver Federal purchases first mortgage loans secured by one-to-four family properties that serve as the primary residence of the owner and non-qualified mortgages for one-to-four family residential loans. The loans are underwritten in accordance with applicable secondary market underwriting guidelines and requirements for sale. These loans present a moderate level of risk due primarily to general economic conditions.

•Multifamily - Carver Federal originates and purchases recourse and non-recourse multifamily loans. The Bank generally requires a debt service coverage ratio at origination of at least 1.20x (with personal guarantees), and that the maximum loan-to-value ("LTV") at origination not exceed 75% based on the appraised value of the mortgaged property. Multifamily property lending entails additional risks compared to one-to-four family lending. These loans are dependent on the successful operation of such buildings and can be significantly impacted by economic conditions, industry concentration, valuation of the underlying properties, lease terms, occupancy/vacancy rates, and changes in market demand for multifamily units. The Bank primarily considers the property's ability to generate net operating income sufficient to support the debt service, the financial resources, income level and managerial expertise of the owner/guarantor, the marketability of the property and the Bank's lending experience with the owner/guarantor.

•Commercial Real Estate ("CRE") - CRE lending consists predominantly of originating loans for the purpose of purchasing or refinancing office, mixed-use properties, retail and church buildings in the Bank's market area. Mixed-use loans are secured by properties that are intended for both commercial and residential use, but predominantly commercial, and are classified as CRE. The Bank primarily considers the ability of the net operating income generated by the real estate to support the debt service, the financial resources, income level and managerial expertise of the owner/guarantor, the marketability of the property and the Bank's lending experience with the owner/guarantor. The maximum LTV ratio on CRE loans at origination is generally 75% based on the latest appraised fair market value of the mortgaged property and the Bank generally requires a debt service coverage ratio at origination of at least 1.20x (with guarantor recourse). The Bank also requires the assignment of rents of all tenants' leases in the mortgaged property and personal guarantees may be obtained for additional security from these borrowers. CRE loans generally present a higher level of risk than other types of loans due primarily to the effect of general economic conditions and the complexities involved in valuing the underlying collateral.

•Construction - Carver Federal historically originated or participated in construction loans for new construction and renovation of multifamily buildings, residential developments, community service facilities, churches, and affordable housing programs. The loans provide for disbursement in stages as construction is completed. Borrowers must satisfy all credit requirements that apply to the Bank’s permanent mortgage loan financing for the mortgaged property. The Bank has additional criteria for construction loans, including an engineer’s plan and periodic cost reviews on all construction budgets for loans. Construction loans present an increased level of risk from the effect of general economic conditions and uncertainties surrounding construction costs.

•Business - Carver Federal originates and purchases business and SBA loans primarily to businesses located in its primary market area and surrounding areas. Business loans are typically personally guaranteed by the owners and may also be secured by additional collateral, including real estate, equipment and inventory. Business loans are subject to increased risk from the effect of general economic conditions. SBA loans are guaranteed by the U.S. government based on the percentage of each individual program.

•Consumer (including Overdraft accounts) - The Consumer portfolio includes student loans to medical students enrolled in several medical schools, throughout the United States and Caribbean, as well as unsecured consumer loans purchased from or originated through strategic partnerships with Bankers Healthcare Group, LLC and Upstart Holdings, Inc. Consumer loans are typically unsecured and more susceptible to declining economic conditions.

Because expected loss predictions may not adequately project the level of losses inherent in a portfolio, the Bank reviews a number of qualitative factors to determine if reserves should be adjusted based upon any of those factors. As the risk ratings deteriorate, some of the qualitative factors tend to increase. A number of qualitative factors are considered including economic forecast uncertainty, credit quality trends, valuation trends, concentration risk, quality of loan review, changes in personnel, impact of rising rates, external factors and other considerations. Although the quantitative calculation includes a measurement of statistical economic conditions based on national averages, an additional analysis is performed at the qualitative level that applies specifically to the Company's geographic area and the banking industry that includes reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Asset/Liability Management

The Company's primary earnings source is net interest income, which is affected by changes in the level of interest rates, the relationship between the rates on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, the impact of interest rate fluctuations on asset prepayments, the level and composition of deposits and assets, and the credit quality of earning assets. Management's asset/liability objectives are to maintain a strong, stable net interest margin, to utilize the Company's capital effectively without taking undue risks, to maintain adequate liquidity and to manage its exposure to changes in interest rates.

The economic environment is uncertain regarding long-term interest rate trends. Management monitors the Company's cumulative gap position, which is the difference between the sensitivity to rate changes on the Company's interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. In addition, the Company uses various tools to monitor and manage interest rate risk, such as a model that projects net interest income based on increasing or decreasing interest rates.

Discussion of Market Risk-Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis

As a financial institution, the Bank's primary component of market risk is interest rate volatility. Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact both the level of income and expense recorded on a large portion of the Company's assets and liabilities, and the market value of all interest-earning assets, other than those which are short-term in maturity. Based upon the Company's nature of operations, it is not subject to foreign currency exchange or commodity price risk. The Company does not own any trading assets.

The Company seeks to manage its interest rate risk by monitoring and controlling the variation in repricing intervals between its assets and liabilities. To a lesser extent, it also monitors its interest rate sensitivity by analyzing the estimated changes in market value of its assets and liabilities assuming various interest rate scenarios. As discussed more fully below, there are a variety of factors that influence the repricing characteristics of any given asset or liability.

The matching of assets and liabilities may be analyzed by examining the extent to which such assets and liabilities are “interest rate sensitive” and by monitoring an institution's interest rate sensitivity gap. An asset or liability is said to be interest rate sensitive within a specific period if it will mature or reprice within that period. The interest rate sensitivity gap is defined as the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets maturing or repricing within a specific period of time and the amount of interest-bearing liabilities maturing or repricing within that same time period. A gap is considered positive when the amount of interest rate sensitive assets exceeds the amount of interest rate sensitive liabilities and is considered negative when the amount of interest rate sensitive liabilities exceeds the amount of interest rate sensitive assets. Generally, during a period of falling interest rates, a negative gap could result in an increase in net interest income, while a positive gap could adversely affect net interest income. Conversely, during a period of rising interest rates a negative gap could adversely affect net interest income, while a positive gap could result in an increase in net interest income. As illustrated below, the Company had a negative one-year gap equal to 19.2% of total rate sensitive assets at March 31, 2025. As a result, the Company's net interest income may be negatively affected by rising interest rates and may be positively affected by falling interest rates. While the Company, as a liability-sensitive institution, may benefit from a falling interest rate environment, the continued high interest rate environment may indicate another period in which compressed margins may negatively impact net interest income.

The following table sets forth information regarding the projected maturities, prepayments and repricing of the major rate-sensitive asset and liability categories of the Company as of March 31, 2025. Maturity repricing dates have been projected by applying estimated prepayment rates based on the current rate environment. The repricing and other assumptions are not necessarily representative of the Company's actual results. Classifications of items in the table below are different from those

presented in other tables and the financial statements and accompanying notes included herein and do not reflect non-performing loans:

Rate Sensitive Assets:

Rate Sensitive Liabilities:

The table above assumes that fixed maturity deposits are not withdrawn prior to maturity and that transaction accounts will decay as disclosed in the table above.

Certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the table above. Although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods of repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in the market interest rates. The interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while rates on other types of assets and liabilities may lag behind changes in market interest rates. Certain assets, such as adjustable-rate mortgages, generally have features that restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. In the event of a change in interest rates, prepayments and early withdrawal levels would likely deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the table. Additionally, credit risk may increase as many borrowers may experience an inability to service their debt in the event of a rise in interest rate. Virtually all of the adjustable-rate loans in the Company's portfolio contain conditions that restrict the periodic change in interest rate.

Economic Value of Equity (“EVE”) Analysis. As part of its efforts to maximize net interest income while managing risks associated with changing interest rates, management also uses the EVE methodology. EVE is the present value of expected net cash flows from existing assets less the present value of expected cash flows from existing liabilities plus the present value of net expected cash inflows from existing financial derivatives and off-balance sheet contracts. At March 31, 2025, the Company did not report any holdings in financial derivative contracts.

