BMBL US Equity☆

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

You should read the following discussion and analysis of the financial condition and results of operations of Bumble Inc. (the “Successor”) and Worldwide Vision Limited (the “Predecessor”), in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in Part II, “Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties about our business and operations. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to these differences include without limitation those discussed in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and those identified in Part I, “Item 1A—Risk Factors."

Overview

We provide online dating and social networking applications through subscription and in-app purchases of dating products servicing North America, Europe and various other countries around the world. In 2022, Bumble operated three apps, Bumble, Badoo and Fruitz and we are a leader in the online dating space. We launched Bumble app in 2014 to address antiquated gender norms and a lack of kindness and accountability on the internet. We believe that healthy and equitable relationships begin with Kind Connections and focus on building authenticity and safety in the online space, which is marked at times by isolation and toxicity. We also believe there is a significant opportunity to extend our platform beyond online dating into healthy relationships across all areas of life: love, friendships, careers and beyond. By empowering women across all of their relationships, we believe that we have the potential to become a preeminent global women’s brand. By placing women at the center – where women make the first move – we are building a platform that is designed to be safe and empowering for women, and in turn, provide a better environment for everyone. Badoo app, launched in 2006, was one of the pioneers of web and mobile free-to-use dating products.

In January 2022, we acquired Fruitz, a fast-growing dating app with a Gen Z focus, which is a growing segment of online dating consumers. Fruitz encourages open and honest communication of dating intentions through playful fruit metaphors.

How We Generate Revenue

We monetize the Bumble app, Badoo app and Fruitz app via a freemium model where the use of our service is free and a subset of our users pay for subscriptions or in-app purchases to access premium features. These features maximize the probability of developing meaningful connections, improving their experience and saving them valuable time.

On Bumble app, our subscription offerings are called Bumble Boost and Bumble Premium. These subscription plan offerings currently include 1-day, 7-day, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, or lifetime packages. Bumble users, both subscribers and non-subscribing users, can also access additional features through in-app purchases. On Badoo app, our subscription offerings are called Badoo Premium and Badoo Premium Plus. Badoo premium subscription plan offerings currently include 1-day, 7-day, 1-month, 3-month, 6-month, or lifetime packages. In addition, Badoo users, both subscribers and non-subscribing users, can also purchase Badoo Credits which they can use to acquire in-app features such as one-off popularity boosts. We also selectively monetize through video and banner advertising. On Fruitz app, our subscription offerings are called Fruitz Premium and Fruitz Golden. Similar to the Bumble and Badoo apps, Fruitz offers flexible subscription packages and in-app purchases.

Overview of Financial Results

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the year ended December 31, 2021, the period from January 29 through December 31, 2020 and the period from January 1 through January 28, 2020, we generated:

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Total Revenue of $903.5 million, $760.9 million, $539.5 million and $40.0 million, respectively;

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Bumble App Revenue of $694.3 million, $528.6 million, $335.0 million and $23.3 million, respectively;

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Badoo App and Other Revenue of $209.2 million, $232.3 million, $204.6 million and $16.7 million, respectively;

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Net Earnings (Loss) of $(114.1) million, $281.7 million, $(109.5) million and $(32.6) million, respectively, representing Net Earnings (Loss) Margins of (12.6)%, 37.0%, (20.3)% and (81.4)%, respectively;

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Adjusted EBITDA of $226.9 million, $207.2 million, $143.4 million and $9.4 million, respectively, representing Adjusted EBITDA Margins of 25.1%, 27.2%, 26.6% and 23.4%, respectively;

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Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities of $132.9 million, $104.8 million, $53.1 million and $(3.3) million, respectively, and Operating Cash Flow Conversion of, (116.5)%, 37.2%, (48.5)% and 10.2%, respectively; and

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Free Cash Flow of $116.6 million, $91.2 million, $42.4 million and $(4.4) million, respectively, representing Free Cash Flow Conversion of 51.4%, 44.0%, 29.6% and (46.4)%, respectively.

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For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, Free Cash Flow and Free Cash Flow Conversion, which are all non-GAAP measures, to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures, information about why we consider Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA margin, free cash flow and free cash flow conversion useful and a discussion of the material risks and limitations of these measures, please see “—Non-GAAP Financial Measures.”

Key Operating Metrics

We regularly review a number of metrics, including the following key operating metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends in our business, prepare financial projections and make strategic decisions. We believe these operational measures are useful in evaluating our performance, in addition to our financial results prepared in accordance with GAAP. Refer to the section “Certain Definitions” at the beginning of this Annual Report for the definitions of our Key Operating Metrics.

The following metrics were calculated excluding paying users and revenue generated from Fruitz:

Key Operating Metrics

Bumble App Average Revenue per Paying User $ 28.90 $ 29.37 $ 26.14

Badoo App and Other Average Revenue per Paying User $ 13.06 $ 13.13 $ 12.66

Total Average Revenue per Paying User $ 23.03 $ 21.55 $ 18.81

Key Factors Affecting our Performance

Our results of operations and financial condition have been, and will continue to be, affected by a number of factors that present significant opportunities for us but also pose risks and challenges, including those discussed below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, particularly in Part I, “Item 1A—Risk Factors.”

Growth in Monetization

Our apps monetize via a freemium model where the use of our service is free and a subset of our users pay for subscriptions or in-app purchases to access premium features. We acquire new users through investments in marketing and brand as well as through word of mouth from existing users and others. We convert these users to Paying Users by introducing premium features which maximize the probability of developing meaningful connections and improving their experience.

Our revenue growth primarily depends on Paying Users and ARPPU. We continually develop new monetization features and improve existing features in order to increase adoption of in-app purchases and our subscription programs striking a balance between the number of Paying Users and ARPPU. We also test new pricing strategies, including different pricing tiers and user segmentation and share those insights across our apps to optimize monetization.

While we see opportunity for growth in our core online dating market driven by the steady growth of the global singles population, increasing adoption of online dating both in the United States and globally and increasing propensity to pay for online dating, we may also face challenges increasing our Paying Users. These challenges may include the prevailing global economic climate, competition from alternative products, lack of appealing product features, enforcement of restrictive payment policies from in-app payment systems provided by Apple and Google, and saturation of the online dating market. For example, Google has implemented a policy whereby only Google Play’s in-app billing system can be used for transactions in its store. We have increased compliance with this policy across our markets, which has had and may continue to have a negative impact on our revenue, earnings margins and numbers of Paying Users, especially in markets that tend to have lower value subscriptions and higher concentrations of Android users.

Many variables will impact our ARPPU, including the number of Paying Users and mix of monetization offerings on our platform, as well as the effect of demographic shifts and geographic differences on all of these variables. Our pricing is in local currency and may vary between markets. As foreign currency exchange rates change, translation of the statements of operations into U.S. dollars could negatively impact revenue and distort year-over-year comparability of operating results.

To the extent our ARPPU growth slows, our revenue growth will become increasingly dependent on our ability to increase our Paying Users.

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Expansion into New Geographic Markets

We are focused on growing our platform globally, including through entering new markets and investing in under-penetrated markets. As we introduce Bumble app to new markets throughout Europe, Asia, and Latin America we can leverage the local insights, scale, and infrastructure of Badoo app’s existing global footprint to efficiently enter new markets. Badoo app can also leverage Bumble’s marketing expertise and strength in North America to support growth in that market.

Expanding into new geographies will require increased costs related to marketing, as well as localization of product features and services. Potential risks to our expansion into new geographies will include competition and compliance with foreign laws and regulations.

As we expand into certain new geographies, we may see an increase in users who prefer to access premium features through our in-app purchase options rather than through our subscription packages which could impact our ARPPU. We may also see a lower propensity to pay as we enter certain new markets.

Investing in Growth While Driving Long-Term Profitability

Our mission-driven strategy ensures that values guide our business decisions and our business performance enables us to drive impact through investment in technology, marketing and product innovation, balancing growth with long-term margins.

We expect to continue to invest in technology, marketing and product innovation to drive growth while improving margins over the long term. Key investment areas for our platform include machine learning capabilities, including improving our matching and content moderation technologies; features that enhance trust and safety on our platform; new offerings that enhance user engagement and retention; marketing, data analytics, and personalization capabilities; and new subscription and consumable offerings to drive incremental value to Paying Users.

Attracting and Retaining Talent

Our business relies on our ability to attract and retain our talent, including engineers, data scientists, product designers and product developers. We believe that people want to work at a company that has purpose and aligns with their personal values, and therefore our ability to recruit talent is aided by our mission and brand reputation. We compete for talent within the technology industry.

Seasonality

We experience seasonality in user growth, user engagement, Paying User growth, and monetization on our platform. Historically, we have seen an increase in all of these metrics in January due in part to seasonal demand in the lead up to Valentine’s Day, and during the Northern Hemisphere summer. Generally, our highest performing months for user growth and user engagement are during the first and third quarters of the fiscal year, and our highest performing months for Total Paying Users are in the third and fourth quarters of the fiscal year.

Macroeconomic Conditions

The prevailing global economic climate, Russia-Ukraine conflict and other macroeconomic conditions, including but not limited to slower growth or economic recession, changes to fiscal and monetary policy and exchange rate fluctuations have adversely affected and may continue to adversely impact our business as consumers face greater pressure on disposable income. The increase in interest rates by the Federal Reserve and overall market conditions have led to significant strengthening of the U.S. dollar against other global currencies in 2022. A strong U.S. dollar has impacted and may continue to impact our revenue and earnings in 2023. We continuously monitor the direct and indirect impacts of these circumstances on our business and financial results.

For additional information, see “Item 1A―Risk Factors—General Risk Factors—We are exposed to changes in the global macroeconomic environment beyond our control, which may adversely affect consumer discretionary spending, demand for our products and services, and our expenses.”

Impact of COVID-19

Since early 2020, COVID-19 has impacted market and economic conditions globally, resulting in the implementation of significant governmental measures, including lockdowns, closures, quarantines, and travel bans intended to control the spread of the virus, as well as changes in consumer behavior as some individuals have become reluctant to engage in social activities with people outside their households. The potential for some of these measures to be reinstituted in the event of repeat waves or the emergence of new variants of the virus is likely to continue to have an adverse impact on global economic conditions and consumer confidence and spending in many parts of the world. Such macroeconomic conditions have adversely affected and may continue to adversely affect

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demand, and/or users’ ability to pay, for our products and services, particularly in the geographic and demographic markets in which Badoo app operates. Given the continued uncertainty around the duration and severity of the impact on market conditions and the business environment, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business, financial condition and results of operations going forward remains uncertain for the foreseeable future.

For additional information, see “Item 1A―Risk Factors—General Risk Factors—Our business and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by the COVID-19 outbreak or other similar outbreaks” and “Item 1A―Risk Factors—General Risk Factors—We are exposed to changes in the global macroeconomic environment beyond our control, which may adversely affect consumer discretionary spending, demand for our products and services, and our expenses.”

