ATROB US Equity☆

atro-20241231

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

___________________________________________________________

Form 10-K

___________________________________________________________

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2024

or

For the transition period from__________ to __________

Commission File Number 0-7087

___________________________________________________________

Astronics Corporation

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

___________________________________________________________

130 Commerce Way, East Aurora, NY14052

(Address of principal executive office)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (716) 805-1599

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class Trading Symbol Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, $.01 par value per share ATRO The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

______________________________________________________________

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐No☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐No☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer”, “non-accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☒

Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller Reporting Company ☐

Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition

period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

As of February 26, 2025, 35,269,163 shares were outstanding, consisting of 30,252,971 shares of Common Stock, $0.01 par value, and 5,016,192 shares of Class B Stock, $0.01 par value. The aggregate market value as of June 29, 2024, the last business day of the Company’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, of the shares of Common Stock and Class B Stock of Astronics Corporation held by non-affiliates was approximately $609,000,000 (assuming conversion of all of the outstanding Class B Stock into Common Stock and assuming the affiliates of the Registrant to be its directors, executive officers and persons known to the Registrant to beneficially own more than 10% of the outstanding capital stock of the Registrant).

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the Company’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 22, 2025 (the “2025 Proxy Statement”), are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (this “Report”). The 2025 Proxy Statement will be filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the fiscal year to which this Report relates.

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Table of Contents

ASTRONICS CORPORATION

Index to Annual Report

on Form 10-K

Year Ended December 31, 2024

Page

PART I

Item 1. Business 5

Item 1A. Risk Factors 9

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 20

Item 1C. Cybersecurity 20

Item 2. Properties 22

Item 3. Legal Proceedings 22

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 22

PART II

Item 6. [Reserved] 24

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 35

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 36

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 75

Item 9B. Other Information 75

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 75

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 76

Item 11. Executive Compensation 76

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 76

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 77

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FORWARD LOOKING STATEMENTS

Information included or incorporated by reference in this report that does not consist of historical facts, including statements accompanied by or containing words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “believes,” “expects,” “expected,” “intends,” “plans,” “projects,” “approximate,” “estimates,” “predicts,” “potential,” “outlook,” “forecast,” “anticipates,” “presume,” “assume” and other words and terms of similar meaning, including their negative counterparts, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). Such forward-looking statements are made pursuant to the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are subject to several factors, risks and uncertainties that may cause actual results to differ materially from those that we expected, including but not limited to:

•the loss of Boeing as a major customer or a significant reduction in business with Boeing;

•the cyclical nature of the markets we serve and their sensitivity to foreign economic conditions, conflicts and events;

•the highly competitive nature of our industry;

•our dependence on government contracts and subcontracts with defense prime contractors and subcontractors, and the possibility that these contracts may be terminated, not fully funded or awarded to our competitors;

•the highly-regulated nature of our industry and the potential for fines, penalties, debarment or Federal Aviation Administration (“FAA”) decertification in the event of noncompliance;

•our ability to adapt to technological change;

•our ability to successfully develop new products;

•the incurring of loss and liabilities as a result of our acquisition strategy;

•our ability to protect our information technology infrastructure from cyber-attacks;

•our ability to adequately enforce and protect our intellectual property and defend against assertions of infringement;

•our ability to successfully procure critical components and raw materials used to manufacture our products and to manage our supply chains;

•our ability to manage the escalating costs of labor and employees benefits;

•our ability to manage price inflation for labor and materials;

•the possibility that our subcontractors will fail to perform their contractual obligations;

•our ability to avoid late delivery penalties;

•our ability to avoid increased or unexpected costs relating to our fixed-price contracts;

•our ability to avoid product failures or recalls, the costs of which may exceed our insurance coverage;

•risks relating to our manufacturing facilities, including natural disasters, war, terrorism, strikes or work stoppages;

•our ability to comply with applicable laws and with new or more stringent governmental regulations;

•our ability to successfully manage our indebtedness, including restrictive financial covenants under our ABL Revolving Credit Facility (as defined below) and the risks related to our outstanding Convertible Notes (as defined below);

•our ability to successfully manage risks presented by fluctuating interest rates and foreign currency exposure;

•our ability to favorably resolve legal proceedings brought against us, including the ongoing Lufthansa Technik AG patent infringement claim;

•our ability to maintain compliance with U.S. export regulations and the uncertainty with respect to U.S. trade policies, treaties, tariffs, and taxes;

•our ability to achieve our sustainability objectives;

•our ability to maintain our security clearance with the U.S. Department of Defense;

•our ability to hire, develop, and retain our management team and key personnel; and

•the volatility of our stock price.

While we believe that the forward-looking statements in this report are reasonable, these statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to several factors, risks and uncertainties, the impact or occurrence of which could cause actual results to differ materially from the expected results described in the forward-looking statements. Certain of these factors, risks and uncertainties are discussed in this report in Item 1A, Risk Factors, and Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations. All written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us, or persons acting on our behalf, are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements as well as other cautionary statements that are made from time to time in our other filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and public communications. You should evaluate all forward-looking statements made in this report in the context of these risks and uncertainties.

The important factors discussed above may not contain all of the factors that are important to you. In addition, new factors, risks and uncertainties may emerge from time to time that may affect the forward-looking statements made herein. Given these factors, risks and uncertainties, investors should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements as predictive of future

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results. The forward-looking statements included in this report are made only as of the date hereof and are based on our current expectations. Except as required by applicable law, we disclaim any obligation to update or revise the forward-looking statements made in this report as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Astronics Corporation (“Astronics” or the “Company”) is a leading provider of advanced technologies to the global aerospace, defense and electronics industries. Our products and services include advanced, high-performance electrical power generation, distribution and motion systems, lighting and safety systems, avionics products, systems and certification, aircraft structures and automated test systems.

We have principal operations in the United States (“U.S.”), Canada and France, as well as engineering offices in Ukraine and India. Our operation in Ukraine is a small engineering office and we have not experienced any significant disruption in staffing or services as a result of the Ukrainian and Russian conflict.

Refinancing

On July 11, 2024, the Company completed a financing transaction that refinanced its previous credit facilities. The refinancing consisted of an amendment and restatement of the Company’s asset-based revolving credit facility with a principal amount available to be borrowed thereunder of $200.0 million (the “ABL Revolving Credit Facility”), with amounts borrowed thereunder carrying an interest rate of SOFR plus between 2.50% to 3.00%. The Company also entered into a $55.0 million term loan facility (the “Term Loan Facility”) at an interest rate of SOFR plus a term SOFR plus between 5.50% to 6.75%.

On November 25, 2024, the Company amended the ABL Revolving Credit Facility increasing the revolving credit line to $220.0 million with an interest rate of SOFR plus 2.75% to 3.25% (an increase of 0.25% to each such applicable margin).

On December 3, 2024, the Company issued $165.0 million aggregate principal amount of 5.500% Convertible Senior Notes (the “Convertible Notes”), which amount includes the additional notes issued pursuant to the initial purchasers’ full exercise of their option to purchase additional Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes will mature on March 15, 2030, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. On December 3, 2024, the Company repaid in full all outstanding indebtedness on the Term Loan Facility. For additional information, see discussion in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and Note 8, Long-Term Debt, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Divestitures

On February 13, 2019, the Company completed a divestiture of its semiconductor test business within the Test Systems segment. The total proceeds of the divestiture included two elements of contingent purchase consideration (“earnout”). In March 2022, the Company agreed with the earnout calculation for the calendar 2021 earnout in the amount of $11.3 million. The Company recorded the gain and received the payment in the first quarter of 2022. In March 2023, the Company agreed with the final earnout calculation for the calendar 2022 earnout in the amount of $3.4 million. The Company recorded the gain and received the payment in the first quarter of 2023. We are not eligible for any further earnout payments related to this divestiture. For further information, see Note 21, Divestiture Activities, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Customer Bankruptcies

In October 2024, a customer reported within the Aerospace segment declared bankruptcy. As a result, the Company recorded a full reserve of $1.0 million for outstanding receivables, a reserve of $1.7 million for inventory and $0.6 million for impairment of fixed assets.

In November 2023, a non-core contract manufacturing customer reported within the Aerospace segment filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11. As a result, the Company recorded a full reserve of $7.5 million for outstanding accounts receivable and a reserve of $3.6 million for inventory.

Products and Customers

Our Aerospace segment designs and manufactures products for the global aerospace industry. Product lines include lighting and safety systems, electrical power generation, distribution and seat motion systems, aircraft structures, avionics products, systems certification, and other products. Our Aerospace customers are the airframe manufacturers (“OEM”) that build aircraft for the commercial transport, military and general aviation markets, suppliers to those OEMs, aircraft operators such as airlines, suppliers to the aircraft operators, and branches of the U.S. Department of Defense. During 2024, this segment’s sales were divided 74% to the commercial transport market, 12% to the military aircraft market, 11% to the general aviation market and 3% to other markets. Most of this segment’s sales are a result of contracts or purchase orders received from customers, placed

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on a day-to-day basis or for a single year procurement rather than long-term multi-year contract commitments. On occasion, the Company does receive contractual commitments or blanket purchase orders from our customers covering multiple-year deliveries of hardware to our customers.

Our Test Systems segment designs, develops, manufactures and maintains automated test systems that support the aerospace and defense, communications and mass transit industries as well as training and simulation devices for both commercial and military applications. In the Test Systems segment, Astronics’ products are sold to a global customer base including OEMs and prime government contractors for both electronics and military products. The nature of our Test Systems business is such that it pursues large, often multi-year, projects.

Sales by segment, geographic region, major customer and foreign operations are provided in Note 20, Segments, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

We have a significant concentration of business with one major customer, The Boeing Company (“Boeing”). Sales to Boeing accounted for 10.2% of sales in 2024, 11.0% of sales in 2023, and 11.0% of sales in 2022. Sales to Boeing are primarily in the Aerospace segment.

Strategy

Our strategy is to increase our value by developing technologies and capabilities either internally or through acquisition, and use those capabilities to provide innovative solutions to our targeted markets where our technology can be beneficial.

Practices as to Maintaining Working Capital

Liquidity is discussed under the heading “Liquidity and Capital Resources”, in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of this report.

Competitive Conditions

We experience considerable competition in the market sectors we serve, principally with respect to product performance and price, from various competitors, many of which are substantially larger and have greater resources than we do. Success in the markets we serve depends upon product innovation, customer support, responsiveness and cost management. We continue to invest in developing the technologies and engineering support critical to competing in our markets.

Government Contracts

All U.S. government contracts, including subcontracts where the U.S. government is the ultimate customer, may be subject to termination at the election of the government. Our revenue stream relies on military spending. Approximately 15% of our 2024 consolidated sales were made to U.S. government-related markets.

Government Regulation

The FAA regulates the manufacture, repair and operation of all aircraft and aircraft parts operated in the United States. Its regulations are designed to ensure that all aircraft and aviation equipment are continuously maintained in proper condition to ensure safe operation of the aircraft. Similar rules apply in other countries. All aircraft must be maintained under a continuous condition monitoring program and must periodically undergo thorough inspection and maintenance. The inspection, maintenance and repair procedures for the various types of aircraft and equipment are prescribed by regulatory authorities and can be performed only by certified repair facilities utilizing certified technicians. Certification and conformance is required prior to installation of a part on an aircraft. Our operations may in the future be subject to new and more stringent regulatory requirements. In that regard, we closely monitor the FAA and industry trade groups in an attempt to understand how possible future regulations might impact us. Our businesses which sell products directly to the U.S. Government or for use in systems delivered to the U.S. Government can be subject to various laws and regulations governing pricing and other factors.

There has been no material adverse effect to our Consolidated Financial Statements nor competitive positions as a result of these government regulations.

Raw Materials

Materials, supplies and components are purchased from numerous sources. We believe that the loss of any one source, although potentially disruptive in the short-term, would not materially affect our operations in the long-term.

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Seasonality

Our business is typically not seasonal.

Backlog

At December 31, 2024, our consolidated backlog was $599.2 million. At December 31, 2023, our backlog was $586.6 million. The increase in backlog is driven primarily by recovering demand from our commercial transport and general aviation customers, with increased OEM build rates and increased spending by commercial airlines on fleet improvements. The backlog in each of the periods presented excludes backlog associated with the customer bankruptcies referred to previously.

Backlog in the Aerospace segment was $537.6 million at December 31, 2024. Backlog in the Test Systems segment was $61.7 million at December 31, 2024.