Under this methodology, interest rate risk exposure is assessed by reviewing the estimated changes in EVE that would hypothetically occur if interest rates rapidly rise or fall along the yield curve. Projected values of EVE at both higher and lower interest rate risk scenarios are compared to base case values (no change in rates) to determine the sensitivity to changing interest rates.

Presented below, as of March 31, 2025, is an analysis of the Company's interest rate risk as measured by changes in EVE for instantaneous parallel shifts of +400/-400 basis points change in market interest rates. Such limits have been established with consideration of the impact of various rate changes and the Company's current capital position.

$ in thousands Economic Value of Equity

Change in Rate $ Amount $ Change % Change

Certain shortcomings are inherent in the methodology used in the above interest rate risk measurements. Modeling changes in EVE requires the making of certain assumptions, which may or may not reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates. In this regard, the models presented assume that the composition of our interest sensitive assets and liabilities existing at the beginning of a period remains constant over the period being measured and also assumes that a particular change in interest rates is reflected uniformly across the yield curve regardless of the duration to maturity or the repricing of specific assets and liabilities. Accordingly, although the EVE table provides an indication of the Company's interest rate risk exposure at a particular point in time, such measurements are not intended to and do not provide a precise forecast of the effect of changes in market interest rates on the Company's net interest income and may differ from actual results.

Average Balance, Interest and Average Yields and Rates

The following table sets forth certain information relating to Carver Federal's average interest-earning assets and average interest-bearing liabilities, and their related average yields and costs for the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024. The table also presents information for the fiscal years indicated with respect to the difference between the weighted average yield earned on interest-earning assets and the weighted average rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities, or “interest rate spread,” which savings institutions have traditionally used as an indicator of profitability. Another indicator of an institution's profitability is its “net interest margin,” which is its net interest income divided by the average balance of interest-earning assets. Net interest income is affected by the interest rate spread and by the relative amounts of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. When interest-earning assets approximate or exceed interest-bearing liabilities, any positive interest rate spread will generate net interest income:

Interest-Earning Assets:

Restricted cash deposit 77 — — % — — — %

Interest-Bearing Liabilities:

Deposits

Non-interest-bearing liabilities:

Average interest rate spread 2.12 % 2.70 %

Net interest margin 2.63 % 3.14 %

(1) Includes nonaccrual loans.

(2) Includes FHLB-NY stock.

Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table sets forth information regarding the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in volume of interest related assets and liabilities have affected the Company's interest income and expense during the fiscal years ended March 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023. For each category of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, information is provided for changes attributable to: (1) changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate); (2) changes in rate (change in rate multiplied by old volume). Changes in rate/volume variance are allocated proportionately between changes in rate and changes in volume.

$ in thousands Volume Rate Total Volume Rate Total

Interest-Earning Assets:

Interest-Bearing Liabilities:

Deposits

Comparison of Financial Condition at March 31, 2025 and 2024

Assets

At March 31, 2025, total assets were $730.0 million, reflecting a decrease of $26.8 million, or 3.5%, from total assets of $756.8 million at March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to decreases of $8.7 million in cash and cash equivalents, and $3.7 million and $9.7 million in the Bank's net investment and loan portfolios, respectively.

Total cash and cash equivalents decreased $8.7 million, or 14.7%, from $59.0 million at March 31, 2024 to $50.3 million at March 31, 2025. The decrease in cash was primarily due to a $26.3 million decrease in advances from the FHLB-NY and other borrowed money, partially offset by a $14.8 million increase in total deposits.

Total investment securities decreased $3.7 million, or 7.4%, to $46.3 million at March 31, 2025, compared to $50.0 million at March 31, 2024 due to scheduled principal payments received of approximately $4.3 million, partially offset by a $0.7 million decrease in unrealized losses in the available-for-sale portfolio.

Gross portfolio loans decreased $9.2 million, or 1.5%, to $613.7 million at March 31, 2025, compared to $622.9 million at March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to attrition and payoffs of $63.3 million, partially offset by new loan originations of $39.1 million and loan pool purchases of $15.4 million. The level of payoffs and paydowns can be attributed to commercial real estate activity, as some borrowers capitalized on increased property values by selling collateral assets to payoff loans.

Liabilities and Equity

Liabilities

Total liabilities decreased $14.1 million, or 2.0%, to $700.4 million at March 31, 2025, compared to $714.5 million at March 31, 2024, due to a decrease of $26.3 million in advances from the FHLB-NY and other borrowed money, partially offset by a $14.8 million increase in total deposits.

Deposits increased $14.8 million, or 2.3%, to $661.8 million at March 31, 2025, compared to $647.0 million at March 31, 2024. The increase was primarily related to increases in money market and certificate of deposit accounts, as customers migrated to higher yielding accounts in these market-rate products for which the rates increased over the current fiscal year period. Non-interest bearing deposits decreased $12.5 million, or 12.3%, during fiscal year 2025, primarily due to one customer relationship who transferred $10.0 million from a non-interest bearing checking to a money market account. As of March 31,

2025 and 2024, the aggregate amount of uninsured deposits (deposits in amounts greater than or equal to $250,000, which is the maximum amount for federal deposit insurance) was $69.4 million and $91.0 million, respectively. These uninsured balances disclosed do not consider that FDIC insurance can be further extended by claimant within certain law firm deposit accounts. In addition, as of March 31, 2025, the aggregate amount of all our uninsured certificates of deposit was $19.2 million. We have no deposits that are uninsured for any reason other than being in excess of the maximum amount for federal deposit insurance. See Note 8 to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on our deposits.

Advances from the FHLB-NY and other borrowed money decreased $26.3 million, or 56.6%, to $20.2 million at March 31, 2025, compared to $46.5 million at March 31, 2024. During the first quarter of the current fiscal year, the Bank secured a $1.8 million 12-month fixed-rate advance through the second round of the FHLB-NY 0% Development Advance (ZDA) Program, which provides members with subsidized funding in the form of interest rate credits to assist in originating or purchasing loans that meet an eligibility criteria. In addition, the Bank repaid $28.0 million outstanding advances from the FHLB-NY during fiscal year 2025. At March 31, 2025, the Bank had a $1.8 million outstanding advance from the FHLB-NY.

Equity

Total equity decreased $12.7 million, or 30.0%, to $29.6 million at March 31, 2025, compared to $42.3 million at March 31, 2024. The decrease was primarily due to a net loss of $13.7 million, partially offset by a decrease of $0.7 million in unrealized losses on securities available-for-sale and a $0.2 million increase in capital as a result of the issuance of common shares in a private placement during the third quarter of fiscal year 2025.

Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended March 31, 2025 and 2024

Net Loss

The Company reported a net loss of $13.7 million for fiscal year 2025, compared to a net loss of $3.0 million for the prior year period. The change in our results was primarily driven by increases in interest expense, non-interest expense and provision for credit losses and a decrease in non-interest income, partially offset by an increase in interest income compared to the prior fiscal year.

Net Interest Income

Net interest income decreased $3.4 million, or 15.0%, to $19.2 million for fiscal year 2025, compared to $22.6 million for the prior year period. The decrease was attributable to a $3.6 million increase in interest expense, partially offset by a $0.3 million increase in interest income for the period.

Interest income increased $0.3 million, or 0.9%, to $34.3 million, compared to $34.0 million for the prior year period. Interest income on loans increased $0.3 million, or 1.0%, primarily due to an $8.7 million, or 1.4%, increase in average loan balances. Interest income on mortgage-backed and investment securities were lower primarily due to decreases of $1.9 million, or 7.0%, and $3.8 million, 11.4%, respectively, in the average balances compared to the prior fiscal year. Interest income on money market investments remained flat at $2.7 million, despite a $3.4 million increase in the average balance of the Bank's interest-bearing account at the Federal Reserve Bank due to a decrease of 35 basis points in the average rates.

Interest expense increased $3.6 million to $15.1 million, compared to $11.5 million for the prior year period. The higher interest rate environment is reflected in the average cost of interest-bearing deposits for the current period. Interest expense on deposits increased $3.9 million, primarily due to increases in the average balances of $32.7 million and average rates of 76 basis points, of higher-cost certificate of deposits. The average rates paid on savings and money market accounts also increased for the twelve months ended March 31, 2025, compared to the prior fiscal year, as the Bank offered promotional rates during the current period in an attempt to attract and retain deposits.