Impact of Russia-Ukraine Conflict

Historically, we have had business operations in Russia. Prior to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, we leased office space in Moscow and had approximately 125 employees based out of the Moscow office, consisting primarily of engineers responsible for services including anti-spam, integrity, incident management and product development and services related to supportive IT infrastructure.

On March 8, 2022, we announced the discontinuation of our operations in Russia and the removal of all of our apps from the Apple App Store and Google Play Store in Russia and Belarus. We closed our Moscow office and shifted our resources based in Moscow, where feasible, to other geographic locations.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, the net assets of our subsidiary in Russia comprised 0.2% of total assets and revenue from Russia, Belarus and Ukraine combined were approximately 0.8% of our total revenue. Operating costs related to our Russian operations were approximately 1.0% of our total operating costs for the year ended December 31, 2022.

For additional information, see “Item 1A―Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Brand, Products and Operations―Our operations may be adversely affected by ongoing developments in Russia, Ukraine and surrounding countries, including due to the impact of our decision to discontinue our operations in Russia and remove our apps from the Apple App Store and Google Play Store in Russia and Belarus.”

Factors Affecting the Comparability of Our Results of Operations

As a result of a number of factors, our historical results of operations may not be comparable from period to period or going forward. Set forth below is a brief discussion of the key factors impacting the comparability of our results of operations.

The Sponsor Acquisition

On January 29, 2020, we completed the Sponsor Acquisition, pursuant to which, among other things, Bumble Holdings acquired Worldwide Vision Limited and its consolidated subsidiaries. For additional information, see Note 1, Organization and Basis of Preparation, within the audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The Sponsor Acquisition was accounted for as a business combination under Accounting Standards Codification 805, Business Combinations. The purchase consideration was allocated to the identifiable assets and liabilities of Worldwide Vision Limited measured at their fair value as of the effective date of the Sponsor Acquisition. Any excess of the purchase consideration over the fair value of the identifiable assets and liabilities of Worldwide Vision Limited was recognized as goodwill in our consolidated financial statements. In addition, we have recorded an increase in depreciation and amortization.

In connection with the Sponsor Acquisition, in January 2020, we entered into a 7-year senior secured term loan facility in an original aggregate principal amount of $575.0 million (the “Initial Term Loan Facility”) and a 5-year senior secured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $50.0 million (the “Revolving Credit Facility”). The borrower under the Initial Term Loan Facility and the Revolving Credit Facility is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bumble Holdings, Buzz Finco L.L.C. Accordingly, in periods after the Sponsor Acquisition, we have recorded an increase in interest expense.

Concurrent with the Sponsor Acquisition, the Company also decided to no longer actively maintain and market certain platforms, including Chappy, Lumen and Huggle (“Inactive Platforms”). The decision to do so was based on the Company’s greater focus on, and decision to use its resources for strengthening, its brands Bumble and Badoo. During the periods from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020, the revenue associated with the Inactive Platforms is deemed immaterial.

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As a result of the Sponsor Acquisition, the Company incurred significant transaction costs such as legal, accounting, consulting, shadow equity and other expenses. These were incurred both in the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020 and the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and resulted primarily in an increase in general and administrative expense.

The Distribution Financing Transaction

In October 2020, we entered into an incremental senior secured term loan facility (the “Incremental Term Loan Facility” and, together with the Initial Term Loan Facility, the “Term Loan Facility”; the Term Loan Facility, together with the Revolving Credit Facility, the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”) with the same maturity as the Initial Term Loan Facility in an original aggregate principal amount of $275.0 million. The Incremental Term Loan provides for additional senior secured term loans with substantially identical terms as the Initial Term Loan Facility (other than the applicable margin). The borrower under the Incremental Term Loan Facility is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bumble Holdings, Buzz Finco L.L.C.

Bumble Holdings used the proceeds from the incremental borrowings under the Incremental Term Loan Facility, together with available cash, to declare a distribution of $360.0 million, of which approximately $334.3 million was paid to our pre-IPO owners on October 28, 2020 and $25.6 million was used to partially repay the loan to our Founder, and to pay related fees and expenses in connection therewith.

Initial Public Offering and Offering Transactions

On February 10, 2021, our registration statement on Form S-1 relating to our initial public offering (“IPO”) was declared effective by the SEC, and our Class A common stock began trading on the NASDAQ on February 11, 2021. Our IPO closed on February 16, 2021. For additional information, see Note 1, Organization and Basis of Preparation, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, "Item 8—Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Bumble Inc. issued and sold 57.5 million shares of its Class A common stock in the IPO, including 7.5 million shares sold pursuant to the exercise in full by the underwriters of their option to purchase additional shares. Bumble Inc. used the proceeds (net of underwriting discounts) from the issuance of 9 million shares ($369.6 million) to acquire an equivalent number of newly-issued Common Units from Bumble Holdings, which Bumble Holdings used to repay outstanding indebtedness under our Term Loan Facility totaling approximately $200.0 million in aggregate principal amount and approximately $148.3 million for general corporate purposes, and to bear all of the expenses of the IPO. Bumble Inc. used the proceeds (net of underwriting discounts) from the issuance of 48.5 million shares ($1,991.6 million) to purchase or redeem an equivalent aggregate number of shares of Class A common stock and Common Units from our pre-IPO owners. We refer to the foregoing transactions as the “Offering Transactions”.

Secondary Offering

On September 15, 2021, the Company completed a secondary offering of 20.7 million shares of Class A common stock on behalf of certain selling stockholders affiliated with Blackstone Inc. (the "Selling Stockholders") at a price of $54.00 per share. This transaction resulted in the issuance of 9.2 million Class A shares for the period ending September 30, 2021.

Bumble did not sell any shares of Class A common stock in the offering and did not receive any of the proceeds from the sale. Bumble paid the costs associated with the sale of shares by the Selling Stockholders, net of the underwriting discounts.

Reorganization Transactions

Prior to the completion of the IPO, we undertook certain reorganization transactions (the “Reorganization Transactions”) such that Bumble Inc. is now a holding company, and its sole material asset is a controlling equity interest in Bumble Holdings. As the general partner of Bumble Holdings, Bumble Inc. now operates and controls all of the business and affairs of Bumble Holdings, has the obligation to absorb losses and receive benefits from Bumble Holdings and, through Bumble Holdings and its subsidiaries, conducts our business. The Reorganization Transactions were accounted for as a reorganization of entities under common control. As a result, the consolidated financial statements of Bumble Inc. will recognize the assets and liabilities received in the Reorganization Transactions at their historical carrying amounts, as reflected in the historical financial statements of Bumble Holdings, the accounting predecessor. Bumble Inc. will consolidate Bumble Holdings on its consolidated financial statements and record a non-controlling interest, related to the Common Units and the Incentive Units held by our pre-IPO owners, on its consolidated balance sheet and statement of operations.

Bumble Inc. is a corporation for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. Bumble Inc.’s accounting predecessor, Bumble Holdings, is and has been since the Sponsor Acquisition, treated as a flow-through entity for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and as such, has generally not been subject to U.S. federal income tax at the entity level. Accordingly, the historical results of operations and other financial information set forth in this Annual Report do not include any material provisions for U.S. federal income tax for the period prior to our IPO. Following our IPO, Bumble Inc. pays U.S. federal and state income taxes as a corporation on its share of Bumble Holdings’ taxable income.

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In addition, in connection with the Reorganization Transactions and our IPO, we entered into the tax receivable agreement as described under “Tax Receivable Agreement”.

Public Company Costs

In preparation for our IPO, we incurred significant one-off costs such as legal, accounting, consulting, investor relations and other expenses. Accordingly, in the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020, we have recorded an increase in general and administrative expense.

As a result of becoming a public company, we continue to incur additional costs such as personnel, legal, regulatory, insurance, accounting, investor relations and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company including as a result of no longer qualifying as an "Emerging Growth Company". See “Item 1A―Risk Factors―Risks Related to Ownership of our Class A Common

Stock―We incur increased costs and are subject to additional regulations and requirements as a result of becoming a public company,

which could lower our profits, make it more difficult to run our business or divert management’s attention from our business.”

Tax Receivable Agreement

In connection with the Reorganization Transactions and our IPO, we entered into a tax receivable agreement with certain of our pre-IPO owners that provides for the payment by the Company to such pre-IPO owners of 85% of the benefits that the Company realizes, or is deemed to realize, as a result of the Company’s allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in our IPO, increases in our share of existing tax basis and adjustments to the tax basis of the assets of Bumble Holdings as a result of sales or exchanges of Common Units (including Common Units issued upon conversion of vested Incentive Units), and our utilization of certain tax attributes of the Blocker Companies (including the Blocker Companies’ allocable share of existing tax basis) and certain other tax benefits related to entering into the tax receivable agreement.

For additional information, see “Item 1A―Risk Factors—Bumble Inc. will be required to pay certain of our pre-IPO owners for most of the benefits relating to tax depreciation or amortization deductions that we may claim as a result of Bumble Inc.’s allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the IPO, Bumble Inc.’s increase in its allocable share of existing tax basis and anticipated tax basis adjustments we receive in connection with sales or exchanges of Common Units (including Common Units issued upon conversion of vested Incentive Units) in connection with or after the IPO and our utilization of certain tax attributes of the Blocker Companies.” and “Item 1A―Risk Factors—In certain cases, payments under the tax receivable agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits Bumble Inc. realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the tax receivable agreement.”

For additional information, see Note 6, Payable to Related Parties Pursuant to a Tax Receivable Agreement, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, “Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

We have determined that it is more likely than not that we will be unable to realize certain tax benefits that were received in connection with the Reorganization Transactions and our IPO. As a result of this determination, we have not recorded the benefit of these deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2022. The Company is entitled to certain depreciation and amortization deductions as a result of its allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in the IPO and increases in its allocable share of existing basis and adjustments to the tax basis of the assets of Bumble Holdings as a result of sales or exchanges in connection with the IPO. There is significant existing tax basis in the assets of Bumble Holdings as a result of the Sponsor Acquisition. Based on current projections, we anticipate having sufficient taxable income to be able to realize these tax benefits and have recorded a liability of $394.3 million associated with the tax receivable agreement related to these benefits of which $8.8 million is included in "Other current liabilities." The ability of the deferred tax assets to be realized is evaluated based on all positive and negative evidence, including future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, projected future taxable income, tax planning strategies and recent results of operations. We will assess the ability of the deferred tax assets to be realized at each reporting period, and a change in our estimate of our liability associated with the tax receivable agreement may result as additional information becomes available, including results of operations in future periods.