Patents

We have a number of patents. While the aggregate protection of these patents is of value, our only material business that is dependent upon the protection afforded by these patents is our cabin power distribution products. Our patents and patent applications relate to electroluminescence, instrument panels, cord reels and handsets, and a broad patent covering the cabin power distribution technology. We regard our expertise and techniques as proprietary and rely upon trade secret laws and contractual arrangements to protect our rights. We have trademark protection in our major markets.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred and include salaries, benefits, consulting, material costs and depreciation. Research and development expenses amounted to $52.1 million in 2024, $53.5 million in 2023 and $48.3 million in 2022. These costs are included in Cost of Products Sold.

Government Subsidies

In September 2021, the Company was awarded a grant of up to $14.7 million from the U.S. Department of Transportation (“USDOT”) under the Aviation Manufacturing Jobs Protection Program (“AMJP”). The Company received $7.3 million under the grant in 2022. The grant benefit was recognized ratably over the six-month performance period as a reduction to Cost of Products Sold in proportion to the compensation expense that the award was intended to defray. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $6.0 million of the award.

Human Capital Resources

Human Capital Management and Corporate Culture

As of December 31, 2024, we employed approximately 2,500 full-time employees, of whom approximately 2,000 were employed in the United States and approximately 500 were employed outside of the United States. We have approximately 120 non-exempt production employees at PECO who are subject to collective bargaining agreements. We also leverage temporary workers to provide flexibility for our business and manufacturing needs.

We greatly value our employees and recognize that, without them, the Company would not have achieved the success it has accomplished since inception. We strive to provide a positive, supportive work culture with a clear global vision and a collaborative work style. We strongly believe that a focus on learning and supporting career development can lead to success. Astronics Corporation regularly earns “best employer” awards.

As it relates to customers, investors, suppliers and partners, our Company is dedicated to conducting business with integrity and responsibility for the greater good. We promote honest and ethical conduct, compliance with applicable government regulations and accountability by all of its directors, officers and employees.

When considering an acquisition or partnership, we embed questions specific to human capital management within our due diligence approach. These questions are in the areas of culture, equal employment opportunity, compliance with governing bodies, ethics, as well as employee benefits. We ask these in an effort to ensure that the acquisition candidate is a positive cultural fit and to minimize any risk when assessing the acquisition candidate.

In addition, our Corporate Governance Guidelines outline expectations that the Board establish and promote policies that encourage a positive, supportive work culture. The Board recognizes that culture is critical to the long-term success of Astronics and our strategy.

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Compensation Programs and Employee Benefits

We believe that future success largely depends upon our continued ability to attract and retain highly skilled employees. We provide employees with competitive salaries and bonuses, opportunities for equity ownership, development programs that enable continued learning and growth and a robust employment package that promotes well-being across all aspects of their lives, including;

•Health and dental insurance

•Generous paid time off

•401K, profit sharing, and bonus programs

•Flexible spending accounts

•Employee stock purchase plan

•Disability and life insurance

•Commute reduction, fitness, and tuition programs

•Community service opportunities

Employee Engagement

The lifeblood of any organization is its employee base. We rely on our individual subsidiaries to regularly gather employee feedback, using the method each subsidiary believes is most appropriate. In some instances that feedback is obtained through “Town Hall” formats; in other instances, it is obtained through surveys. We also expect our managers to solicit and, where applicable, use employee feedback to improve its business practices and working environment. We are proud to have received numerous awards, recognizing both product quality as well as the ability to provide an excellent work environment.

Inclusion

The Company believes that inclusion is important to attract and retain top talent. Astronics has an Equal Employment Opportunity Policy whereby the Company commits to providing equal employment opportunity and affirmative action plans for all qualified employees and applicants without regard to race, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, religion, national origin, disability, veteran status, age, marital status, pregnancy, genetic information or other legally protected status.

Health and Safety

Astronics is committed to the safety of our customers and our employees. Each Astronics operation maintains environmental, health and safety policies and practices that seek to promote the operation of its businesses in a manner that is protective of the health and safety of the public and its employees.

Our operations offer several health and welfare programs to employees to promote fitness and wellness and to encourage preventative healthcare. In addition, our employees are offered a confidential employee assistance program that provides professional counseling to employees and their family members. Also, many of our operations offer green space for employees to use during their breaks.

Available information

We file our financial information and other materials as electronically required with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). These materials can be accessed electronically via the Internet at www.sec.gov. We also make available free of charge through our website at www.astronics.com our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file those reports with, or furnish them to, the SEC. The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference in this annual report on Form 10-K and should not be considered a part of this report.

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Information About Our Executive Officers

The executive officers of the Company, their ages, their positions and offices with the Company as of December 31, 2024, and the date each assumed their office with the Company, are as follows:

The principal occupation and employment for Messrs. Gundermann, Burney, Peabody and Mulato for over five years have been with the Company in their respective current roles.

Mr. Burney retired from his position as Executive Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer of the Company on January 3, 2025. Effective January 4, 2025 and as previously disclosed by the Company, Nancy L. Hedges, previously the Company’s Controller, became the Company’s Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer. Ms. Hedges now serves as the Company’s principal financial officer and continues in her role as the Company’s principal accounting officer.

ITEM 1A.RISK FACTORS

Our business faces many risks, and you should carefully consider the following risk factors, together with all of the other information included in this report, including the financial statements and related notes contained in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, and discussion in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, when deciding to invest in us. Any of the risks discussed below, or elsewhere in this report or in our other SEC filings, could have a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations. Additional risks not currently known to us or that we currently consider immaterial also may materially adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations in the future. As a result, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment in our common stock.

Market Risks

The loss of Boeing as a major customer or a significant reduction in business with this customer would reduce our sales and earnings. In 2024, 2023, and 2022 we had a concentration of sales to Boeing representing approximately 10.2%, 11.0%, and 11.0% of our sales, respectively. Revenue earned from sales to Boeing may decline or fluctuate significantly in the future. We may not be able to offset any decline in sales from Boeing with sales from new customers or other existing customers. The loss of Boeing as a customer or a significant reduction in business with Boeing would significantly reduce our sales and earnings. Accordingly, a portion of our potential for success will depend on our continued ability to develop and manage our relationship with Boeing.

The markets we serve are cyclical and sensitive to domestic and foreign economic conditions, conflicts and events, which may cause our operating results to fluctuate. The markets we serve are sensitive to fluctuations in general business cycles, global pandemics, domestic and foreign governmental tariffs, trade and monetary policies, national and international conflicts, and economic conditions and events. While both domestic air travel and international air travel utilizing primarily widebody aircraft have recovered from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, if a global health crisis similar to the COVID-19 pandemic were to occur in the future, we may find it difficult to access our existing financing or obtain additional financing and/or fund our operations and meet our debt service obligations. Any new pandemic or other future public health crisis could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In our Aerospace segment, demand by the general aviation markets for our products is dependent upon several factors, including capital investment, product innovations, economic growth and wealth creation and technology upgrades. In addition, the commercial airline industry is highly cyclical, with significant downturns in the past and sensitivity to such things as fuel price increases, labor disputes, global economic conditions, availability of capital to fund new aircraft purchase and upgrades of existing aircraft and passenger demand. Any change in these factors could result in a further reduction in the amount of

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discretionary air travel and the ability of airlines to invest in new aircraft or to upgrade existing aircraft. Therefore, our business is directly affected by economic factors outside of our control and other trends that affect our customers in the commercial aerospace industry. These factors could reduce orders for new aircraft and could reduce airline investment in cabin upgrades for which we supply products, thus reducing our sales and profits. A reduction in air travel may also result in our commercial airline customers being unable to pay our invoices on a timely basis or at all.

We are a supplier on various new aircraft programs just entering or expected to begin production in the future. As with any new program, there is risk as to whether the aircraft or program will be successful and accepted by the market. As is customary for our industry, we purchase inventory and invest in specific capital equipment to support our production requirements generally based on delivery schedules provided by our customer. If a program or aircraft is not successful, we may have to write-off all or a part of the inventory, accounts receivable and capital equipment related to the program. A write-off of these assets could result in a significant reduction of earnings and cause covenant violations relating to our debt agreements. This could result in our being unable to borrow additional funds under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility or being obliged to refinance or renegotiate our indebtedness on potentially unfavorable terms for us.

In our Test Systems segment, the market for our products is concentrated with a limited number of significant customers accounting for a substantial portion of the purchases of test equipment. In any one reporting period, a single customer or several customers may contribute to an even larger percentage of our consolidated sales. In addition, our ability to increase sales will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain orders from current or new significant customers. The opportunities to obtain orders from these customers may be limited, which may impair our ability to grow sales. We expect that sales of our Test Systems products will continue to be concentrated with a limited number of significant customers for the foreseeable future. Additionally, demand for some of our test products is dependent upon certain factors, including government funding levels for our products, our ability to compete successfully for those contracts and our ability to develop products to satisfy the demands of our customers. A negative change in any of these factors could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Our products are sold in highly competitive markets. Some of our competitors are larger, more diversified corporations and have greater financial, marketing, production and research and development resources than we do. As a result, certain of our competitors may be better able to withstand the effects of periodic economic downturns or other market changing events. Our operations and financial performance will be negatively impacted if our competitors:

•develop products that are superior to our products;

•develop products that are more competitively priced than our products;

•develop methods of more efficiently and effectively providing products and services; or

•adapt more quickly than we do to new technologies, such as generative artificial intelligence (“AI”), or evolving customer requirements.

We believe that the principal points of competition in our markets are product quality, price, design and engineering capabilities, product development, conformity to customer specifications, quality of support after the sale, timeliness of delivery and effectiveness of the distribution organization. Maintaining and improving our competitive position will require continued investment in manufacturing, engineering, quality standards, marketing, customer service and support and our distribution networks. If we do not maintain, or are otherwise unable to maintain, sufficient resources to make these investments, or are not successful in maintaining our competitive position, our business operations and financial performance may be materially adversely affected.

We depend on government contracts and subcontracts with defense prime contractors and subcontractors that may not be fully funded, may be terminated, or may be awarded to our competitors. The failure to be awarded these contracts, the failure to receive funding or the termination of one or more of these contracts could reduce our sales. Sales to the U.S. government and its prime contractors and subcontractors represent a significant portion of our business. The funding of these programs is generally subject to annual congressional appropriations, and presidential and congressional priorities are unpredictable and subject to change. We cannot be certain that current levels of congressional funding for programs involving our products or services will continue and that our business related to these products and services will not decline or increase at currently anticipated levels, or that we will not be subject to delays in the negotiation of contracts or increased costs due to changes in the funding of U.S. government programs or government shutdowns. In addition, government expenditures for defense programs may decline or these defense programs may be terminated. A decline in governmental expenditures, a change in spending priorities, or the U.S. government’s termination of existing contracts may result in a reduction in the volume of government contracts awarded to us. Furthermore, on government contracts for which we are a subcontractor and not the prime contractor, the U.S. government could terminate the prime contract for convenience or otherwise, irrespective of our performance as a subcontractor. Also, sales to the U.S. government and its contractors, as well as foreign military and government customers, either directly or as a subcontractor to other contractors, often use a competitive bidding process and

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have unique purchasing and delivery requirements, which often makes the timing of sales to these customers unpredictable. We have resources applied to specific government contracts, and if any of those contracts were terminated, we may incur substantial costs redeploying those resources and our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows may be materially adversely affected.

Contracting in the defense industry is subject to significant regulation, including rules related to bidding, billing and accounting kickbacks and false claims, and any non-compliance could subject us to fines and penalties or possible debarment. Like all government contractors, we are subject to risks associated with this contracting. These risks include the potential for substantial civil and criminal fines and penalties. These fines and penalties could be imposed for failing to follow procurement integrity and bidding rules, employing improper billing practices or otherwise failing to follow cost accounting standards, receiving or paying kickbacks or filing false claims. We have been, and expect to continue to be, subjected to audits and investigations by government agencies. The failure to comply with the terms of our government contracts could harm our business reputation, which could materially reduce our sales and earnings. It could also result in our suspension or debarment from future government contracts, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

Strategic Risks

If we are unable to adapt to technological change, demand for our products may be reduced. The technologies related to our products have undergone, and in the future may undergo, significant changes. To succeed in the future, we will need to continue to design, develop, manufacture, assemble, test, market and support new products and enhancements on a timely and cost-effective basis, and we cannot be certain that we will be able to do so successfully, if at all, or on a timely, cost effective, or repeatable basis. Our competitors may develop technologies and products that are more effective than those we develop or that render our technology and products obsolete or noncompetitive. Furthermore, our products could become unmarketable if new industry standards emerge. We may have to modify our products significantly in the future to remain competitive, and new products we introduce may not be accepted by our customers.

