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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is intended to help the reader understand our Company, business, operations and present business environment and is provided as a supplement to, and should be read together with the sections entitled “Risk Factors,” and the financial statements and the accompanying notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

In addition, the statements in this discussion and analysis regarding industry outlook, our expectations regarding the performance of our business, anticipated financial results, liquidity and the other non-historical statements are forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements are subject to numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties described in “Forward-Looking Statements” and in “Risk Factors” above. Our actual results may differ materially from those contained in or implied by any forward-looking statements.

Executive Overview and Outlook

Market Conditions

During the second half of fiscal 2022, mortgage interest rates began to increase sharply, pushing mortgage payments as a percentage of income substantially above their long-term average. This lack of affordability, along with inflation, an uncertain economic outlook and other macro-economic conditions, led to a significant decrease in new and used home sales that persisted through the first quarter of fiscal 2023. During this time period, sales pace decreased significantly, cancellation rates reached historically high levels, and home prices declined. Starting the second quarter of fiscal 2023, interest rates became less volatile and homebuyers began to adjust to the higher rate environment. As a result, homebuyer traffic and demand improved, leading to a recovery in sales pace and a reduction in cancellation rates. Additionally, the new home market benefited from low levels of resale inventory on the market. Against this backdrop of an evolving economic environment, we were able to generate historically solid financial results during fiscal 2023, with margins and profitability reaching a level that represented our second best year in more than a decade, only behind fiscal 2022.

Towards the end of September 2023, interest rates began to rapidly rise again which further strained affordability. If mortgage rates persist at current levels or continue to increase, housing market conditions may deteriorate and temper demand. We remain disciplined in our approach to the business and are focused on making the necessary adjustments to adapt in this changing operating environment.

It is difficult to predict the near-term direction of mortgage rates, consumer confidence and the overall economy, and the corresponding impact on demand for our homes. While we expect uncertainty in market conditions to persist for some time, we believe the long-term housing market outlook remains positive, supported by a demographic shift towards homeownership and a multimillion unit housing deficit that has accumulated over the past decade.

Further, as supply chain conditions have normalized in recent quarters, our construction cycle times have decreased and backlog conversion rates have improved. We continue to strive to reduce build costs through renegotiation and rebidding of construction jobs, reduce cycle times, and prudently manage our overhead costs.

Balanced Growth Strategy

Fiscal 2023 represented continued progress towards the execution of our balanced growth strategy, which is characterized by growing profitability, improving balance sheet efficiency, and generating returns above our cost of capital. We believe our balanced growth strategy has created significant value for our shareholders. During fiscal 2023, our total stockholders' equity of $1.1 billion exceeded the outstanding balance of our total debt for the first time in over 15 years.

As we look to fiscal 2024, we continue to position our business for longer-term growth, while focusing on the appropriate balance between pursuing growth opportunities, controlling risk, and maintaining a strong liquidity position. Our long-term strategic business objectives include increasing active communities to more than 200 by the end of fiscal 2026, reducing our net debt to net capitalization ratio to below 30% by the end of fiscal 2026, and reaching our target of 100% Zero Energy Ready starts by the end of the calendar year 2025.

Overview of Results for Our Fiscal 2023

The following is a summary of our performance against certain key operating and financial metrics during fiscal 2023:

•During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, sales per community per month was 2.6 compared to 2.8 in the prior year, and our net new orders were 3,866, down 4.8% from 4,061 in the prior year. The decrease in sales pace year-over-year was primarily due to a depressed sales pace of 1.3 in the first quarter of fiscal 2023 driven by the challenging housing market conditions at the time, as discussed above. With mortgage interest rates stabilizing and homebuyers adapting to the market, fiscal second, third, and fourth quarter sales paces of 3.2, 3.2, and 2.6, respectively, were strong by historical standards and reflected typical seasonality, although the recent rise of mortgage rates may temper sales pace in the near-term.

•Cancellation rate for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 was 20.3%, up from 17.6% in the prior year. Following a period of elevated cancellation rates in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2022 and first quarter of fiscal 2023, cancellation rates decreased and returned to a level within our normal historical range as buyer sentiment improved. The cancellation rate for the quarter ended September 30, 2023 was 16.5%.

•ASP for homes closed during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 was $517.8 thousand, up 7.0% from $484.1 thousand in the prior year. The increase in closing ASP year-over-year was primarily driven by price appreciation due to existing demand and low levels of resale inventory in the market. Our backlog ASP of $518.0 thousand as of September 30, 2023 was down from $547.5 thousand year-over-year. Our objective to improve new home affordability has led us to slightly alter our product strategy in certain markets by reducing home sizes and/or features included in our base price. These efforts are likely to reduce or eliminate growth in ASP in fiscal 2024. In addition, if mortgage rates continue to rise, challenging market conditions may lead to lower ASP.

•Homebuilding gross margin for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 was 19.9%, down from 23.1% in the prior year. Homebuilding gross margin excluding impairments, abandonments, and interest for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 was 23.1%, down from 26.3% in the prior year. Homebuilding gross margin peaked in the third quarter of fiscal 2022 followed by a period of decline as we increased price concessions and closing cost incentives in response to rising interest rates and affordability challenges. Although down year-over-year, homebuilding gross margin stabilized during fiscal 2023 and remained strong by historical standards. If market conditions deteriorate due to elevated mortgage rates, gross margin may be compressed in the future.

•During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, our average active community count of 125 was up 3.9% from 120 in the prior year. We ended the year with an active community count of 134, compared to 123 at the prior year quarter end. We have been working to grow community counts by increasing investments in new communities strategically with a goal of reaching more than 200 active communities by the end of 2026.

•As of September 30, 2023, our land position included 26,189 controlled lots, up 4.0% from 25,170 as of September 30, 2022. Excluding land held for future development and land held for sale lots, we controlled 25,567 active lots, up 4.8% from the prior year. As of September 30, 2023, we had 14,490 lots, or 56.7% of our total active lots, under option agreements as compared to 13,312 lots, or 54.6% of our total active lots, under option agreements as of September 30, 2022.

•SG&A for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 was 11.5% of total revenue compared with 10.9% a year earlier. The increase in SG&A as a percentage of total revenue was primarily due to lower revenues. We remain focused on prudently managing overhead costs.

Seasonal and Quarterly Variability: Our homebuilding operating cycle historically has reflected escalating new order activity in the second and third fiscal quarters and increased closings in the third and fourth fiscal quarters. However, these seasonal patterns may be impacted or reduced by a variety of factors, including periods of economic downturn, which may result in decreased revenues and closings.

The following tables present new order and closings data for the periods presented:

New Orders (Net of Cancellations)

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr Total

Closings

1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr Total

RESULTS OF CONTINUING OPERATIONS

The following table summarizes certain key income statement metrics for the periods presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Revenue:

Gross profit:

Gross margin:

G&A as a percentage of total revenue 8.1 % 7.7 % 7.6 %

Operating income as a percentage of total revenue 8.0 % 11.8 % 6.9 %

Inventory impairments and abandonments $ 641 $ 2,963 $ 853

(Loss) gain on extinguishment of debt, net $ (546) $ 309 $ (2,025)

(a) Excluding impairments, abandonments, and interest amortized to cost of sales, homebuilding gross margin was 23.1%, 26.3% and 23.0% for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Please see "Homebuilding Gross Profit and Gross Margin" section below for a reconciliation of homebuilding gross profit and the related gross margin excluding impairments and abandonments and interest amortized to cost of sales to homebuilding gross profit and gross margin, the most directly comparable GAAP measure.

(b) Calculated as land sales and other gross profit divided by land sales and other revenue.

(c) Calculated as tax expense for the period divided by income from continuing operations. Our income tax expenses are not always directly correlated to the amount of pre-tax income for the associated period due to a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the impact of tax credits and permanent differences. For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our effective tax rate was impacted by, among other factors, tax credits of $20.3 million, $12.1 million, and $12.1 million, respectively. Please see Note 12 of the notes to our consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K for details of significant items that impact our effective tax rate.

Reconciliation of Net Income (Loss) to Adjusted EBITDA

Reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA (a non-GAAP financial measure) to total company net income (loss), the most directly comparable GAAP measure, is provided for each period discussed below. Management believes that Adjusted EBITDA assists investors in understanding and comparing core operating results and underlying business trends by eliminating many of the differences in companies' respective capitalization, tax position, level of impairments, and other non-recurring items. This non-GAAP financial measure may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

The following table reconciles our net income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA for the periods presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Interest expense not qualified for capitalization — — 2,781 8,468 3,109

Litigation settlement in discontinued operations — — 120 1,260 —

Restructuring and severance expenses 335 — (10) 1,317 —

(a) In periods during which we impaired certain of our inventory assets, capitalized interest that is impaired is included in the line above titled "Interest amortized to home construction and land sales expenses and capitalized interest impaired."

Reconciliation of Total Debt to Total Capitalization Ratio to Net Debt to Net Capitalization Ratio

Reconciliation of net debt to net capitalization ratio (a non-GAAP financial measure) to total debt to total capitalization ratio, the most directly comparable GAAP measure, is provided for each period below. Management believes that net debt to net capitalization ratio is useful in understanding the leverage employed in our operations and as an indicator of our ability to obtain financing. This non-GAAP financial measure may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Total debt to total capitalization ratio 47.0 % 51.1 %

Net debt to net capitalization ratio 36.4 % 45.0 %

Homebuilding Operations Data

The following table summarizes new orders and cancellation rates by reportable segment for the periods presented:

New Orders, net Cancellation Rates

Net new orders for the year ended September 30, 2023 decreased to 3,866, down 4.8% from the year ended September 30, 2022. The decrease in net new orders was driven primarily by a decrease in sales pace from 2.8 sales per community per month in the prior year to 2.6 and an increase in cancellation rates from 17.6% in the prior year to 20.3%, partially offset by an increase in average active community count from 120 in the prior year to 125. The decrease in net new orders was primarily attributed to the low sales pace and high cancellation rates we experienced during our fiscal first quarter as a result of a significant decline in the housing market conditions at the time. Beginning in the second fiscal quarter, sales pace and cancellation rates improved and were in line with historical standards; however, the recent increase in mortgage rates may temper sales pace in the near-term.

The table below summarizes backlog units by reportable segment as well as the aggregate dollar value and ASP of homes in backlog as of September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021:

As of September 30,

Backlog Units:

Backlog reflects the number of homes for which the Company has entered into a sales contract with a customer but has not yet delivered the home. The aggregate dollar value of homes in backlog as of September 30, 2023 decreased 22.6% compared to the prior year due to an 18.2% decrease in backlog units and a 5.4% decrease in the ASP of homes in backlog. The decrease in backlog units was primarily due to lower beginning backlog and lower net new orders year-over-year.

Homebuilding Revenue, Average Selling Price, and Closings

The table below summarizes homebuilding revenue, ASP of our homes closed, and closings by reportable segment for the periods presented:

Homebuilding Revenue Average Selling Price

Closings

West Segment: Homebuilding revenue decreased by 2.7% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 compared to the prior fiscal year due to a 12.9% decrease in closings, partially offset by a 11.7% increase in ASP. The year-over-year decrease in closings in the West segment was primarily due to lower beginning backlog, partially offset by a higher backlog conversion rate for fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022.

East Segment: Homebuilding revenue decreased by 9.4% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 compared to the prior fiscal year due to a 12.4% decrease in closings, partially offset by a 3.5% increase in ASP. The year-over-year decrease in closings in the East segment was primarily due to lower beginning backlog, partially offset by a higher backlog conversion rate for fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022.

Southeast Segment: Homebuilding revenue decreased by 3.9% for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 compared to the prior fiscal year due to a 2.6% decrease in ASP as well as a decrease in closings of 1.3%. The year-over-year decrease in ASP was due to changes in pricing and product mix. The year-over-year decrease in closings in the Southeast segment is primarily due to lower beginning backlog, partially offset by a higher backlog conversion rate for fiscal 2023 compared to fiscal 2022.