Employee Equity Plans

In connection with the Reorganization Transactions and our IPO, we undertook a number of modifications to existing employee equity plans such that awards under the Founder Plan, U.S. Plan, and Non-U.S. Plan were reclassified as follows:

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The Time-Vesting and Exit-Vesting Class B Units in Bumble Holdings under the Founder Plan and granted to Senior Management under the U.S. Plan were reclassified to vested Incentive Units (in the case of Vested Class B Units) and unvested Incentive Units (in the case of unvested Class B Units) in Bumble Holdings.

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The Time-Vesting and Exit-Vesting Class B Units in Bumble Holdings (other than those granted to senior management) were reclassified to Class A common stock (in the case of vested Class B Units) and restricted shares of Class A common stock (in the case of unvested Class B Units) in Bumble Inc.

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The Time-Vesting and Exit-Vesting Phantom Class B Units in Bumble Holdings were reclassified into vested RSUs (in the case of vested Class B Phantom Units) and unvested RSUs (in the case of unvested Class B Phantom Units) in Bumble Inc. As the modification resulted in a change from liability-settled to equity-settled, the RSUs were fair valued at the date of the IPO.

In all cases of respective reclassifications, the Post-IPO awards retained the same terms and conditions (including applicable vesting requirements). Each Post-IPO award was converted to reflect the $43.00 share price contemplated in the Company’s IPO while retaining the same economic value in the Company.

In connection with the IPO, we adopted the 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan (the "2021 Omnibus Plan"), which became effective on the date immediately prior to the effective date of the IPO. Under the 2021 Omnibus Plan, we granted equity awards as follows:

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Stock options with the underlying equity being shares of the Company’s Class A common stock. These stock options are inclusive of both Time-Vesting stock options and Exit-Vesting stock options.

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Time-Vesting Restricted Stock Units with the underlying equity being shares of the Company’s Class A common stock.

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Shares of Class A common stock issuable in exchange for an equivalent number of Common Units in Bumble Holdings to be received upon the conversion of vested Time-Vesting and Exit-Vesting Incentive Units in Bumble Holdings.

At the IPO date, we concluded that our public offering represented a qualifying liquidity event that would cause the Exit-Vesting awards’ performance conditions to be probable. As such, we started to recognize stock-based compensation expense for the Exit-Vesting awards. On July 15, 2022, the Exit-Vesting awards, with vesting based on certain performance conditions, were modified to also provide for time-based vesting in 36 equal installments and we began to recognize incremental stock-based compensation associated with the modification of these awards. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we recognized compensation cost related to Exit-Vesting awards of $31.3 million and $26.3 million, which includes the modification of these awards in fiscal year 2022.

For additional information, see Note 16, Stock-based Compensation, to our consolidated financial statements included in Part II, “Item 8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Components of Results of Operations

Our business is organized into a single reportable segment.

Revenue

We monetize the Bumble, Badoo and Fruitz apps via a freemium model where the use of our service is free and a subset of our users pay for subscriptions or in-app purchases to access premium features. Subscription revenue is presented net of taxes, refunds and credit card chargebacks. This revenue is initially deferred and is recognized using the straight-line method over the term of the applicable subscription period. Revenue from lifetime subscriptions is deferred over the average estimated expected period of the subscriber relationship, which is currently estimated to be twelve months. Revenue from the purchase of in-app features is recognized based on usage.

We also earn revenue from online advertising and partnerships, which are not a significant part of our business. Online advertising revenue is recognized when an advertisement is displayed. Revenue from partnerships is recognized according to the contractual terms of the partnership.

Cost of revenue

Cost of revenue consists primarily of in-app purchase fees due on payments processed through the Apple App Store and Google Play Store. Purchases on Android outside of the United States and United Kingdom, mobile web and desktop have additional payment methods, such as credit card or via telecom providers. These purchases incur fees which vary depending on payment method. Purchase fees are deferred and expensed over the same period as revenue.

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Cost of revenue also includes data center expenses such as rent, power and bandwidth for running servers, employee compensation (including stock-based compensation) and, other employee related costs and restructuring charges. Expenses relating to customer care functions such as customer service, moderators and other auxiliary costs associated with providing services to customers such as fraud prevention are also included within cost of revenue.

Selling and marketing expense

Selling and marketing expense consists primarily of brand marketing, digital and social media spend, field marketing, restructuring charges, compensation expense (including stock-based compensation) and other employee-related costs for personnel engaged in sales and marketing functions.

General and administrative expense

General and administrative expense consists primarily of compensation (including stock-based compensation) and other employee-related costs for personnel engaged in executive management, finance, legal, tax and human resources. General and administrative expense also consists of transaction costs, impairment losses, changes in fair value of contingent earn-out liability, expenses associated with facilities, information technology, external professional services, legal costs, settlement of legal claims, restructuring charges and other administrative expenses.

Product development expense

Product development expense consists primarily of compensation (including stock-based compensation) and other employee-related costs for personnel engaged in the design, development, testing and enhancement of product offerings and related technology, as well as restructuring charges.

Depreciation and amortization expense

Depreciation and amortization expense is primarily related to computer equipment, leasehold improvements, furniture and fixtures, developed technology, user base, white label contracts, trademarks and other definite-lived intangible assets.

Interest income (expense)

Interest income (expense) consists of interest income received on related party loans receivables and interest expense incurred in connection with our long-term debt.

Other income (expense), net

Other income (expense), net consists of insurance reimbursement proceeds, impacts from foreign exchange transactions, tax receivable agreement liability remeasurement (benefit) expense, loss on debt extinguishment, fair value changes in derivatives, sub-lease income and investments in equity securities.

Income tax benefit (provision)

Income tax benefit (provision) represents the income tax benefit or expense associated with our operations based on the tax laws of the jurisdictions in which we operate. These foreign jurisdictions have different statutory tax rates than the United States. Our effective tax rates will vary depending on the relative proportion of foreign to domestic income, changes in the valuation of our deferred tax assets and liabilities, and changes in tax laws.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations information for the periods presented:

Successor Predecessor

Operating costs and expenses:

The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations information as a percentage of revenue for the periods presented:

Successor Predecessor

Operating costs and expenses:

Depreciation and amortization expense 9.9 % 14.1 % 17.0 % 1.0 %

Operating earnings (loss) (11.4 )% (17.7 )% (14.3 )% (78.4 )%

Interest income (expense) (2.7 )% (3.2 )% (4.1 )% 0.1 %

Other income (expense), net 1.8 % 0.4 % (0.2 )% (2.2 )%

Income (loss) before income tax (12.3 )% (20.5 )% (18.5 )% (80.5 )%

Income tax benefit (provision) (0.4 )% 57.5 % (1.7 )% (0.9 )%

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The following table sets forth the stock-based compensation expense included in operating costs and expenses:

Successor Predecessor

The following table sets forth our revenue across apps for the periods presented:

Successor Predecessor

Total revenue was $903.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $760.9 million for the same period in 2021. The increase was primarily driven by growth in Total Paying Users and an increase in Total Average Revenue per Paying User.

Bumble App Revenue was $694.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $528.6 million for the same period in 2021. This increase was primarily driven by a 34% increase in the number of Bumble App Paying Users to 2.0 million, partially offset by a 2% decrease in Bumble App ARPPU to $28.90. The increase in Bumble App Revenue was due to higher re-engagement in core markets and international expansion partially offset by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.

Badoo App and Other Revenue was $209.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $232.3 million for the same period in 2021. This decrease was primarily driven by a 15% decrease in the number of Badoo App and Other Paying Users to 1.2 million due to the Company’s decision to remove all of its apps from the Apple App Store and Google Play Store in Russia and Belarus in March 2022 and the continued impact of COVID and macroeconomic conditions. We expect the impact of macroeconomic conditions to continue to have an adverse impact on Badoo App and Other Paying Users in 2023. The decrease in Badoo App and Other Revenue was also driven by a 1% decrease in Badoo and Other ARPPU to $13.06. In addition, other revenue of $24.3 million for 2022, increased by $11.6 million, or 92% compared to the same period in 2021, primarily due to Fruitz.

Total revenue was $760.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $539.5 million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020, and $40.0 million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. Total revenue in the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 was impacted by a reduction in deferred revenue of $15.0 million recorded in purchase accounting.

Bumble App Revenue $528.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $335.0 million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $23.3 million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. The change was primarily driven by a 31% increase in the number of Bumble App Paying Users to 1.5 million and a 12% increase in Bumble App ARPPU to $29.37.

Badoo App and Other Revenue was $232.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $204.6 million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $16.7 million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. This change was primarily driven by a 2% increase in the number of Badoo App and Other Paying Users to 1.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 and a 4% increase in Badoo and Other ARPPU to $13.13.

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Cost of revenue

Successor Predecessor

Cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 increased to $249.5 million from $205.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021 driven primarily by growth in in-app purchase fees due to increasing revenue. As a percentage of revenue, cost of revenue for the year ended December 31, 2022 was 27.6%, compared to 27.0% for the same period in 2021 primarily driven by an increase in fees due to the adoption of Google Play billing in many of our markets partially offset by the reduced Google Play service fees for subscriptions which has declined from 30% to 15%.

Cost of revenue was $205.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $143.6 million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $10.8 million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. This change was primarily driven by growth in in-app purchase fees due to increasing revenue.

Selling and marketing expense

Successor Predecessor

Selling and marketing expense was $249.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $211.7 million the year ended December 31, 2021. This change was primarily due to a $34.0 million increase in digital and brand marketing costs and a $9.5 million increase in personnel-related expenses, partially offset by a $4.9 million decrease in stock-based compensation due to forfeitures.

Selling and marketing expense was $211.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $152.6 million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $11.2 million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. This change was primarily due to an increase in digital and brand marketing costs. In addition, selling and marketing expense also increased due to stock-based compensation which was $12.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 compared to $2.1 million in the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $0.1 million in the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020.

General and administrative expense

Successor Predecessor

General and administrative expense was $319.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022,compared to $265.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The change was primarily driven by a $119.0 million increase in impairment charges, which includes a $141.0 million Badoo brand impairment, and a $4.4 million Moscow right-of-use asset impairment in 2022, compared to $26.4 million impairment charge in white label contracts in 2021. In addition, a $23.2 million increase in personnel-related expenses, a $7.8 million increase in professional and transaction costs, a $4.6 million increase in insurance expenses, and a $2.5 million increase in other overhead expenses also contributed to the increase. These increases were partially offset by a decline of $103.1 million in the fair value of the contingent earn-out liabilities.

General and administrative expense was $265.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $181.8 million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $44.9 million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. The change was

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primarily due to transaction and other costs of $19.1 million, $66.3 million and $40.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2021, the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020, respectively, and impairment losses on the white label contracts of $26.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2021. In addition, the Company recorded an expense in relation to the change in the fair value of the contingent earn-out liability which was $55.9 million and $27.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2021 and the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020, respectively. The increase was also driven by additional personnel-related expenses due to increased headcount and stock-based compensation, which was $62.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2021, $17.3 million in the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020, and $4.0 million (of which $3.8 million were in relation to the Sponsor Acquisition) in the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020.

