TREX · Read the filing

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Our business operates in one reportable segment, Trex Residential, and is subject to a number of risks, including the following.

Risks Related to the Distribution and Sale of Our Product

Risk Discussion

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• Competition from other wood-alternative manufacturers.

Risk Discussion

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Risk Discussion

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Risk Discussion

Risks Related to the Manufacture of Our Product

Risk Discussion

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Risk Discussion

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Risk Discussion

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Risk Discussion

Risks Related to the Availability of Capital

Risk Discussion

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Risks Related to Other Matters

Risk Discussion

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Risk Discussion

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Cybersecurity Risk Management

The Company has systems and processes for identification, assessment, and management of material risks from cybersecurity threats, as such term is defined in Item 106(a) of Regulation S-K. The Company’s multi-faceted approach includes deploying applications and control activities to actively monitor and mitigate potential threats to the Company’s IT environment.

These activities include, but are not limited to, engaging an external third-party to monitor information systems security events, conducting annual security training of employees, testing employees via periodic phishing campaigns, conducting system vulnerability scanning, utilizing a patching program to remediate critical patches, and utilizing an external third-party to perform testing to identify gaps in the Company’s security program. The Company also performs third-party risk management to identify and mitigate risks from third parties such as vendors, suppliers, and other business partners. Additionally, for providers of software-as-a-service and other services that hold Company data, the Company reviews and assesses industry standard certifications such as System and Organization Controls (SOC) 1 or SOC 2 reports and cybersecurity preparedness questionnaires. Mitigation of risk efforts are coordinated by the Company’s Director of Information Security, utilizing internal resources and third-party providers.

The Company has not had any cybersecurity risks that have materially affected the Company, including its business strategy, results of operations, or financial condition. Cybersecurity risks are disclosed in Part I Item 1A. Risk Factors, incorporated herein by reference.

Cybersecurity Governance

Our cybersecurity programs, including the cross-functional management committees responsible for identifying, assessing, and mitigating cybersecurity risks and incidents, are owned by our Chief Information Officer. Day-to-day administration of the cybersecurity programs are led by our Director of Information Security, a direct report to the Chief Information Officer. The Chief Information Officer has 27 years of technology leadership experience and a Master of Business Administration with a concentration in Management Information Systems. The Director of Information Security has 26 years of experience in infrastructure and security operations and a degree in Information Technology Management. The Director of Information Security is the chair of the Company’s Information Security Committee. The activities of the Information Security Committee are reviewed by the Executive Information Security Oversight Committee, which is comprised of members of our senior leadership team including our Chief Information Officer, the Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer and Secretary and Senior Vice President, Chief Human Resources Officer. The Executive Information Security Oversight Committee facilitates notification to the Audit Committee of emerging cybersecurity risks, and threats, the status of projects to strengthen the Company’s information security systems, and updates on any cybersecurity incidents.

The Audit Committee of the Board of Directors oversees cybersecurity related risks. Members of the Audit Commitree receive the above referenced notifications and updates on a quarterly basis from the Company’s Chief Information Officer as the designated representative of the Executive Information Security Oversight Committee.

Additionally, the Company has a Written Information Security Policy and a Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan that provides the above-referenced processes by which such committees are informed of and monitor the prevention, detection, mitigation, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents and material risks from cybersecurity threats.

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Item 2. Properties

We own and lease certain properties, as noted in the below table:

Square Footage/ Acres Leased / Owned Lease Expiration Dates Location Purpose

Corporate Headquarters 62,942 SF Owned N/A Virginia Office Space

Corporate Headquarters 8 Acres Owned N/A Virginia Land

We regularly evaluate our various facilities and equipment and make capital investments where necessary. In 2023, we spent a total of $166.1 million on capital expenditures, primarily at our Trex Residential facilities, including $98.0 million related to construction of our Arkansas facility, $23.9 million related to general plant cost reduction initiatives at our Virginia and Nevada facilities, $13.0 million related to our new corporate office development and $29.0 million for general support, safety and environmental initiatives.

In October 2021, we announced plans to add a third U.S.-based Trex Residential manufacturing facility located in Little Rock, Arkansas, that will sit on approximately 300 acres of land. The development approach for the new campus will be modular and calibrated to demand trends for Trex Residential outdoor living products. Construction began on the new facility in the second quarter of 2022, and in July 2022, we entered into a design-build agreement. We anticipate spending approximately $450 million on the facility and the budget for the design-build agreement is contained within this amount. Construction for the new facility will be funded primarily through our ongoing cash generation or our line of credit.