Our new product development efforts may not be successful, which could result in a reduction in our sales and earnings. We may experience difficulties that could delay or prevent the successful development of new products or product enhancements, and new products or product enhancements may not be accepted by our customers. Because it is difficult to predict the amount of time required and the costs involved in achieving certain research, development, and engineering objectives, the development expenses we incur may exceed our cost estimates and estimated product development schedules may be extended. Furthermore, any new products we develop may not generate sales sufficient to offset our costs. If any of these events occur, our sales and profits could be materially adversely affected.

We may incur losses and liabilities as a result of our acquisition strategy. Part of our business strategy involves developing technologies and capabilities through acquisitions. Growth by acquisition involves risks that could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations, including:

•the potential exposure to unanticipated liabilities;

•the potential that expected benefits or synergies are not realized and that operating costs increase;

•the risks associated with incurring additional acquisition indebtedness, including that additional indebtedness could limit our cash flow availability for operations and our flexibility;

•difficulties in integrating the operations and personnel of acquired companies;

•the potential loss of key employees, suppliers or customers of acquired businesses; and

•diversion of management time and attention from our core business.

In addition, any acquisition, once successfully integrated, could negatively impact our financial performance if it does not perform as planned, does not increase earnings, or does not prove otherwise to be beneficial to us. We cannot provide any assurances that we will be able to complete any acquisitions and then successfully integrate the business and operations of those acquisitions without encountering the risks described above. If we are not able to efficiently integrate an acquisition’s business and operations into our organization in a timely and efficient manner, or at all, the anticipated benefits of the acquisition may not be realized, or it may take longer to realize these benefits than we currently expect, either of which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Operational Risks

Our business and operations could be adversely impacted in the event of a failure of our information technology infrastructure or adversely impacted by a successful cyber-attack. We are dependent on various information technologies throughout our Company to administer, store and support multiple business activities. We routinely experience various cybersecurity threats, threats to our information technology infrastructure, unauthorized attempts to gain access to our sensitive information, and denial-of-service attacks, and our customers, suppliers and subcontractors face similar cybersecurity threats. We conduct regular periodic training of our employees as to the protection of sensitive information, which includes security awareness training intended to prevent the success of “phishing” attacks.

The threats we face vary from attacks common to most industries, such as ransomware attacks to disable critical infrastructure and extort companies for ransom payments, to more advanced and persistent, highly organized adversaries, including nation states, which target us and other defense contractors because we protect sensitive information. If we are unable to protect sensitive information, our customers or governmental authorities could question the adequacy of our threat mitigation and detection processes and procedures, and depending on the severity of the incident, our customers’ data, our employees’ data, our intellectual property, and other third-party data (such as subcontractors, suppliers and vendors) could be compromised. As a consequence of the persistence, sophistication and volume of these bad actors, we may not be successful in defending against all such attacks. Due to the evolving nature of these security threats, the impact of any future cybersecurity incident cannot be predicted with reasonable certainty.

Although we work cooperatively with our customers, suppliers, and subcontractors to seek to minimize the impact of cybersecurity threats, other security threats or business disruptions, we must rely on the safeguards put in place by these entities, which may affect the security of our information. These entities have varying levels of cybersecurity expertise and safeguards and their relationships with U.S. government contractors, such as Astronics, may increase the likelihood that they are targeted by the same cybersecurity threats we face. Furthermore, our customers, suppliers and subcontractors may incorporate AI tools without disclosing this use to us, and the providers of these AI tools may not meet existing or rapidly evolving regulatory or industry standards with respect to privacy and data protection and may inhibit our or their ability to maintain an adequate level of service and experience. If we or our customers, suppliers or subcontractors experience an actual or perceived breach or privacy or security incident because of the use of AI, we may lose valuable confidential information and our reputation and the public perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed.

If we experience a data security breach from an external source or from an insider threat, we may have a loss in sales or increased costs arising from the restoration or implementation of additional security measures, either of which could adversely affect our business and financial results. Other potential costs could include damage to our reputation, loss of brand value, incident response costs, decrease in the price of our common stock, regulatory inquiries, litigation and management distraction from operating our business. A security breach that involves classified information could subject us to civil or criminal penalties, loss of a government contract, loss of access to classified information, or debarment as a government contractor. Similarly, a breach that involves loss of customer-provided data could subject us to loss of a customer, loss of a contract, litigation costs and legal damages and reputational harm. One or more of these results could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our inability to adequately enforce and protect our intellectual property or defend against assertions of infringement could prevent or restrict our ability to compete. We rely on patents, trademarks and proprietary knowledge and technology, both internally developed and acquired, in order to maintain a competitive advantage. Our inability to defend against the unauthorized use of these intellectual property rights and assets could have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. We cannot assure you that our means of protecting our intellectual property rights in the United States or abroad will be adequate, or that others will not develop technologies similar or superior to our technology or design around our proprietary rights. Litigation may be necessary to protect our intellectual property rights or defend against claims of infringement. This litigation could result in significant costs and divert our management’s focus away from our core business operations. Refer to the risk factor below under the heading “Currently, our subsidiary, Astronics Advanced Electronic Systems Corp., is a defendant in actions filed in various jurisdictions by Lufthansa Technik AG relating to an allegation of patent infringement and based on rulings to date, we have concluded that losses related to these proceedings are probable” and Note 19, Legal Proceedings, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report for further discussion.

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If critical components or raw materials used to manufacture our products or used in our development programs become scarce or unavailable, then we may incur delays in manufacturing and delivery of our products and in completing our development programs, which has damaged, and could continue to damage, our business, results of operations and financial condition. Due to increased demand across a range of industries, the global supply chain for certain critical components and raw materials used in the manufacture of our products and used in our development programs has in the past experienced, and may in future periods experience, significant strain. A constrained supply environment has in the past adversely affected, and could in the future adversely affect, availability, lead times and the cost of components, and could impact our ability to timely complete development programs, respond to accelerated or quick-turn delivery requests from customers, or meet customer demand and product delivery dates for our end customers in situations where we cannot timely secure adequate supply of these components. Moreover, if any of our suppliers become financially unstable, or otherwise unable or unwilling to provide us with raw materials or components, then we may have to find new suppliers. It may take several months to locate alternative suppliers, if required, or to redesign our products to accommodate components from different suppliers. We may experience significant delays in manufacturing and shipping our products to customers and incur additional development, manufacturing and other costs to establish alternative sources of supply if we lose any of these sources or are required to redesign our products. We cannot predict if we will be able to obtain replacement components within the time frames that we require at an acceptable cost, if at all.

In an effort to mitigate these risks, in some cases, we have incurred higher costs to secure available inventory or have extended or placed non-cancellable purchase commitments with suppliers, which introduces inventory risk if our forecasts and assumptions prove inaccurate. While we may attempt to recover the increased costs through price increases to our customers, we may be unable to mitigate the effect on our results of operations. We have also multi-sourced and pre-ordered components and raw materials inventory in some cases in an effort to reduce the impact of the adverse supply chain conditions we have experienced or may experience in the future. Limits on manufacturing availability or capacity or delays in production or delivery of components or raw materials could delay or inhibit our ability to obtain supply of components and produce finished goods. Supply chain constraints and their related challenges could result in shortages, increased material costs or use of cash, engineering design changes, and delays in new product introductions, each of which could materially adversely affect our growth, gross margin and financial results. These types of negative financial impacts on our business may become more acute if supply chain pressures increase.

Our financial results could continue to be adversely impacted by the escalation of labor and benefit costs. Consistent with the experience of other employers, our labor, medical and workers’ compensation costs have increased substantially in recent years and are expected to continue to rise. If this trend continues, the cost of labor and to provide healthcare and other benefits to our employees could continue to increase, which could materially adversely affect our future profitability. Competition for employees has escalated in the labor market which has increased costs associated with attracting and retaining skilled employees. We cannot be certain that we will be able to maintain an adequately skilled labor force necessary to operate efficiently or that our labor costs will not increase as a result of a shortage in the availability of skilled employees. Any significant increases in the costs attributable to our self-insured health and workers’ compensation plans could adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Price inflation for labor and materials, further exacerbated by the Russian invasion of Ukraine or the Israel-Hamas war, could adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition. We have experienced considerable price inflation in our costs for labor and materials in recent years, which has materially adversely affected our business, results of operations and financial condition. We may not be able to pass through to our customers inflationary cost increases under our existing fixed-price contracts. Our ability to raise prices to reflect increased costs may be limited by competitive conditions in the market for our products and services. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the Israel-Hamas war, and prolonged conflict in either such situation, may continue to result in increased inflation, escalating energy and commodity prices and increasing costs of materials. We continue to work to mitigate such pressures on our business operations as they develop. To the extent the war in Ukraine or the Israel-Hamas war adversely affects our business as discussed above, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein, such as those relating to cybersecurity, supply chain, volatility in prices and market conditions, any of which could negatively affect our business and financial condition.

If our subcontractors fail to perform their contractual obligations, our prime contract performance and our ability to obtain future business could be materially adversely affected. Many of our contracts involve subcontracts with other companies upon whom we rely to perform a portion of the services we must provide to our customers. There is a risk that we may have disputes with our subcontractors, including disputes regarding the quality and timeliness of work performed by the subcontractor or customer concerns about the subcontractor. Failure by our subcontractors to satisfactorily provide, on a timely basis, the agreed-upon supplies or perform the agreed-upon services may materially adversely affect our ability to perform our obligations to our customer and could result in the assessment of late delivery penalties. Subcontractor performance deficiencies could result in a customer terminating our contract for cause or could otherwise result in our default under the applicable

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contract. A termination for cause or other default could expose us to liability, damage our reputation and substantially impair our ability to compete for future contracts and orders.

Some of our contracts contain late delivery penalties. Our failure to deliver our products in a timely manner, whether due to supplier and supply chain problems, labor availability, development schedule slides, manufacturing difficulties, similar schedule-related events or otherwise, may trigger late delivery penalties pursuant to certain of our contracts, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. While no significant penalties have been incurred to date, the risk factors described herein may cause future deliveries to be delayed and may cause us to incur such significant penalties in the future.

Our results of operations are affected by our fixed-price contracts, which could subject us to losses in the event that we have cost overruns. For the year ended December 31, 2024, fixed-price contracts represented almost all of the Company’s sales. On fixed-price contracts, we agree to perform the scope of work specified in the contract for a predetermined price. Depending on the fixed price negotiated, these contracts may provide us with an opportunity to achieve higher profits based on the relationship between our costs and the contract’s fixed price. However, we bear the risk that increased or unexpected costs, such as contractual delays, failure of subcontractor performance, litigation with contract counterparties, inaccurate cost estimates or otherwise, may reduce our profit or cause us to incur a loss on the contract, which could reduce our net earnings. Because our ability to terminate contracts is generally limited, we may not be able to terminate our performance requirements under these contracts at all or without substantial liability and, therefore, in the event we are sustaining reduced profits or losses, we could continue to sustain these reduced profits or losses for the duration of the contract term. Our failure to anticipate technical problems, estimate delivery reductions, estimate costs accurately or control costs during performance of a fixed-price contract may reduce our profitability or cause significant losses on programs.

The failure of our products may damage our reputation, necessitate a product recall or result in claims against us that exceed our insurance coverage, thereby requiring us to pay significant damages. Defects in the design and manufacture of our products may necessitate a product recall. We include complex system design and components in our products that could contain errors or defects, particularly when we incorporate new technology into our products. If any of our products are defective, we could be required to redesign or recall those products or pay substantial damages or warranty claims. Such an event could result in significant expenses, disrupt sales and affect our reputation and that of our products. We are also exposed to product liability claims. We carry aircraft and non-aircraft product liability insurance consistent with the commercial standards in our industry. However, this insurance coverage may not be sufficient to fully cover the payment of any potential claim. Additionally, should insurance market conditions change, aircraft and non-aircraft product liability insurance coverage may not be available in the future at a cost acceptable to us. A product recall or a product liability claim not covered by insurance could materially adversely affect our business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

Our operations depend on our manufacturing facilities, which are subject to physical and other risks that could disrupt production. Our manufacturing facilities or our customers’ facilities could be damaged or disrupted by a natural disaster, war, or terrorist activity. We maintain property damage and business interruption insurance consistent with the commercial standards in our industry or for our customers and suppliers, however, a pandemic or other major catastrophe, such as an earthquake, hurricane, fire, flood, tornado or other natural disaster at any of our sites, or political instability resulting from war, insurrections, terrorist activities, foreign civil unrest or other unforeseen circumstances in any of the areas where we conduct operations could result in a prolonged interruption of our business. Any disruption resulting from these events could cause significant delays in shipments of products and the loss of sales and customers, and we may not have insurance to adequately compensate us for any of these events. For leased facilities, timely renewal of leases and risk mitigation from the sale of our leased facilities is required to avoid any business interruption.