Homebuilding Gross Profit and Gross Margin

The following tables present our homebuilding (HB) gross profit and gross margin by reportable segment and in total. In addition, such amounts are presented excluding inventory impairments and abandonments and interest amortized to cost of sales (COS). Homebuilding gross profit is defined as homebuilding revenue less home cost of sales (which includes land and land development costs, home construction costs, capitalized interest, indirect costs of construction, estimated warranty costs, closing costs, and inventory impairments and abandonment charges).

Reconciliation of homebuilding gross profit and the related gross margin excluding impairments and abandonments and interest amortized to cost of sales (each a non-GAAP financial measure) to their most directly comparable GAAP measures is provided for each period discussed below. Management believes that this information assists investors in comparing the operating characteristics of homebuilding activities by eliminating many of the differences in companies' respective level of impairments and level of debt. These non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to other similarly titled measures of other companies and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

$ in thousands Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2023

$ in thousands Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2022

$ in thousands Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2021

(a) Corporate and unallocated includes capitalized interest and capitalized indirect costs expensed to homebuilding cost of sale related to homes closed, as well as capitalized interest and capitalized indirect costs impaired in order to reflect projects in progress assets at fair value.

Our homebuilding gross profit decreased by $94.0 million to $438.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, compared to $532.1 million in the prior year. The decrease in homebuilding gross profit was primarily driven by a decrease in homebuilding revenue of $104.1 million and a decrease in gross margin of 320 basis points to 19.9%. However, as shown in the tables above, the comparability of our gross profit and gross margin was modestly impacted by impairments and abandonment charges which decreased by $0.5 million and interest amortized to homebuilding cost of sales which decreased by $3.1 million year-over-year (refer to Note 4 and Note 5 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K for additional details). When excluding the impact of impairments and abandonment charges and interest amortized to homebuilding cost of sales, homebuilding gross profit decreased by $97.6 million compared to the prior year while homebuilding gross margin decreased by 320 basis points to 23.1%. The year-over-year decrease in gross margin for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 was primarily driven by an increase in price concessions and closing cost incentives including rate buydowns, as well as changes in product mix.

West Segment: Compared to the prior fiscal year, homebuilding gross profit decreased by $46.1 million due to the decrease in homebuilding revenue and lower gross margin. Homebuilding gross margin, excluding impairments and abandonments, decreased to 23.8%, down from 26.6% in the prior year. The decrease in gross margin was primarily driven by an increase in price concessions, and closing cost incentives including rate buydowns, as well as changes in product mix.

East Segment: Compared to the prior fiscal year, homebuilding gross profit decreased by $34.8 million due to a decrease in homebuilding revenue and lower gross margin. Homebuilding gross margin, excluding impairments and abandonments, decreased to 20.5%, down from 24.9% in the prior year. The decrease in gross margin was primarily driven by an increase in price concessions and closing cost incentives including rate buydowns, as well as changes in product mix.

Southeast Segment: Compared to the prior fiscal year, homebuilding gross profit decreased by $12.1 million due to a decrease in homebuilding revenue and lower gross margin. Homebuilding gross margin, excluding impairments and abandonments, decreased to 22.9%, down from 25.1% in the prior year. The decrease in gross margin was primarily driven by an increase in price concessions, and closing cost incentives including rate buydowns, as well as changes in product mix.

Measures of homebuilding gross profit and gross margin after excluding inventory impairments and abandonments, interest amortized to cost of sales, and other non-recurring items are not GAAP financial measures. These measures should not be considered alternatives to homebuilding gross profit and gross margin determined in accordance with GAAP as an indicator of operating performance.

In particular, the magnitude and volatility of non-cash inventory impairments and abandonment charges for the Company and other homebuilders have been significant historically and, as such, have made financial analysis of our industry more difficult. Homebuilding metrics excluding these charges, as well as interest amortized to cost of sales and other similar presentations by analysts and other companies, are frequently used to assist investors in understanding and comparing the operating characteristics of homebuilding activities by eliminating many of the differences in companies' respective level of impairments and levels of debt. Management believes these non-GAAP measures enable holders of our securities to better understand the cash implications of our operating performance and our ability to service our debt obligations as they currently exist and as additional indebtedness is incurred in the future. These measures are also useful internally, helping management to compare operating results and to measure cash available for discretionary spending.

In a given period, our reported gross profit is generated from both communities previously impaired and communities not previously impaired. In addition, as indicated above, certain gross profit amounts arise from recoveries of prior period costs, including warranty items that are not directly tied to communities generating revenue in the period. Home closings from communities previously impaired would, in most instances, generate very low or negative gross margins prior to the impact of the previously recognized impairment. Gross margin for each home closing is higher for a particular community after an impairment because the carrying value of the underlying land was previously reduced to the present value of future cash flows as a result of the impairment, leading to lower cost of sales at the home closing. This improvement in gross margin resulting from one or more prior impairments is frequently referred to in the aggregate as the “impairment turn” or “flow-back” of impairments within the reporting period. The amount of this impairment turn may exceed the gross margin for an individual impaired asset if the gross margin for that asset prior to the impairment would have been negative. The extent to which this impairment turn is greater than the reported gross margin for the individual asset is related to the specific historical cost basis of that individual asset.

The asset valuations that result from our impairment calculations are based on discounted cash flow analyses and are not derived by simply applying prospective gross margins to individual communities. As such, impaired communities may have gross margins that are somewhat higher or lower than the gross margins for unimpaired communities. The mix of home closings in any particular quarter varies to such an extent that comparisons between previously impaired and never impaired communities would not be a reliable way to ascertain profitability trends or to assess the accuracy of previous valuation estimates. In addition, since any amount of impairment turn is tied to individual lots in specific communities, it will vary considerably from period to period. As a result of these factors, we review the impairment turn impact on gross margin on a trailing 12-month basis rather than a quarterly basis as a way of considering whether our impairment calculations are resulting in gross margins for impaired communities that are comparable to our unimpaired communities. For fiscal 2023, our homebuilding gross margin was 19.9% and excluding interest and inventory impairments and abandonments, it was 23.1%. For the same period, homebuilding gross margin was as follows in those communities that have previously been impaired, which represented 87 homes and 2.0% of total closings during fiscal 2023:

Homebuilding Gross Margin from previously impaired communities:

Pre-impairment turn gross margin (3.7) %

Impact of interest amortized to COS related to these communities 2.7 %

Pre-impairment turn gross margin, excluding interest amortization (1.0) %

Impact of impairment turns 23.8 %

Gross margin (post impairment turns), excluding interest amortization 22.8 %

For further discussion of our impairment policies, refer to Note 2 and Note 4 of the notes to consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K.

Land Sales and Other Revenue and Gross Profit (Loss)

Land sales relate to land and lots sold that do not fit within our homebuilding programs and strategic plans. We also have other revenue related to title examinations provided for our homebuyers in certain markets. The following tables summarize our land sales and other revenue and related gross profit (loss) by reportable segment for the periods presented:

$ in thousands Land Sales and Other Revenue

$ in thousands Land Sales and Other Gross Profit (Loss)

(a) Includes capitalized interest and capitalized indirect costs expensed to land cost of sale related to land sold, as well as capitalized interest and capitalized indirect costs impaired in order to reflect land held for sale assets at net realizable value.

For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, land sales and other revenue decreased by 42.0% to $8.4 million, and land sales and other gross profit decreased by 14.6% to $4.6 million compared to the prior year. Year-over-year fluctuations in land sales and other revenue are primarily driven by the timing and volume of land and lot sales closings. Land sales and other gross profit is primarily impacted by the profitability of individual land and lot sale transactions. Future land and lot sales will depend on a variety of factors, including local market conditions, individual community performance, and changing strategic plans.

Operating Income

The table below summarizes operating income by reportable segment for the periods presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

(a) Includes amortization of capitalized interest, capitalization and amortization of indirect costs, impairment of capitalized interest and capitalized indirect costs, expenses related to numerous shared services functions that benefit all segments but are not allocated to the operating segments, and certain other amounts that are not allocated to our operating segments.

Our operating income decreased by $95.2 million to $177.3 million for the year ended September 30, 2023, compared to operating income of $272.5 million for year ended September 30, 2022, primarily driven by the previously discussed decrease in gross profit, as well as an increase in SG&A expense. The dollar amount of SG&A increased by $1.6 million, or 0.6%, primarily due to higher sales and marketing costs, partially offset by lower commissions expense on lower revenue. Additionally, SG&A as a percentage of total revenue increased year-over-year by 60 basis points from 10.9% to 11.5% primarily due to the decrease in homebuilding revenue.

West Segment: The $48.1 million decrease in operating income compared to the prior year was primarily due to the decrease in gross profit previously discussed and higher sales and marketing expenses and other G&A expenses, partially offset by lower commissions expense on lower revenue in the segment.

East Segment: The $37.1 million decrease in operating income compared to the prior year was primarily due to the decrease in gross profit previously discussed and higher sales and marketing expenses, partially offset by lower commissions expense on lower revenue, and lower other G&A expenses in the segment.

Southeast Segment: The $11.4 million decrease in operating income compared to the prior year was primarily due to the decrease in gross profit previously discussed, partially offset by lower sales and marketing expenses and lower other G&A expenses in the segment.

Corporate and Unallocated: Our Corporate and unallocated results include amortization of capitalized interest, capitalization and amortization of indirect costs, impairment of capitalized interest and capitalized indirect costs, expenses for various shared services functions that benefit all segments but are not allocated, including information technology, treasury, corporate finance, legal, branding and national marketing, and certain other amounts that are not allocated to our operating segments. For the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, corporate and unallocated net expenses decreased by $1.4 million from the prior fiscal year, primarily due to lower amortization of capitalized interest to cost of sales on lower homebuilding revenue as well as lower G&A costs.

Below operating income, we had one noteworthy year-over-year fluctuation for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 compared to the prior year. Specifically, we experienced an increase in other income, net, primarily attributable to a year-over-year increase in interest received due to higher interest rates on operating cash bank accounts.

Income Taxes

We recognized income tax expense from continuing operations of $24.0 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, compared to income tax expense from continuing operations of $53.3 million and $21.5 million for our fiscal years ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Income tax expense in our fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021 primarily resulted from income generated in the fiscal year and permanent book/tax differences, partially offset by the generation of additional federal tax credits. Refer to Note 12 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K for a further discussion of our income taxes.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our sources of liquidity include, but are not limited to, cash from operations, proceeds from Senior Notes, our Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility (the Unsecured Facility) and other bank borrowings, the issuance of equity and equity-linked securities, and other external sources of funds. Our short-term and long-term liquidity depends primarily upon our level of net income, working capital management (cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and other liabilities), and available credit facilities.

Net changes in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash are as follows for the periods presented:

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities was $178.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023. The primary drivers of operating cash flows are typically cash earnings and changes in inventory levels, including land acquisition and development spending. Net cash provided by operating activities during the period was primarily driven by income before income taxes of $182.5 million, which included $21.8 million of non-cash charges, partially offset by a net increase in non-inventory working capital of $11.5 million and an increase in inventory of $14.7 million resulting from land acquisition, land development, and house construction spending to support continued growth.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $81.1 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, primarily driven by income before income taxes of $274.0 million, which included $24.0 million of non-cash charges, a net decrease in non-inventory working capital of $14.5 million, partially offset by an increase in inventory of $231.4 million resulting from land acquisition, land development, and house construction spending to support continued growth.

Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 was $29.7 million, primarily driven by capital expenditures for model homes and information systems infrastructure, and investments in securities.

Net cash used in investing activities for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 was 14.7 million, primarily driven by capital expenditures for model homes and information systems infrastructure.

Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities was $13.9 million for the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, primarily driven by the repurchases of a portion of our 2025 Senior Notes, debt issuance costs for the Unsecured Facility (see Note 7), and tax payments for stock-based compensation awards vesting.

Net cash used in financing activities was $88.7 million during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, primarily driven by repayment of the Senior Unsecured Term Loan (the Term Loan), repurchases of a portion of our 2025 and 2027 Senior Notes, common stock repurchases under our share repurchase program, and tax payments for stock-based compensation awards vesting.

Financial Position

As of September 30, 2023, our liquidity position consisted of $345.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and $265.0 million of remaining capacity under the Unsecured Facility, compared to $214.6 million in cash and cash equivalents and $244.5 million of remaining capacity under the Secured Revolving Credit Facility as of September 30, 2022. Meanwhile, we invested $573.1 million and $573.6 million in land acquisition and land development during fiscal years ended September 30, 2023 and September 30, 2022, respectively.

While we believe we possess sufficient liquidity, we are mindful of potential short-term or seasonal requirements for enhanced liquidity that may arise to operate and grow our business. As of the date of this report, we believe we have adequate capital resources and sufficient access to external financing sources to satisfy our current and long-term liquidity needs for funds to conduct our operations and meet other needs in the ordinary course of our business, however, we are continually reviewing our capital resources to determine whether we can meet our short- and long-term goals, and we may require additional capital to do so.

At times, we may also engage in capital markets, bank loan, project debt or other financial transactions, including the repurchase of debt or potential new issuances of debt or equity securities to support our business needs. The amounts involved in these transactions, if any, may be material. In addition, as necessary or desirable, we may adjust or amend the terms of and/or expand the capacity of the Unsecured Facility, or enter into additional letter of credit facilities, or other similar facility arrangements, in each case with the same or other financial institutions, or allow any such facilities to mature or expire.

Debt

We generally fulfill our short-term cash requirements with cash generated from our operations and available borrowings. Additionally, our Unsecured Facility provides borrowing capacity of $265.0 million, which includes a letter of credit capacity of $100.0 million. As of September 30, 2023, no borrowings and no letters of credit were outstanding under the Unsecured Facility, resulting in a remaining borrowing capacity of $265.0 million. Subsequently in October, 2023, we increased our available borrowing capacity under the Unsecured Facility from $265.0 million to $300.0 million. See Note 7 and Note 18 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K for further discussion.

We have also entered into a number of stand-alone letter of credit agreements with banks, secured with cash or certificates of deposit. These combined facilities provide for letter of credit needs collateralized by either cash or assets of the Company. We currently have $31.2 million of outstanding letters of credit under these facilities.

In the future, we may from time to time seek to continue to retire or purchase our outstanding debt through cash repurchases or in exchange for other debt securities, in open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, or otherwise. In addition, any material variance from our projected operating results could require us to obtain additional equity or debt financing. There can be no assurance that we will be able to complete any of these transactions in the future on favorable terms or at all. See Note 7 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K for additional details related to our borrowings.

Supplemental Guarantor Information

As discussed in Note 7 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K, the Company's obligations to pay principal and interest under certain debt agreements are guaranteed on a joint and several basis by substantially all of the Company's subsidiaries. Some of the immaterial subsidiaries do not guarantee the Senior Notes. The guarantees are full and unconditional. Summarized financial information is not presented for Beazer Homes USA, Inc. and the guarantor subsidiaries on a combined basis as the assets, liabilities and results of operations of the combined issuer and guarantors of the guaranteed security are not materially different than corresponding amounts presented in the consolidated financial statements of the parent company.

Credit Ratings

Our credit ratings are periodically reviewed by rating agencies. In August 2023, S&P upgraded the Company’s corporate credit rating of B to B+, updated the Company's outlook from positive to stable, and upgraded the rating for our senior unsecured notes from B to B+. In October 2023, Moody's upgraded the rating for our senior unsecured notes from B2 to B1, upgraded the Company's issuer corporate family rating from B2 to B1, and updated the Company's outlook from positive to stable. These ratings and our current credit condition affect, among other things, our ability to access new capital. These ratings are not recommendations to buy, sell or hold debt securities. Negative changes to these ratings may result in more stringent covenants and higher interest rates under the terms of any new debt. Our credit ratings could be lowered, or rating agencies could issue adverse commentaries in the future, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and liquidity. In particular, a weakening of our financial condition, including any further increase in our leverage or decrease in our profitability or cash flows, could adversely affect our ability to obtain necessary funds, could result in a credit rating downgrade or change in outlook, or could otherwise increase our cost of borrowing.

Stock Repurchases and Dividends Paid

In May 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase program that authorizes the Company to repurchase up to $50.0 million of its outstanding common stock. This share repurchase program replaced the prior share repurchase program, authorized in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 of up to $50.0 million of common stock repurchases, pursuant to which $12.0 million of the capacity remained prior to the replacement of the program. No share repurchases were made during fiscal years 2023 and 2021. During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, the Company repurchased 570 thousand shares of its common stock for $8.2 million at an average price per share of $14.33 through open market transactions. All shares have been retired upon repurchase. The aggregate reduction to stockholders’ equity related to share repurchases during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 was $8.2 million. As of September 30, 2023, the remaining availability of the share repurchase program was $41.8 million. The repurchase program has no expiration date.

The indentures under which our Senior Notes were issued contain certain restrictive covenants, including limitations on our payment of dividends. There were no dividends paid during our fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 or 2021.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements and Aggregate Contractual Commitments

Lot Option Agreements

In addition to purchasing land directly, we control a portion of our land supply through lot option agreements with land developers and land bankers, which generally require the payment of cash or the posting of a letter of credit or surety bond for the right to acquire lots during a specified period of time at a specified price. In recent years, we have focused on increasing our lot option agreement usage to minimize risk as we grow our land position. As of September 30, 2023, we controlled 26,189 lots, which includes 272 lots of land held for future development and 350 lots of land held for sale. Of the 25,567 total active lots, we controlled 14,490 of these lots, or 56.7%, through option agreements, as compared to 13,312 active lots controlled, or 54.6% of our total active lots, through option agreements as of September 30, 2022. Lot option agreements allow us to position for future growth while providing the flexibility to respond to market conditions by renegotiating the terms of the options prior to exercise or terminating the agreement.

Under option agreements, purchase of the properties is contingent upon satisfaction of certain requirements by us and the sellers, and our liability is generally limited to forfeiture of the non-refundable deposits, letters of credit or surety bonds, and other non-refundable amounts incurred, which totaled $165.4 million as of September 30, 2023. The total remaining purchase price, net of cash deposits, committed under all options was $949.4 million as of September 30, 2023. Subject to market conditions and our liquidity, we may further expand our use of option agreements to supplement our owned inventory supply.

We expect to exercise, subject to market conditions and seller satisfaction of contract terms, most of our option agreements. Various factors, some of which are beyond our control, such as market conditions, weather conditions, and the timing of the completion of development activities, will have a significant impact on the timing of option exercises or whether lot options will be exercised at all.

We have historically funded the exercise of lot options with operating cash flows. We expect these sources to continue to be adequate to fund anticipated future option exercises. Therefore, we do not anticipate that the exercise of our lot options will have a material adverse effect on our liquidity.

Letters of Credit and Surety Bonds

In connection with the development of our communities, we are frequently required to provide performance, maintenance, and other bonds and letters of credit in support of our related obligations with respect to such developments. The amount of such obligations outstanding at any time varies in accordance with our pending development activities. In the event any such bonds or letters of credit are drawn upon, we would be obligated to reimburse the issuer of such bonds or letters of credit. We had outstanding letters of credit and surety bonds of $31.2 million and $254.2 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2023, primarily related to our obligations to local governments to construct roads and other improvements in various developments.

Contractual Commitments

The following table summarizes our aggregate contractual commitments as of September 30, 2023:

Payments Due by Period

in thousands Total Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 3-5 Years More than 5 Years

Uncertain tax positions(c) — — — — —

(a) For a listing of our borrowings, refer to Note 7 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K.

(b) Interest on variable rate obligations is based on rates effective as of September 30, 2023.

(c) Based on its current inventory of uncertain tax positions and tax carryforward attributes, the Company does not expect a cash settlement of unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions in future years. See Note 12 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K for additional information regarding the Company's unrecognized tax benefits related to uncertain tax positions as of September 30, 2023.

We had outstanding letters of credit and surety bonds of $31.2 million and $254.2 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2023, primarily related to our obligations to local governments to construct roads and other improvements in various developments.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our critical accounting policies require the use of judgment in their application and in certain cases require estimates of inherently uncertain matters. Although our accounting policies are in compliance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP), a change in the facts and circumstances of the underlying transactions could significantly change the application of the accounting policies and the resulting financial statement impact. Listed below are those policies that we believe are critical and require the use of complex judgment in their application.

Inventory Valuation - Projects in Progress

Projects in progress inventory includes homes under construction and land under development grouped together as communities. Generally, upon the commencement of land development activities, it may take three to five years (depending on, among other things, the size of the community and its sales pace) to fully develop, sell, construct and close all the homes in a typical community. Projects in progress are stated at cost unless facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable.

We assess our projects in progress inventory for indicators of impairment at the community level on a quarterly basis. We evaluate, among other things, the average sales price and margins on recent home closings, homes in backlog and expected future home sales for each community. If indicators of impairment are present for a community with more than ten homes remaining to close, we perform a recoverability test by comparing the expected undiscounted cash flows for the community to its carrying value. For those communities whose carrying values exceed the aggregate undiscounted cash flows, we perform a discounted cash flow analysis to determine the fair value of the community, and impairment charges are recorded if the fair value of the community's inventory is less than its carrying value.

There is uncertainty associated with preparing the undiscounted cash flow analyses because future market conditions will almost certainly be different, either better or worse, than current conditions. Significant valuation assumptions include expected pace of closings, average sales price, expected costs for land development, direct construction, overhead, and interest. The risk of over or under-stating any of the important cash flow variables is greater with longer-lived communities and within markets that have historically experienced greater home price volatility. To address these risks, we consider home price and construction cost appreciation in future years for certain communities that are expected to be selling for more than a year and/or if the market has typically exhibited high levels of price volatility. Absent these assumptions on cost and sales price appreciation, we believe the long-term cash flow analysis would be unrealistic. Finally, we also ensure that the pace of sales and closings used in our undiscounted cash flow analyses are reasonable by considering seasonal variations in sales and closings, our development schedules and what we have achieved historically, and by comparing to those achieved by our competitors for comparable communities.

The fair value of the community is estimated based on the present value of the estimated future cash flows using discount rates commensurate with the risk associated with the underlying community. The discount rate used may be different for each community. The factors considered when determining an appropriate discount rate for a community include, among others: (1) community specific factors such as product types, development stage and expected duration of the project, and the competitive factors influencing the sales performance of the community and (2) local market factors such as employment levels, consumer confidence and the existing supply of new and used homes for sale. The assumptions used in the determination of fair value of projects in progress communities are based on factors known to us at the time such estimates are made and our expectations of future operations and market conditions. Due to uncertainties in the estimation process, the significant volatility in market conditions, the long life cycles of many communities, and potential changes in our strategy related to certain communities, actual results could differ significantly from our estimates.

Warranty Reserves

The adequacy of our warranty reserves is based on historical experience and management's estimate of the costs to remediate any claims. Our review includes a quarterly analysis of the historical data and trends in warranty expense by division. An analysis by division allows us to consider market specific factors such as our warranty experience, the number of home closings, the prices of homes, product mix, and other data in estimating our warranty reserves. In addition, our analysis also factors in the existence of any non-recurring or community-specific warranty matters that might not be contemplated in our historical data and trends that may need to be separately estimated based on management's judgment of the ultimate cost of repair for that specific issue.