Product development expense

Successor Predecessor

Product development expense was $98.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $105.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. This change was primarily driven by a $11.8 million decrease in stock-based compensation due to forfeitures partially offset by a $3.9 million increase in personnel-related expenses.

Product development expense was $105.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $47.0 million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $4.1 million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. The change was primarily due to increased personnel-related expense as a result of higher employee headcount in product development functions and stock-based compensation, which was $45.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $7.5 million in the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $0.1 million in the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020.

Depreciation and amortization expense

Successor Predecessor

Depreciation and amortization expense was $89.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $107.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the full amortization of the legacy Badoo user base in July 2022 and white label contracts in 2021, which are no longer being amortized. These decreases were partially offset by increases in the amortization of intangibles acquired from the Fruitz acquisition in January 2022.

Depreciation and amortization expense was $107.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $91.8 million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $0.4 million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. The increase was primarily due to increased expense related to the amortization of finite-lived intangible assets recognized in connection with the Sponsor Acquisition in the year ended December 31, 2021, compared to the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020.

Interest income (expense)

Successor Predecessor

Percentage of revenue (2.7 )% (3.2 )% (4.1 )% 0.1 %

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Interest income (expense) was $(24.1) million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $(24.6) million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The decrease was primarily due to the repayment of $200.0 million of debt in March 2021, as well as the Company investing surplus funds in money market funds in the fourth quarter of 2022 creating interest income, partially offset by an increase in interest rates on our outstanding debt under the credit agreements.

Interest income (expense) was $(24.6) million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $(21.9) million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $0.1 million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. The increase in interest expense was primarily due to increased interest expense associated with raising $575 million of debt on January 29, 2020 and raising an additional $275 million of debt in October 2020, of which $200 million was repaid in March 2021.

Other income (expense), net

Successor Predecessor

Percentage of revenue 1.8 % 0.4 % (0.2 )% (2.2 )%

Other income (expense), net was $16.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021. The change was primarily due to a $10.5 million increase in net gain on interest rate swaps, a $3.8 million increase in net foreign currency exchange gains (losses), a $3.4 million loss on extinguishment of long-term debt recognized in 2021 when we repaid $200.0 million of debt in March 2021, partially offset by a $4.2 million loss recognized for the increase in tax receivable agreement liability, and a $1.0 million decrease in fair value of investments in equity securities.

Other income (expense), net was $3.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $(0.9) million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $(0.9) million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. The change was primarily due to net foreign exchange gains (losses), which were $(0.1) million in the year ended December 31, 2021, $(9.5) million in the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $(0.5) million in the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. The Company also recorded gains (losses) on the fair value change in interest rate swaps of $6.6 million and $(1.6) million in the year ended December 31, 2021 and the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. In addition, a $9.3 million insurance reimbursement related to the putative class action lawsuit was received and recorded as other income in the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020.

Income tax provision

Successor Predecessor

Effective income tax rate (3.1 )% 280.5 % (9.4 )% (1.1 )%

For further detail of income tax matters, see Note 5, Income Taxes, within the audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Income tax benefit (provision) was $(3.4) million for the year ended December 31, 2022, compared to $437.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, which includes a $441.5 million tax benefit related to the reversal of a net deferred tax liability due to the restructuring of our international operations.

Income tax benefit (provision) was $437.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $(9.4) million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $(0.4) million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. The tax benefit of $437.8 million recorded in the year ended December 31, 2021 includes a $441.5 million tax benefit related to the reversal of a net deferred tax liability due to the restructuring of our international operations. In addition, the tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2021 reflects the impact of our assessment that we will not be able to record the benefit of certain current year deferred tax assets for which a valuation allowance is expected.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

We report our financial results in accordance with GAAP, however, management believes that certain non-GAAP financial measures provide users of our financial information with useful supplemental information that enables a better comparison of our performance across periods. We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides visibility to the underlying continuing operating performance by excluding the impact of certain expenses, including income tax (benefit) provision, interest (income) expense, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expenses, employer costs related to stock-based compensation, foreign exchange (gain) loss, changes in fair value of contingent earn-out liability, interest rate swaps and investments in equity securities, transaction and other costs, litigation costs net of insurance reimbursements that arise outside of the ordinary course of business, tax receivable agreement liability remeasurement (benefit) expense and impairment loss, as management does not believe these expenses are representative of our core earnings. We also provide Adjusted EBITDA margin, which is calculated as Adjusted EBITDA divided by revenue. In addition to Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin, we believe free cash flow and free cash flow conversion provide useful information regarding how cash provided by (used in) operating activities compares to the capital expenditures required to maintain and grow our business, and our available liquidity, after funding such capital expenditures, to service our debt, fund strategic initiatives and strengthen our balance sheet, as well as our ability to convert our earnings to cash. Additionally, we believe such metrics are widely used by investors, securities analysis, ratings agencies and other parties in evaluating liquidity and debt-service capabilities. We calculate free cash flow and free cash flow conversion using methodologies that we believe can provide useful supplemental information to help investors better understand underlying trends in our business.

Our non-GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies, have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation, or as substitutes for analysis of our operating results as reported under GAAP. Additionally, we do not consider our non-GAAP financial measures as superior to, or a substitute for, the equivalent measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP. Some of the limitations are:

•

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin exclude the recurring, non-cash expenses of depreciation and amortization of property and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets and, although these are non-cash expenses, the assets being depreciated and amortized may have to be replaced in the future;

•

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin do not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

•

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin exclude stock-based compensation expense and employer costs related to stock-based compensation, which has been, and will continue to be for the foreseeable future, an important part of how we attract and retain our employees and a significant recurring expense in our business;

•

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin do not reflect the interest (income) expense or the cash requirements to service interest or principal payments on our indebtedness, and free cash flow does not reflect the cash requirements to service principal payments on our indebtedness;

•

Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin do not reflect income tax (benefit) provision we are required to make; and

•

Free cash flow and free cash flow conversion do not represent our residual cash flow available for discretionary purposes and does not reflect our future contractual commitments.

Adjusted EBITDA is not a liquidity measure and should not be considered as discretionary cash available to us to reinvest in the growth of our business or to distribute to stockholders or as a measure of cash that will be available to us to meet our obligations.

To properly and prudently evaluate our business, we encourage investors to review the financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report, and not rely on a single financial measure to evaluate our business. We also strongly urge investors to review the reconciliation of net earnings (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA, the computation of Adjusted EBITDA margin as compared to net earnings (loss) margin which is net earnings (loss) as a percentage of revenue, the reconciliation of net cash provided by (used in) operating activities to free cash flow, and the computation of free cash flow conversion as compared to operating cash flow conversion, which is net cash provided by (used in) operating activities as a percentage of net earnings (loss) in each case set forth below.

We define Adjusted EBITDA as net earnings (loss) excluding income tax (benefit) provision, interest (income) expense, depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation expense, employer costs related to stock-based compensation, foreign exchange (gain) loss, changes in fair value of contingent earn-out liability, interest rate swaps and investments in equity securities, transaction and other costs, litigation costs net of insurance reimbursements that arise outside of the ordinary course of business and tax receivable agreement liability remeasurement (benefit) expense and impairment loss. Adjusted EBITDA margin represents Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue.

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We define free cash flow as net cash provided by (used in) operating activities less capital expenditures. Free cash flow conversion represents free cash flow as a percentage of Adjusted EBITDA. Operating cash flow conversion represents net cash provided by (used in) operating activities as a percentage of net earnings (loss).

The following table reconciles our non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable GAAP financial measures for the periods presented:

Successor Predecessor

Add back:

Employer costs related to stock-based compensation(1) 2,054 2,438 — —

Litigation costs, net of insurance reimbursements(2) 22,734 6,943 (6,008 ) —

Changes in fair value of interest rate swaps(4) (17,086 ) (6,593 ) 1,586 —

Changes in fair value of contingent earn-out liability (47,134 ) 55,900 27,800 —

Changes in fair value of investments 18 (1,100 ) — —

Tax receivable agreement liability remeasurement expense(6) 5,332 1,112 — —

Less:

(1)

Represents employer portion of Social Security and Medicare payroll taxes domestically, National Insurance contributions in the United Kingdom and comparable costs internationally related to the settlement of equity awards.

(2)

Represents certain litigation costs and insurance proceeds associated with pending litigations or settlements of litigation. Includes amounts accrued with respect to the Company’s class action lawsuit related to the SPO, representing management’s current estimated probable loss for this matter. See Note 20, Commitments and Contingencies, to the audited consolidated financial statements included in “Item 8―Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.”

(3)

Represents foreign exchange (gain) loss due to foreign currency transactions.

(4)

Represents fair value loss (gain) on interest rate swaps.

(5)

Represents transaction costs related to acquisitions and our offerings (IPO, the Reorganization and the secondary offering) such as legal, accounting, advisory fees and other related costs. Amount for 2021 also includes a loss on debt extinguishment related to the repayment of $200.0 million under the Incremental Term Loan Facility. Amount for 2022 also include employee-related restructuring costs directly associated with our decision to discontinue our operations in Russia including severance benefits, relocation costs and advisory fees.

(6)

Represents changes in tax receivable agreement liability due to tax rate changes and unrelated to exchanges of Common Units for Class A shares.

(7)

Represents impairment loss incurred on white label contracts in 2021 and impairment loss of the Badoo brand and a right-of-use asset related to our Moscow office in 2022.

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(8)

Net earnings margin for the year ended December 31, 2021 includes a $441.5 million tax benefit related to the reversal of a deferred tax liability due to a restructuring of the Company’s international operations.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

The Company’s principal sources of liquidity are our cash and cash equivalents and cash generated from operations. Our primary uses of liquidity are operating expenses and capital expenditures. As of December 31, 2022, we had $402.6 million of cash and cash equivalents, an increase of $33.4 million from December 31, 2021.

In connection with our IPO, we used the proceeds (net of underwriting discounts) from the issuance of 9 million shares of Class A common stock ($369.6 million) in the IPO to purchase an equivalent number of newly issued Common Units from Bumble Holdings, which Bumble Holdings used to repay outstanding indebtedness under our Term Loan Facility totaling approximately $200.0 million in aggregate principal amount and approximately $148.3 million for general corporate purposes, and to bear all of the expenses of the IPO. We expect that our future principal uses of cash will also include funding our debt service obligations, paying income taxes and obligations under our tax receivable agreement, and our contingent earnout liabilities. Based on current conditions, we believe that we have sufficient financial resources to fund our activities and execute our business plans during the next twelve months.