Provision for Credit Losses

The Bank recorded a $1.2 million provision for credit loss for fiscal year 2025, compared to an $83 thousand provision for credit loss for the prior year period. For the year ended March 31, 2025, net charge-offs of $725 thousand were recognized, compared to net charge-offs of $109 thousand in the prior year period. Total charge-offs of $870 thousand were recognized for fiscal year 2025, compared to total charge-offs of $170 thousand for the prior fiscal year. At March 31, 2025, nonaccrual loans totaled $24.6 million, or 3.4% of total assets, compared to $11.8 million, or 1.6% of total assets at March 31, 2024. The ACL was $6.3 million at March 31, 2025, which represents a ratio of the ACL to nonaccrual loans of 25.8%, compared to 49.9% at March 31, 2024. The ratio of th

e ACL to total loans receivable, excluding PPP loans, was 1.03% at March 31, 2025, compared to 0.94% at March 31, 2024.

Non-interest Income

Non-interest income for the twelve months ended March 31, 2025 decreased $3.6 million, or 53.7%, to $3.1 million compared to $6.7 million in the prior year period. The previous period included grant income of $2.4 million recognized from the Bank's award through the CDFI Fund's Equitable Recovery Program and $0.5 million associated with a discontinued loan program, that had been transferred to the Bank through an acquired institution. In addition, the Bank recognized a $0.2 million loss on the sale of a loan during the current fiscal year.

Non-interest Expense

Non-interest expense for the twelve months ended March 31, 2025 increased $2.6 million, or 8.1%, to $34.8 million compared to $32.2 million for the prior year period. Employee compensation and net occupancy costs related to building expenses increased compared to the prior year period. Net equipment expense was higher due to upgraded cybersecurity systems and increases in hardware/software maintenance contracts. Other non-interest expense was higher due to increases in security services at the branches and legal costs associated with an activist shareholder.

Income Taxes

The Company did not have any federal, state and local income tax expense as of March 31, 2025 and 2024. State and local capital tax expenses of $164 thousand and $162 thousand for fiscal years 2025 and 2024, respectively, were included in other non-interest expense on the statements of operations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measure of the Bank's ability to generate adequate cash to meet its financial obligations. The principal cash requirements of a financial institution are to cover potential deposit outflows, fund increases in its loan and investment portfolios and ongoing operating expenses. The Bank's primary sources of funds are deposits, borrowed funds and principal and interest payments on loans, mortgage-backed securities and investment securities. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans, mortgage-backed securities and investment securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and loan and mortgage-backed securities prepayments are strongly influenced by changes in general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. Carver Federal monitors its liquidity utilizing guidelines that are contained in a policy developed by its management and approved by its Board of Directors. Carver Federal's several liquidity measurements are evaluated on a frequent basis.

Management believes Carver Federal’s short-term assets have sufficient liquidity to cover loan demand, potential fluctuations in deposit accounts and to meet other anticipated cash requirements, including interest payments on our subordinated debt securities. Additionally, Carver Federal has other sources of liquidity including the ability to borrow from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York ("FHLB-NY") utilizing unpledged mortgage-backed securities and certain mortgage loans, the sale of available-for-sale securities and the sale of certain mortgage loans. Net borrowings decreased $26.3 million during fiscal year 2025 as the Bank repaid $28.0 million outstanding advances from the FHLB-NY during fiscal year 2025. The Bank secured a $1.8 million 12-month fixed-rate advance through the second round of the FHLB-NY 0% Development Advance (ZDA) Program during the first quarter, which provides members with subsidized funding in the form of interest rate credits to assist in originating or purchasing loans that meet an eligibility criteria. At March 31, 2025, based on available collateral held at the FHLB-NY, Carver Federal had the ability to borrow an additional $30.4 million on a secured basis, utilizing mortgage-related loans and securities as collateral. At March 31, 2025, the Bank had a $1.8 million outstanding advances from the FHLB-NY. The Bank has the ability to pledge additional loans as collateral in order to borrow up to 30% of its total assets. The Company also had $13.4 million in long-term subordinated debt securities and $5.0 million in low interest loans outstanding as of March 31, 2025.

During the first quarter of the current fiscal year, the Company entered into an agreement with a third party, under which the third party provided the Company with a $25.0 million revolving unsecured long-term, below-market-rate loan to support the Bank in financing initiatives that reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote energy efficiency in building projects, fleet upgrades to electric vehicles, and electric vehicle charging station infrastructure. The loan facility will also support the working capital and asset-specific financing needs of Minority and Women-owned Business Enterprises working on green energy projects, weatherization, electrification and green technology. As of March 31, 2025, the Company had not drawn on the facility.

The Bank's most liquid assets are cash and short-term investments. The level of these assets is dependent on the Bank's operating, investing and financing activities during any given period. At March 31, 2025 and 2024, assets qualifying for short-term liquidity, including cash and cash equivalents, totaled $50.3 million and $59.0 million, respectively.

During fiscal year 2022, the Company entered into a sales agreement with an agent to sell, from time to time, our common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $20.0 million, in an “at the market offering.” During fiscal year 2022, we sold an aggregate of 397,367 shares of our common stock pursuant to the terms of such sales agreement, for aggregate gross proceeds of approximately $3.1 million. Aggregate net proceeds received were approximately $3.0 million, after deducting expenses and commissions paid to the placement agent. There have been no subsequent offerings.

The most significant potential liquidity challenge the Bank faces is variability in its cash flows as a result of mortgage refinance activity. When mortgage interest rates decline, customers’ refinance activities tend to accelerate, causing the cash flow from both the mortgage loan portfolio and the mortgage-backed securities portfolio to accelerate. In contrast, when mortgage interest rates increase, refinance activities tend to slow, causing a reduction of liquidity. However, in a rising rate environment, customers generally tend to prefer fixed-rate mortgage loan products over variable rate products. Carver Federal is also at risk of deposit outflows due to a competitive interest rate environment.

The Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows present the change in cash from operating, investing and financing activities. During fiscal year 2025, total cash and cash equivalents decreased $8.7 million to $50.3 million reflecting cash used in operating activities of $12.6 million and cash used in financing activities of $11.2 million, partially offset by cash provided by investing activities of $15.1 million. Net cash used in financing activities of $11.2 million resulted from the repayment of $28.0 million outstanding advances from the FHLB-NY during fiscal year 2025. This was partially offset by a $14.8 million increase in net deposits and a $1.8 million 12-month advance secured through the second round of the FHLB-NY 0% Development Advance (ZDA) Program during the first quarter. Net cash provided by investing activities of $15.1 million was attributable to investment paydowns and loan repayments and payoffs, net of purchases and originations.

Potential Mortgage Representation and Warranty Liabilities

During the period 2004 through 2009, the Bank originated 1-4 family residential mortgage loans and sold the loans to the FNMA. The loans were sold to FNMA with the standard representations and warranties for loans sold to the GSEs. The Bank may be required to repurchase these loans in the event of breaches of these representations and warranties. In the event of a repurchase, the Bank is typically required to pay the unpaid principal balance as well as outstanding interest and fees. The Bank then recovers the loan or, if the loan has been foreclosed, the underlying collateral. The Bank is exposed to any losses on repurchased loans after giving effect to any recoveries on the collateral. The Bank has not received a request to repurchase any of these loans since the second quarter of fiscal 2015, and there have not been any additional requests from FNMA for loans to be reviewed. At March 31, 2025 the Bank continues to service 71 loans with a principal balance of $10.6 million for FNMA that had been sold with standard representations and warranties.

Representation and warranty repurchase reserve, as of March 31, 2024 (1) $ 86

Net adjustment to reserve for repurchase losses (2) (6)

Representation and warranty repurchase reserve, as of March 31, 2025 (1) $ 80

(1) Reported in consolidated statements of financial condition as a component of other liabilities.

(2) Component of other non-interest expense.

Additional information related to the representation and warranty reserve, including factors that may impact the adequacy of the reserves and the ultimate amount of losses incurred is found in “Note 15 Commitments and Contingencies.”