At September 30, 2023, our warranty reserve was $13.0 million, reflecting an accrual range of 0.3% to 1.0% of total revenue recognized for each home closed depending on our loss history in the division in which the home was built. A ten basis point increase in our warranty reserve rate would have increased our accrual and corresponding cost of sales by $2.3 million as of September 30, 2023.

There were no material changes in assumptions in calculating our reserve balance for the year ended September 30, 2023.

Our estimation process is discussed in Note 8 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K. While we believe that our current warranty reserves are adequate, there can be no assurances that historical data and trends will accurately predict our actual warranty costs or that future developments might not lead to a significant change in the reserve.

Income Taxes - Valuation Allowance

The carrying amounts of deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if an assessment of their components indicates that it is more likely than not that all or some portion of these assets will not be realized. Judgment is required in estimating valuation allowances for deferred tax assets. The realization of a deferred tax asset ultimately depends on the existence of sufficient taxable income in either the carryback or carryforward periods under tax law. We assess the need for valuation allowances for deferred tax assets based on more-likely-than-not realization threshold criteria. In our assessment, appropriate consideration is given to all positive and negative evidence related to the realization of the deferred tax assets. This assessment considers, among other matters, (1) the nature, frequency and severity of any current and cumulative losses; (2) forecasts of future profitability; (3) the duration of statutory carryforward periods; (4) our experience with operating loss and tax credit carryforwards not expiring unused; (5) the Section 382 limitation on our ability to carryforward pre-ownership change net operating losses; (6) recognized built-in losses or deductions; and (7) tax planning alternatives.

Our assessment of the need for the valuation of deferred tax assets includes assessing the likely future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in our financial statements or tax returns. We base our estimate of deferred tax assets and liabilities on current tax laws and rates and, in certain cases, business plans and other expectations about future outcomes. Changes in existing tax laws or rates could affect actual tax results and future business results may affect the amount of deferred tax liabilities or the valuation of deferred tax assets over time. Our analysis includes several scenarios with both increases and decreases in our estimates of operating income across future periods. Routine or cyclical reductions in our pre-tax earnings would not have changed our assessment of our ability to utilize various tax carryforwards. In addition to various company-specific factors, we consider several positive and negative external factors that may impact our estimates. These factors may include broad economic considerations such as mortgage interest rates, the relative health of the U.S. economy and employment levels, as well as industry or market specific factors such as housing supply and demand outlook.

Our accounting for deferred tax consequences represents our best estimate of future events. It is possible there will be changes that are not anticipated in our current estimates. If those changes resulted in significant and sustained reductions in our pre-tax earnings or our utilization of existing tax carryforwards, it is likely such changes would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. The nature and amounts of the various tax attributes comprising our deferred tax assets are discussed in Note 12 of notes to the consolidated financial statements in this Form 10-K.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to a number of market risks in the ordinary course of business. Our primary market risk exposure relates to fluctuations in interest rates. We do not believe that our exposure in this area is material to our cash flows or results of operations. As of September 30, 2023, we had variable rate debt outstanding, totaling $74.3 million. A one percent increase in the interest rate for these notes would result in an increase in our interest expense of approximately $1.0 million over the next twelve-month period. The estimated fair value of our fixed rate debt as of September 30, 2023 was $858.5 million, compared to a carrying amount of $903.7 million. The effect of a hypothetical one-percentage point decrease in our estimated discount rates would increase the estimated fair value of the fixed rate debt instruments from $858.5 million to $889.1 million as of September 30, 2023.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

BEAZER HOMES USA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

ASSETS

Income tax receivable — 9,606

Operating lease right-of-use assets 17,398 9,795

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Stockholders’ equity:

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

BEAZER HOMES USA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Inventory impairments and abandonments 641 2,963 853

(Loss) gain on extinguishment of debt, net (546) 309 (2,025)

Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax (77) (14) (159)

Weighted-average number of shares:

Basic income (loss) per share:

Discontinued operations — — (0.01)

Diluted income per share:

Discontinued operations — — —

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

BEAZER HOMES USA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Common Stock Paid-in Capital (Accumulated Deficit) Retained Earnings

in thousands Shares Amount Total

Stock-based compensation expense — — 12,167 — 12,167

Shares issued under employee stock plans, net 417 — — — —

Forfeiture and other settlements of restricted stock (29) — — — —

Common stock redeemed for tax liability (304) — (3,044) — (3,044)

Stock-based compensation expense — — 8,478 — 8,478

Stock option exercises 1 — 5 — 5

Shares issued under employee stock plans, net 518 — — — —

Forfeiture and other settlements of restricted stock (55) — — — —

Common stock redeemed for tax liability (308) — (6,631) — (6,631)

Other activity — $ — $ — $ — $ —

Stock-based compensation expense — — 7,275 — 7,275

Shares issued under employee stock plans, net 675 — — — —

Forfeiture and other settlements of restricted stock (12) — — — —

Common stock redeemed for tax liability (206) — (2,615) — (2,615)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

BEAZER HOMES USA, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Cash flows from operating activities:

Inventory impairments and abandonments 641 2,963 853

Loss (gain) on disposal of fixed assets 1,113 (332) (392)

Change in allowance for doubtful accounts — (6) (68)

Loss (gain) on extinguishment of debt, net 546 (309) 2,025

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Decrease in income tax receivable 9,987 — 460

Cash flows from investing activities:

Proceeds from sale of fixed assets 445 339 456

Purchases of investment securities (9,779) — —

Other (2) — —

Cash flows from financing activities:

Repayment of borrowings from credit facility — (195,000) —

Borrowings from credit facility — 195,000 —

Repurchase of common stock — (8,154) —

Tax payments for stock-based compensation awards (2,615) (6,631) (3,044)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

BEAZER HOMES USA, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(1) Description of Business

Beazer Homes USA, Inc. (“we,” “us,” “our,” “Beazer,” “Beazer Homes” and the “Company”) is a geographically diversified homebuilder with active operations in 13 states within three geographic regions in the United States: the West, East, and Southeast.

Our homes are designed to appeal to homeowners at different price points across various demographic segments, and are generally offered for sale in advance of their construction. Our objective is to provide our customers with homes that incorporate extraordinary value at an affordable price, delivered through our three strategic pillars of Mortgage Choice, ChoicePlans®, and Surprising Performance, while seeking to maximize our investment returns over the course of a housing cycle.

(2) Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements of the Company have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP), and present the consolidated financial position, income, stockholders' equity, and cash flows of Beazer Homes USA, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Our net income is equivalent to our comprehensive income, so we have not presented a separate statement of comprehensive income.

In the past, we have discontinued homebuilding operations in various markets. Results from certain of these exited markets are reported as discontinued operations in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations for all periods presented.

Our fiscal year 2023 began on October 1, 2022 and ended on September 30, 2023. Our fiscal year 2022 began on October 1, 2021 and ended on September 30, 2022. Our fiscal year 2021 began on October 1, 2020 and ended on September 30, 2021.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make informed estimates and judgments that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. Accordingly, actual results could differ from these estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

We consider highly liquid investments with maturities of three months or less when acquired to be cash equivalents. As of September 30, 2023, the majority of our cash and cash equivalents were on demand deposits with major banks. These assets were valued at par and had no withdrawal restrictions. Restricted cash includes cash restricted by state law or a contractual requirement, including cash collateral for our outstanding cash-secured letters of credit (refer to Note 7).

Accounts Receivable and Allowance

Accounts receivable include receivables from municipalities related to the development of utilities or other infrastructure, land banker reimbursements to be received related to land development costs, rebates to be received from our suppliers, escrow proceeds to be received from title companies associated with closed homes, and other miscellaneous receivables. Generally, we receive cash from title companies within a few days of the home being closed. We regularly review our receivable balances for collectability and record an allowance for expected credit losses.

Owned Inventory

Owned inventory includes land acquisition costs, land development costs, home construction costs, capitalized interest, real estate taxes, direct overhead costs and capitalized indirect costs incurred during land development and home construction, and common costs that benefit the entire community, less impairments, if any. Land acquisition, land development and other common costs (both incurred and estimated to be incurred) are allocated to individual lots on a pro-rata basis, and the cost of individual lots is transferred to homes under construction when home construction begins. Changes in estimated land and other common costs to be incurred in a community are generally allocated to the remaining lots on a prospective basis. Home construction costs are accumulated on a per-home basis. Cost of home closings includes the specific construction costs of the home and the allocated lot costs. Refer to Note 4 for further discussion of our inventory balance.

Inventory Valuation - Projects in Progress

We assess our projects in progress inventory for indicators of impairment at the community level on a quarterly basis. We evaluate, among other things, the average sales price and margins on recent home closings, homes in backlog and expected future home sales for each community. If indicators of impairment are present for a community with more than ten homes remaining to close, we perform a recoverability test by comparing the expected undiscounted cash flows for the community to its carrying value. This undiscounted cash flow analysis requires important assumptions including, among other things, the current and future home sale prices, margins and the pace of closings to occur in the future. For those communities whose carrying values exceed the aggregate undiscounted cash flows, we perform a discounted cash flow analysis to determine the fair value of the community, and impairment charges are recorded if the fair value of the community's inventory is less than its carrying value.

The assumptions used in the determination of fair value of projects in progress communities are based on factors known to us at the time such estimates are made and our expectations of future operations and market conditions. The fair value of the community is estimated using the present value of the estimated future cash flows using discount rates commensurate with the risk associated with the underlying community. Should the estimates or expectations used in determining estimated fair values deteriorate in the future, we may be required to recognize additional impairment charges and write-offs related to these assets, and such amounts could be material.

Inventory Valuation - Land Held for Future Development

Land held for future development consists of communities for which construction and development activities are expected to occur in the future or have been idled. All applicable carrying costs, such as interest and real estate taxes, are expensed as incurred. Land held for future development is stated at cost unless facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable, such as the future enactment of a development plan or the occurrence of outside events. We evaluate the potential plans for each community in land held for future development if changes in facts and circumstances occur that would give rise to a more detailed analysis for a change in the status of a community.

Inventory Valuation - Land Held for Sale

Land held for sale includes land and lots that do not fit within our homebuilding programs and strategic plans in certain markets. We record land held for sale at the lower of the asset's carrying value or fair value less costs to sell (net realizable value). Land is classified as held for sale when the following criteria are met:

•management has the authority and commits to a plan to sell the land;

•the land is available for immediate sale in its present condition, subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sales of land assets;

•there is an active program to locate a buyer and the plan to sell the property has been initiated;

•the sale of the land is probable within one year;

•the property is being actively marketed at a reasonable sale price relative to its current fair value; and

•it is unlikely that the plan to sell will be withdrawn or that significant changes to the plan will be made.

We evaluate the net realizable value of a land held for sale asset when indicators of impairment are present. In determining the fair value of the assets less cost to sell, we consider factors including current sales prices for comparable assets in the area, recent market analysis studies, appraisals, any recent legitimate offers and listing prices of similar properties. If the current carrying value of the asset exceeds the estimated fair value less cost to sell, the asset is impaired and written down to its estimated fair value less cost to sell.

Due to uncertainties in the estimation process, it is reasonably possible that actual results could differ from the estimates used in our analysis. Our assumptions about land sales prices require significant judgment because the market is highly sensitive to changes in economic conditions. We calculate the estimated fair values of land held for sale based on current market conditions

and assumptions made by management, which may differ materially from actual results and may result in additional impairments if market conditions deteriorate.