We may be subject to work stoppages at our facilities or those of our principal customers and suppliers, which could seriously impact the profitability of our business. Many aircraft manufacturers, airlines, and aerospace suppliers have unionized work forces. Any strikes, work stoppages, or slowdowns experienced by aircraft manufacturers, airlines, or aerospace suppliers could reduce our customers’ demand for additional aircraft structures or prevent us from completing production of our products.

A small percentage of our workforce is represented by unions. If we were unable to renew our labor agreements at expiration, or if our workers were to engage in a strike, work stoppage, or other slowdown, we could experience a disruption of our operations, which could cause us to be unable to deliver products to certain of our customers on a timely basis and could result in a breach of such supply agreements. This could negatively impact our results. In addition, our non-unionized labor force may become subject to labor union organizing efforts, which could cause us to incur additional labor costs and increase the related risks that we now face.

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The construction of aircraft is heavily regulated, and failure to comply with applicable laws could reduce our sales or require us to incur additional costs to achieve compliance, and we may incur significant expenses to comply with new or more stringent governmental regulation. The aerospace industry is highly regulated in the United States by the FAA and in other countries by similar agencies. We must be certified by the FAA and, in some cases, by individual OEMs in order to engineer and service parts, components and aerostructures used in specific aircraft models. If any of our material authorizations or approvals were revoked or suspended, our operations would be adversely affected. New or more stringent governmental regulations may be adopted, or industry oversight heightened in the future, and we may incur significant expenses to comply with any new regulations or any heightened industry oversight. In addition, in January 2024, the FAA ordered the temporary grounding of Boeing 737-9 MAX aircraft as a result of an incident where a Boeing 737-9 MAX lost a “door plug.” This incident and the subsequent investigation, and the potential for more issues to be identified during further investigations, could result in a suspension or reduction of manufacturing of 737 MAX aircraft by Boeing. Air travelers may also respond negatively to the 737 MAX aircraft due to perceived safety concerns, which could negatively impact Boeing. Boeing is a major customer of ours and any financial or customer losses it suffers may result in a negative impact on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, recent U.S. government administrations have relied on executive orders in lieu of federal legislation to implement regulatory policy and objectives, and the U.S. Supreme Court has recently issued decisions that have added uncertainty to the federal regulatory apparatus. Each of these developments could exacerbate regulatory unpredictability. We may be unable to anticipate changes in regulatory regimes of the U.S. federal government administration and, therefore, be unable to make timely operational or other changes, assuming we are in a position to effectively respond to any such change, which may not be the case, or to ensure compliance with federal regulations or executive orders. Executive orders or regulatory priorities issued or rescinded by the U.S. federal government administration may require us to make additional capital expenditures or incur additional costs, or cause a delay or the abandonment of projects or awarded contracts, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition In addition, increased regulatory uncertainty following the forementioned U.S. Supreme Court decisions could result in delays and other impediments to the federal agency rulemaking process, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition

Financial Risks

We have incurred losses in prior fiscal years and our future profitability is not certain. For the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, we incurred a net loss of $16.2 million, $26.4 million and $35.7 million, respectively. Our operating results for future periods are subject to numerous uncertainties and we cannot be certain that we will be profitable or that we will not experience substantial net losses in the future. If we are not able to increase revenue or reduce our costs, we may not be able to achieve profitability in future periods and our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows may be materially adversely affected.

Our ABL Revolving Credit Facility contains financial and restrictive covenants that we may be unable to satisfy, and that, if not satisfied, could result in the acceleration of any outstanding indebtedness thereunder and limit our ability to borrow additional funds. In addition, the terms of our ABL Revolving Credit Facility contains covenants that restrict our current and future operations, particularly our ability to take certain actions. Our ABL Revolving Credit Facility subjects us to various financial and other affirmative and negative covenants with which we must comply on an ongoing or periodic basis. These include financial covenants pertaining to minimum excess availability and minimum fixed charge coverage ratio requirements. An unexpected decline in our revenues or operating income, including occurring as a result of events beyond our control, could cause us to violate our financial covenants. A covenant violation could result in a default under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility. If any such default occurs, the lenders may elect to declare all outstanding borrowings, together with accrued interest and other amounts payable thereunder, to be immediately due and payable. Further, as the amount available to us under our ABL Revolving Credit Facility is subject to borrowing base calculations determined by the value of accounts receivable, inventory, real estate and machinery and equipment, an unexpected decline in the value of these assets would require a mandatory prepayment. If any of these events were to occur, we may not be able to pay our debts and other monetary obligations as they come due, and our ability to continue to operate as a going concern could be impaired, which could in turn cause a significant decline in our common stock price and could result in a significant loss of value for our shareholders. Furthermore, the lenders also have the right in these circumstances to terminate any commitments they have to provide further borrowings, which could leave us without access to sufficient liquidity to operate our business. In addition, following an event of default, the lenders under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility will have the right to proceed against the collateral granted to them to secure the debt, which includes our available accounts receivable, inventory, machinery and equipment, real estate and intellectual property. If the debt under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility were to be accelerated, we cannot assure you that our assets would be sufficient to repay in full our debt.

Additionally, our ABL Revolving Credit Facility contains a number of restrictive covenants that impose significant operating and financial restrictions on the Company and our subsidiaries and may limit our ability to engage in acts that we believe to be

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in our long-term best interests. The ABL Revolving Credit Facility include covenants restricting, among other things, the ability of the Company and our subsidiaries to:

•incur additional indebtedness;

•pay dividends on or repurchase our capital stock;

•make certain acquisitions or investments;

•sell assets; and

•engage in certain business activities.

Our inability to raise funds necessary to repurchase, or settle conversions of, our Convertible Notes upon a fundamental change as described in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes, may lead to defaults under such indenture and under agreements governing our existing or future indebtedness. On December 3, 2024, we issued an aggregate principal amount of $165 million 5.500% Convertible Notes due March 15, 2030, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The interest rate is fixed at 5.500% per annum and is payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on March 15, 2025.

If a fundamental change (as defined in the indenture governing the Convertible Notes) occurs, then, subject to limited exceptions, holders of our Convertible Notes may require the Company to repurchase all or any their Convertible Notes for cash. If we repurchase the Convertible Notes for cash or settle such Convertible Notes by cash or by a combination of cash and shares of our common stock in the event a holder of our Convertible Notes elects to convert their Convertible Notes following a fundamental change, we will be required to make cash payments with respect to the Convertible Notes being converted or repurchased.

However, we may not have enough available cash or be able to obtain financing at the time we are required to make purchases of the Convertible Notes being surrendered or converted. In addition, our ability to repurchase the Convertible Notes or to pay cash upon conversion of Convertible Notes is limited by the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and may also be limited by law, by regulatory authority or by agreements that will govern our future indebtedness. Our failure to repurchase Convertible Notes at a time when the repurchase is required by the indenture governing the Convertible Notes or to pay cash payable on future conversions of the Convertible Notes as required by such indenture would constitute a default under such indenture. A default under the indenture governing the Convertible Notes or the fundamental change itself could also lead to a default under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility.

The conditional conversion feature of the Convertible Notes, if triggered, may adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. Under certain circumstances, holders of our Convertible Notes will be entitled to convert such Convertible Notes at any time during specified periods at their option. If one or more holders of our Convertible Notes elect to convert their Convertible Notes, we may initially elect to satisfy our conversion obligations by combination settlement. In addition, in the future, we may elect to settle all of our conversion obligations through the payment of cash, which could materially adversely affect our liquidity. In addition, even if holders do not elect to convert their Convertible Notes, we could be required under applicable accounting rules to reclassify all or a portion of the outstanding principal of the Convertible Notes as a current liability, rather than a long-term liability, which could result in a material reduction of our net working capital.

Conversion of the Convertible Notes will dilute the ownership interest of existing shareholders or may otherwise depress the price of our common stock. The conversion of some or all of the Convertible Notes will dilute the ownership interests of existing shareholders to the extent we deliver shares of our common stock upon conversion of any of the Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes may from time to time in the future be convertible at the option of their holders prior to their scheduled terms under certain circumstances. Any sales in the public market of the common stock issuable upon such conversion could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our common stock. In addition, the existence of the Convertible Notes may encourage short selling by market participants because the conversion of the Convertible Notes could be used to satisfy short positions or anticipated conversion of the Convertible Notes into shares of our common stock could depress the price of our common stock.

The amount of debt we have outstanding, as well as any debt we may incur in the future, could have an adverse effect on our operational and financial flexibility. As of December 31, 2024, we had approximately $175.0 million of debt outstanding. Changes to our level of debt subsequent to December 31, 2024, could have significant consequences to our business, including the following:

•Depending on interest rates and debt maturities, a substantial portion of our cash flow from operations could be dedicated to paying principal and interest on our debt, thereby reducing funds available for our acquisition strategy, capital expenditures or other purposes;

•A significant amount of additional debt could make us more vulnerable to changes in economic conditions or increases in prevailing interest rates;

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•Our ability to obtain additional financing for acquisitions, capital expenditures or for other purposes could be impaired;

•The increase in the amount of debt we have outstanding and the associated interest expense increases the risk of non-compliance with some of the covenants in our debt agreements which require us to maintain specified financial ratios; and

•We may be more leveraged than some of our competitors, which may result in a competitive disadvantage.

Subject to the limits contained in our ABL Revolving Credit Facility, we may incur additional debt from time to time to finance working capital, capital expenditures, investments or acquisitions, or for other purposes. If we do so, the risks described above related to our debt could intensify.

A write-off of all or part of our goodwill or other intangible assets could adversely affect our operating results and net worth. As of December 31, 2024, goodwill and net intangible assets were approximately 8.9% and 8.1% of our total assets, respectively. We had no goodwill impairment charges during 2024, 2023 or 2022. Our goodwill and other intangible assets may increase in the future since our strategy includes growing through acquisitions. We may have to write-off all or part of our goodwill or purchased intangible assets if their value becomes impaired. Although such a write-off may not result in an outlay of cash and is not included in the financial covenant calculation, it could reduce our earnings and net worth significantly.

Our future operating results could be impacted by estimates used to calculate impairment losses on goodwill and long-lived assets. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires management to make significant and subjective estimates and assumptions that may affect the reported amounts of tangible and intangible long-lived assets, including goodwill, in the Consolidated Financial Statements. These estimates are integral in the determination of whether a potential non-cash impairment loss exists as well as the calculation of that loss. Actual future results could differ materially from those estimates. We had no such asset impairment charges in 2024, 2023 or 2022.

Changes in discount rates and other estimates could affect our future earnings and equity. Our goodwill asset impairment evaluations are determined using valuations that involve several assumptions, including discount rates, cash flow estimates, growth rates and terminal values. Certain of these assumptions, particularly the discount rate, are based on market conditions and are outside of our control. Changes in these assumptions could affect our future earnings and equity.

Additionally, pension obligations and the related costs are determined using actual results and actuarial valuations that involve several assumptions. The most critical assumption is the discount rate. Other assumptions include mortality, salary and bonus levels and retirement age. The discount rate assumptions are based on current market conditions and are outside of our control. Changes in these assumptions could affect our future earnings and equity.

Changes in tax laws and regulations or exposure to additional tax liabilities could adversely affect our financial results. Changes in U.S. (federal or state) or foreign tax laws and regulations, or their interpretation and application, including those with retroactive effect, could result in increases in our tax expense and affect profitability and cash flows. For example, beginning in 2022, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 eliminated the option to deduct research and development expenditures immediately in the year incurred and requires taxpayers to amortize such expenditures over five years for tax purposes. The most significant impact of this provision is to the cash tax liability for 2024 and 2023 (as the liability for 2022 is partially offset by certain tax credits and loss carryforwards); the impact will decline annually thereafter over the five-year amortization period to an immaterial amount in year six. Furthermore, compliance with the tax regimes we are subject to is difficult and expensive. If we fail to adhere, or are alleged to have failed to adhere, to any applicable federal, state, or foreign laws or regulations, or if such laws or regulations negatively affect sales of our products, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. In addition, our future results could be materially adversely affected by changes in applicable federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations, or the interpretation or enforcement thereof (including tax-rate changes, new tax laws such as the proposed 15% global minimum tax under the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Pillar Two, Global Anti-Base Erosion Rules, or revised tax law interpretations).