Cash Flow Information

The following table summarizes our consolidated cash flow information for the periods presented:

Successor Predecessor

Net cash provided by (used in):

Operating activities

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities was $132.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, $104.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $53.1 million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020, and $(3.3) million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020.

Operating activities were primarily driven by net earnings (losses) of $(114.1) million for the year ended December 31, 2022, $281.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $(109.5) million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and $(32.6) million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020.

Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2022 was impacted by stock-based compensation of $111.0 million, impairment losses of $145.4 million, depreciation and amortization of $89.7 million, change in fair value of deferred contingent consideration of $(47.1) million and deferred income tax of $(5.5) million.

Net earnings in the year ended December 31, 2021 was primarily driven by $441.5 million tax benefit related to the reversal of a deferred tax liability due to a restructuring of the Company’s international operations, partly offset by stock-based compensation of $123.9 million, depreciation and amortization of $107.1 million, changes in the fair value of the contingent earn-out liability of $55.9 million and impairment loss of $26.4 million in relation to the white label contracts.

Net loss in the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 was impacted by depreciation and amortization of $91.8 million, transaction costs of $69.4 million, stock-based compensation expense of $27.5 million and changes in the fair value of the contingent earn-out liability of $27.8 million. Net loss in the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020 was impacted mostly by transaction costs of $40.3 million.

The increase in cash provided by (used in) operating activities for the periods presented was partly offset by changes in assets and liabilities, which were $(34.9) million, $(56.5) million, $9.0 million and $25.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2022,

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December 31, 2021, the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020, respectively.

Investing activities

Net cash used in investing activities was $86.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, $12.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $2,850.7 million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020, and $1.0 million for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. The Company used $69.7 million (net of cash acquired) for the acquisition of Fruitz for the year ended December 31, 2022and $2,837.7 million (net of cash acquired) for the Sponsor Acquisition in the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020. Capital expenditures were $16.3 million, $13.7 million, $10.6 million and $1.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2022, the year ended December 31, 2021, the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2021 and the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020, respectively.

Financing activities

Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities was $(15.0) million for the year ended December 31, 2022, $151.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2021, $2,869.4 million for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020, and nil for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company used $(9.2) million for shares withheld to satisfy employee tax withholding requirements upon vesting of restricted stock units, and $(5.8) million to repay a portion of the outstanding indebtedness under our Original Term Loan. For the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company received net proceeds of $2,361.2 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions, of which $1,991.6 million was used to redeem shares of Class A common stock and purchase Common Units from our Sponsor and $200 million was used to repay a portion of the outstanding indebtedness under our Incremental Term Loan Facility. The Company received cash of $2,360.4 million in relation to limited partners’ interest, net proceeds from external debt of $832.1 million, proceeds from the repayment of loan from the Founder of $25.6 million and proceeds from the repayment of loans to related companies of $41.9 million in the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020, offset by cash payments of $360.0 million in dividends and repayment of long-term debt principal of $5.0 million in the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020.

Indebtedness

Senior Secured Credit Facilities

In connection with the Sponsor Acquisition, in January 2020, we entered into the Original Term Loan Facility in an original aggregate principal amount of $575.0 million and the Revolving Credit Facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $50.0 million. In connection with the Distribution Financing Transaction, in October 2020, we entered into the Incremental Term Loan Facility (the “Incremental Term Loan Facility”) in an original aggregate principal amount of $275.0 million. The Incremental Term Loan provides for additional senior secured term loans with substantially identical terms as the Original Term Loan Facility (other than the applicable margin). A portion of the net proceeds from the initial public offering was used to repay $200.0 million aggregate principal amount of our outstanding indebtedness under our Term Loan Facility in the three months ended March 31, 2021. The borrower under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities is a wholly owned subsidiary of Bumble Holdings, Buzz Finco L.L.C. (the “Borrower”). The Senior Secured Credit Facilities contain affirmative and negative covenants and customary events of default.

Borrowings under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities bear interest at a rate equal to, at the Borrower’s option, either (i) LIBOR for the relevant interest period, adjusted for statutory reserve requirements (subject to a floor of 0.0% on the Original Term Loan and 0.50% on the Incremental Term Loan), plus an applicable margin or (ii) a base rate equal to the highest of (a) the rate of interest in effect as last quoted by the Wall Street Journal as the “Prime Rate” in the United States, (b) the federal funds effective rate plus 0.50% and (c) adjusted LIBOR for an interest period of one month plus 1.00% (subject to a floor of 0.00% per annum), in each case, plus an applicable margin. The applicable margin for loans under the Revolving Credit Facility is subject to adjustment based upon the consolidated first lien net leverage ratio of the Borrower and its restricted subsidiaries and is subject to reduction after the consummation of our initial public offering.

In addition to paying interest on the outstanding principal under the Senior Secured Credit Facilities, the Borrower is required to pay a commitment fee of 0.50% per annum (which is subject to a decrease to 0.375% per annum based upon the consolidated first lien net leverage ratio of the Borrower and its restricted subsidiaries) to the lenders under the Revolving Credit Facility in respect of the unutilized commitments thereunder. The Borrower must also pay customary letter of credit fees and an annual administrative agency fee.

The Original Term Loan Facility amortizes in equal quarterly installments in aggregate annual amounts equal to 1.00% of the principal amount of the Original Term Loan Facility outstanding as of the date of the closing of the Original Term Loan Facility, with the balance being payable at maturity on January 29, 2027. The Incremental Term Loan Facility amortizes in equal quarterly installments in aggregate annual amounts equal to 1.00% of the principal amount of the Incremental Term Loan Facility outstanding

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as of the date of the closing of the Incremental Term Loan Facility, with the balance being payable at maturity on January 29, 2027. Following the $200.0 million aggregate principal payment of amount of outstanding indebtedness during the three months ended March 31, 2021 quarterly installment payments on the Incremental Term Loan Facility are no longer required for the remaining term of the facility. Principal amounts outstanding under the Revolving Credit Facility are due and payable in full at maturity on January 29, 2025.

Contractual Obligations and Contingencies

The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2022:

Payments due by period

Less than1 year 1 to 3years 3 to 5years More than5 years Total

(in thousands)

In connection with the IPO, in February 2021, we entered into a tax receivable agreement with certain of our pre-IPO owners that provides for the payment by the Company to such pre-IPO owners of 85% of the benefits that the Company realizes, or is deemed to realize, as a result of the Company’s allocable share of existing tax basis acquired in our initial public offering and other tax benefits related to entering into the tax receivable agreement. The payments under the tax receivable agreement are not conditioned upon continued ownership of the Company by the pre-IPO owners.

The payments that we may be required to make under the tax receivable agreement to the pre-IPO owners may be significant and are not reflected in the contractual obligations table set forth above as they are dependent upon future taxable income. Assuming no material changes in the relevant tax law, and that we earn sufficient taxable income to realize all tax benefits that are subject to the tax receivable agreement, we expect future payments under the tax receivable agreement related to the Offering Transactions to aggregate to $672.8 million and to range over the next 15 years from approximately $8.8 million to $57.3 million per year and decline thereafter. In determining these estimated future payments, we have given retrospective effect to certain exchanges of Common Units for Class A shares that occurred after the IPO but were contemplated to have occurred pursuant to the Blocker Restructuring. The foregoing numbers are merely estimates, and the actual payments could differ materially. See Note 6, Payable to Related Parties Pursuant to a Tax Receivable Agreement, for additional information.

In connection with the Sponsor Acquisition in January 2020, we entered into a contingent consideration arrangement, consisting of an earn-out payment to the former shareholders of Worldwide Vision Limited of up to $150 million. In addition, we entered into a contingent consideration arrangement for an earn-out payment of up to $10 million in connection with our January 2022 acquisition of Fruitz. The timing and amount of such payments, that we may be required to make, is not reflected in the contractual obligations table set forth above as the payment to the former shareholders of Worldwide Vision Limited is dependent upon the achievement of a specified return on invested capital by our Sponsor and our payment to Fruitz is dependent upon the achievement of certain net revenue targets. See Note 7, Business Combination, for additional information.

In September 2022, the Company entered into an agreement for third-party cloud services. The Company is committed to pay a minimum of $7.1 million over the period of 18 months. If at the end of the 18 months, or upon early termination, the Company has not reached the $7.1 million in spend, we will be required to pay for the difference between the sum of fees already incurred and the minimum commitment.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP, which often require us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenue, expenses, and related disclosures. Our estimates are based on historical experience, current conditions and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. We evaluate our critical estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

The critical accounting estimates, assumptions, and judgments that we believe to have the most significant impact on our consolidated financial statements are described below. This discussion is provided to supplement the descriptions of our accounting policies

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contained in Note 2, Summary of Selected Significant Accounting Policies, within the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Business Combination

We estimate the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred over the net of the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. Such valuations require management to make significant estimates and assumptions, especially with respect to intangible assets. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable, and as a result, actual results may differ from estimates.

Goodwill is tested for impairment at a minimum on an annual basis, as well as upon an indicator of impairment. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level by first performing a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, then quantitative assessment is performed to compare the reporting unit’s carrying value to its fair value. Alternatively, we are permitted to bypass the qualitative assessment and proceed directly to performing the quantitative assessment. Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying value of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value. The fair value of the reporting unit is based on a discounted cash flow model involving several assumptions. There were no impairment charges recorded for goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Contingent consideration arrangements are recognized at their acquisition date fair value and included as part of purchase price at the acquisition date. These contingent consideration arrangements are classified as liabilities and are remeasured to fair value at each reporting period, with any change in fair value being recognized in “General and administrative expense” in the consolidated statement of operations. The estimated fair value of the contingent consideration is based primarily on estimates of meeting the applicable contingency conditions as per the terms of the applicable agreements.

Impairment of Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets

We test indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually on the first day of the fourth quarter or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. The accounting guidance provides us the option to first assess qualitative factors such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance and other relevant entity-specific events to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value.

If, based on a review of qualitative factors it is more likely than not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is less than its carrying value, we proceed to compare the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset with its carrying amount. We evaluate the fair value of the indefinite-lived asset by using the relief from royalty methodology based on management’s assumptions. If the carrying value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset exceeds its estimated fair value, an impairment equal to the excess is recorded.

During our annual impairment testing for the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company determined that an indefinite long-lived asset was impaired and recognized an impairment charge of $141.0 million in "General and administrative expense" within the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. For additional information, refer to Note 9, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, within the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recoverability of Intangible Assets with Definite Lives and Other Long-Lived Assets

We evaluate definite-lived intangible assets and other long-lived assets whenever events or changes of circumstance indicate that the carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Recoverability is measured by comparing the carrying amount of an asset group to future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated. We group assets for purposes of such review at the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows of the asset group are largely independent of the cash flows of the other groups of assets and liabilities. If this comparison indicates impairment, the amount of impairment to be recognized is calculated as the difference between the carrying value and the fair value of the asset group.