Lot Option Agreements and Variable Interest Entities (VIE)

In addition to purchasing land directly, we utilize lot option agreements that enable us to defer acquiring portions of properties owned by third parties and unconsolidated entities until we have determined whether to exercise our lot option. The majority of our lot option agreements require a non-refundable cash deposit or issuance of a letter of credit or surety bond based on a percentage of the purchase price of the land for the right to acquire lots during a specified period at a specified price. Purchase of the properties under these agreements is contingent upon satisfaction of certain requirements by us and the sellers. Under lot option agreements, our liability is generally limited to forfeiture of the non-refundable deposits, letters of credit or surety bonds, and other non-refundable amounts incurred. If the Company cancels a lot option agreement, it would result in a write-off of the related deposits and pre-acquisition costs, but would not expose the Company to the overall risks or losses of the applicable entity we are purchasing from. We expect to exercise, subject to market conditions and seller satisfaction of contract terms, most of our remaining option agreements. Various factors, some of which are beyond our control, such as market conditions, weather conditions, and the timing of the completion of development activities, will have a significant impact on the timing of option exercises or whether lot options will be exercised at all.

The following table provides a summary of our interests in lot option agreements as of September 30, 2023 and 2022:

in thousands

(a) Amount is included as a component of land under development within our owned inventory in the consolidated balance sheets.

In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 810, Consolidation (ASC 810), if the entity holding the land under option is a VIE, the Company's deposit represents a variable interest in that entity. ASC 810 requires a company to consolidate a VIE if the company is determined to be the primary beneficiary. To determine whether we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE, we first evaluate whether we have the ability to control the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact its economic performance. Such activities include, but are not limited to, (1) the ability to determine the budget and scope of land development work, if any; (2) the ability to control financing decisions for the VIE; (3) the ability to acquire additional land into the VIE or dispose of land in the VIE not under contract with Beazer; and (4) the ability to change or amend the existing option agreement with the VIE. If we are not determined to control such activities, we are not considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE and thus do not consolidate the VIE. If we do have the ability to control such activities, we will continue our analysis by determining if we are expected to absorb a potentially significant amount of the VIE's losses or, if no party absorbs the majority of such losses, if we will benefit from potentially a significant amount of the VIE's expected gains.

If we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE, we will consolidate the VIE even though creditors of the VIE have no recourse against the Company. For those we consolidate, we record the remaining contractual purchase price under the applicable lot option agreement, net of option deposits already paid, to consolidated inventory not owned with an offsetting increase to obligations related to consolidated inventory not owned on our consolidated balance sheets. Also, to reflect the total purchase price of this inventory on a consolidated basis, we present the related option deposits as consolidated inventory not owned. No VIEs required consolidation as of September 2023 and 2022 because we have determined that we were not the primary beneficiary of any VIEs.

Property and Equipment, Net

Our property and equipment is recorded at cost, net of accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis based on estimated useful lives as follows:

Asset Class Useful Lives

Buildings and improvements 25 - 30 years

Information systems Lesser of estimated useful life of the asset or 5 years

Furniture, fixtures and computer and office equipment 3 - 7 years

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets from the businesses that we acquire. The Company's entire goodwill balance is recorded in our Southeast reportable segment. The Company evaluates goodwill for impairment at the reporting unit level annually during the fourth quarter or more often if indicators of impairment exist.

The Company has the option to perform a qualitative or quantitative assessment to determine whether the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value. Qualitative factors may include, but are not limited to, economic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance of the reporting unit and other entity and reporting unit specific events. If after assessing these qualitative factors, the Company determines it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than the carrying value, then a quantitative assessment is performed.

The fair value of the reporting unit is estimated using a combination of the income approach, utilizing the discounted cash flow method, and the market approach, utilizing readily available market valuation multiples. If the estimated fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment will be recognized for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit under the quantitative goodwill impairment assessment requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions regarding future operating results, cash flows (including timing), discount rates, expected growth rates, capital expenditures and cost of capital, similar to those a market participant would use to assess fair value. We also make certain assumptions about future economic conditions and other data. Many of the factors used in assessing fair value are outside the control of management, and these assumptions and estimates may change in future periods.

During the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company performed its annual goodwill impairment analysis and concluded our goodwill was not impaired.

Other Assets

Our other assets principally include prepaid expenses, assets related to our deferred compensation plan (refer to Note 14 for a discussion of our deferred compensation plan), investment securities, unamortized debt issuance costs on our Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility, and certificates of deposit used to secure our stand-alone letters of credit facilities (refer to Note 7 for a discussion of our credit facilities) .

Other Liabilities

Our other liabilities principally include accrued compensations and benefits, accrued interest on our outstanding borrowings, customer deposits, warranty reserves, litigation accruals, income tax liabilities and other accruals related to our operations. Refer to Note 11 for details of our other liabilities.

Income Taxes

Our provision for income taxes is comprised of taxes that are currently payable and deferred taxes that relate to temporary differences between financial reporting carrying values and tax bases of assets and liabilities. Deferred tax assets and liabilities result from deductible or taxable amounts in future years when such assets and liabilities are recovered or settled, and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the assets and liabilities are recovered or settled. We include any estimated interest and penalties on tax related matters in income taxes payable. We recognize the effect of income tax positions only if those positions are more likely than not of being sustained. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that is greater than 50% likely of being realized. We record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense within our consolidated statements of operations. Changes in recognition of measurement are recorded in the period in which the change in judgment occurs. Refer to Note 12 for a detailed discussion of our tax provision, deferred tax assets and valuation allowance.

Our income tax receivable for fiscal 2022 included the refundable portion of our alternative minimum tax (AMT) credit. We received payment of $9.2 million AMT credit refund as well as interest payment of $0.4 million during our fiscal 2023.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue upon the transfer of promised goods to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled by applying the process specified in ASC Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers.

The following table presents our total revenue disaggregated by revenue stream:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

(a) Please see Note 17 for total revenue disaggregated by reportable segment.

Homebuilding revenue

Homebuilding revenue is reported net of discounts and is generally recognized when title to and possession of the home is transferred to the buyer at the closing date. The performance obligation to deliver the home is generally satisfied in less than one year from the original contract date. Home sale contract assets consist of cash from home closings held by title companies in escrow for our benefit, typically for less than five days, and are considered accounts receivable. Contract liabilities include customer deposits related to sold but undelivered homes and totaled $27.6 million and $34.3 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Of the customer liabilities outstanding as of September 30, 2022, $29.2 million was recognized in revenue during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 upon closing of the related homes, and $4.6 million was refunded to or forfeited by the buyer.

Land sales and other revenue

Land sales revenue relates to land that does not fit within our homebuilding programs and strategic plans. Land sales typically require cash consideration on the closing date, which is generally when performance obligations are satisfied. We also provide title examinations for our homebuyers in certain markets. Revenues associated with our title operations are recognized when closing services are rendered and title insurance policies are issued, both of which generally occur as each home is closed.

Home Construction Expenses

Home construction expenses includes the specific construction costs of the home and the allocated lot costs (land acquisition, land development and other common costs are allocated to individual lots on a pro-rata basis based on the number of lots remaining to close within the community). All home closing costs are charged to home construction expenses in the period when the revenues from home closing are recognized.

Sales discounts and incentives include discounts on home prices, discounts on home building options and option upgrades, and seller-paid financing or closing costs, including rate buydowns. Home price discounts and option discounts are accounted for as a reduction in the sale price of the home, thereby decreasing the amount of revenue we recognize on that closing. All other sales incentives are recognized as a cost of selling the home and are included in home construction expenses.

Estimated future warranty costs are charged to home construction expense in the period when the revenues from home closings are recognized. Such estimated warranty costs generally range from 0.3% to 1.0% of total revenue recognized for each home closed. Additional warranty costs are charged to home construction expenses as necessary based on management's estimate of the costs to remediate existing claims. See Note 8 for a more detailed discussion of warranty costs and related reserves.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs related to continuing operations of $15.1 million, $14.4 million and $14.0 million for our fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, were expensed as incurred and were included in general and administrative (G&A) expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Fair Value Measurements

Certain of our assets are required to be recorded at fair value on a recurring basis, for example, the fair value of our deferred compensation plan assets is based on quoted market prices (Level 1) or market-corroborated inputs (Level 2). Certain of our assets are required to be recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis when events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recovered (Level 3). For example, we review our long-lived assets, including inventory, for recoverability when factors indicate an impairment may exist, but no less than quarterly. Fair value is based on estimated cash flows discounted for market risks associated with the long-lived assets. The fair value of certain of our financial instruments approximates their carrying amounts due to the short maturity of these assets and liabilities or the variable interest rates on such obligations. The fair value of our publicly-held debt is generally estimated based on quoted bid prices for these instruments (Level 2). Certain of our other financial liabilities are estimated by discounting scheduled cash flows through maturity or using market rates currently being offered on loans with similar terms and credit quality. See Note 9 for additional discussion of our fair value measurements.

Stock-Based Compensation

We use the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to value our stock option grants. Restricted stock awards with market conditions are valued using the Monte Carlo valuation method. Other restricted stock awards without market conditions are valued based on the market price of the Company's common stock on the date of the grant. In addition, we reflect the benefits of tax deductions in excess of recognized compensation cost as an operating cash outflow. Compensation cost arising from all stock-based compensation awards is recognized as expense using the straight-line method over the vesting period and is included in G&A in our consolidated statements of operations. See Note 15 for additional discussion of our stock-based compensation.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Reference Rate Reform. In March 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-04, Facilitation of the Effects of Reference Rate Reform on Financial Reporting (ASU 2020-04). ASU 2020-04 provides companies with optional guidance to ease the potential accounting burden associated with transitioning away from reference rates that are expected to be discontinued. This guidance is effective beginning on March 12, 2020, and all entities may elect to apply the amendments prospectively through December 31, 2022. In December 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-06, Deferral of the Sunset Date of Topic 848 (ASU 2022-06), to extend the temporary accounting rules under ASC Topic 848, Reference Rate Reform, from December 31, 2022 to December 31, 2024. The Company implemented its transition away from LIBOR on July 1, 2023, and the adoption of ASU 2020-04 and ASU 2022-06 did not have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

(3) Supplemental Cash Flow Information

The following table presents supplemental disclosure of non-cash and cash activity as well as a reconciliation of total cash balances between the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of cash flows for the periods presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activity:

Increase in operating lease right-of-use assets(a) $ 10,829 $ 835 $ 2,905

Increase in operating lease liabilities(a) $ 11,276 $ 835 $ 2,905

Derecognition of investment in unconsolidated entities(b) $ — $ 3,641 $ —

Supplemental disclosure of cash activity:

Reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash:

(a) Represents leases renewed or additional leases commenced during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023,2022 and 2021.

(b) Represents the derecognition of investment in unconsolidated entities associated with the carrying value of previously held interest in Imagine Homes upon the acquisition of substantially all of the assets of Imagine Homes during the quarter ended June 30, 2022.

(4) Owned Inventory

The components of our owned inventory are as follows as of September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Homes under construction include homes substantially finished and ready for delivery and homes in various stages of construction, including costs of the underlying lot, direct construction costs and capitalized indirect costs. As of September 30, 2023, we had 2,163 homes under construction, including 779 spec homes totaling $218.0 million (645 in-process spec homes totaling $162.0 million, and 134 finished spec homes totaling $56.0 million). As of September 30, 2022, we had 2,688 homes under construction, including 887 spec homes totaling $246.5 million (793 in-process spec units totaling $208.7 million, and 94 finished spec units totaling $37.8 million).

Land under development consists principally of land acquisition, land development and other common costs. These land related costs are allocated to individual lots on a pro-rata basis, and the lot costs are transferred to homes under construction when home construction begins for the respective lots. Certain of the fully developed lots in this category are reserved by a customer deposit or sales contract.

Land held for future development consists of communities for which construction and development activities are expected to occur in the future or have been idled and are stated at cost unless facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. All applicable carrying costs, such as interest and real estate taxes, are expensed as incurred.