We are subject to financing and interest rate exposure risks that could adversely affect our business, liquidity and operating results. Changes in the availability, terms and cost of capital, and increases in interest rates could cause our cost of doing business to increase and place us at a competitive disadvantage. At December 31, 2024, the $10.0 million outstanding on our ABL Revolving Credit Facility is subject to variable interest rates.

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Legal and Compliance Risks

We currently are involved in, and may become involved in the future in, legal proceedings that, if adversely adjudicated or settled, could materially and adversely impact our financial condition. As an aerospace company, we may become a party to litigation, including, among others, matters alleging product liability, warranty claims, intellectual property infringement, breach of commercial or government contract or other legal actions. In general, litigation claims can be expensive and time consuming to bring or defend against and could result in settlements or damages that could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. For example, in some instances, litigation may be necessary to enforce our intellectual property rights and protect our proprietary information, or to defend against claims by third parties that our products infringe upon their intellectual property rights. Any litigation or claims brought by or against us, whether with or without merit, could result in substantial costs to us and divert the attention of our management, which could materially harm our business and results of operations. In addition, any intellectual property litigation or claims against us could result in the loss or compromise of our intellectual property and proprietary rights, subject us to significant liabilities, require us to seek licenses on unfavorable terms, expose us to injunctive relief, prevent us from manufacturing or selling certain products or require us to redesign certain products, any of which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Currently, our subsidiary, Astronics Advanced Electronic Systems Corp., is a defendant in actions filed in various jurisdictions by Lufthansa Technik AG relating to an allegation of patent infringement and based on rulings to date, we have concluded that losses related to these proceedings are probable and the amounts of such losses could be substantial. Lufthansa Technik AG (“Lufthansa”) filed actions against us in Germany, the UK and France. In both Germany and the UK, the Company has been found to infringe the patents of Lufthansa and will be subject to monetary damages and estimates of which have been accrued as liabilities in our financial statements. However, the actual amount of damages that may be addressed in the future could be substantially higher than the amounts that have been accrued as liabilities in our financial statements. In February 2025, a judgment quantified the amount payable in aggregate in respect of the profits derived from infringing Lufthansa’s UK patent by the defendants as $11.9 million. Any additional amounts required to be paid by the Company related to certain other factors peripheral to the damages award, including reimbursement of legal fees related to the damages proceedings, will be determined at follow-up hearings expected to occur in the first half of 2025. An appeal, if any, would likely be heard in early 2026.

Refer to Note 19, Legal Proceedings, of our Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report for discussion on this and other legal proceedings.

Our operations in foreign countries expose us to political and currency risks and adverse changes in local legal and regulatory environments. In 2024, approximately 10% of our sales were made by our subsidiaries in foreign countries, predominately in our subsidiaries in France and Canada. Net assets held by our foreign subsidiaries total $41.3 million as of December 31, 2024. Approximately 25% of our consolidated sales in 2024 were made to customers outside of the United States. Our financial results may be adversely affected by fluctuations in foreign currencies and by the translation of the financial statements of our foreign subsidiaries from local currencies into U.S. dollars. We expect international operations and export sales to continue to contribute to our earnings for the foreseeable future. Both the sales from international operations and export sales are subject in varying degrees to risks inherent in doing business outside of the U.S. Such risks include the possibility of unfavorable circumstances arising from host country laws or regulations, changes in tariff and trade barriers and import or export licensing requirements, and political or economic reprioritization, insurrection, civil disturbance or war.

Government regulations could limit our ability to sell our products outside the U.S. and could otherwise adversely affect our business. Certain of our sales are subject to compliance with U.S. export regulations. Our failure to comply with the regulatory limitations, licensing requirements, registration standards or other requirements under applicable U.S. export regulations would hinder our ability to generate sales of our products outside the U.S. Compliance with these export regulations may also subject us to additional fees and operating costs. The absence of comparable restrictions on competitors in other countries may adversely affect our competitive position. In order to sell our products in European Union countries, we must satisfy certain technical requirements. If we are unable to comply with those requirements with respect to a significant quantity of our products, our sales in Europe could be restricted. Doing business internationally also subjects us to numerous U.S. and foreign laws and regulations, including regulations relating to import-export control, technology transfer restrictions, foreign corrupt practices and anti-boycott provisions. Our failure, or failure by an authorized agent or representative that is attributable to us, to comply with these laws and regulations could result in administrative, civil or criminal liabilities and could, in the extreme case, result in monetary penalties, suspension or debarment from government contracts or suspension of our export privileges, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Trade policies, treaties, and tariffs could materially adversely affect our business. Our business is dependent on the availability of raw materials and components for our products, particularly electrical components common in the semiconductor industry. There is continued uncertainty about the future relationship between the United States and various other countries,

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most significantly China, with respect to trade policies, treaties, tariffs, and taxes. Changes in U.S. administrative policy could lead to changes in existing trade agreements, greater restrictions on free trade generally, and significant increases in tariffs on goods imported into the United States, particularly tariffs on products manufactured in Canada, China and Mexico, among other possible changes. For example, in February 2025, the new U.S. presidential administration announced tariffs on imports from Canada, Mexico and China, and then subsequently paused the tariffs on Canada and Mexico. It is uncertain whether the tariffs on Canada and Mexico will be reinstated. These developments, or the perception that any of them could occur, could materially adversely affect global economic conditions and the stability of global financial markets, and could significantly reduce global trade and, in particular, trade between the impacted nations and the United States.

This uncertainty includes: (i) the possibility of altering the existing tariffs or penalties on products manufactured outside the United States, including the U.S. government’s 25% tariff on a range of products from China; (ii) the effects stemming from the removal of such previously imposed tariffs; (iii) subsequent tariffs imposed by the United States on any other countries; and (iv) potential tariffs imposed by trading partners on U.S. exports. The institution of trade tariffs on items imported by us from other countries could increase our costs, which could have a negative impact on our business.

We cannot predict whether, and to what extent, there may be changes to international trade agreements or whether quotas, duties, tariffs, exchange controls or other restrictions on our products will be changed or imposed. In addition, an open conflict or war across any region could affect our ability to obtain raw materials. For example, the current military conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and related sanctions, export controls or other actions that may be initiated by nations, including the United States, the European Union or Russia (e.g., potential cyberattacks, disruption of energy flows, etc.) or potential sanctions or relevant export controls related to China or Taiwan could adversely affect our business and/or our supply chain or our business partners or customers in other countries beyond Russia and Ukraine.Although we currently maintain alternative sources for raw materials, if we are unable to source our products from the countries where we wish to purchase them, either because of the occurrence or threat of wars or other conflicts, regulatory changes or for any other reason, or if the cost of doing so increases, it could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Disruptions in the supply of raw materials and components could temporarily impair our ability to manufacture our products for our customers or require us to pay higher prices to obtain these raw materials or components from other sources, which could materially adversely affect our business and our results of operations.

We may face reputational, regulatory or financial risks from a perceived, or an actual, failure to achieve our sustainability goals. The increased focus on sustainability practices and disclosures is rapidly evolving, as is the criteria to measure our sustainability performance; both of which could result in greater expectations and may cause us to undertake costly initiatives to satisfy the evolving criteria. As we advance our sustainable business model, we are pursuing programs that we believe will improve our environmental practices, social engagement and how we govern ourselves. We periodically publish information about our sustainability goals, standards and frameworks. Achievement of these objectives is subject to risks and uncertainties, many of which are outside of our direct control, and it is possible we may fail, or be perceived to have failed, in the achievement of our sustainability goals. Also, certain customers, associates, shareholders, investors, suppliers, business partners, government agencies and non-governmental organizations may not be satisfied with our sustainability efforts. A failure or perceived failure of our sustainability goals could negatively affect our reputation and our results of operations.

We are subject to extensive regulation and audit by the Defense Contract Audit Agency. The accuracy and appropriateness of certain costs and expenses used to substantiate our direct and indirect costs for the U.S. Government contracts are subject to extensive regulation and audit by the Defense Contract Audit Agency, an arm of the U.S. Department of Defense (“USDOD”). Such audits and reviews could result in adjustments to our contract costs and profitability. However, we cannot ensure the outcome of any future audits and adjustments may be required to reduce net sales or profits upon completion and final negotiation of audits. If any audit or review were to uncover inaccurate costs or improper activities, we could be subject to penalties and sanctions, including termination of contracts, forfeiture of profits, suspension of payments, fines and suspension or prohibition from conducting future business with the U.S. Government. Any such outcome could materially adversely affect our financial results.

We are subject to the requirements of the National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual for facility security clearance, which is a prerequisite for our ability to perform on classified contracts for the U.S. Government. USDOD facility security clearance is required in order to be awarded and be able to perform on classified contracts for the USDOD and certain other agencies of the U.S. Government, which is a significant part of our business. We have obtained clearance at appropriate levels that require stringent qualifications, and we may be required to seek higher level clearances in the future. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain our security clearance. If for some reason our security clearance is invalidated or terminated, we may not be able to continue to perform our present classified contracts or be able to enter into new classified contracts, which could affect our ability to compete for and capture new business.

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Our business is subject to regulation in the United States and internationally. The manufacturing of our products is subject to numerous federal, state and foreign governmental regulations. The number of laws and regulations that are being enacted or proposed by various governmental bodies and authorities is increasing. Compliance with these regulations is difficult and expensive. If we fail to adhere, or are alleged to have failed to adhere, to any applicable federal, state, or foreign laws or regulations, or if such laws or regulations negatively affect sales of our products, our business, prospects, results of operations, financial condition or cash flows may be adversely affected. In addition, our future results could be adversely affected by changes in applicable federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations, or the interpretation or enforcement thereof, including those relating to manufacturing processes, product liability, government contracts, trade rules and customs regulations, intellectual property, consumer laws, privacy laws, environmental protection, climate change, as well as accounting standards and taxation requirements (including tax-rate changes, new tax laws or revised tax law interpretations).

General Risks

Our future success depends to a significant degree upon the continued contributions of our management team and technical personnel. Our ability to hire new talent, develop existing talent and to retain our management team and other key personnel is critical to our success. The loss of members of our management team could materially adversely affect our business. In addition, competition for qualified technical personnel in our industry is intense, and we believe that our future growth and success will depend on our ability to attract, train and retain such qualified personnel. If we are unable to retain our management team, maintain and develop our key personnel and attract new qualified employees, the execution of our business strategy may be hindered and our growth limited.

If we fail to meet expectations of securities analysts or investors due to fluctuations in our sales or operating results, our stock price could decline significantly. Our sales and earnings may fluctuate from quarter to quarter due to a number of factors, including delays or cancellations of programs and supply chain challenges on revenues and costs. It is likely that in some future quarters our operating results may fall below the expectations of securities analysts or investors. In this event, the trading price of our stock could decline significantly.

Our stock price is volatile. For the year ended December 31, 2024, our stock price ranged from a low of $15.59 to a high of $23.39. The price of our common stock has been and likely will continue to be subject to wide fluctuations in response to a number of events and factors, such as:

•our ability to comply with the financial and other affirmative and negative covenants included in our ABL Revolving Credit Facility;

•quarterly variations in operating results;

•variances of our quarterly results of operations from securities analyst estimates;

•changes in financial estimates;

•announcements of technological innovations and new products;

•news reports relating to trends in our markets or adverse happenings at our customers; and

•the cancellation of major contracts or programs with our customers;

In addition, the stock market in general, and the market prices for companies in the aerospace and defense industry in particular, have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that often have been unrelated to the operating performance of the companies affected by these fluctuations. These broad market fluctuations may adversely affect the market price of our common stock, regardless of our operating performance. Global health crises, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic, with the breadth of its impact worldwide, and particularly on the aerospace industry, could also cause significant volatility in the market price.

ITEM 1B.UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C.CYBERSECURITY

We recognize the critical importance of assessing, identifying, and managing material risks associated with cybersecurity threats. Our cybersecurity strategy prioritizes detection, analysis and response to known, anticipated or unexpected threats, effective management of security risks, and resiliency against incidents. This strategy is supported by both management and our Board of Directors.