Unforeseen events, changes in circumstances and market conditions and material differences in estimates of future cash flows could adversely affect the fair value of our assets and could result in an impairment charge. Fair value can be estimated utilizing a number of techniques including quoted market prices, prices for comparable assets, or other valuation processes involving estimates of cash flows, multiples of earnings or revenues, and we may make various assumptions and estimates when performing our impairment assessments, particularly as it relates to cash flow projections. Cash flow estimates are by their nature subjective and include assumptions regarding factors such as recent and forecasted operating performance, revenue trends and operating margins.These estimates could also be adversely impacted by changes in federal, state, or local regulations, economic downturns or developments, or other market conditions affecting our industry.

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During the fourth quarter of the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company determined that an individual definite long-lived asset was impaired and recognized an impairment charge of $26.4 million in "General and administrative expense" within the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. For additional information, refer to Note 9, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, within the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Stock-based Compensation

Prior to the Sponsor Acquisition

Prior to the Sponsor Acquisition, Worldwide Vision Limited granted stock-based awards consisting primarily of share options and restricted stock units (“WVL RSUs”) to employees and certain non-employee advisors. Outstanding share options generally vested over four years or upon the achievement of certain performance conditions, such as revenue growth. Outstanding WVL RSUs generally vested over four years and participated in dividends once gross dividend payments to ordinary shareholders exceeded $150 million and in an exit event. No WVL RSUs were granted in 2018 and 2019, and the expense arising from WVL RSUs was not material for the periods presented.

Between 2015 and 2018, Bumble Holdings Limited issued shadow equity to employees and non-employees to provide a bonus to be paid upon an exit event of Bumble Holdings Limited, with the bonus amount to vary based on the exit value. Certain of the awards were payable in the event of an exit of Bumble Holdings Limited only, while one award was payable in the event of an exit event within the group. As the payment was contingent upon the achievement of a liquidity event, no compensation expense was recognized in connection with these awards during the year ended December 31, 2019. These awards issued by Bumble Holdings Limited were settled in connection with the Acquisition, including $3.8 million that was recognized as stock-based compensation expense in “General and administrative expense” in the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020.

We measured share options based on their estimated grant date fair values and recognized stock-based compensation expense over the requisite service period (the “vesting period”). Stock-based compensation expense reflected our best estimate of the number of equity instruments that will ultimately vest, including the impact of estimated forfeitures.

The fair value of each share option was estimated on the date of grant using a Monte Carlo model, which is impacted by a number of variables, including the fair value of our underlying shares, our expected share price volatility over the term of the share option, the expected life of the option, risk-free interest rates, and the expected dividend yield of our shares.

•

Dividend yield. The expected annual dividend per share was based on the Company’s expected dividend rate.

•

Expected Volatility. The expected volatility was calculated based on the historical volatility of the Company’s shares and measures for a set of peer companies of the Company.

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Risk-free interest rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected life assumed at the date of grant.

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Expected life of options. The average expected life is based on the contractual term of the option and expected employee exercise and post-vesting employment termination behavior.

The predecessor stock-based compensation plans were terminated in connection with the Sponsor Acquisition.

Subsequent to the Sponsor Acquisition

From the time of the Sponsor Acquisition until our IPO, we had three active plans under which awards were granted to various employees and other service providers of the Company, including key management personnel, based on their management grade. For the Successor Period, total stock-based compensation expense recognized was $27.5 million. The three active plans include the Employee Incentive Plan (“Non-U.S. Plan”), the Equity Incentive Plan (“U.S. Plan”), and the incentive plan adopted for Whitney Wolfe Herd (the “Founder Plan”). Awards granted under the Founder Plan and U.S. Plan were in the form of Class B Units in Buzz Holdings L.P. and Class B Units held by Buzz Management Aggregator L.P., respectively (collectively, the “Class B Units”). Under the Non-U.S. Plan, participants received phantom awards of Class B Units in Buzz Management Aggregator L.P. (the “Phantom Class B Units”) that were liability-classified and settled in cash equal to the notional value of the Buzz Management Aggregator Class B Units at the settlement date.

Awards under all three plans were comprised of Time-Vesting and Exit-Vesting awards. Time-Vesting awards were based upon service-based conditions and generally vested over a period of five years, while Exit-Vesting awards were based on certain performance conditions in which affiliates of Blackstone Inc. receive cash proceeds in respect of its Class A units in the Company prior to the termination of the participant. The performance conditions were not considered probable as of December 31, 2020 and

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therefore no expense has been recognized for the Exit-Vesting awards. In connection with the IPO, these awards were all converted into awards under our 2021 Omnibus Incentive Plan.

Time-Vesting Class B Units and Exit-Vesting Class B Units

Expense for the Time-Vesting Class B Units and Exit-Vesting Class B Units was based on the grant date fair value of the Class B Units. The grant date fair value was measured using a Monte Carlo model, which incorporates various assumptions noted in the following table. Use of a valuation model requires management to make certain assumptions with respect to selected model inputs. Expected volatility was calculated based on the observed equity volatility for comparable companies. The expected time to liquidity event was based on management’s estimate of time to an expected liquidity event. The dividend yield was based on the Company’s expected dividend rate. The risk-free interest rate was based on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues. Forfeitures were accounted for as they occurred.

Assumptions by Grant Date December 31,2020

Dividend yield (%) —

Expected volatility (%) 55

Risk-free interest rate (%) 0.30

Expected time to liquidity (years) 4.1

The valuations for awards granted in January 2020 and June 2020 were based on the purchase price from the Sponsor Acquisition of $2.9 billion as the estimated equity value as of these dates and, therefore, did not rely on establishing an estimated equity value based on an income or market multiple approach. The implied multiple based on the purchase price was 19.2x.

Time-Vesting Phantom Class B Units and Exit-Vesting Phantom Class B Units

For additional information around the Company’s stock-based compensation plans, refer to Note 16, Stock-based Compensation, within the audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Income Taxes

We are subject to income tax in most of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Management is required to exercise significant judgment in determining our provision for income taxes. The provision for income taxes is determined by taking into account guidance related to uncertain tax positions. Judgment is required in assessing the timing and amounts of deductible and taxable items. Deferred tax assets are amounts available to reduce income taxes payable on taxable income in future years and are initially recognized at enacted tax rates. To the extent deferred tax assets are not expected to be realized, we record a valuation allowance. Recognized income tax positions are measured at the largest amount that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. Changes in recognition or measurement are reflected in the period in which the change in judgment occurs.

Although we believe that we have adequately reserved for our uncertain tax positions, we can provide no assurance that the final tax outcome of these matters will not be materially different. We make adjustments to these reserves when facts and circumstances change, such as the closing of a tax audit or the refinement of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences may affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made and could have a material impact on our financial condition and results of operations.

Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

Recently-issued accounting pronouncements that may be relevant to our operations but have not yet been adopted are outlined in Note 2, Summary of Selected Significant Accounting Policies, within the audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

We conduct business in certain foreign markets, primarily in the United Kingdom and the European Union. For the year ended December 31, 2022, for the year ended December 31, 2021, for the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020, revenue outside of North America accounted for 39.5%, 42.3%, 44.3% and 47.5% of consolidated revenue, respectively. Our operations being materially located in the U.K. and the European Union, our primary exposure to foreign currency exchange risk is the underlying user’s functional currency other than the U.S. Dollar, primarily the British Pound and the Euro. As foreign currency exchange rates change, translation of the statements of operations of our international businesses into U.S. dollars affects year-over-year comparability of operating results. The average Euro and British Pound versus the U.S. Dollar exchange rate was 10.9% and 10.0% lower, respectively, in the year ended December 31, 2022 compared to the year ended December 31, 2021.

Historically, we have not hedged any foreign currency exposures. We have performed a sensitivity analysis as of December 31, 2022 and 2021. A hypothetical 10% change in British Pound and Euro, relative to the U.S. Dollar, would have changed revenue by $18.2 million and $17.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively, with all other variables held constant. This accounts for 2% of total revenue for both years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021. Our continued international expansion increases our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations and as a result such fluctuations could have a significant impact on our future results of operations.

Interest Rate Risk

At December 31, 2022, we had debt outstanding with a carrying value of $625.0 million. With consideration of the financial impact of our interest rate swaps, a hypothetical interest rate increase of 1% would have increased interest expense for the three months ended and year ended December 31, 2022 by $0.7 million and $2.8 million, respectively, based upon the outstanding debt balances and interest rates in effect during this period. Borrowings under our Senior Secured Credit Facilities bear interest at a variable market rate. In order to reduce the financial impact of increases in interest rates, the Company entered into two interest rate swaps for a total notional amount of $350 million on June 22, 2020. The effective date for the interest rate swaps is June 30, 2020 and final maturity date is June 30, 2024. The financial impact of the interest rate swaps is to fix the variable interest rate element on $350 million of the long-term debt at a rate of 0.4008%.

In July 2017, the UK’s Financial Conduct Authority, which regulates LIBOR, announced that it intends to phase out USD LIBOR for new loans by the end of 2021 and will stop publishing USD LIBOR after June 30, 2023. The expected discontinuation, reform or replacement of LIBOR may result in fluctuating interest rates, or higher interest rates, which could have a material adverse effect on our interest expense. Once one month LIBOR is phased out after June 30, 2023, the interest rates for our LIBOR-based loans will be indexed to a comparable or successor rate as provided for in our loan agreements.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of Bumble Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Bumble Inc. (the Successor or the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive operations, changes in equity, and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020, and the consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive operations, changes in equity (deficit), and cash flows of Worldwide Vision Limited (Predecessor) for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020, and the results of the Predecessor’s operations and its cash flows for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework)and our report dated February 28, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

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Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matters communicated below are matters arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matters below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matters or on the accounts or disclosures to which they relate.

Indefinite-lived intangible asset impairment assessment – Badoo brand

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Measurement of the Tax Receivable Agreement Liability

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.

Austin, Texas

February 28, 2023

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Bumble Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in thousands, except share and per share information)

ASSETS

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 156,443 111,482

Current portion of long-term debt, net 5,750 5,750

Deferred tax liabilities, net 8,077 —

Commitments and contingencies (Note 20)

Shareholders’ Equity:

Accumulated other comprehensive income 74,477 78,603

The accompanying notes are an integral part of theseconsolidated financial statements.