For information about our leases, see Note 10 to our Consolidated Financial Statements appearing elsewhere in this report. The equipment and machinery we use in our operations consist principally of plastic and wood conveying and processing equipment. We own all of our manufacturing equipment. We lease some equipment, primarily forklifts, at our facilities under operating leases.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

The Company has lawsuits, as well as other claims, pending against it which are ordinary routine litigation and claims incidental to the business. Management has evaluated the merits of these lawsuits and claims and believes that their ultimate resolution will not have a material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial condition, results of operations, liquidity or competitive position.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

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PART II

Market for Common Stock

Our common stock has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) since April 8, 1999. Effective November 23, 2009, our common stock is listed under the symbol “TREX”.

Dividend Policy

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and our credit agreement places limitations on our ability to pay cash dividends. We intend to retain future earnings to finance the development and expansion of our business or the repurchase of our common shares and, therefore, have no current intention to pay cash dividends. However, we reconsider our dividend policy on a regular basis and may determine to pay dividends in the future.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information relating to the purchases of our common stock during the three months ended December 31, 2023 in accordance with Item 703 of Regulation S-K:

Quarter ended December 31, 2023 — —

Stockholder Return Performance Graph

The following graph and table show the cumulative total stockholder return on the Company’s common stock for the last five fiscal years compared to the Russell 2000 Index and the Standard and Poor’s 600 Building Products Index (S&P 600 Building Products). The graph assumes $100 was invested on December 31, 2018, in (1) the Company’s common stock, (2) the Russell 2000 Index and (3) the S&P 600 Building Products and assumes reinvestment of dividends and market capitalization weighting as of December 31, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023.

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Comparison of Cumulative Total Return

Among Trex Company, Inc., Russell 2000 Index, and S&P 600 Building Products Index

Other Stockholder Matters

As of February 12, 2024, there were approximately 138 holders of record of our common stock, although we believe that there are a significantly larger number of beneficial owners of our common stock.

In 2023, we submitted to the NYSE in a timely manner the annual certification that our Chief Executive Officer was not aware of any violation by us of the NYSE corporate governance listing standards.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. All statements regarding our expected financial position and operating results, our business strategy, our financing plans, forecasted demographic and economic trends relating to our industry and similar matters are forward-looking statements. These statements can sometimes be identified by our use of forward-looking words such as “may,” “will,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend” or similar expressions. We cannot promise you that our expectations in such forward-looking statements will turn out to be correct. Our actual results could be materially different from our expectations because of various factors, including the factors discussed under “Item 1A. Risk Factors.” These statements are also subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause the Company’s actual operating results to differ materially. Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited to, the extent of market acceptance of the Company’s current and newly developed products; the costs associated with the development and launch of new products and the market acceptance of such new products; the sensitivity of the Company’s business to general economic conditions; the impact of seasonal and weather-related demand fluctuations on inventory levels in the distribution channel and sales of the Company’s products; the availability and cost of third-party transportation services for the Company’s products and raw materials; the Company’s ability to obtain raw materials, including scrap polyethylene, wood fiber and other materials used in making our products, at acceptable prices; increasing inflation in the macro-economic environment; the Company’s ability to maintain product quality and product performance at an acceptable cost; the Company’s ability to increase throughput and capacity to adequately match supply with demand; the level of expenses associated with warranty claims, product replacement and consumer relations expenses related to product quality; the highly competitive markets in which the Company operates; cyber-attacks, security breaches or other security vulnerabilities; the impact of current and upcoming data privacy laws and the EU General Data Protection Regulation and the related actual or potential costs and consequences; material adverse impacts from global public health pandemics and geopolitical conflicts; and material adverse impacts related to labor shortages or increases in labor costs.

OVERVIEW

The following MD&A is intended to help the reader understand the operations and current business environment of the Company. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to — and should be read in conjunction with — our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying notes thereto contained in “Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” of this report. MD&A includes the following sections:

OUR BUSINESS

General. The Company is the world’s largest manufacturer of high-performance, low-maintenance wood-alternative decking and residential railing and outdoor living products and accessories, marketed under the brand name Trex®, with more than 30 years of product experience. A majority of our products are manufactured in a

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proprietary process that combines reclaimed wood fibers and recycled polyethylene. The Company is focused on using renewable resources within our Trex Residential segment. Also, through December 30, 2022, the Company provided custom-engineered commercial railing and staging systems for the commercial and multi-family market, including sports stadiums and performing arts venues. During the two years in the period ended December 31, 2022, the Company operated in two reportable segments: Trex Residential Products (Trex Residential), the Company’s principal business based on net sales, and Trex Commercial Products (Trex Commercial). On December 30, 2022, we completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of our wholly-owned subsidiary and reportable segment, Trex Commercial. Subsequent to the sale of Trex Commercial, the Company operates in one reportable segment, Trex Residential.