Land held for sale includes land and lots that do not fit within our homebuilding programs and strategic plans in certain markets, and land is classified as held for sale once certain criteria are met (refer to Note 2). These assets are recorded at the lower of the carrying value or fair value less costs to sell (net realizable value).

The amount of interest we are able to capitalize depends on our qualified inventory balance, which considers the status of our inventory holdings. Our qualified inventory balance includes the majority of our homes under construction and land under development but excludes land held for future development and land held for sale (see Note 5 for additional information on capitalized interest).

Total owned inventory by reportable segment is presented in the table below as of September 30, 2023 and 2022:

(a) Projects in progress include homes under construction, land under development, capitalized interest, and model home categories from the preceding table.

(b) Projects in progress amount includes capitalized interest and indirect costs that are maintained within our Corporate and unallocated segment.

Inventory Impairments

The following table presents, by reportable segment, our total impairment and abandonment charges for the periods presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Land Held for Sale:

Corporate and unallocated(a) — 565 —

Total impairment charges on land held for sale $ — $ 1,868 $ —

Abandonments:

Total impairment and abandonment charges $ 641 $ 2,963 $ 853

(a) Amount represents capitalized interest and indirects balance that was impaired. Capitalized interest and indirects are maintained within our Corporate and unallocated segment.

Projects in Progress Impairments

We assess our projects in progress inventory for indicators of impairment at the community level on a quarterly basis. If indicators of impairment are present for a community with more than ten homes remaining to close, we perform a recoverability test by comparing the expected undiscounted cash flows for the community to its carrying value. If the aggregate undiscounted cash flows are in excess of the carrying value, the asset is considered to be recoverable and is not impaired. If the carrying value exceeds the aggregate undiscounted cash flows, we perform a discounted cash flow analysis to determine the fair value of the community, and impairment charges are recorded if the fair value of the community's inventory is less than its carrying value.

No project in progress impairments were recognized during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021.

Land Held for Sale Impairments

Impairments on land held for sale generally represent write downs of these properties to net realizable value based on sales contracts, letters of intent, current market conditions and recent comparable land sale transactions, as applicable. Absent an executed sales contract, our assumptions related to land sales prices require significant judgment because the real estate market is highly sensitive to changes in economic conditions, and our estimates of sale prices could differ significantly from actual results.

No land held for sale impairment charges were recognized during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023 and 2021. During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, we recognized $1.9 million land held for sale impairment charges related to two held for sale communities in the West segment. The fair value of land held for sale inventory is measured on a nonrecurring basis and has been determined using unobservable inputs (Level 3). The impairment-date fair value of land held for sale assets that were impaired during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 was $0.9 million. Refer to Note 9 for further discussion on fair value measurements and fair value hierarchy.

Abandonments

From time to time, we may determine to abandon lots or not exercise certain option agreements that are not projected to produce adequate results or no longer fit with our long-term strategic plan. Additionally, in certain limited instances, we are forced to abandon lots due to seller non-performance, or permitting or other regulatory issues that do not allow us to build on those lots. If we intend to abandon or walk away from a property, we record an abandonment charge to earnings for the non-refundable deposit amount and any related capitalized costs in the period such decision is made. During the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recognized $0.6 million, $1.1 million and 0.9 million in abandonment charges, respectively. As we grow our business in the years ahead, it is likely that the dollar value of abandonments will grow.

(5) Interest

Interest capitalized during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was based upon the balance of inventory eligible for capitalization. The following table presents certain information regarding interest for the periods presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Capitalized interest impaired — (439) —

(a) The amount of interest capitalized depends on the qualified inventory balance, which considers the status of the Company's inventory holdings. Qualified inventory balance includes the majority of homes under construction and land under development but excludes land held for future development and land held for sale.

(b) Capitalized interest amortized to home construction and land sales expenses varies based on the number of homes closed during the period and land sales, if any, as well as other factors.

(6) Property and Equipment

The following table presents our property and equipment as of September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Model furnishings and sales office improvements $ 24,736 $ 22,544

Furniture, fixtures and office equipment 12,692 11,019

(7) Borrowings

The Company's debt, net of unamortized debt issuance costs consisted of the following as of September 30, 2023 and 2022:

in thousands Maturity Date September 30, 2023 September 30, 2022

Unamortized debt issuance costs (5,759) (7,280)

Secured Revolving Credit Facility February 2024(a) N/A(c) —

Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility October 2026(b) — N/A(c)

(a) The Secured Revolving Credit Facility (Secured Facility) provided working capital and letter of credit capacity of $250.0 million and was scheduled to mature in February 2024; however, the Secured Facility was terminated early in October 2022 in conjunction with the Company entering into the Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility. We recorded a loss on extinguishment of debt of $0.5 million during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 due to write-off of debt issuance costs related to the early termination of the Secured Facility.As of September 30, 2022, no borrowings were outstanding and $5.5 million letters of credit were outstanding under the Secured Facility, resulting in a remaining capacity of $244.5 million.

(b) The Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility was entered into on October 13, 2022. Refer to below for further discussion.

As of September 30, 2023, the future maturities of our borrowings were as follows:

Fiscal Years Ending September 30,

in thousands

Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility

On October 13, 2022, the Company entered into a Senior Unsecured Revolving Credit Facility (Unsecured Facility), which replaced the Secured Facility. The Unsecured Facility provides for a revolving credit facility with borrowing capacity of $265.0 million, which includes a letter of credit facility of up to $100.0 million. The Company also will have the right from time to time to request to increase the size of the commitments under the Unsecured Facility by up to $135.0 million for a maximum of $400.0 million. The Unsecured Facility terminates on October 13, 2026 (Termination Date), and the Company may borrow, repay, and reborrow amounts under the Unsecured Facility until the Termination Date.

Obligations of the Company under the Unsecured Facility are jointly and severally guaranteed by certain of the Company’s existing and future direct and indirect subsidiaries, excluding, among others, certain specified unrestricted subsidiaries.

As of September 30, 2023, no borrowings and no letters of credit were outstanding under the Unsecured Facility, resulting in a remaining capacity of $265.0 million. The Unsecured Facility requires compliance with certain covenants, including affirmative covenants, negative covenants and financial covenants. As of September 30, 2023, the Company believes it was in compliance with all such covenants.

On October 12, 2023, the Company increased its available borrowing capacity under the Unsecured Facility from $265.0 million to $300.0 million. Refer to Note 18 for further discussion.

Letter of Credit Facilities

The Company has entered into stand-alone letter of credit agreements with banks, secured with cash or certificates of deposit, to maintain pre-existing letters of credit and to provide for the issuance of new letters of credit (in addition to the letters of credit issued under the Secured Facility and the Unsecured Facility). As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, the Company had letters of credit outstanding under these additional facilities of $31.2 million and $29.7 million, respectively. The Company may enter into additional arrangements to provide additional letter of credit capacity.

Senior Notes

The Company's Senior Notes are unsecured obligations ranking pari passu with all other existing and future senior indebtedness. Substantially all of the Company's significant subsidiaries are full and unconditional guarantors of the Senior Notes and are jointly and severally liable for obligations under the Senior Notes and the Unsecured Facility. Each guarantor subsidiary is a wholly owned subsidiary of Beazer Homes.

All unsecured Senior Notes rank equally in right of payment with all existing and future senior unsecured obligations, senior to all of the Company's existing and future subordinated indebtedness and effectively subordinated to the Company's existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the value of the assets securing such indebtedness. The unsecured Senior Notes and related guarantees are structurally subordinated to all indebtedness and other liabilities of all of the Company's subsidiaries that do not guarantee these notes, but are fully and unconditionally guaranteed jointly and severally on a senior basis by the Company's wholly-owned subsidiaries party to each applicable indenture.

The Company's Senior Notes are issued under indentures that contain certain restrictive covenants which, among other things, restrict our ability to pay dividends, repurchase our common stock, incur certain types of additional indebtedness, and make certain investments. Compliance with the Senior Note covenants does not significantly impact the Company's operations. The Company believes it was in compliance with the covenants contained in the indentures of all of its Senior Notes as of September 30, 2023.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, we repurchased $9.0 million of our outstanding 2025 Notes using cash on hand, resulting in a net loss on extinguishment of debt of less than $0.1 million. Subsequently in October 2023, we repurchased an additional $4.3 million of our outstanding 2025 Notes using cash on hand, resulting in a net loss on extinguishment of debt of less than $0.1 million, and bringing the outstanding balance on our 2025 Notes to $197.9 million.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, we repurchased $6.0 million of our outstanding 2027 Notes and $18.4 million of our outstanding 2025 Notes using cash on hand, resulting in a gain on extinguishment of debt of $0.3 million.

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021, we repurchased $30.7 million of our outstanding 2027 Notes using cash on hand, resulting in a net loss on extinguishment of debt of$2.0 million.

For additional redemption features, refer to the table below that summarizes the redemption terms of our Senior Notes:

Senior Note Description Issuance Date Maturity Date Redemption Terms

Junior Subordinated Notes

The Company's unsecured junior subordinated notes (Junior Subordinated Notes) mature on July 30, 2036 and have an aggregate principal balance of $100.8 million as of September 30, 2023. The securities have a floating interest rate as defined in the Junior Subordinated Notes Indentures, which was a weighted-average of 8.08% as of September 30, 2023. The obligations relating to these notes are subordinated to the Unsecured Facility and the Senior Notes. In January 2010, the Company restructured $75.0 million of these notes (Restructured Notes) and recorded them at their then estimated fair value. Over the remaining life of the Restructured Notes, we will increase their carrying value until this carrying value equals the face value of the notes. As of September 30, 2023, the unamortized accretion was $26.4 million and will be amortized over the remaining life of the Restructured Notes. The remaining $25.8 million of the Junior Subordinated Notes are subject to the terms of the original agreement, have a floating interest rate equal to a three-month LIBOR (on and prior to June 30, 2023) plus 2.45% per annum, or three-month SOFR (on and after July 1, 2023) plus 2.71% per annum, resetting quarterly, and are redeemable in whole or in part at par value. The material terms of the $75.0 million Restructured Notes are identical to the terms of the original agreement except that the floating interest rate is subject to a floor of 4.25% and a cap of 9.25%. In addition, beginning on June 1, 2012, the Company has the option to redeem the $75.0 million principal balance in whole or in part at 75% of par value; beginning on June 1, 2022, the redemption price increased by 1.785% annually. As of September 30, 2023, the Company believes it was in compliance with all covenants under the Junior Subordinated Notes.

(8) Contingencies

Beazer Homes and certain of its subsidiaries have been and continue to be named as defendants in various construction defect claims, complaints, and other legal actions. The Company is subject to the possibility of loss contingencies related to these defects as well as others arising from its business. In determining loss contingencies, we consider the likelihood of loss and our ability to reasonably estimate the amount of such loss. An estimated loss is recorded when it is considered probable that a liability has been incurred and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.

Warranty Reserves

We currently provide a limited warranty ranging from one to two years covering workmanship and materials per our defined quality standards. In addition, we provide a limited warranty for up to ten years covering only certain defined structural element failures.

Our homebuilding work is performed by subcontractors who typically must agree to indemnify us with regard to their work and provide certificates of insurance demonstrating that they have met our insurance requirements and have named us as an additional insured under their policies. Therefore, many claims relating to workmanship and materials that result in warranty spending are the primary responsibility of these subcontractors.