We continuously strive to surpass industry best practices by implementing risk-based controls aimed at safeguarding both our partners’ and the Company’s information systems. In order to protect both commercial and defense-related businesses and support our production operations, the Company has adopted security principles in accordance with the National Institute of

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Standards and Technology Cybersecurity Framework, contractual requirements and other global standards. We conduct annual security assessments, including external and internal penetration tests, social engineering attacks, and vulnerability assessments. These assessments provide critical insights into our security posture and help us identify and seek to address potential weaknesses proactively. We leverage multiple vendors and their diverse perspectives as means to enhance the effectiveness of our security measures. Furthermore, as we implement solutions, we engage with industry-leading partners to receive guidance on best practices for solution use and overall security. This collaboration seeks to align our cybersecurity strategies with the latest industry standards and best practices. We also maintain regular communication with external partners to stay abreast of current cybersecurity trends and emerging threats. This proactive approach enables us to seek to enhance our security posture and adapt our defenses to evolving cyber risks.

The Company’s Director of Information Technology (“IT”), who reports to our CFO, has over 20 years of experience leading cyber security oversight and is responsible for management of cybersecurity risk and the protection and defense of our networks and systems. Our IT security team, led by the Director of IT, consists of professionals with broad cybersecurity experiences, including a number of cybersecurity certifications and degrees. As a result, our IT security teams utilize their understanding of industry best practices and hands-on experience to seek to implement effective cybersecurity solutions. Cybersecurity remains a top priority across the organization, with resources allocated in an efficient manner to seek to mitigate risks and enhance our overall security posture.

The Board of Directors oversees an enterprise-wide approach to risk management, designed to support the achievement of organizational objectives, including strategic objectives, to improve long-term organizational performance and enhance shareholder value.The Director of IT provides a report to the Board of Directors on an annual basis, or more frequently as needed, with respect to information security activity, security assessments, controls and investments.

We have a set of Company-wide policies and procedures concerning cybersecurity matters. The Company’s Incident Management Policy provides a framework for reporting and managing security incidents affecting the Company’s information and business computing devices and systems, losses of information, and information security concerns. All users, including employees, contractors, consultants, suppliers, customers, government, and all personnel affiliated with third parties that perform work for the Company, are obligated to report information security incidents in order to mitigate the consequences and reduce the risk of future breaches of security. Our incident response process consists of several principal steps, including 1) preparation for a cybersecurity incident, 2) detection of a security incident and assignment to the appropriate IT personnel, 3) identification and preservation of evidence, and 4) risk assessment. Depending on the nature and severity of an incident, notifications are escalated to our CEO and the Board of Directors and, if determined to be material, externally. The incident management process is overseen by the Director of IT. The Company maintains additional policies that directly or indirectly relate to cybersecurity, such as policies related to encryption standards, mobile devices and data destruction. These policies go through an internal review process and are approved by appropriate members of management.

Our IT security team reviews enterprise risk management-level cybersecurity risks annually. The following key risk elements are evaluated:

•Insiders – Whether intentional or unintentional, individuals within our Company may cause damage to our systems. We have processes in place to seek to mitigate these threats, including through controls over access to our systems and access to network resources.

•External threats – We recognize the risk that hackers, vandals, and saboteurs may seek to gain access to information contained in our systems. We employ multi-layered defense and monitoring to seek to mitigate the risk associated with these threats. The Company also conducts regular periodic training of its employees as to the protection of sensitive information which includes security awareness training intended to prevent the success of “phishing” attacks.

•Third-party risks – We also consider and evaluate cybersecurity risks associated with use of third-party service providers. User access to third-party systems is reviewed annually, and we obtain and review a System and Organization Controls (“SOC”) 1 or SOC 2 report from key third-party service providers.

Key cybersecurity risks and mitigating responses are addressed within our Company-wide policies.

While we have experienced cybersecurity incidents in the past, to date none have materially affected the Company or our financial position, results of operations and/or cash flows. However, the risks from cybersecurity threats and incidents continue to increase, and the preventative actions we have taken and continue to take to reduce the risk of cybersecurity threats and incidents may not successfully protect against all such threats and incidents. We continue to invest in the cybersecurity and resiliency of our networks and to enhance our internal controls and processes, which are designed to help protect our systems and infrastructure, and the information they contain. For more information regarding the risks we face from cybersecurity threats, please see Item 1A, Risk Factors, under the heading “Our business and operations could be adversely impacted in the event of a failure of our information technology infrastructure or adversely impacted by a successful cyber-attack.”

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

On December 31, 2024, we own or lease 1,079,000 square feet of space, distributed by segment as follows:

Owned Leased Total

We have principal operations in the U.S., Canada and France, as well as engineering offices in Ukraine and India.

Upon the expiration of our current leases, we believe that we will be able to either secure renewal terms or enter into leases for or purchases of alternative locations at market terms. We believe that our properties have been adequately maintained and are generally in good condition.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Currently, we are involved in legal proceedings relating to allegations of patent infringement and, based on rulings to date, we have concluded that losses related to certain of these proceedings are probable. For a discussion of contingencies related to legal proceedings, see Note 19, Legal Proceedings, to our Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not Applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

The Company’s Common Stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “ATRO”. The approximate number of shareholders of record as of February 26, 2025, was 1,901 for Common Stock and 1,810 for Class B Stock.

The Company has not paid any cash dividends in the three-year period ended December 31, 2024. The Company has no plans to pay cash dividends in the future as it plans to retain all cash from operations as a source of capital to service debt and finance working capital and growth in the business.

The following table summarizes our purchases of our common stock for the three months ended December 31, 2024:

(1) On September 17, 2019, the Board of Directors authorized an additional share repurchase program. This program authorizes repurchases of up to $50 million of common stock. Cumulative repurchases under this plan were approximately 310,000 shares at a cost of $8.5 million before the 10b5-1 plan associated with the share repurchase program was terminated on February 3, 2020.

The following graph compares the Company’s annual percentage change in cumulative total return on common shares over the past five years with the cumulative total return of companies comprising the S&P 500 Index, the NASDAQ US Small Cap Aerospace and Defense TR Index and the NASDAQ Composite Index. We have elected to remove the NASDAQ Composite Index, beginning with our next Annual Report on Form 10-K, and replace the NASDAQ Composite Index with the NASDAQ US Small Cap Aerospace and Defense TR Index as we believe it is more representative of companies with market capitalization comparable to Astronics. All four indices are presented for this year of transition. This presentation assumes that $100 was invested in shares of the relevant issuers on December 31, 2019, and that dividends received were immediately invested in additional shares. The graph plots the value of the initial $100 investment at one-year intervals for the fiscal years shown.

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ITEM 6. [Reserved]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

OVERVIEW

Astronics Corporation, through its subsidiaries, is a leading supplier of advanced technologies and products to the global aerospace and defense industries. Our products and services include advanced, high-performance electrical power generation and distribution systems, seat motion solutions, lighting and safety systems, avionics products, aircraft structures, systems certification, and automated test systems.

We have two reportable segments, Aerospace and Test Systems. Our Aerospace segment has principal operating facilities in the United States, Canada and France and an engineering office in Ukraine. Our Test Systems segment has principal operating facilities in the United States and an engineering office in India.

Our Aerospace segment designs and manufactures products for the global aerospace industry. Product lines include lighting and safety systems, electrical power generation, distribution and seat motion systems, aircraft structures, avionics products, systems certification, and other products. Our primary Aerospace customers are the airframe manufacturers (“OEM”) that build aircraft for the commercial transport, military and general aviation markets, suppliers to those OEMs, aircraft operators such as airlines, suppliers to the aircraft operators, and branches of the U.S. Department of Defense (“USDOD”). Our Test Systems segment designs, develops, manufactures and maintains automated test systems that support the aerospace and defense and mass transit industries as well as training and simulation devices for both commercial and military applications. In the Test Systems segment, Astronics’ products are sold to a global customer base including OEMs and prime government contractors for both electronics and military products.

Our strategy is to increase our value by developing technologies and capabilities, either internally or through acquisition, and using those capabilities to provide innovative solutions to our targeted markets where our technology can be beneficial.

Important factors affecting our growth and profitability are the rate at which new aircraft are produced, government funding and timing of awards of military programs, our ability to have our products designed into new aircraft, the rates at which aircraft owners, including commercial airlines, refurbish or install upgrades to their aircraft and supply chain and labor market pressures. New aircraft build rates and aircraft owners spending on upgrades and refurbishments is cyclical and dependent on the strength of the global economy. Once one of our products is designed into a new aircraft, the spare parts business associated thereto is also frequently retained by the Company. Future growth and profitability of the Test Systems business is dependent on developing and procuring new and follow-on business. The nature of our Test Systems business is such that it pursues large, often multi-year, projects. There can be significant periods of time between orders in this business, which may result in large fluctuations of sales and profit levels and backlog from period to period. Test Systems segment customers include the USDOD, prime contractors to the USDOD, mass transit operators and prime contractors to mass transit operators.

Each of the markets that we serve presents opportunities that we expect will provide growth for the Company over the long-term. We continue to look for opportunities in all of our markets to capitalize on our core competencies to expand our existing business and to grow through strategic acquisitions.

The main challenges that we continue to face include varying levels of supply chain pressures, material availability and cost increases (including tariffs), labor availability and cost, and improving shareholder value through increasing profitability. Increasing profitability is dependent on many things, primarily sales growth, both acquired and organic, and the Company’s ability to pass cost increases along to customers and control operating expenses, and to identify means of creating improved

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productivity. Sales are driven by increased build rates for existing aircraft, market acceptance and economic success of new aircraft and our products, continued government funding of defense programs, the Company’s ability to obtain production contracts for parts we currently supply or have been selected to design and develop for new aircraft platforms and continually identifying and winning new business for our Test Systems segment.

Reduced aircraft build rates driven by regulatory actions impacting OEM production, a weak economy, aircraft groundings, tight credit markets, reduced air passenger travel, and an increasing supply of used aircraft on the market would likely result in reduced demand for our products, which will result in lower profits. Reduction of defense spending may result in fewer opportunities for us to compete, which could result in lower profits in the future. Many of our newer development programs are based on new and unproven technology and at the same time we are challenged to develop the technology on a schedule that is consistent with specific programs. Delays in delivery schedules and incremental costs resulting from supply chain, tariff and labor rate pressures have in the past resulted, and could in the future also result in, lower profits. We will continue to address these challenges by working to improve operating efficiencies and focusing on executing on the growth opportunities currently in front of us.

Our ABL Revolving Credit Facility subjects us to various financial and other affirmative and negative covenants with which we must comply on an ongoing or periodic basis. These include financial covenants pertaining to minimum excess availability requirements and minimum fixed charge coverage ratio requirements. An unexpected decline in our revenues or operating income, including occurring as a result of events beyond our control, could cause us to violate our financial covenants. While the Company expects to remain in compliance with the required financial covenants for the duration of the agreements, any unexpected negative impacts to our business, including as a result of declines in aircraft production rates from expectations or production delays resulting from regulatory actions or labor strikes affecting OEMs, additional supply chain pressures, the timing of customer orders, and our ability to meet customer delivery schedules, or labor availability and cost pressures, could result in lower revenues and reduced financial profits, and, as a result thereof, our inability to satisfy the financial covenants in our ABL Revolving Credit Facility.

Challenges affecting the commercial aviation industry or key participants can adversely impact the demand for our products and services, the timing of orders, deliveries and related payments and other factors. We are monitoring the production and other challenges at The Boeing Company, including the recently resolved strike, and we continue to align with them on production expectations.

See Item 1A, Risk Factors, of this report for an additional discussion of risks associated with our potential inability to satisfy the financial and restrictive covenants set forth in the ABL Revolving Credit Facility.

In September 2021, the Company was awarded a grant of up to $14.7 million from the U.S. Department of Transportation (“USDOT”) under the Aviation Manufacturing Jobs Protection Program (“AMJP”). The Company received $7.3 million under the grant in 2022. The grant benefit was recognized ratably over the six-month performance period as a reduction to Cost of Products Sold in proportion to the compensation expense that the award was intended to defray. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized $6.0 million of the award.

We are monitoring the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the related export controls and financial and economic sanctions imposed on certain industry sectors, including the aviation sector, and parties in Russia by the U.S., the U.K., the European Union and others. Although the conflict has not resulted in a direct material adverse impact on our business to date, the implications of the Russia and Ukraine conflict in the short-term and long-term are difficult to predict at this time. Factors such as increased energy costs, the availability of certain raw materials for aircraft manufacturers, embargoes on flights from Russian airlines, sanctions on Russian companies, and the stability of Ukrainian customers could impact the global economy and aviation sector.

In October 2024, a customer reported within the Aerospace segment declared bankruptcy. As a result, the Company recorded a full reserve of $1.0 million for outstanding receivables, a reserve of $1.7 million for inventory and $0.6 million for impairment of fixed assets. In November 2023, a non-core contract manufacturing customer reported within the Aerospace segment filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 11. As a result, the Company recorded a full reserve of $7.5 million for outstanding accounts receivable and a reserve of $3.6 million for inventory. The associated assets existed prior to 2023.