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Bumble Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Operations

(in thousands, except per share / unit data)

Successor Predecessor

Operating costs and expenses:

Basic earnings (loss) per share / unit $ (0.62 ) $ 1.50 $ (0.04 ) —

Diluted earnings (loss) per share / unit $ (0.62 ) $ 1.45 $ (0.04 ) —

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Bumble Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Operations

(in thousands)

Successor Predecessor

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Bumble Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

(Successor)

(in thousands, except share amounts)

Cancellation of restricted shares (33,272 ) — — — (292 ) — — — — (292 ) 292 —

Exercise of stock options — — — — — — — — — — — —

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Bumble Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

(Successor)

(in thousands, except share amounts)

Acquisition of noncontrolling interests 806 — — — — — — — — — (806 ) —

Stock-based compensation expense 11,587 — — — — — — — — — — 11,587

Retirement of Class B common stock — — — (80 ) — — — — — — — —

Vested Incentive Units — — — — — (6,385 ) — — — — 6,385 —

Issuance of Founder loan common units — — — — — (29,034 ) — — — — 29,034 —

Stock-based compensation expense — — — — — 105,254 — — — — — 105,254

Cancellation of restricted shares — (178,806 ) (1 ) — — (2,146 ) — — — — 2,147 —

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — — — — — — — (1,759 ) (951 ) (2,710 )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Buzz Holdings L.P.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity

(Successor)

(in thousands)

Units Amount Income Owners’ Equity Interests Equity

Balance as of January 29, 2020 — $ — $ — $ — $ — $ —

Stock-based compensation expense — — — 13,703 — 13,703

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Worldwide Vision Limited

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity (Deficit)

(Predecessor)

(in thousands)

Issued Share Capital Treasury Stock

Stock-based compensation expense — — — — 336 — — 336 — 336

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — — — (774 ) — (774 ) — (774 )

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Bumble Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)

Successor Predecessor

Cash flows from operating activities:

Gain on settlement of lease liabilities (2,140 ) — — —

Loss on extinguishment of long term debt — 3,398 — —

Change in fair value of interest rate swap (17,086 ) (6,593 ) 1,586 —

Change in fair value of contingent earn-out liability (47,134 ) 55,900 27,800 —

Tax receivable agreement liability remeasurement expense 5,332 1,112 — —

Research and development tax credit (1,191 ) (1,322 ) (1,211 ) —

Changes in assets and liabilities:

Cash flows from investing activities:

Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired (69,720 ) — (2,837,706 ) —

Cash flows from financing activities:

Payments to purchase and retire common stock — (1,018,365 ) — —

Proceeds from exercise of options — 545 — —

Proceeds from repayments of loans to related companies — — 41,929 —

Debt issuance costs — — (17,913 ) —

Limited Partners’ interest — — 2,360,412 —

Proceeds from term loan — — 850,000 —

Dividends paid — — (360,000 ) —

Less restricted cash (4,483 ) — (257 ) —

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Bumble Inc.

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1 - Organization and Basis of Presentation

Company Overview

Bumble Inc.’s main operations are providing online dating and social networking platforms through subscription and in-app purchases dating products servicing North America, Europe and various other countries around the world. Bumble Inc. provides these services through websites and applications that it owns and operates.

Bumble Inc. (the "Company" or "Bumble") was incorporated as a Delaware corporation on October 5, 2020 for the purpose of facilitating an initial public offering (“IPO”) and other related transactions in order to operate the business of Buzz Holdings L.P. (“Bumble Holdings”) and its subsidiaries.

Prior to the IPO and the Reorganization Transactions, Bumble Holdings L.P. ("Bumble Holdings"), a Delaware limited partnership, was formed primarily as a vehicle to finance the acquisition (the “Sponsor Acquisition”) of a majority stake in Worldwide Vision Limited by a group of investment funds managed by Blackstone Inc. (“Blackstone” or our "Sponsor"). As Bumble Holdings did not have any previous operations, Worldwide Vision Limited, a Bermuda exempted limited company, is viewed as the predecessor to Bumble Holdings and its consolidated subsidiaries. Accordingly, these consolidated financial statements include certain historical consolidated financial and other data for Worldwide Vision Limited for periods prior to the completion of the business combination.

On February 16, 2021, the Company completed its IPO of 57.5 million shares of Class A common stock at an offering price of $43 per share and received net proceeds of $2,361.2 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. The Company used the proceeds from the issuance of 48.5 million shares ($1,991.6 million) to redeem shares of Class A common stock and purchase limited partnership interests of Bumble Holdings ("Common Units") from entities affiliated with our Sponsor, at a price per share / Common Unit equal to the IPO price, net of underwriting discounts and commissions.

In connection with the IPO, the organizational structure was converted to an umbrella partnership-C-Corporation with Bumble Inc. becoming the general partner of Bumble Holdings. The Reorganization Transactions were accounted for as a transaction between entities under common control. As a result, the financial statements for periods subsequent to the Sponsor Acquisition and prior to the IPO and the Reorganization Transactions have been adjusted to combine the previously separate entities for presentation purposes. As the general partner, Bumble Inc. operates and controls all of the business and affairs, and through Bumble Holdings and its subsidiaries, conducts the business. Bumble Inc. consolidates Bumble Holdings in its consolidated financial statements and reports a noncontrolling interest related to the Common Units held by the pre-IPO common unitholders and the incentive units held by the continuing incentive unitholders in the consolidated financial statements.

Assuming the exchange of all outstanding Common Units for shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis under the exchange agreement entered into by holders of Common Units, there would be188,511,832shares of Class A common stock outstanding (which does not reflect any shares of Class A common stock issuable in exchange for as-converted Incentive Units or upon settlement of certain other interests) as of December 31, 2022.

All references to the “Company”, “we”, “our” or “us” in this report are to Bumble Inc.

Secondary Offering

On September 15, 2021, the Company completed a secondary offering of 20.7 million shares of Class A common stock on behalf of certain selling stockholders affiliated with Blackstone (the "Selling Stockholders") at a price of $54.00 per share. This transaction resulted in the issuance of 9.2 million shares of Class A common stock for the period ending September 30, 2021.

Bumble did not sell any shares of Class A common stock in the offering and did not receive any of the proceeds from the sale. Bumble paid the costs associated with the sale of shares by the Selling Stockholders, net of the underwriting discounts.

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The Company prepares the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company, all entities that are wholly-owned by the Company and all entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated.

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A noncontrolling interest in a consolidated subsidiary represents the portion of the equity (net assets) in a subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to the Company. Noncontrolling interests are presented as a separate component of equity in the consolidated balance sheets and the presentation of net income is modified to present earnings and other comprehensive income attributed to controlling and noncontrolling interests. The Company’s noncontrolling interest represents substantive profit-sharing arrangements and profit and losses are attributable to controlling and noncontrolling interests using an attribution method.

As a result of the Sponsor Acquisition as further discussed in Note 7, Business Combination, periods prior to January 28, 2020 reflect the financial statements of Worldwide Vision Limited prior to the business combination (referred to herein as the “Predecessor”). Periods subsequent to January 28, 2020 reflect the financial statements of the Company after the business combination (referred to herein as the “Successor”). The Company’s assets and liabilities were adjusted to fair value on the closing date of the business combination. Due to the change in the basis of accounting, the consolidated financial statements for the Predecessor and the Successor are not necessarily comparable. Where applicable, a black line separates the Successor and Predecessor periods to highlight the lack of comparability.

Revision of Previously Issued Financial Statements

As presented in our previously filed Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2022, we identified certain immaterial prior period adjustments related to the recognition and presentation of debt issuance costs and refunds from third-party aggregators in previously issued financial statements. In addition, we recorded certain other previously identified adjustments that were deemed immaterial to the periods presented.

In accordance with SAB No. 99, “Materiality,” and SAB No. 108, “Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements when Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements,” we evaluated the errors and determined that the related impacts were not material to our financial statements for any prior annual or interim periods, but that correcting the cumulative impact of the errors were significant to our results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022. Accordingly, we have revised previously reported financial information for such immaterial errors. A summary of revisions to certain previously reported financial information presented herein for comparative purposes is included in Note 3, Revisions of Previously Issued Financial Statements.

Certain prior year amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current year presentation.

Note 2 - Summary of Selected Significant Accounting Policies

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, revenues and expenses. The Company’s significant estimates relate to business combinations, asset impairments, potential obligations associated with legal contingencies, the fair value of contingent consideration, the fair value of derivatives, stock-based compensation, tax receivable agreements, and income taxes.

These estimates are based on management’s best estimates and judgment. Actual results may differ from these estimates. Estimates, judgments and assumptions are continuously evaluated and are based on management’s experience and other factors, including expectations of future events that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Uncertainty about these assumptions, judgments and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carrying amount of assets or liabilities affected in future periods.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

Cash and cash equivalents include cash in banks, cash on hand, cash in electronic money accounts and overnight deposits.

As of December 31, 2022, the Company has classified the cash held in Russia as restricted cash due to the sanctions imposed by the Russia-Ukraine Conflict, which is included in other noncurrent assets within the accompanying consolidated balance sheets.

Accounts Receivable

Accounts receivable are recorded net of an allowance for credit losses, potential chargebacks and refunds issued to users. The amount of this allowance is primarily based upon historical experience and future economic expectations. The Company maintains an allowance for expected credit losses to provide for the estimated amount of accounts receivable that will not be collected. The Company determines if an allowance is needed by considering a number of factors, including the Company’s previous loss history, the length of time accounts receivable are past due, the specific customer’s ability to pay the obligation to the Company, reasonable and

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supportable forecasts of future economic conditions, and the current economic condition of the general economy. As of December 31, 2022, the Company had an allowance for credit losses of $0.5 million. No allowance for credit losses was recorded as of December 31, 2021 as all accounts receivable were considered collectible.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments, which potentially subject the Company to concentration of credit risk, consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and accounts receivable. Cash and cash equivalents are principally maintained with major financial institutions, which management assesses to be of high credit quality, in order to limit exposure of investments. The Company has not experienced any losses on these deposits.

The Company’s accounts receivable balances are predominantly with third-party aggregators and these are subject to normal credit risks which management believes to be not significant. As of December 31, 2022, two third party aggregators accounted for approximately 90% of the Company’s gross accounts receivable. As of December 31, 2021, one third party aggregator accounted for approximately 71% of the Company’s gross accounts receivable.

Leases

Company as a lessee

Under Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") ASC Topic 842, Leases, (“ASC 842”), the Company determines whether an arrangement is or contains a lease at contract inception. Right-of-use assets and lease liabilities, which are disclosed on the consolidated balance sheets, are recognized at the commencement date of the lease based on the present value of the lease payments over the lease term using the Company’s incremental borrowing rate on the lease commencement date. If the lease contains an option to extend the lease term, the renewal option is considered in the lease term if it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise the option. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease. Short-term leases, defined as leases with an initial term of twelve months or less, are not recorded on the consolidated balance sheets.