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Contractual Obligations

The Bank is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers and in connection with its overall investment strategy. These instruments involve, to varying

degrees, elements of credit, interest rate and liquidity risk. In accordance with GAAP, these instruments are not recorded in the consolidated financial statements. Such instruments primarily include lending obligations, including commitments to originate mortgage and consumer loans and to fund unused lines of credit. The Bank also has contractual obligations related to operating leases. At March 31, 2025, the Bank had $4.4 million in outstanding commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the consolidated statements of condition when they are funded. See Note 15 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for the Bank's outstanding lending commitments at March 31, 2025.

The Bank has contractual obligations at March 31, 2025 as follows:

$ in thousands Payments due by period

Debt obligations:

Operating lease obligations:

Variable Interest Entities ("VIEs")

The Company's subsidiary, Carver Statutory Trust I, is not consolidated with Carver Bancorp Inc. for financial reporting purposes in accordance with the FASB's ASC Topic 810 regarding the consolidation of variable interest entities. Carver Statutory Trust I was formed in 2003 for the purpose of issuing $13.0 million aggregate liquidation amount of floating rate Capital Securities due September 17, 2033 (“Capital Securities”) and $0.4 million of common securities (which are the only voting securities of Carver Statutory Trust I), which are 100% owned by Carver Bancorp Inc., and using the proceeds to acquire junior subordinated debentures issued by Carver Bancorp, Inc. Carver Bancorp, Inc. has fully and unconditionally guaranteed the Capital Securities along with all obligations of Carver Statutory Trust I under the trust agreement relating to the Capital Securities. The Company does not consolidate the accounts and related activity of Carver Statutory Trust I because it is not the primary beneficiary of the entity. At March 31, 2025, the Company's maximum exposure to the Trust is $13.4 million, which is the Company's liability to the Trust and includes the Company's investment in the Trust.

Regulatory Capital Position

The Bank must satisfy minimum capital standards established by the OCC. For a description of the OCC capital regulation, see “Item 1-Regulation and Supervision-Federal Banking Regulation-Capital Requirements.” Regardless of Basel III's minimum requirements, Carver was issued an Individual Minimum Capital Ratio ("IMCR") letter by the OCC on June 29, 2016, which requires the Bank to maintain minimum regulatory capital levels of 9% for its Tier 1 leverage ratio and 12% for its total risk-based capital ratio. The IMCR remains in effect.

At March 31, 2025, the Bank's capital level exceeded the regulatory requirements to be considered "well capitalized" but did not meet its IMCR requirements. The Tier 1 leverage ratio was 8.70%, below the 9% IMCR requirement, and the total risk-based capital ratio was 11.56%, below the 12% IMCR requirement. The Bank is working on taking appropriate actions with the goal of achieving the IMCR targets. For additional information regarding Carver Federal's Regulatory Capital and Ratios, refer to Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, “Stockholders' Equity.”

ITEM 7A.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

See discussion of Market Risk-Interest Rate Sensitivity Analysis in Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

ITEM 8.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and Board of Directors

Carver Bancorp, Inc.

New York, NY

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Carver Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) as of March 31, 2025, and 2024, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, changes in equity, and cash flows for each of the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at March 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for Credit Losses

As described in Note 4 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the Company reported an allowance for credit losses (“ACL”) of $6.3 million as of March 31, 2025. As described in Note 2 to the Company’s consolidated financial statements, the ACL is a valuation account that consists of quantitative and qualitative components. The Company considers historical loss experience, forecasted business conditions, as well as reasonable and supportable forecasts and reversion to the historical loss amounts to develop the quantitative component. The quantitative component is then adjusted for qualitative risk factors.

Management makes significant judgments and assumptions regarding the economic condition factor used in the qualitative component of the ACL. We identified the economic condition factor used by management to determine the ACL as a critical audit matter. The inherent uncertainty in determining the economic condition factor requires management to make significant

judgements and assumptions with respect to the underlying economic data. Auditing such judgments and assumptions required a high degree of auditor judgment and an increased auditor effort.

The primary procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

•Testing the accuracy of the economic data used by management in determining the economic condition factor by agreeing it back to third-party source data.

•Assessing the reasonableness of management’s judgments in determining the economic condition factor based on economic data used by management by evaluating other independently obtained economic data.

/s/ BDO USA, P.C.

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2016.

New York, NY

June 24, 2025

CARVER BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

$ in thousands except per share data March 31, 2025 March 31, 2024

ASSETS

Cash and cash equivalents:

Money market investments 505 503

Investment securities:

Loans receivable:

Allowance for credit losses (6,337) (5,871)

Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLB-NY”) stock, at cost 853 2,004

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

LIABILITIES

Deposits:

Interest-bearing deposits

Advances from the FHLB-NY and other borrowed money 20,243 46,536

Commitments and contingencies (Note 15) — —

EQUITY

Accumulated other comprehensive loss (11,953) (12,705)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

CARVER BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

Years Ended March 31,

$ in thousands except per share data 2025 2024

Interest income:

Mortgage-backed securities 536 583

Interest expense:

Advances and other borrowed money 2,093 2,379

Provision for credit losses 1,191 83

Net interest income after provision for credit losses 17,960 22,478

Non-interest income:

Loan fees and service charges 238 493

(Loss) gain on sale of loans, net (191) 30

Non-interest expense:

Federal deposit insurance premiums 701 596

Loss before income tax expense (13,744) (2,977)

Income tax expense — —

Loss per common share:

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

CARVER BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

Years Ended March 31,

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax:

Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 752 (490)

Total comprehensive loss, net of tax $ (12,992) $ (3,467)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

CARVER BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

Cumulative effect adjustment for adoption of ASC 326 — — — (668) — — (668)

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — — — (490) (490)

Conversion of Series D preferred stock to common stock (3,644) 5 3,639 — — — —

Issuance of common stock — 4 996 — — — 1,000

Stock based compensation expense — 220 — 220

Other comprehensive income, net of tax — — — — — 752 752

Issuance of common stock — 1 194 — — — 195

Stock based compensation expense — — 66 — — — 66

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

CARVER BANCORP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Years Ended March 31,

CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES

Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

Provision for credit losses 1,191 83

Stock based compensation expense 66 220

Depreciation and amortization expense 813 965

Loss (gain) on sale of loans, net 191 (30)

Income from bank owned life insurance (179) (459)

Amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts - securities 203 298

Decrease (increase) in accrued interest receivable 682 (1,751)

(Increase) decrease in other assets (1,094) (82)

Decrease in other liabilities (952) (3,054)

Net cash used in operating activities (12,609) (6,571)

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES

Proceeds from bank-owned life insurance 753 —

Loans held-for-investment, net of repayments/payoffs and maturities 24,227 6,275

Purchase of equity investment — (603)

Loans purchased from third parties (15,369) (31,526)

Proceeds from sale of loans 335 563

Redemption of FHLB-NY stock 1,151 262

Purchase of premises and equipment (331) (360)

Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities 15,079 (20,053)

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES

Repayment of short-term borrowings — (10,000)

Proceeds from long-term borrowings 1,814 5,527

Repayment of long-term borrowings (28,027) —

Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities (11,180) 43,097

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (8,710) 16,473

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period 59,025 42,552

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period $ 50,315 $ 59,025

Supplemental cash flow information:

Noncash financing and investing activities

Conversion of preferred stock to common stock — 3,644

Cash paid for:

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

CARVER BANCORP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

NOTE 1.ORGANIZATION

Nature of operations

Carver Bancorp, Inc. (on a stand-alone basis, the “Company” or “Registrant”), was incorporated in May 1996 and its principal wholly-owned subsidiaries are Carver Federal Savings Bank (the “Bank” or “Carver Federal”) and Alhambra Holding Corp., an inactive Delaware corporation. Carver Federal's wholly-owned subsidiaries are CFSB Realty Corp., Carver Community Development Corporation (“CCDC”) and CFSB Credit Corp., which is currently inactive. The Bank has a real estate investment trust, Carver Asset Corporation ("CAC"), that was formed in February 2004.