Warranty reserves are included in other liabilities within the consolidated balance sheets, and the provision for warranty accruals is included in home construction expenses in the consolidated statements of operations. Reserves covering anticipated warranty expenses are recorded for each home closed, which are a function of the number of home closings in the period, the selling prices of the homes closed and the rates of accrual per home estimated as a percentage of the selling price of the home. Management assesses the adequacy of warranty reserves each reporting period based on historical experience and the expected costs to remediate potential claims. Our review includes a quarterly analysis of the historical data and trends in warranty expense by division. An analysis by division allows us to consider market specific factors such as warranty experience, the number of home closings, the selling prices of homes, product mix, and other data in estimating warranty reserves. In addition, the analysis also contemplates the existence of any non-recurring or community-specific warranty-related matters that might not be included in historical data and trends that may need to be separately estimated based on management's judgment of the ultimate cost of repair for that specific issue. While estimated warranty liabilities are adjusted each reporting period based on the results of our quarterly analyses, we may not accurately predict actual warranty costs, which could lead to significant changes in the reserve.

In addition, we maintain third-party insurance, subject to applicable self-insured retentions, for most construction defects that we encounter in the normal course of business. We believe that our warranty and litigation accruals and third-party insurance are adequate to cover the ultimate resolution of our potential liabilities associated with known and anticipated warranty and construction-defect related claims and litigation. However, there can be no assurance that the terms and limitations of the limited warranty will be effective against claims made by homebuyers; that we will be able to renew our insurance coverage or renew it at reasonable rates; that we will not be liable for damages, the cost of repairs, and/or the expense of litigation surrounding possible construction defects, soil subsidence, or building related claims; or that claims will not arise out of events or circumstances not covered by insurance and/or not subject to effective indemnification agreements with our subcontractors.

Changes in warranty reserves are as follows for the periods presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Insurance Recoveries

The Company has insurance policies that provide for the reimbursement of certain warranty costs incurred above specified thresholds for each period covered. Amounts recorded for anticipated insurance recoveries are reflected within the consolidated statements of operations as a reduction of home construction expenses, if applicable. Amounts not yet received from our insurer are recorded on a gross basis, without any reduction for the associated warranty expense, within accounts receivable on our consolidated balance sheets, if applicable.

Litigation

In the normal course of business, we and certain of our subsidiaries are subject to various lawsuits and have been named as defendants in various claims, complaints, and other legal actions, most relating to construction defects, moisture intrusion, and product liability. Certain of the liabilities resulting from these actions are covered in whole or in part by insurance.

We cannot predict or determine the timing or final outcome of these lawsuits or the effect that any adverse findings or determinations in pending lawsuits may have on us. In addition, an estimate of possible loss or range of loss, if any, cannot presently be made with respect to certain of these pending matters. An unfavorable determination in pending lawsuits could result in the payment by us of substantial monetary damages that may not be fully covered by insurance. Further, the legal costs associated with the lawsuits and the amount of time required to be spent by management and our Board of Directors on these matters, even if we are ultimately successful, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, or cash flows.

We have an accrual of $9.4 million and $9.8 million in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets related to litigation matters as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Surety Bonds and Letters of Credit

We had outstanding letters of credit and surety bonds of $31.2 million and $254.2 million, respectively, as of September 30, 2023, related principally to our obligations to local governments to construct roads and other improvements in various developments.

(9) Fair Value Measurements

As of the dates presented, we had assets on our consolidated balance sheets that were required to be measured at fair value on a recurring or non-recurring basis. We use a fair value hierarchy that requires us to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value as follows:

•Level 1 – Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;

•Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable either directly or indirectly through corroboration with market data; and

•Level 3 – Unobservable inputs that reflect our own estimates about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability.

Certain of our assets are required to be recorded at fair value on a non-recurring basis when events and circumstances indicate that the carrying value of these assets may not be recoverable. We review our long-lived assets, including inventory, for recoverability when factors indicate an impairment may exist, but no less than quarterly. The fair value of assets deemed to be impaired is determined based upon the type of asset being evaluated. The fair value of our owned inventory assets, when required to be calculated, is further discussed within Notes 2 and 4. Due to the substantial use of unobservable inputs in valuing the assets on a non-recurring basis, they are classified within Level 3.

Determining within which hierarchical level an asset or liability falls requires significant judgment. We evaluate our hierarchy disclosures each quarter. The following table presents the period-end balances of assets measured at fair value for each hierarchy level:

in thousands Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total

Deferred compensation plan assets(a) $ 6,495 $ — $ — $ 6,495

Deferred compensation plan assets(a) $ — $ 3,179 $ — $ 3,179

Deferred compensation plan assets(a) $ — $ 2,730 $ — $ 2,730

(a) Amount is measured at fair value on a recurring basis and included in other assets within the consolidated balance sheets.

The fair value of cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, trade accounts payable, other liabilities, and amounts due under the Unsecured Facility (if outstanding) approximate their carrying amounts due to the short maturity of these assets and liabilities. When outstanding, obligations related to land not owned under option agreements approximate fair value.

The following table presents the carrying value and estimated fair value of certain other financial liabilities as of September 30, 2023 and 2022:

in thousands CarryingAmount(a) Fair Value CarryingAmount(a) Fair Value

(a)Carrying amounts are net of unamortized debt issuance costs or accretion.

(b)The estimated fair value for our publicly-held Senior Notes has been determined using quoted market rates (Level 2).

(c) Since there is no trading market for our Junior Subordinated Notes, the fair value of these notes is estimated by discounting scheduled cash flows through maturity (Level 3). The discount rate is estimated using market rates currently being offered on loans with similar terms and credit quality. Judgment is required in interpreting market data to develop these estimates of fair value. Accordingly, the estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts that we could realize in a current market exchange.

(10) Operating Leases

The Company leases certain office space and equipment under operating leases for use in our operations. We recognize operating lease expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Certain of our lease agreements include one or more options to renew. The exercise of lease renewal options is generally at our discretion. Variable lease expense primarily relates to maintenance and other monthly expense that do not depend on an index or rate.

We determine if an arrangement is a lease at contract inception. Lease and non-lease components are accounted for as a single component for all leases. Operating lease right to use (ROU) assets and liabilities are recognized at the lease commencement date based on the present value of the future lease payments over the expected lease term, which includes optional renewal periods if we determine it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. As our leases do not provide an implicit rate, the discount rate used in the present value calculation represents our incremental borrowing rate determined using information available at the commencement date.

Operating lease expense is included as a component of general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. Sublease income and variable lease expenses are de minimis. For the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we recorded operating lease expense of $4.0 million, $4.0 million and $4.3 million, respectively. Cash payments on lease liabilities during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaled $4.3 million, $4.4 million and $4.8 million, respectively.

At September 30, 2023 and 2022, weighted-average remaining lease term and discount rate were as follows:

September 30,

Weighted-average remaining lease term 7.0 years 4.3 years

Weighted-average discount rate 5.98% 4.43%

The following is a maturity analysis of the annual undiscounted cash flows reconciled to the carrying value of the operating lease liabilities as of September 30, 2023:

Fiscal Years Ending September 30,

in thousands

Total lease payments(a) 24,161

Less: imputed interest 5,192

Total operating lease liabilities $ 18,969

(a) Lease payments excludes $3.5 million legally binding minimum lease payments for an office lease signed but not yet commenced as of September 30, 2023. The related ROU asset and operating lease liability are not reflected on the Company's consolidated balance sheet as of September 30, 2023.

(11) Other Liabilities

Otherliabilities include the following as of September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Accrued compensations and benefits $ 50,242 $ 57,781

(12) Income Taxes

The Company's expense from income taxes from continuing operations consists of the following for the periods presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Current federal $ — $ — $ —

The Company's expense from income taxes from continuing operations differs from the amount computed by applying the federal income tax statutory rate as follows for the periods presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

The principal differences between our effective tax rate and the U.S. federal statutory rate for fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021 relate to state taxes, permanent differences and tax credits. Due to the effects of tax credits, our income tax expense is not always directly correlated to the amount of pre-tax income for the associated periods.

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of our assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. The tax effects of significant temporary differences that give rise to the net deferred tax assets are as follows as of September 30, 2023 and 2022:

Deferred tax assets:

Intangible assets — 1,515

Property, equipment and other assets 1,276 771

Uncertain tax positions 705 705

Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance $ 135,185 $ 156,358

Deferred tax liabilities:

Intangible assets (1,236) —

Total deferred tax liabilities (1,236) —

As of September 30, 2023, our gross deferred tax assets above included $26.5 million of federal net operating loss (NOL) carryforwards, $78.1 million of federal tax credits, and $37.6 million of state NOL carryforwards. The majority of our federal NOL carryforwards expire in our fiscal 2033, our federal tax credits expire at various dates through our fiscal 2043, and our state NOL carryforwards expire at various dates through our fiscal 2043. As of September 30, 2023, valuation allowance of $30.4 million remains on various state NOL carryforwards for which the Company has concluded that it is more likely than not that these attributes will not be realized.

We experienced an “ownership change” as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code (Section 382) as of January 12, 2010. Section 382 contains rules that limit the ability of a company that undergoes an “ownership change” to utilize its net operating loss carryforwards, tax credits and certain built-in losses or deductions recognized during the five-year period after the ownership change to offset future taxable income. Because the five-year period has expired, we have determined the actual impact and final classification of those amounts, which are properly reflected in the amounts presented above. There can be no assurance that another ownership change, as defined in the tax law, will not occur. If another “ownership change” occurs, a new annual limitation on the utilization of net operating loss carryforwards, tax credits and built-in losses would be determined as of that date. This limitation, should one be required in the future, is subject to assumptions and estimates that could differ from actual results.

Valuation Allowance

A reduction of the carrying amounts of deferred tax assets by a valuation allowance is required if, based on the available evidence, it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. Accordingly, we assess the need to establish valuation allowances for deferred tax assets periodically based on the more-likely-than-not realization threshold criterion. In our assessment, appropriate consideration is given to all positive and negative evidence related to the realization of the deferred tax assets. This assessment considers, among other matters, the nature, frequency and severity of current and cumulative losses, forecasts of future profitability, the duration of statutory carryforward periods, the Company's experience with operating loss carryforwards and tax credit carryforwards not expiring unused, the Section 382 limitation on our ability to carryforward pre-ownership change net operating losses, recognized built-in losses or deductions, and tax planning alternatives. Our assessment, while rooted in actual Company performance, are highly subjective and rely on certain estimates, including forecasts, which could differ materially from actual results.

In fiscal 2023, our conclusions about our ability to more likely than not realize all of our federal and certain state tax attributes remain consistent with our prior determinations. We considered positive factors including our recent earnings levels, interest savings from our debt reduction strategies, shortage in housing supply, and our backlog. The negative factors included the overall health of the broader economy, significant increases in mortgage interest rates, and weakened housing demand. As of September 30, 2023, the Company will have to cumulatively generate $712.9 million in pre-tax income over the course of its carryforward period to realize its deferred tax assets prior to their expiration, which, as previously discussed, is the Company's fiscal 2043.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

A reconciliation of our unrecognized tax benefits is as follows for the beginning and end of each period presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Additions for tax positions related to current year — — —

Additions for tax positions related to prior years — — —

Reductions in tax positions of prior years — — —

Lapse of statute of limitations — — (83)

If we were to recognize our $3.4 million gross unrecognized tax benefits remaining as of September 30, 2023, substantially all would impact our effective tax rate. Additionally, we had no accrued interest and penalties as of September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021. If applicable, we would record interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense within our consolidated statements of operations.

In the normal course of business, we are subject to audits by federal and state tax authorities regarding various tax liabilities. The statute of limitations for our major tax jurisdictions remains open for examination for fiscal year 2007 and subsequent years. As of September 30, 2023, we do not expect that any of our uncertain tax positions will reverse within the next twelve months.

(13) Stockholders' Equity

Preferred Stock

The Company currently has no shares of preferred stock outstanding.

Common Stock

As of September 30, 2023, the Company had 63,000,000 shares of common stock authorized and 31,351,434 shares both issued and outstanding.