Company as a lessor

Amounts due from lessees under finance leases are recorded as receivables at the amount of the Company’s lease receivable. Finance lease income is allocated to accounting periods so as to reflect a constant periodic rate of return on the Company’s lease receivable.

Amounts due from lessees under operating leases are recorded as receivables at the amount of the Company’s lease receivable.

Rental income from operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

Property and Equipment, net

Property and equipment, net is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment, if any. Cost of maintenance and repairs that do not improve or extend the lives of the respective assets are expensed as incurred.

Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets, as follows:

Leasehold improvements Lesser of lease term or useful life

Furniture and fixtures 4 years

Computer equipment 3 years

Internal-Use Software

The Company incurs costs to develop software to be used solely to meet internal needs and applications used to deliver its services. These software development costs meet the criteria for capitalization once the preliminary project stage is complete and it is probable that the project will be completed, and the software will be used to perform the function intended. Costs capitalized during the application development stage include salaries, benefits, bonus, stock-based compensation, and taxes for employees who are directly involved in the development of new products or features, direct costs of materials and services incurred in developing or obtaining internal-use software and interest costs incurred, if applicable. Costs associated with post implementation activities are expensed as incurred.

Capitalized software development costs are classified as intangibles, net on the consolidated balance sheets. The cost of internal-use software is amortized on a straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the applicable software which is typically three years.

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Impairment of Long-lived Assets

Long-lived assets, which primarily consist of property and equipment and right-of-use assets, are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. If the carrying value is deemed not to be recoverable, an impairment loss is recorded equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the long-lived asset exceeds its fair value. The remaining estimated useful lives of property and equipment and right-of-use assets are routinely reviewed and, if the estimate is revised, the remaining unamortized balance is amortized or depreciated over the revised estimated useful life.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company determined that a right-of-use asset associated with its decision to discontinue its operations in Russia was fully impaired and recognized an impairment charge of $4.4 million in general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. See Note 10, Restructuring, for additional information on impairment.

Business Combination

The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting. The purchase price is allocated to the

assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including identifiable intangible assets, based on their fair values at the date of acquisition,

with the exception of contract assets and contract liabilities from contracts with customers. On January 1, 2022, the Company adopted

ASU 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with

Customers, under which the Company recognizes and measures revenue contract assets and contract liabilities (including deferred

revenue) acquired in a business combination on the acquisition date as if the revenue contracts were originated by the Company in

accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The adoption of ASU 2021-08 did not have a material impact to

the Company's consolidated financial position, results of operations and cash flows. Any excess of the amount paid over the fair

values of the identifiable net assets acquired is allocated to goodwill. These fair value determinations require judgment and involve the

use of significant estimates and assumptions, including assumptions with respect to future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates,

asset lives and market multiples, among other items.

The Company has entered into contingent earn-out arrangements that were determined to be part of the purchase consideration in connection with business acquisitions. The Company classified the arrangements as a liability at the time of the relevant acquisition, as it will be settled in cash, and reflected the change in the liability at its current fair value for each subsequent reporting period thereafter until settled. The changes in the remeasured fair value of the relevant contingent earn-out liabilities during each reporting period is recognized in general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. See Note 7, Business Combination, for additional information.

Transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as incurred.

Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess of cost over the fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill is not amortized but tested for impairment annually as of October 1 or more frequently if certain circumstances indicate a possible impairment may exist.

The Company tests goodwill for impairment at a reporting unit level. The Company performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. The qualitative assessment includes, but is not limited to, market and macroeconomic conditions, cost factors, cash flows, changes in key management personnel and our share price. The result of this assessment determines whether it is necessary to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. There were no impairment charges recorded for goodwill for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Intangible Assets, net

The Company tests intangible assets that are not amortized (i.e., Bumble and Badoo brands) for impairment at the asset level. Indefinite-lived intangibles are tested for impairment annually as of October 1 or more frequently if certain circumstances indicate a possible impairment may exist. The Company performs a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the asset is less than its carrying value. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the intangible asset is impaired, we perform a quantitative assessment by comparing the fair value of the asset with its carrying amount. If the fair value, which is based on future cash flows, exceeds the carrying value, the asset is not considered impaired. If the carrying amount exceeds the fair value, an impairment loss would be recognized in an amount equal to the excess of the carrying amount of the asset over the fair value of the asset.

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Intangible assets with definite lives are reviewed for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. The carrying value of a long-lived asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use and eventual disposition of the asset. If the carrying value is deemed not to be recoverable, an impairment loss is recorded equal to the amount by which the carrying value of the long-lived asset exceeds its fair value. The remaining estimated useful lives of definite-lived intangible assets are routinely reviewed and, if the estimate is revised, the remaining unamortized balance is amortized over the revised estimated useful life.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company determined that certain indefinite and definite-lived intangible assets were impaired and recognized impairment charges of $141.0 million and $26.4 million, respectively. The impairment charges are in "General and administrative expense" within the accompanying consolidated statement of operations. See Note 9, Goodwill and Intangible Assets, net for additional information on impairment.

Intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and accumulated impairment, if any. Amortization is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the definite-lived intangible assets, as follows:

User base 4 years

White label contracts 8 years

Fruitz brand 15 years

Trademark 10 years

Domain 3 years

Developed technology 5 years

Investments

The Company has certain investments in privately held companies and limited partnerships. These investments are carried at cost, less any impairments, and are adjusted for subsequent observable price changes obtained from orderly transactions for identical or similar investments issued by the same investee in accordance with the measurement alternative in ASC 321, Certain investment in Debt and Equity Securities. The investments are included in "Other noncurrent assets" in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. Any gains or losses are recorded to other income (loss), net on the accompanying consolidated statement of operations.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company follows ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, for financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. The Company uses the fair value hierarchy to categorize the financial instruments measured at fair value based on the available inputs to the valuation and the degree to which they are observable or not observable in the market.

The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

•

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

•

Level 2—Assets and liabilities valued based on observable market data for similar instruments, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities.

•

Level 3—Unobservable inputs for which there is little or no market data and require the Company to develop its own assumptions, based on the best information available.

See Note 12, Fair Value Measurements, net for additional information.

Derivatives

The Company uses interest rate derivative instruments to manage the risk related to fluctuating cash flows from interest rate changes on the debt. These instruments are not designated as hedges for accounting purposes and are recorded in "Other noncurrent assets" or “Other liabilities,” with changes in fair value recognized in “Other income (expense), net.”

Revenue Recognition

The Company recognizes revenue from services in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“ASC 606”). Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when or as the Company’s performance obligations are satisfied by transferring control of the promised services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled

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in exchange for those services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps as prescribed by ASC 606:

(i)

identify the contract(s) with a customer;

(ii)

identify the performance obligations in the contract;

(iii)

determine the transaction price;

(iv)

allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and

(v)

recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies performance obligations.

The Company only applies the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that it will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of ASC 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations and assess whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

Revenue is primarily derived in the form of recurring subscriptions and in-app purchases. Subscription revenue is presented net of taxes, refunds and credit card chargebacks. This revenue is initially deferred and is recognized using the straight-line method over the term of the applicable subscription period. Revenue from lifetime subscriptions is deferred over the average estimated expected period of the subscriber relationship, which is currently estimated to be twelve months. Revenue from the purchase of in-app features is recognized based on usage. Unused in-app purchase fees expire and are recognized as revenue after six months. The Company also earns revenue from online advertising and partnerships. Online advertising revenue is recognized when an advertisement is displayed. Revenue from partnerships is recognized according to the contractual terms of the partnership.

As permitted under the practical expedient available under ASC 606, the Company does not disclose the value of unsatisfied performance obligations for (i) contracts with an original expected length of one year or less, and (ii) contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue at the amount which it has the right to invoice for services performed.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the year ended December 31, 2021, the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020, there were no customers representing greater than 10% of total revenue.

For the periods presented, revenue across apps was as follows:

Successor Predecessor

Assets Recognized from the Costs to Obtain a Contract with a Customer

The Company has determined that certain costs paid to third party aggregators, primarily mobile app store fees, meet the requirements to be capitalized as a cost of obtaining a contract. These costs are capitalized and amortized over the period of contract performance, typically over the term of the applicable subscription period, and expensed to cost of revenue.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue consists of advance payments that are received or are contractually due in advance of the Company’s performance. The Company’s deferred revenue is reported on a contract by contract basis at the end of each reporting period. The Company classifies deferred revenue as current when the term of the applicable subscription period or expected completion of the performance obligation is one year or less. The deferred revenue balance is $46.1 million and $39.6 million at December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the year ended December 31, 2021, the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020, the Company recognized revenue of $39.6 million,

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$30.9 million, $9.6 million and $10.6 million, respectively, that was included in the deferred revenue balance at the beginning of each respective period.

Advertising Costs

Advertising costs are expensed in the period in which the services are first delivered to the Company. Where media space is purchased in advance, expense is deferred until the advertising service has been received by the Company. Advertising costs represent online marketing, including fees paid to search engines and social media sites, brand marketing such as out of home and television advertising, field marketing and partner-related payments to those who direct traffic to the Company’s platforms. Advertising expense was $207.7 million, $175.0 million, $138.0 million and $9.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, the year ended December 31, 2021, the period from January 29, 2020 to December 31, 2020 and for the period from January 1, 2020 to January 28, 2020, respectively.

Debt Issuance Costs

Costs incurred in connection with obtaining new debt financing are deferred and amortized over the life of the related financing. If such financing is settled or replaced prior to maturity with debt instruments that have substantially different terms, the settlement is treated as an extinguishment and the unamortized costs are charged to gain or loss on extinguishment of debt. If such financing is settled or replaced with debt instruments from the same lender that do not have substantially different terms, the new debt agreement is accounted for as a modification for the prior debt agreement and the unamortized costs remain capitalized, the new original issuance discount costs are capitalized. The new lenders pro-rata portion of third-party fees are deducted from the carrying value of the loans as additional discounts. For existing lenders, the pro-rata portion of third-party fees are expensed as incurred. Deferred costs are recognized as a direct reduction in the carrying amount of the debt instrument on the consolidated balance sheets and are amortized to interest expense over the term of the related debt using the effective interest method.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes under the liability method, and deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying values of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. A valuation allowance is provided if it is determined that it is more likely than not that the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company records interest (and penalties where applicable), net of any applicable related income tax benefit, on potential income tax contingencies as a component of income tax provision.

The Company evaluates and accounts for uncertain tax positions using a two-step approach. Recognition (step one) occurs when the Company concludes that a tax position, based solely on its technical merits, is more-likely-than-not to be sustainable upon examination. Measurement (step two) determines the amount of benefit that is greater than 50% likely to be realized upon ultimate settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. Derecognition of a tax position that was previously recognized would occur when the Company subsequently determines that a tax position no longer meets the more likely-than-not threshold of being sustained.