“Carver,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” refers to the Company along with its consolidated subsidiaries. The Bank was chartered in 1948 and began operations in 1949 as Carver Federal Savings and Loan Association, a federally-chartered mutual savings and loan association. The Bank converted to a federal savings bank in 1986. On October 24, 1994, the Bank converted from a mutual holding company structure to stock form and issued 2,314,375 shares of its common stock, par value $0.01 per share. On October 17, 1996, the Bank completed its reorganization into a holding company structure (the “Reorganization”) and became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.

Carver Federal’s principal business consists of attracting deposit accounts through its branches and investing those funds in mortgage loans and other investments permitted by federal savings banks. The Bank has seven branches located throughout the City of New York that primarily serve the communities in which they operate.

While Carver has suspended its regular quarterly cash dividend on its common stock, in the future, Carver may rely on dividends from Carver Federal to pay cash dividends to its stockholders and to engage in share repurchase programs. In recent years, Carver has been successful in obtaining cash independently through its capital raising efforts, which may include cash from government grants or below market-rate loans. As the subsidiary of a savings and loan association holding company, Carver Federal must file a notice or an application (depending on the proposed dividend amount) with the OCC (and a notice with the FRB) prior to the declaration of each capital distribution. The OCC will disallow any proposed dividend that, among other reasons, would result in Carver Federal’s failure to meet the OCC minimum capital requirements.

Regulation

On May 14, 2025, the Bank entered into the Formal Agreement with the OCC. As a result of the Formal Agreement, the Bank is required to obtain the approval of the OCC prior to effecting any change in its directors or senior executive officers, paying dividends and entering into any "golden parachute payments" as that term is defined under 12 U.S.C. § 1828(k) and 12 C.F.R. Part 359. In addition, Carver was previously issued an Individual Minimum Capital Ratio ("IMCR") letter by the OCC, which requires the Bank to maintain minimum regulatory capital levels of 9% for its Tier 1 leverage ratio and 12% for its total risk-based capital ratio.

The Company must provide notice to the FRB prior to effecting any change in its directors or senior executive officers. The Company is also subject to restrictions on golden parachute and indemnification payments, as set forth in 12 C.F.R. Part 359. Written approval of the Federal Reserve Bank is required prior to (1) the declaration or payment of dividends by the Company to its stockholders, (2) the declaration or payment of dividends by the Bank to the Company, (3) any distributions of interest or principal by the Company on subordinated debentures or trust preferred securities, (4) any purchases or redemptions of the Company's stock and (5) the Company incurring, increasing or guaranteeing certain long-term debt outside the ordinary course of business. These limitations could affect our operations and financial performance.

NOTE 2.SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of consolidated financial statement presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company, the Bank and the Bank's wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries, Carver Asset Corporation, CFSB Realty Corp., CCDC, and CFSB Credit Corp., which is currently inactive. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company's subsidiary, Carver Statutory Trust I, is not consolidated with Carver Bancorp, Inc. for financial reporting purposes. Carver Statutory Trust I was formed in 2003 for the purpose of issuing $13.0 million aggregate liquidation amount of floating rate Capital Securities due September 17, 2033 (“Capital Securities”) and $0.4 million of common securities (which are the only voting securities of Carver Statutory Trust I), which are 100% owned by Carver Bancorp, Inc., and using the proceeds to acquire Junior Subordinated Debentures issued by Carver Bancorp, Inc. Carver Bancorp, Inc. has fully and unconditionally guaranteed the Capital Securities along with all obligations of Carver Statutory Trust I under the trust agreement relating to the Capital Securities. The Company does not consolidate the accounts and related activity of Carver Statutory Trust I because it is not the primary beneficiary of the entity.

Variable interest entities (“VIEs”) are consolidated, as required, when Carver has a controlling financial interest in these entities and is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. Carver is normally deemed to have a controlling financial interest and be the primary beneficiary if it has both (a) the power to direct activities of a VIE that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance; and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of the entity that could benefit from the activities that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). In preparing the consolidated financial statements, management is required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the consolidated statement of financial condition and revenues and expenses for the period then ended. Amounts subject to significant estimates and assumptions are items such as the allowance for credit losses, realization of deferred tax assets, and the fair value of financial instruments. While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions to the allowance for credit loss or future writedowns of real estate owned may be necessary based on changes in economic conditions in the areas where Carver Federal has extended mortgages and other credit instruments. Actual results could differ significantly from those assumptions. Current market conditions increase the risk and complexity of the judgments in these estimates.

Certain comparative amounts for the prior period have been reclassified to conform to current period presentations. Such reclassifications had no effect on net income or shareholders' equity.

Cash and cash equivalents

For the purpose of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash, amounts due from depository institutions and other short-term instruments with an original maturity of three months or less. The amounts due from depository institutions include an interest-bearing account held at the Federal Reserve Bank where any additional cash reserve required on demand deposits would be maintained. Currently, this reserve requirement is zero since the Bank's vault cash satisfies cash reserve requirements for deposits.

Investment Securities

When purchased, debt securities are designated as either investment securities held-to-maturity, available-for-sale or trading. Securities are classified as held-to-maturity and carried at amortized cost only if the Bank has a positive intent and ability to hold such securities to maturity. Securities held-to-maturity are carried at cost, adjusted for the amortization of premiums and the accretion of discounts using the level-yield method over the remaining period until maturity. The Bank's held-to-maturity portfolio consists of mortgage-backed securities that are either fully guaranteed or issued by a government sponsored enterprise, which has a credit rating and perceived credit risk comparable to the U.S. government. As such, no allowance for credit losses was recorded on securities held-to-maturity as of March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Securities are classified as available-for-sale based upon management's ability to sell in response to actual or anticipated changes in interest rates, resulting prepayment risk or any other factors. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value. Estimated fair values of securities are based on either published or security dealers' market value if available. If quoted or dealer prices are not available, fair value is estimated using quoted or dealer prices for similar securities.

The Bank conducts periodic reviews to identify and evaluate each investment that has an unrealized holding loss. Unrealized holding gains or losses for securities available-for-sale are excluded from earnings and reported net of deferred income taxes in accumulated other comprehensive loss, a component of Stockholders' Equity. For available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position, management determines whether the Company has the intent to sell the security, or will more likely than not be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, any previously recognized allowance for credit loss ("ACL") is written off and the amortized cost is adjusted to fair value. If any incremental credit loss occurs, the amortized cost is adjusted further by the credit loss and recorded in earnings. For AFS securities that do not meet the above criteria, management evaluates whether the

decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management may consider various factors including downgrades in the rating of the security by rating agencies, failure of the issuer to make scheduled interest or principal payments or adverse conditions specifically related to the security. If the decline in fair value is due to credit loss, the loss is recorded through ACL, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Non-credit losses are recorded in other comprehensive income. Changes in the ACL are recorded as provision for (or reversal of) credit loss expense. Losses are charged against the ACL when management believes the uncollectibility of an available-for-sale security is confirmed, or when either of the criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met. Gains or losses on sales of securities of all classifications are recognized based on the specific identification method.

Securities that are bought and held principally for the purpose of selling them in the near term are classified as trading securities and are reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included in earnings.

Loans Held-for-Sale

Loans are only transferred to held-for-sale classification upon the determination by Carver to sell a loan. Held-for-sale loans are carried at the lower of cost or fair value. If a loan is transferred to held-for sale, any previously recorded allowance for credit loss is reversed into earnings and a valuation allowance would be recognized. Subsequent changes in fair value are included in Non-Interest Income in the consolidated statements of operations. The valuation methodology for loans held-for-sale varies based upon the circumstances. Held-for-sale values may be based upon accepted offer amounts, appraised value of underlying mortgaged premises, prior loan loss experience of Carver in connection with recent loan sales for the loan type in question, and/or other acceptable valuation methods.

Loans Receivable

Loans receivable are carried at unpaid principal balances plus unamortized premiums, certain deferred direct loan origination costs and deferred loan origination fees and discounts, less the allowance for credit losses and charge-offs.

The Bank defers loan origination fees and certain direct loan origination costs and amortizes or accretes such amounts as an adjustment of yield over the contractual lives of the related loans using methodologies which approximate the interest method. Premiums and discounts on loans purchased are amortized or accreted as an adjustment of yield over the contractual lives of the related loans, adjusted for prepayments when applicable, using methodologies which approximate the interest method.