Common Stock Repurchases

In May 2022, the Company's Board of Directors approved a new share repurchase program that authorizes the Company to repurchase up to $50.0 million of its outstanding common stock. This share repurchase program replaced the prior share repurchase program, authorized in the first quarter of fiscal 2019 of up to $50.0 million of common stock repurchases, pursuant to which $12.0 million of the capacity remained prior to the replacement of the program.No share repurchases were made during fiscal years 2023 and 2021. During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022, the Company repurchased 570 thousand shares of its common stock for $8.2 million at an average price per share of $14.33 through open market transactions. All shares have been retired upon repurchase. The aggregate reduction to stockholders’ equity related to share repurchases during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 was $8.2 million. As of September 30, 2023, the remaining availability of the share repurchase program was $41.8 million. The repurchase program has no expiration date.

Dividends

Section 382 Rights Agreement

Our certificate of incorporation prohibits certain transfers of our common stock that could result in an ownership change as defined in Section 382. In addition, we are party to a rights agreement intended to act as a deterrent to any person desiring to acquire 4.95% or more of our common stock. These instruments are designed to preserve the value of certain tax assets associated with our net operating loss carryforwards, tax credits and built-in losses under Section 382. In February 2022, our stockholders approved an extension of these protective provisions in our certificate of incorporation and the rights agreement.

(14) Retirement and Deferred Compensation Plans

401(k) Retirement Plan

The Company sponsors a defined-contribution plan that is a tax-qualified retirement plan under section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code (the Plan). Substantially all employees are eligible for participation in the Plan. Participants may defer and contribute from 1% to 80% of their salary to the Plan, with certain limitations on highly compensated individuals. The Company matches up to 50% of the participant's contributions limited to 6% of the participant's earnings. The participant's contributions vest immediately, while the Company's contributions vest over five years. The total Company contributions for the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were $3.2 million, $3.5 million and $3.2 million, respectively. During fiscal 2023, 2022 and 2021, participants forfeited $0.7 million, $0.3 million and $0.8 million, respectively, of unvested matching contributions.

Deferred Compensation Plan

The Beazer Homes USA, Inc. Deferred Compensation Plan (the DCP) is a non-qualified deferred compensation plan for a select group of executives and highly compensated employees. The DCP allows the executives to defer current compensation on a pre-tax basis to a future year, until termination of employment. The objectives of the DCP are to assist executives with financial planning and capital accumulation and to provide the Company with a method of attracting, rewarding and retaining executives. Participation in the DCP is voluntary. The Company may voluntarily make a contribution to the participants' DCP accounts. For the years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company contributed $0.2 million, $0.2 million and $0.2 million, respectively, to the participants' DCP accounts in the form of voluntary contributions, which was recorded as compensation expense within general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. Deferred compensation assets of $6.5 million and $3.2 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are included in other assets on our consolidated balance sheets and are recorded at fair value. Deferred compensation liabilities of $6.5 million and $5.5 million as of September 30, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are included in other liabilities on our consolidated balance sheets. During fiscal 2023, the Company fully funded the DCP using cash on hand.

(15) Stock-Based Compensation

The Company has shares available for grant under the Amended and Restated 2014 Beazer Homes USA, Inc. Long-Term Incentive Plan. We issue new shares upon the exercise of stock options and the grant of restricted stock awards. In cases of forfeitures and cancellations, those shares are returned to the share pool for future issuance. As of September 30, 2023, we had 0.8 million shares of common stock for issuance under our various equity incentive plans, of which 0.8 million shares are available for future grants.

Stock-based compensation expense is included in general and administrative expenses in our consolidated statements of operations. Following is a summary of stock-based compensation expense related to stock options and restricted stock awards for the fiscal years ended 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Stock options expense $ — $ 1 $ 25

Stock Options

Stock options have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the common stock on the grant date, generally vest two or three years after the date of grant, and may be exercised thereafter until their expiration, subject to forfeiture upon termination of employment as provided in the applicable plan. Under certain conditions of retirement, eligible participants may receive a partial vesting of stock options. Stock options generally expire on the eighth anniversary from the date such options were granted, depending on the terms of the award.

The fair value of each stock option granted is estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model (Black-Scholes Model). As of both September 30, 2023 and 2022, there was less than $0.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested stock options. The cost remaining as of September 30, 2023 is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.8 years.

During fiscal 2018, the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors approved the Employee Stock Option Program (ESOP). This program is available to all full-time employees and is designed to enable employees to share in potential price appreciation of the Company's stock. The ESOP matches stock purchases made by eligible employees meeting certain conditions with an option to purchase an additional share of the Company's shares on a one-to-one basis. The exercise price of the options granted is equal to the closing price of the Company's stock on the day the underlying shares are purchased by the employee, which is also the ESOP grant date. The options will vest on the second anniversary of the date of grant but are forfeited if (1) the eligible employee no longer works for the Company or (2) the underlying shares are sold before the two-year vesting period is over. The total number of options available under the ESOP is limited to 100,000, each for one share of the Company's common stock, of which 32,068 options were granted through the end of fiscal 2023.

During the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023 and 2022, we issued 100 and 236 stock options, respectively, all were issued under the ESOP. No stock options were issued during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021.

Following is a summary of stock option activity for the periods presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Restricted Stock Awards

The fair value of each restricted stock award with market conditions is estimated on the date of grant using the Monte Carlo valuation method. The fair value of restricted stock awards without market conditions is based on the market price of the Company's common stock on the date of grant. If applicable, the cash-settled component of any awards granted to employees is accounted for as a liability, which is adjusted to fair value each reporting period until vested.

Compensation cost arising from restricted stock awards granted to employees is recognized as an expense using the straight-line method over the vesting period. As of September 30, 2023 and 2022, there was $6.9 million and $7.3 million, respectively, of total unrecognized compensation cost related to unvested restricted stock awards. The cost remaining as of September 30, 2023 is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.7 years.

During fiscal 2023, we issued time-based restricted stock awards and performance-based restricted stock awards with a payout subject to certain performance and market conditions. Each award type is discussed below.

Performance-Based Restricted Stock Awards

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, we issued 157,430 shares of performance-based restricted stock (2023 Performance Shares), containing market conditions, to our executive officers and certain other employees. The 2023 Performance Shares are structured to be awarded based on the Company's performance under three pre-determined financial and operational metrics at the end of the three-year performance period. After determining the number of shares earned based on the financial and operational metrics, which can range from 0% to 175% of the targeted number of shares, the award will be subject to further upward or downward adjustment by as much as 30% based on the Company's relative total shareholder return (TSR) compared against a selected small to mid-cap homebuilder peers during the three-year performance period. The 2023 Performance Shares were valued using the Monte Carlo valuation model due to the existence of the TSR market condition and had an estimated fair value of $12.67 per share on the date of grant.

A Monte Carlo valuation model requires the following inputs: (1) the expected dividend yield on the underlying stock; (2) the expected price volatility of the underlying stock; (3) the risk-free interest rate for the period corresponding with the expected term of the award; and (4) the fair value of the underlying stock. For the Company and each member of the peer group, the following inputs were used, as applicable, in the Monte Carlo valuation model to determine the fair value as of the grant date for performance-based restricted stock granted in each of the fiscal years ended.

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Dividend yield — — —

Each of our performance shares represent a contingent right to receive one share of the Company's common stock if vesting is satisfied at the end of the three-year performance period. Our performance stock award plans provide that any performance shares earned in excess of the target number of performance shares issued may be settled in cash or additional shares at the discretion of the Compensation Committee. We have no current plans to cash settle any additional performance-based restricted shares in the future.

The performance criteria of the 2021 Performance Share grant were satisfied as of September 30, 2023. Based on the actual performance level achieved, 210,176 performance-based restricted stock awards from the 2021 Performance Share grant cliff vested at the end of the three-year vesting period on November 16, 2023. Of the total $2.7 million compensation cost related to these awards, we have recognized $0.7 million, $1.2 million and $0.5 million during the fiscal years ended September 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The remaining $0.3 million of unrecognized compensation cost will be recognized in the first quarter of fiscal 2024.

Time-Based Restricted Stock Awards

During the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023, we also issued 425,398 shares of time-based restricted stock (Restricted Shares) to our directors, executive officers, and certain other employees. Restricted Shares are valued based on the market price of the Company's common stock on the date of the grant. The Restricted Shares granted to our non-employee directors vest on the first anniversary of the grant, while the Restricted Shares granted to our executive officers and other employees generally vest ratably over three years from the date of grant.

Activity relating to all restricted stock awards for the periods presented is as follows:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2023

Performance-Based(a) Time-Based Total

(a) Grant and vesting activity during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2023 include 92,104 shares that were issued above target based on performance level achieved under performance-based restricted stock vesting in the current period.

Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2022

Performance-Based(a) Time-Based Total

(a) Grant and vesting activity during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2022 include 177,759 shares that were issued above target based on performance level achieved under performance-based restricted stock vesting in the current period.

Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2021

Performance-Based(a) Time-Based Total

(a) Grant and vesting activity during the fiscal year ended September 30, 2021include 60,930 shares that were issued above target based on performance level achieved under performance-based restricted stock vesting in the current period.

(16) Earnings Per Share

Basic income (loss) per share is calculated by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted-average number of shares outstanding during the period. Diluted income (loss) per share adjusts the basic income (loss) per share for the effects of any potentially dilutive securities in periods in which the Company has net income and such effects are dilutive under the treasury stock method.

Following is a summary of the components of basic and diluted income (loss) per share for the periods presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Numerator:

Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax (77) (14) (159)

Denominator:

Dilutive effect of restricted stock awards 388 357 461

Dilutive effect of stock options 6 7 22

Basic income (loss) per share:

Discontinued operations — — (0.01)

Diluted income per share:

Discontinued operations — — —

(a) The following potentially dilutive shares were excluded from the calculation of diluted income per share as a result of their anti-dilutive effect.

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

(17) Segment Information

We currently operate in 13 states that are grouped into three homebuilding segments based on geography. Revenues from our homebuilding segments are derived from the sale of homes that we construct, land and lot sales, and our title operations. Land sales revenue relates to land that does not fit within our homebuilding programs and strategic plans. We also provide title examinations for our homebuyers in certain markets. Our reportable segments have been determined on a basis that is used internally by management for evaluating segment performance and resource allocations. We have considered the applicable aggregation criteria, and have combined our homebuilding operations into three reportable segments as follows:

West: Arizona, California, Nevada, and Texas(a)

East: Delaware, Indiana, Maryland, New Jersey(b), Tennessee, and Virginia

Southeast: Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina

(a) On May 20, 2022, we acquired substantially all of the assets of Imagine Homes, a private San Antonio-based homebuilder in which the Company held a one-third ownership stake for the previous 16 years. The results of our San Antonio operations are reported herein within our West reportable segment.

(b) During our fiscal 2015, we made the decision that we would not continue to reinvest in new homebuilding assets in our New Jersey division; therefore, it is no longer considered an active operation. However, it is included in this listing because the segment information below continues to include New Jersey.

Management’s evaluation of segment performance is based on segment operating income. Operating income for our homebuilding segments is defined as homebuilding and land sales and other revenue less home construction, land development, land sales expense, title operations expense, commission expense, depreciation and amortization, and certain G&A expenses that are incurred by or allocated to our homebuilding segments. The accounting policies of our segments are those described in Note 2.

The following tables contain our revenue, operating income, and depreciation and amortization by segment for the periods presented:

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Revenue

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

Operating income

(a) Includes amortization of capitalized interest, movement in capitalized indirect costs, expenses related to numerous shared services functions that benefit all segments but are not allocated to the operating segments reported above, including information technology, treasury, corporate finance, legal, branding and national marketing, and other amounts that are not allocated to our operating segments.

Fiscal Year Ended September 30,

BZH US Equity

BZH · 10-K · period ended 2023-09-30

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

BZH US Equity☆

BZH · 10-K · period ended 2023-09-30

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

BZH US Equity