DIVESTITURES

On February 13, 2019, the Company completed a divestiture of its semiconductor test business within the Test Systems segment. The total proceeds of the divestiture included two elements of contingent purchase consideration (“earnout”). In March 2022, the Company agreed with the earnout calculation for the calendar 2021 earnout in the amount of $11.3 million. The Company recorded the gain and received the payment in the first quarter of 2022. In March 2023, the Company agreed with the final earnout calculation for the calendar 2022 earnout in the amount of $3.4 million. The Company recorded the gain

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and received the payment in the first quarter of 2023. We are not eligible for any further earnout payments related to this divestiture.

MARKETS

Commercial Transport Market

The commercial transport market is our largest end market with sales driven by new aircraft production and aftermarket airline retrofit programs. In the commercial transport market, while many of our key long-term fundamentals remain intact, we continue to see residual, though improving, near-term market pressure due to effects of certain supply chain challenges. We have experienced improvement throughout 2024 driven by improved activity with our airline customers, though production was negatively affected by the quality control issues and labor workforce stoppage on the 737 MAX. Aircraft build rates are expected to continue to improve during 2025 and 2026 from current levels as production of both the 737 MAX and A-320 are expected to increase, and the aftermarket is expected to strengthen over the course of the year as aircraft utilization and load factors increase. International travel utilizing primarily widebody aircraft is close to pre-pandemic levels and we believe widebody aircraft production rates will continue to directionally match air traffic volumes.

Sales to the commercial transport market include sales of lighting and safety systems, electrical power and seat motion systems, aircraft structures, avionics products and systems certification. Sales to this market totaled approximately $524.6 million or 65.9% of our consolidated sales in 2024.

Maintaining and growing sales to the commercial transport market will depend not only on continued market recovery post-pandemic, but also on airlines’ capital spending budgets for cabin upgrades as well as the purchase of new aircraft by global airlines. This spending by the airlines is impacted by their profits, cash flow and available financing as well as competitive pressures between the airlines to improve the travel experience for their passengers. We expect that new aircraft will be equipped with more passenger and aircraft connectivity and in-seat power than previous generation aircraft which drives demand for our avionics and power products. This market has historically experienced strong growth from airlines installing in-seat passenger power systems on their existing and newly delivered aircraft. Our ability to maintain and grow sales to this market depends on our ability to maintain our technological advantages over our competitors and maintain our relationships with major in-flight entertainment suppliers and global airlines.

Military Aerospace Market

Sales to the military aerospace market include sales of lighting and safety products, avionics products, electrical power products and structures products. Sales to this market totaled approximately 11.1% of our consolidated sales and amounted to $88.0 million in 2024.

The military market is dependent on governmental funding which can change from year to year. Risks are that overall spending may be reduced in the future, specific programs may be eliminated or that we fail to win new business through the competitive bid process. Astronics does not have significant reliance on any one program such that cancellation of a particular program will cause material financial loss. We believe that we will continue to have opportunities similar to past years with respect to this market.

General Aviation Market

Sales to the general aviation market consist mostly of line-fit products driven by aircraft build rates although there are some aftermarket sales as well. Sales to the general aviation market include sales of lighting and safety products, avionics products, and electrical power and seat motion products. Sales to this market totaled approximately 9.3% of our consolidated sales in 2024 and amounted to $74.3 million.

Sales to the general aviation market are driven by our ship set content on new aircraft and build rates of new aircraft. General aviation OEM build rates are impacted by global wealth creation and corporate profitability. We continue to see opportunities on new aircraft currently in the design phase to employ our lighting and safety, electrical power and avionics technologies in this market. There is risk involved in the development of products for any new aircraft including the risk that the aircraft will not ultimately be produced or that it will be produced in lower quantities than originally expected and thus impacting our return on our engineering and development efforts.

Test Systems Products

Sales by our Test Systems segment accounted for approximately 11.2% of our consolidated sales in 2024 and amounted to $88.7 million. This segment designs, develops, manufactures and maintains automated test systems that support the aerospace and defense, communications and mass transit industries as well as training and simulation devices for both commercial and

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military applications. Sales to the aerospace and defense market were $45.4 millionin 2024. Sales to the mass transit market were $10.9 million and sales to the radio test market were $32.5 million in 2024.

Sales to the military and mass transit markets are subject to fluctuations resulting from changes in governmental spending, elimination of certain programs, or failure to win new business through the competitive bid process. Consistent with the Aerospace segment, the Test Systems segment does not significantly rely on any one program such that cancellation of a particular program will cause material financial loss, and we believe that we will continue to have opportunities similar to past years regarding this market.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our financial statements and accompanying notes are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of the Company’s financial statements requires management to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported. These estimates, assumptions and judgments are affected by management’s application of accounting policies, which are discussed in Note 1, Summary of Significant Accounting Principles and Practices, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report. The critical accounting policies have been reviewed with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.

Revenue Recognition

Astronics recognizes revenue when it transfers control of a promised good or service to a customer in an amount that reflects the consideration it expects to receive in exchange for the good or service. Our performance obligations are satisfied and control is transferred either at a point-in-time or over-time. The majority of our revenue is recognized at a point-in-time when control is transferred, which is generally evidenced by the shipment or delivery of the product to the customer, a transfer of title, a transfer of the significant risks and rewards of ownership, and customer acceptance. For certain contracts under which we produce products with no alternative use and for which we have an enforceable right to recover costs incurred plus a reasonable profit margin for work completed to date and for certain other contracts under which we create or enhance a customer-owned asset while performing repair and overhaul services, control is transferred to the customer over time. The Company recognizes revenue using an over time recognition model for these types of contracts.

We utilize the cost-to-cost method as a measure of progress for performance obligations that are satisfied over time as we believe this input method best represents the transfer of control to the customer. Under the cost-to-cost method, the extent of progress toward completion is measured based on the proportion of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs at completion of the performance obligation. These projections require management to make numerous assumptions and estimates relating to items such as the complexity of design and related development costs, performance of subcontractors, availability and cost of materials, labor productivity and cost, overhead, capital costs, and manufacturing efficiency. We review our cost estimates on a periodic basis, or when circumstances change and warrant a modification to a previous estimate. Cost estimates are largely based on negotiated or estimated purchase contract terms, historical performance trends and other economic projections.

See Note 2, Revenue, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report for a further description of revenue recognition under ASC 606.

Reviews for Impairment of Goodwill

Our goodwill is the result of the excess of purchase price over net assets acquired from acquisitions. We had approximately $58.1 million and $58.2 million of goodwill as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

We identify our reporting units by assessing whether the components of our operating segments constitute businesses for which discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results of those components. The Test Systems operating segment is its own reporting unit while the other reporting units are one level below our Aerospace operating segment.

The Company tests goodwill at the reporting unit level on an annual basis or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount.

We use the discounted cash flow method to estimate the fair value of each of our reporting units. The discounted cash flow method incorporates various assumptions, the most significant being projected sales growth rates, operating profit margins and cash flows, the terminal growth rate and the discount rate. Management projects sales growth rates, operating margins and cash flows based on each reporting unit’s current business, expected developments and operational strategies. If the carrying value of

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the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, goodwill is considered impaired and the impairment loss is recorded for the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying value exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying value of goodwill.

The Company’s four reporting units remaining with goodwill as of the first day of our fourth quarter were subject to the annual goodwill impairment test. Based on our quantitative assessments of our reporting units, we concluded that goodwill was not impaired in 2024, 2023 or 2022.

CONSOLIDATED RESULTS OF OPERATIONS AND PERFORMANCE

(In thousands, except percentages and per share data) 2024 2023

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS:

SG&A Expenses as a Percentage of Sales 17.8 % 18.5 %

Income (Loss) from Operations $ 26,466 $ (6,671)

Operating Margin 3.3 % (1.0) %

Net Gain on Sale of Businesses $ — $ 3,427

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt $ 10,148 $ —

Other Expense (Income), Net $ 2,187 $ (261)

Effective Tax Rate (106.1) % (0.4) %

Net Loss Margin (2.0) % (3.8) %

Diluted Loss Per Share $ (0.46) $ (0.80)

Weighted Average Shares Outstanding – Diluted 35,037 33,104

A discussion by segment can be found at “Segment Results of Operations” in this MD&A.

CONSOLIDATED OVERVIEW OF OPERATIONS

2024 Compared With 2023

Growth in sales were driven by the Aerospace segment due to continued strength in demand primarily from the Commercial Transport market. Aerospace sales were up $101.9 million, or 16.8%, while Test Systems sales increased $4.4 million on higher radio test revenue. The prior-year period Test Systems sales benefited from the reversal of a $5.8 million deferred revenue liability recorded with a previous acquisition.

Consolidated cost of products sold in 2024 was $627.1 million, compared with $568.4 million in the prior year. The increase was primarily due to higher volume, coupled with an increase of $11.0 million for resumed incentive programs including bonuses, 401K profit sharing contributions, a $5.2 million warranty reserve related to a new product launch that requires field modification, and a $6.1 million increase in non-bankruptcy related inventory reserves, offset by a decrease in reserves associated with customer bankruptcies previously discussed of $1.9 million.

Selling, General and Administrative (“SG&A”) expenses were $141.9 million in 2024 compared with $127.5 million in the prior-year period primarily due to increased wages and benefits, including a $6.0 million increase for resumed incentive programs, and an increase of $8.9 million in litigation-related legal expenses and reserve adjustments in 2024. SG&A was also impacted by a $1.9 million increase in restructuring-related severance charges incurred in our Test Systems segment. The prior year was negatively impacted by a $7.5 million reserve for accounts receivable compared to a $1.5 million reserve for accounts receivable and fixed asset impairments in the current year associated with customer bankruptcies previously discussed.

On February 21, 2025, the UK High Court of Justice rendered a decision in the Company’s long-running patent infringement dispute in that jurisdiction. The ruling requires payment of approximately $11.9 million and, as a result, SG&A expense in 2024 reflects a $4.8 million true up to legal reserves for that matter. Any additional amounts required to be paid by the Company related to certain other factors peripheral to the damages award will be determined at follow-up hearings expected to occur in the first half of 2025. The Company expects that payment of the final liability will be required in the second quarter of 2025, and that an appeal, if any, would likely be heard in early 2026.

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Impacting net income was $10.1 million for the loss on extinguishment of debt which included $4.5 million in call premiums on the previous term loans and the write-off of $5.6 million of associated deferred financing costs.

In 2023, the Company recognized a final earnout of $3.4 million for the 2019 sale of its semiconductor test business. Other Income in 2023 included $1.8 million associated with the reversal of a liability related to an equity investment.

Interest expense decreased to $22.0 million from $23.3 million in the year ended December 31, 2023 related to the lower average borrowings and cost of debt resulting from the Company’s refinancing activities.

Tax expense of $8.3 million was primarily due to a valuation allowance applied against the deferred tax asset associated with research and development costs that are required to be capitalized for tax purposes, compared with a tax expense of $0.1 million in the prior year.

Consolidated net loss was $16.2 million, or $0.46 per diluted share, compared with net loss of $26.4 million, or $0.80 per diluted share, in the prior year.

For the year, bookings totaled $808.1 million, resulting in a book-to-bill ratio of 1.02:1. Backlog at the end of the year was $599.2 million

Income Taxes

Our effective tax rates for 2024 and 2023 were (106.1)% and (0.4)%, respectively. Prior to 2022, research and development costs were deducted as incurred. However, beginning with the 2022 tax year, these costs are required to be capitalized for tax purposes and amortized over five years. While this would typically result in the creation of an associated deferred tax asset, due to our cumulative three-year pre-tax loss, a valuation allowance was applied against the deferred tax asset. In addition to state income taxes, the following items had the most significant impact on the difference between our statutory U.S. federal income tax rate (21% in 2024 and 2023) and our effective tax rate:

2024:

•Recognition of approximately $13.6 million of valuation allowance against federal deferred tax assets. See Note 11, Income Taxes, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report for additional information.

•Recognition of approximately $3.4 million of 2024 U.S. R&D tax credits.

2023:

•Recognition of approximately $6.8 million of valuation allowance against federal deferred tax assets. See Note 11, Income Taxes, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report for additional information.

•Recognition of approximately $3.4 million of 2023 U.S. R&D tax credits.

2023 Compared With 2022

For a comparison of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, see Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024.