Loans are placed on nonaccrual status when they are past due 90 days or more as to contractual obligations or when other circumstances indicate that collection is not probable. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, any accrued but uncollected interest is reversed from current interest income. Payments received on a nonaccrual loan are either applied to protective advances, the outstanding principal balance or recorded as interest income, depending on an assessment of the ability to collect the loan. A nonaccrual loan may be restored to accrual status when principal and interest payments have been brought current and the loan has performed in accordance with its contractual terms for a reasonable period (generally six months).

Allowance for Credit Losses ("ACL")

The ACL is a valuation account that is deducted from the loan portfolio's amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Additions to the allowance are recognized through the provision for credit losses. Loan losses are charged off against the allowance when management believes a loan balance is deemed as uncollectible. Management continues its collection efforts on previously charged-off balances and applies recoveries as additions to the ACL. The measurement of expected credit losses is based on information about past events, including historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts that affect the collectability of the reported amount and a reversion to historical loss amounts after the reasonable and supportable period. Expected credit losses were estimated using a regression model based on historical data from the Company and peer institutions. Adjustments to modeled loss estimates may be made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency level or term, as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in economic conditions, property values or other relevant factors. The discounted cash flow ("DCF") methodology is used for substantially all pools, applied with a 4-quarter reasonable and supportable forecast period and the loss rate reverts back to the long-term historical loss average with a 12-quarter straight-line reversion period where the ACL reflects the difference between the amortized cost and the present value of the expected cash flows (including prepayments and defaults). The expected cash flows are discounted at the effective interest rate and the entire change in present value is reported as a provision for credit loss (or reversal of credit

loss). On a quarterly basis, management considers probability of default utilizing economic forecasts including civilian unemployment rates and CPI index, and loss given default assumptions using Frye-Jacobs estimations.

The Company has elected to exclude accrued interest from the amortized cost basis in determining credit losses. Accrued interest receivable on loans is included in a separate line item on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Accrual of interest on loans is discontinued when the payment of principal or interest is considered to be in doubt, or when a loan becomes contractually past due by 90 days or more with respect to principal or interest, except for loans that are well-secured and in the process of collection. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, any accrued but uncollected interest is reversed from current income. Interest income on nonaccrual loans is recorded when received based upon the collectability of the loan.

Expected credit losses are measured on a collective pool basis when similar risk characteristics exist. Loans with similar risk characteristics are grouped into homogeneous segments, or pools, for allowance calculation. The following discussion describes the general risks associated with the Bank's loan portfolio segments:

•Consumer (including Overdraft accounts) - The Consumer portfolio includes student loans to medical students enrolled in several medical schools throughout the United States and Caribbean, as well as unsecured consumer loans purchased from or originated through strategic partnerships with Bankers Healthcare Group, LLC and Upstart Holdings, Inc. Consumer loans are typically unsecured and more susceptible to declining economic conditions.

Because expected loss predictions may not adequately project the level of losses inherent in a portfolio, the Bank reviews a number of qualitative factors on a quarterly basis to determine if reserves should be adjusted based upon any of those factors. As the risk ratings deteriorate, some of the qualitative factors tend to increase. A number of qualitative factors are considered including economic forecast uncertainty, credit quality trends, valuation trends, concentration risk, quality of loan review, changes in personnel, impact of rising rates, external factors and other considerations. Although the quantitative calculation includes a measurement of statistical economic conditions based on national averages, an additional analysis is performed at the qualitative level that applies specifically to the Company's geographic area and the banking industry that includes reasonable and supportable forecasts.

Representation and Warranty Reserve

During the period 2004 through 2009, the Bank originated 1-4 family residential mortgage loans and sold the loans to the Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”). The loans were sold to FNMA with the standard representations and warranties for loans sold to the Government Sponsored Entities (GSEs). The Bank may be required to repurchase these loans in the event of breaches of these representations and warranties. In the event of a repurchase, the Bank is typically required to pay the unpaid principal balance as well as outstanding interest and fees. The Bank then recovers the loan or, if the loan has been foreclosed, the underlying collateral. The Bank is exposed to any losses on repurchased loans after giving effect to any recoveries on the collateral.

Management has established a representation and warranty reserve for losses associated with the repurchase of mortgage loans sold by the Bank to FNMA that we consider to be both probable and reasonably estimable. These reserves are reported in the consolidated statement of financial condition as a component of other liabilities. The calculation of the reserve is based on estimates, which are uncertain, and require the application of judgment. In establishing the reserves, we consider a variety of factors, including those loans that are under review by FNMA that have not yet received a repurchase request. The Bank tracks the FNMA claims monthly and evaluates the reserve on a quarterly basis.

Segment Reporting

The Company has determined that all of its activities constitute one reportable operating segment, with operations primarily focused on community banking. The Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") is the senior executive committee that includes the chief executive officer, chief financial officer, and chief administrative officer. The primary measure of segment performance is consolidated net income (loss). The CODM reviews the Company's financial information presented on a consolidated basis for purposes of making operating decisions and allocating resources, and evaluates financial performance by monitoring the revenue streams of its products and services, significant expenses, and budget to actual results. The Company's segment assets are total assets as presented in the consolidated statements of financial condition and the measure of segment performance and significant segment expenses are presented in the consolidated statements of operations.

Concentration of Risk

The Bank's principal lending activities are concentrated in loans secured by real estate, a substantial portion of which are located in New York City. Accordingly, the ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the Company's loan portfolio is susceptible to changes in New York's real estate market conditions. Qualitative factors in the ACL calculation considers the Bank's concentration risk.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are comprised of land, at cost, and buildings, building improvements, furnishings and equipment and leasehold improvements, at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation and amortization charges are included in Non-Interest Expense in the consolidated statements of operations and are computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated useful lives:

Buildings and improvements 10 to 25 years

Furnishings and equipment 3 to 5 years

Leasehold improvements Lesser of useful life or remaining term of lease

Maintenance, repairs and minor improvements are charged to non-interest expense in the period incurred.

Leases

Leases are classified as operating or finance leases at the lease commencement date. The Company includes lease renewal options in the lease term if it is reasonably certain the option will be exercised. Right-of-use assets represent the Company's right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company's obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the estimated present value of the lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, which is the rate for a fully collateralized and fully amortizing loan with a maturity date that is similar to the lease term, at lease commencement to calculate the present value of lease payments when the implicit rate in a lease is not readily determinable.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

The FHLB-NY has assigned to the Bank a mandated membership stock purchase, based on the Bank's asset size. In addition, for all borrowing activity, the Bank is required to purchase shares of FHLB-NY non-marketable capital stock at par. Such shares are redeemed by FHLB-NY at par with reductions in the Bank's borrowing levels. FHLB stock does not have a readily determinable fair value and we do not consider these shares to be impaired at March 31, 2025 and 2024. The Bank carries this investment at historical cost.

Mortgage Servicing Rights

All separately recognized servicing assets totaled $130 thousand and $140 thousand, respectively, at March 31, 2025 and 2024, and are included in Other Assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition and measured at fair value. Changes in fair value are included in Non-Interest Income in the consolidated statements of operations. Servicing fee income of $25 thousand and $32 thousand, respectively, was recognized during the years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, and is included in Non-Interest Income in the consolidated statements of operations.

Other Real Estate Owned

Real estate acquired by foreclosure or deed-in-lieu of foreclosure is recorded at fair value, less estimated selling costs, at the date of acquisition, and is included in Other Assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition. Any subsequent adjustments will be to the lower of cost or fair value and included in Non-Interest Expense in the consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of such assets is determined based primarily upon independent appraisals and other relevant factors. The amounts ultimately recoverable from real estate owned could differ from the net carrying value of these properties because of economic conditions. Costs incurred to improve properties or prepare them for sale are capitalized. Revenues and expenses related to the holding and operating of properties are recognized in operations as earned or incurred. Gains or losses on sale of properties are recognized as incurred and are included in Non-Interest Expense in the consolidated statements of operations. As of March 31, 2025, the Bank held $52 thousand in a foreclosed residential real estate property as a result of obtaining physical possession. In addition, as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, we had residential loans with a carrying value of $1.3 million and $2.7 million, respectively, collateralized by residential real estate property for which formal foreclosure proceedings were in process.

Income Taxes

The Company records income taxes using the asset and liability method. Income tax expense (benefit) consists of income taxes currently payable (receivable) and deferred income taxes. Temporary differences between the basis of assets and liabilities for financial reporting and tax purposes are measured as of the balance sheet date. Deferred tax liabilities or recognizable deferred tax assets are calculated on such differences, using current statutory rates, which result in future taxable or deductible amounts. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Where applicable, deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance for any portion determined more likely than not to be realized. This valuation allowance would subsequently be adjusted by a charge or credit to income tax expense as changes in facts and circumstances warrant. A tax position is recognized as a benefit only if it is "more likely

than not" that the tax position would be sustained in a tax examination, with a tax examination being presumed to occur. The amount recognized is the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than 50% likely of being realized on examination. For tax positions not meeting the “more likely than not” test, no tax benefit is recorded. Any interest expense or penalties would be recorded as interest expense.

Earnings (Loss) per Common Share

The Company has preferred stock which are entitled to receive dividends if declared on the Company's common stock and are therefore considered to be participating securities. Basic earnings (loss) per share (“EPS”) is computed using the two class method. This calculation divides net income (loss) available to common stockholders after the allocation of undistributed earnings to the participating securities by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share takes into account the potential dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised and converted into common stock. These potentially dilutive shares are then included in the weighted average number of shares outstanding for the period. Dilution calculations are not applicable to net loss periods.

Preferred and Common Dividends

While Carver has suspended its regular quarterly cash dividend on its common stock, in the future, the Company may rely on dividends from Carver Federal to pay cash dividends to its stockholders and to engage in share repurchase programs. In recent years, Carver has been successful in obtaining cash independently through its capital raising efforts, which may include cash from government grants or below market-rate loans. Under the Formal Agreement, the OCC will monitor all capital distributions, including dividend payments, by Carver Federal to the Company. The FRB regulates dividends paid by the Company. As the subsidiary of a savings and loan association holding company, Carver Federal must file a notice or an application (depending on the proposed dividend amount) with the OCC (and an application with the FRB) prior to the declaration of each capital distribution. The OCC will disallow any proposed dividend that, among other reasons, would result in Carver Federal’s failure to meet the OCC minimum capital requirements.

Treasury Stock

Treasury stock is recorded at cost and is presented as a reduction of stockholders' equity.

Stock Compensation Plans

The Company currently has multiple stock plans in place for employees and directors of the Company. The compensation cost related to share-based payment transactions is included in Employee Compensation and Benefits in the consolidated statements of operations. Compensation cost for all stock awards is calculated on the date of grant and recognized over a defined vesting period. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. For awards with graded-vesting, compensation cost is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite vesting period for the entire award. The Black-Scholes model is used to estimate the fair value of stock options, while the market price of the Company's common stock at the date of grant is used for restricted stock awards.

Reserve for Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposure

In the ordinary course of business, the Bank has entered into off-balance sheet financial instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit and letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the consolidated statements of condition when they are funded. The Company estimates a reserve for expected credit losses on loan commitments over the contractual period in which it is exposed to credit risk via a contractual obligation to extend credit, unless that obligation is unconditionally cancellable by the Company. The Bank does not record any reserve for unconditionally cancellable unfunded lending commitment since the exposure may be canceled to prevent future credit loss. Reserves for unfunded lending commitments that are not unconditionally cancellable are included in Other Liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition and Provision for Credit Loss in the consolidated statements of operations. Management will consider the likelihood that funding will occur and use the discount rate based on the associated pooled loan analysis loss rate to calculate the estimated expected credit losses. The Company recorded a provision for credit loss for off-balance sheet credit exposures of $2 thousand and $1 thousand for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The ACL on off-balance sheet credit exposures was $11 thousand and $9 thousand as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Grant Income

Designated as a Community Development Financial Institution ("CDFI") by the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the Bank is eligible for, and on occasion receives, assistance from the government and other financial institutions in the form of grants. The Company earns these grants through compliance with their conditions and by meeting the stated obligations. The Company therefore recognizes the grant income over the periods that bear the cost of meeting the obligations.

Advertising Costs

The Company follows the policy of charging the costs of advertising to expense as incurred.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity. If the criteria for sales accounting is not met, the Company will continue to recognize the financial asset and recognize an associated secured borrowing.

Recent Accounting Standards

Accounting Standards Recently Adopted

On March 31, 2025, the Company adopted ASU No. 2023-07 "Segment Report (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures," which improves reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. The amendments in this update should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company has determined that all of its activities constitute one reportable operating segment and there was no material impact on the consolidated financial statements upon adoption.

Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU No. 2024-03 "Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40)" to improve the disclosures about a public business entity's expenses and address investor requests for more detailed information about the types of expenses (including purchases of inventory, employee compensation, depreciation, amortization, and depletion) in commonly presented expense captions. ASU No. 2024-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 (for the Company, the fiscal year ending March 31, 2028), and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2027. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied either prospectively to financial statements issued for reporting periods after the effective date of this update, or retrospectively to any or all prior periods presented in the financial statements. ASU 2024-03 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements. In January 2025, the FASB issued ASU No. 2025-01 to clarify the effective date of ASU No. 2024-03. The amendment requires all public business entities to adopt the guidance in annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2027.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09 "Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures" to enhance income tax disclosures to help investors better assess how a company's operations and related tax risks and tax planning and operational opportunities affect its tax rate and prospects for future cash flows. The amendments in this update will require further disaggregated information about a reporting entity's effective tax rate reconciliation and information on income taxes paid. ASU No. 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 (for the Company, the fiscal year ending March 31, 2026), and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The amendments in this update should be applied on a prospective basis with an option for retrospective application. ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company's financial statements.

NOTE 3.INVESTMENT SECURITIES

At March 31, 2025, securities with fair value of $44.5 million, or 96.2%, of the Bank’s total securities were classified as available-for-sale, and the remaining securities with amortized cost of $1.8 million, or 3.8%, were classified as held-to-maturity, compared to

$48.0 million and $2.0 million at March 31, 2024, respectively. The Bank had no securities classified as trading at March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024.

Other investments as of March 31, 2025 primarily consisted of the Company and Bank's investments in limited partnership Community Capital Funds and a $5.0 million bank-owned life insurance policy ("BOLI") that was purchased during the first quarter of fiscal year 2023 as a channel to add to the Company's non-interest income revenue by means of an investment considered safe and sound by the Company's regulators. The investments in the limited partnerships are measured using the equity method. The BOLI is carried at the cash surrender value of the underlying policies. Income generated from the investments and the increase in the cash surrender value of the BOLI is included in other non-interest income on the Statements of Operations. Other investments totaled $6.4 million at March 31, 2025 and are included in Other Assets on the Statements of Financial Condition.

The following tables set forth the amortized cost and fair value of securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity at March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024:

Amortized Gross Unrealized

$ in thousands Cost Gains Losses Fair Value

Available-for-Sale:

Mortgage-backed securities:

Government National Mortgage Association $ 204 $ 5 $ — $ 209

U.S. Government Agency Securities 4,326 — (16) 4,310

Held-to-Maturity:

Mortgage-backed securities:

Government National Mortgage Association $ 249 $ — $ (9) $ 240

Federal National Mortgage Association 1,501 — (43) 1,458

Amortized Gross Unrealized

$ in thousands Cost Gains Losses Fair Value

Available-for-Sale:

Mortgage-backed securities:

Government National Mortgage Association $ 280 $ 4 $ (1) $ 283

U.S. Government Agency Securities 6,219 — (25) 6,194

Held-to-Maturity:

Mortgage-backed securities:

Government National Mortgage Association $ 292 $ — $ (9) $ 283

Federal National Mortgage Association 1,716 — (94) 1,622

There were no sales of available-for-sale securities and held-to-maturity securities for the years ended March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024.