SEGMENT RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Operating profit, as presented below, is sales less cost of products sold and other operating expenses, excluding interest expense, other corporate expenses and other non-operating sales and expenses. Cost of products sold and other operating expenses are directly identifiable to the respective segment. Operating profit is reconciled to loss before income taxes in Note 20, Segments, to the Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

We do not have material off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material future effect on our results of operations or financial condition.

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AEROSPACE SEGMENT

(In thousands, except percentages) 2024 2023

Operating Margin 8.8 % 4.1 %

2024 Compared With 2023

Aerospace segment sales of $706.7 million were up $101.9 million, or 16.8%. The improvement was driven by a 21.4%, or $92.4 million, increase in Commercial Transport sales. Growth was primarily related to increased demand by airlines for cabin power, lighting and safety and inflight entertainment & connectivity (“IFEC”) products which are in the Electrical Power & Motion, Lighting & Safety and Avionics product groups.

Military Aircraft sales increased $26.4 million, or 42.8%, to $88.0 million, driven by increased demand for Lighting & Safety and Avionics products as well as progress on the FLRAA program. General Aviation sales decreased $6.5 million, or 8.0%, to $74.3 million, primarily due to lower sales of antenna products. Other sales decreased $10.4 million as the Company is winding down its non-core contract manufacturing arrangements.

Aerospace segment operating profit of $62.4 million, or 8.8%, improved over the prior year despite a $16.4 million increase in litigation-related legal expenses and reserve adjustments related to the ongoing patent dispute previously discussed, $5.2 million in warranty expense related the previously-mentioned field modification, a $6.7 million increase in non-bankruptcy related inventory reserves and a $13.2 million increase in compensation expense related to the resumption of the Company’s incentive programs, offset by a decrease in non-cash reserves associated with customer bankruptcies of $7.8 million. The improvement in segment operating profit reflects leverage gained on higher volume and improving production efficiencies.

Aerospace bookings in 2024 were $732.7 million, for a book-to-bill ratio of 1.04:1. The book-to-bill ratio is calculated as total orders received during the period compared with total revenue recognized during the period. The Aerospace segment’s backlog at December 31, 2024 was $537.6 million, compared to $511.5 million at December 31, 2023.

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2023 Compared With 2022

For a comparison of Aerospace segment results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, see Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024.

TEST SYSTEMS SEGMENT

(In thousands, except percentages) 2024 2023

Operating Margin (9.6) % (10.4) %

2024 Compared With 2023

Test Systems segment sales were $88.7 million, up $4.4 million driven primarily by our U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps’ Radio Test programs. However, sales were negatively impacted by $3.5 million due to a revision of estimated costs to complete certain long-term mass transit Test contracts. The revision resulted in reduced revenue recognized in the period due to lower estimates of the percentage of work completed on the programs. The prior-year period sales benefited from the reversal of a $5.8 million deferred revenue liability recorded with a previous acquisition.

Test Systems operating loss was $8.5 million compared with operating loss of $8.7 million in 2023. Test Systems operating loss for the prior-year period benefited from the $5.8 million sales adjustment resulting from the reversal of the deferred revenue liability. The 2024 results benefited from the margin realized on the HHRTS and TS-4549/T sales and a $7.5 million decrease in litigation-related expenses, however Test Systems’ operating performance continues to be negatively affected by mix and under absorption of fixed costs due to low volume, the resumption of the Company’s incentive programs, and the revision of estimated costs on certain long-term mass transit contracts discussed above, which resulted in a $3.5 million reversal of revenue. Additional restructuring initiatives were implemented in the 2024 fourth quarter, which are expected to provide annualized savings of approximately $4 million to $5 million, beginning in the first quarter of 2025. Restructuring-related severance expense increased $1.6 million in 2024 compared with 2023. During the fourth quarter of 2024, we also substantially completed the closure of a third Test facility in the last two years.

Bookings for the Test Systems segment in 2024 were $75.4 million, for a book-to-bill ratio of 0.85:1 for the year. Backlog in the Test Systems segment was $61.7 million at December 31, 2024, compared to $75.0 million at December 31, 2023.

2023 Compared With 2022

For a comparison of Test Systems segment results for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, see Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on March 5, 2024.

CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS AND OTHER COMMITMENTS

For further information on our contractual obligations and other commitments as of December 31, 2024 and estimated timing thereof, see the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements referenced below, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Long-term Debt and Interest Payments — Refer to Note 8, Long-Term Debt, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report. On November 25, 2024, the Company entered into a second amendment to the ABL Revolving Credit Facility that increased the maximum aggregate amount available to be borrowed thereunder to $220.0 million from $200.0 million. The ABL Revolving Credit Facility has a scheduled maturity of July 11, 2027, an interest rate of SOFR plus 2.75% to 3.25% and is collateralized primarily by inventory, accounts receivable, machinery and equipment and real estate. The ABL Revolving Credit Facility requires payment of a quarterly commitment fee of 0.25% or 0.375% based on the Company’s average excess availability.

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On December 3, 2024, the Company issued $165.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes due 2030, which amount includes the additional notes issued pursuant to the initial purchasers’ full exercise of their option to purchase additional Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.500% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on March 15, 2025. The Convertible Notes will mature on March 15, 2030, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The initial conversion rate is 43.6814 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, which represent the initial conversion price of $22.89 per share.

Future interest payments under the ABL Revolving Credit Facilities and the Convertible Notes of approximately $49.9 million have been estimated using the applicable interest rate of each debt instrument based on expected future borrowings or outstanding amount of Convertible Notes, as applicable. Actual future ABL borrowings and rates may differ from those used to estimate the amounts discussed above.

Purchase Obligations — Purchase obligations are comprised of the Company’s commitments for goods and services in the normal course of business and amount to approximately $184.0 million payable over the next twelve months.

Supplemental Retirement Plan and Post Retirement Obligations — Anticipated payments related with the Company’s defined benefit plans are detailed in Note 13, Retirement Plans and Related Post Retirement Benefits, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report.

Lease Obligations — Refer to Note 10, Leases, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report for details on obligations and timing of expected future lease payments, including a five-year maturity schedule. The lease maturity schedule excludes legally binding operating lease payments of $3.3 million per year through 2033 for a lease that has been signed in 2025, but not commenced.

Legal Reserves — Refer to Note 19, Legal Proceedings, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this report for management’s estimate of damages to be paid related to our ongoing litigation with Lufthansa Technik and timing thereof.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Cash Flow Data

Net Cash Flows from:

Year-end Financial Position

Other Data for the Annual Period

1Working capital is calculated as the difference between Current Assets and Current Liabilities.

Our cash flow from operations and available borrowing capacity under our ABL Revolving Credit Facilities are expected to provide us with the financial resources needed to run our operations and reinvest in our business for at least the next 12 months.

Our ability to maintain sufficient liquidity is highly dependent upon achieving expected operating results. Failure to achieve expected operating results could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, our ability to obtain financing or access our existing financing, and our operations in the future.

Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities totaled $30.6 million in 2024, as compared with $24.0 million cash used for operating activities in 2023. Cash flow from operating activities improved compared with 2023 primarily related to improvement in our financial results, coupled with accounts receivable using less cash, partially offset by increased outflows related to inventory and accounts payable. Non-cash items include $10.1 million for the loss on extinguishment of debt in 2024 and a $5.8 million deferred liability recovery in 2023. The $3.4 million earnout in 2023 from the sale of the semiconductor business is treated as investing activities and thus is shown as a non-cash gain removed from the calculation of cash flow from operations.

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Our cash flows from operations are primarily dependent on our net loss adjusted for non-cash expenses and income and the timing of collections of receivables, inventory levels and payments to suppliers and employees. Sales and operating results of our Aerospace segment are influenced by build rates of new aircraft, which are subject to general economic conditions, airline passenger travel and spending for government and military programs. Our Test Systems segment sales depends in part on capital expenditures of the aerospace and defense industry which, in turn, depend on current and future demand for those products. A reduction in demand for our customers’ products would adversely affect our operating results and cash flows.

Investing Activities

Cash used for investing activities in 2024 was $8.4 million compared to $4.1 million cash used for investing activities in 2023. Investing cash flows in 2023 were positively impacted by the receipt of $3.4 million related to the calendar 2022 earnout from the sales of the semiconductor business.

Future requirements for PP&E depend on numerous factors, including expansion of existing product lines and introduction of new products. Management believes that our cash flow from operations and available capacity under our ABL Revolving Credit Facility will provide for these capital expenditures. We expect to continue to evaluate acquisition opportunities in the future.

Financing Activities

Cash used for financing activities totaled $14.5 million for 2024, as compared with cash provided by financing activities of $25.4 million for 2023. The Company received proceeds from our at-the-market equity offering program (the “ATM Program”) of $21.3 million in 2023. Additionally, the Company made net borrowings under our credit facilities of $2.5 million in 2024 compared with net borrowings of $8.5 million in 2023, coupled with a $9.9 million increase in costs associated with amending and refinancing our credit facilities in 2024.

The Company amended its ABL Revolving Credit Facility on July 11, 2024, by entering into the Seventh Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, which set the maximum aggregate amount that the Company can borrow pursuant to the revolving credit line at $200.0 million, with borrowings subject to a borrowing base determined primarily by inventory, accounts receivable, machinery and equipment and real estate. The Company also entered into a $55.0 million Term Loan Facility on July 11, 2024. The Company repaid in full all outstanding indebtedness under the previous term loan dated January 19, 2023. The payoff amount of approximately $84.5 million consisted of a repayment of the principal amount of approximately $80.3 million, plus accrued but unpaid interest, fees and expenses, including a call premium of 4.00% which satisfied all of the Company’s indebtedness obligations thereunder. The Company funded the repayment of its obligations under the previous agreement with borrowings under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and the Term Loan Facility.

On November 25, 2024, the Company entered into a second amendment to the ABL Revolving Credit Facility which increased the maximum aggregate amount that the Company can borrow pursuant to the ABL Revolving Credit Facility to $220.0 million from $200.0 million. The maturity date of borrowings under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility remains July 11, 2027. The Company and the applicable lenders also agreed in a separate first amendment to increase the amount of unsecured indebtedness the Company is permitted to incur under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility, subject to completion of the Convertible Notes offering (discussed below).

Under the terms of the ABL Revolving Credit Facility, the Company pays interest on the unpaid principal amount of the ABL Revolving Credit Facility at a rate equal to SOFR plus a term SOFR adjustment in the amount of 0.10% per annum (which collectively shall be at least 1.00%) plus an applicable margin ranging from 2.75% to 3.25% determined based upon the Company’s Excess Availability (as defined in the ABL Revolving Credit Facility). The Company is required to pay a quarterly commitment fee under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility on undrawn revolving credit commitments in an amount equal to 0.25% or 0.375% based on the Company’s average excess availability under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility. On December 31, 2024, there was $10.0 million outstanding on the ABL Revolving Credit Facility and there remained $209.7 million available for future borrowings, net of outstanding letters of credit, before our minimum excess availability requirement discussed below.

Pursuant to the ABL Revolving Credit Facility, the Company is subject to a minimum fixed charge coverage ratio of 1.10 to 1.00. The Company is also required to maintain minimum excess availability of the greater of 10% of the borrowing base under the ABL Revolving Credit Facility, or $15.0 million. As of December 31, 2024, the Company was in compliance with these covenants.

On December 3, 2024, the Company issued $165.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes, which amount includes the additional Convertible Notes issued pursuant to the initial purchasers’ full exercise of their option to purchase additional Convertible Notes. The Convertible Notes bear interest at a rate of 5.500% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears on March 15 and September 15 of each year, beginning on March 15, 2025. The Convertible Notes will mature on

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March 15, 2030, unless earlier converted, redeemed or repurchased. The initial conversion rate is 43.6814 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes, which represent the initial conversion price of $22.89 per share. The Convertible Notes are convertible at the option of the holders at any time on or after December 15, 2029, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding the maturity date. Upon conversion, the Company will satisfy its conversion obligations by paying and/or delivering, as the case may be, cash, shares of its common stock or a combination of cash and shares of its common stock, at its election. Beginning March 20, 2028, if the Company’s stock price has been at least 130% of the conversion price for a specified period of time, the Convertible Notes may be called at the option of the issuer. Under the same conditions, the Company can elect to redeem the Convertible Notes for cash. After the first quarter of 2025, if the Company’s stock price has been at least 130% of the conversion price for 20 of 30 trading days ending on and including the last trading day of the immediately preceding quarter, the Convertible Notes may be called at the option of the holder. The fair value of the Convertible Notes was approximately $176.9 million as of December 31, 2024 based on quoted prices for these instruments in active markets, and is classified as a Level 1 measurement within the fair value hierarchy.