Carver maintains a portfolio of mortgage-backed securities in the form of Government National Mortgage Association (“GNMA”) pass-through certificates, Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) mortgage-backed securities and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“FHLMC”) mortgage-backed securities. GNMA pass-through certificates are guaranteed as to the payment of principal and interest by the full faith and credit of the United States Government, while FNMA and FHLMC securities are each guaranteed by their respective agencies as to principal and interest. Based on the high quality of the Bank's investment portfolio, current market conditions have not significantly impacted the pricing of the portfolio or the Bank's ability to obtain reliable prices.

At March 31, 2025, the Bank pledged mortgage-backed securities of $0.3 million and $1.9 million as collateral for public funds deposits and advances from the FHLB-NY, respectively.

The following tables set forth the unrealized losses and fair value of securities in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024 for less than 12 months and 12 months or longer:

Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total

Available-for-Sale:

Held-to-Maturity:

Mortgage-backed securities $ — $ — $ (52) $ 1,670 $ (52) $ 1,670

Total held-to-maturity securities $ — $ — $ (52) $ 1,670 $ (52) $ 1,670

Less than 12 months 12 months or longer Total

Available-for-Sale:

Held-to-Maturity:

Total held-to-maturity securities $ — $ — $ (103) $ 1,872 $ (103) $ 1,872

Management reviews the investment portfolio on a quarterly basis to identify and evaluate each investment that has an unrealized holding loss. A total of 22 available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities had an unrealized loss at March 31, 2025, compared to 24 at March 31, 2024. Mortgage-backed securities, U.S. government agency securities, municipal securities and a corporate bond security represented 51.6%, 9.7%, 32.3% and 6.4%, respectively, of total available-for-sale securities in an unrealized loss position at March 31, 2025. There were seven mortgage-backed securities, three U.S. government agency securities, one corporate bond and six municipal securities that had an unrealized loss position for more than 12 months at March 31, 2025. Management has evaluated available-for-sale securities that are in an unrealized loss position and determined that the declines in fair value are attributable to market volatility, and not credit quality or other factors. Given the high credit quality of the mortgage-backed securities, which are backed by explicit U.S. government guarantees, or guarantees by government sponsored enterprises that have credit ratings and perceived credit risk comparable to the U.S. government, the high credit quality and strong financial performance of the U.S. government agency and the results of the individual analyses performed for and continuous surveillance on the municipal securities, as well as the corporate security that is a reputable institution in good financial standing, the risk of credit loss is minimal. Management believes that these unrealized losses are a direct result of the current rate environment and the Company has

the ability and intent to hold the securities until maturity or the valuations recover. The Bank's held-to-maturity portfolio consists of five mortgage-backed securities that were in an unrealized loss position for more than 12 months at March 31, 2025. These securities are either fully guaranteed or issued by a government sponsored enterprise, which has a credit rating and perceived credit risk comparable to the U.S. government. As such, no allowance for credit losses on securities available-for-sale or held-to-maturity have been established as of March 31, 2025.

The following is a summary of the amortized cost and fair value of debt securities at March 31, 2025, by remaining period to contractual maturity (ignoring earlier call dates, if any). Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities because certain security issuers have the right to call or prepay theirobligations. The table below does not consider the effects of possible prepayments or unscheduled repayments.

$ in thousands Amortized Cost Fair Value Weighted Average Yield

Available-for-Sale:

Held-to-maturity:

NOTE 4.LOANS RECEIVABLE AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The following is a summary of loans receivable, net of allowance for credit losses at March 31:

$ in thousands Amount % Amount %

Allowance for credit losses (6,337) (5,871)

(1) Includes business overdrafts of $50 thousand and $73 thousand as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively

(2) Includes consumer overdrafts of $18 thousand and $15 thousand as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively

The totals above are shown net of deferred loan fees and costs. Net deferred loan fees totaled $2.6 million and $2.9 million at March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. During fiscal year 2025, the Bank purchased $15.4 million consumer loans at par. The Bank purchased $31.5 million loans at par during fiscal year 2024, comprised of $20.0 million one-to-four family, $0.2 million business and $11.3 million consumer loans.

Substantially all of the Bank's real estate loans receivable are principally secured by properties located in New York City. Accordingly, as with most financial institutions in the market area, the ultimate collectability of a substantial portion of the Company's loan portfolio is susceptible to changes in market conditions in this area.

Real estate mortgage loan portfolios (one-to-four family) serviced for Federal National Mortgage Association (“FNMA”) and other third parties are not included in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The unpaid principal balances of these loans aggregated $10.7 million and $11.6 million at March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

At March 31, 2025 the Bank pledged $50.4 million in total real estate mortgage loans as collateral for advances from the FHLB-NY.

The allowance for credit losses totaled $6.3 million and $5.9 million as of March 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The increase was primarily attributed to a series of qualitative factor adjustments and an increase in individually analyzed loan reserv

es during fiscal year 2025. The following is an analysis of the allowance for credit losses based upon the method of evaluating loan reserves under the expected loss methodology for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Allowance for credit losses:

Allowance for loan losses:

Recoveries — — — — 55 6 — 61

The following is a summary of nonaccrual loans, at amortized cost, at March 31, 2025 and 2024.

Gross loans receivable:

There was no interest income recognized on nonaccrual loans during the twelve months ended March 31, 2025.

At March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024, other non-performing assets totaled $52 thousand, respectively, which consisted of other real estate owned comprised of one foreclosed residential property. Other real estate owned is included in other assets in the consolidated statements of financial condition. There were no held-for-sale loans at March 31, 2025 and March 31, 2024.

The Bank utilizes an internal loan classification system as a means of reporting problem loans within its loan categories:

Pass - Loans have demonstrated satisfactory asset quality, earning history, liquidity, and other adequate margins of creditor protection. These loans represent a moderate credit risk and some degree of financial stability, and are considered collectible in full.

Special Mention - Loans have potential weaknesses that deserve management's close attention. If uncorrected, these potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects for the asset or in the Bank's credit position at some future date.

Substandard - Loans are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. These loans have a well-defined weakness, or weaknesses, that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They are characterized by the distinct possibility that the Bank will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Doubtful - Loans have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as Substandard, with the added characteristic that collection or liquidation in full, based on current facts, conditions and values, is highly questionable and improbable.

Loss - Loans are considered uncollectible with insignificant value and are charged off immediately to the allowance for credit losses.

One-to-four family residential loans and consumer loans are rated non-performing if they are delinquent in payments 90 or more days, or past maturity. All other one-to-four family residential loans and consumer loans are performing loans.

The following tables present the amortized cost of loans by year of origination and risk category by class of loans based on the most recent analysis performed in the current quarter as of March 31, 2025 and 2024:

Credit Risk Profile by Internally Assigned Grade:

Multifamily

Doubtful — — — — — — — —

Loss — — — — — — — —

Commercial Real Estate

Doubtful — — — — — $ — $ — —

Loss — — — — — $ — $ — —

Construction

Pass $ — $ — $ 4,567 $ — $ — $ — $ — $ 4,567

Special Mention — — — — — — — —

Substandard — — — — — — — —

Doubtful — — — — — — — —

Loss — — — — — — — —

Business

Doubtful — — — — — — — —

Loss — — — — — — — —

Credit Risk Profile Based on Payment Activity:

One-to-four Family

Consumer

Credit Risk Profile by Internally Assigned Grade:

Multifamily

Special Mention — — — — — — — —

Doubtful — — — — — — — —

Loss — — — — — — — —

Commercial Real Estate

Special Mention — — — — — 674 — 674

Doubtful — — — — — — — —

Loss — — — — — — — —

Construction

Carver Bancorp Inc CARV US Equity

CARV · 10-K · period ended 2025-03-31

ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS.

ITEM 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

ITEM 1C.CYBERSECURITY.

ITEM 2.PROPERTIES.

ITEM 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

ITEM 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

ITEM 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

ITEM 6.[RESERVED]

ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

ITEM 7A.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

ITEM 8.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

Carver Bancorp Inc CARV US Equity☆

CARV · 10-K · period ended 2025-03-31

ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS.

ITEM 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS.

ITEM 1C.CYBERSECURITY.

ITEM 2.PROPERTIES.

ITEM 3.LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

ITEM 4.MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES.

ITEM 5.MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES.

ITEM 6.[RESERVED]

ITEM 7.MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.

ITEM 7A.QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK.

ITEM 8.FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA.

Carver Bancorp Inc CARV US Equity