Outdoor living remains one of the fastest growing categories within the repair and remodel sector, and the strength of the Trex Residential brand coupled with our expanded manufacturing capacity, our key competitive advantages, help us to effectively unlock potential market share and drive long term growth. We continue to benefit from increasing consumer interest in our environmentally friendly, low maintenance product portfolio that transforms and enhances the outdoor living experience.

We remain focused on ensuring the capacity to service our Trex Residential channel partners is aligned with both current demand and expected future growth. In October 2021, we announced plans to add a third U.S.-based Trex Residential manufacturing facility located in Little Rock, Arkansas, that will sit on approximately 300 acres of land. The development approach for the new campus will be modular and calibrated to demand trends for Trex Residential outdoor living products. Construction began in the second quarter of 2022, and in July 2022, we entered into a design-build agreement. We anticipate spending approximately $450 million on the facility and the budget for the design-build agreement is contained within this amount. Construction will be funded primarily through our ongoing cash generation or our line of credit.

We continue to focus on cost reduction projects and identifying continuous improvement opportunities to enhance our margins. Specifically, our efforts are primarily centered on increased automation, modernization, enhanced energy efficiency and improvements to raw material processing. At the same time, we intend to expand our marketing campaigns, continue highlighting the advantages of Trex Residential decking over wood, as well as focusing on innovation and new product development to further strengthen our consumer brand and distribution advantages. These initiatives should help drive continued topline and profit growth and accelerated market share conversion.

Trex Residential is the world’s largest manufacturer of wood-alternative composite decking and railing products marketed under the brand name Trex® and manufactured in the United States. We offer a comprehensive set of aesthetically pleasing, high-performance, low maintenance, eco-friendly products in the decking, railing, fencing, cladding and outdoor lighting categories. We believe that the range and variety of our products allow consumers to design much of their outdoor living space using Trex brand products.

We offer the following composite decking and railing products through Trex Residential:

Fencing Trex Seclusions® fencing product

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Trex Commercial offered modular and architectural railing and staging systems and solutions for the commercial and multifamily market, including sports stadiums and performing arts venues, through the date of divesture on December 30, 2022.

Highlights:

* 2021-2024 DISCLAIMER: Trex received the highest numerical score in the proprietary Lifestory Research 2021-2024 America’s Most Trusted® Outdoor Decking studies. Study results are based on experiences and perceptions of people surveyed. Experiences may vary.

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Financial Performance Highlights for the Twelve Months Ended December 31, 2023:

Year EndedDecember 31,

(000s omitted, except per share data)

*A reconciliation of Net Income to EBITDA is presented on page 33 of this document under “Net Income and Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA).”

Capital expenditures. In 2023, we spent a total of $166.1 million on capital expenditures, primarily at our Trex Residential facilities, including $98.0 million related to construction of our Arkansas facility, $23.9 million related to general plant cost reduction initiatives at our Virginia and Nevada facilities, $13.0 million related to our new corporate office development, and $29.0 million for general support, safety and environmental initiatives.

Repurchase of common shares. We repurchased 264,896 shares of our outstanding common stock in 2023 under our stock repurchase programs.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES

Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements appearing elsewhere in this report. Our critical accounting estimates include the areas where we have made what we consider to be particularly difficult, subjective or complex judgments in making estimates, and where these estimates can significantly affect our financial results under different assumptions and conditions. We prepare our financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. As a result, we are required to make estimates, judgments, and assumptions that we believe are reasonable based upon the information available. These estimates, judgments and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the periods presented. Actual results could be different from these estimates.

Product Warranty. We warrant that for the applicable warranty period our Trex Residential products, when properly installed, used and maintained, will be free from material defects in workmanship and materials and our decking, cladding, fascia and railing products will not split, splinter, rot or suffer structural damage from termites or fungal decay.

Products sold on or after January 1, 2023: The warranty period for residential use is 50 years for Transcend® decking, 35 years for Select® decking and Universal Fascia, and 25 years for Enhance® decking and Transcend, Select, Enhance and Signature® railing. The warranty period for commercial use is 10 years, excluding Signature railing and Transcend cladding, which each have a warranty period of 25 years. We further warrant that Trex Transcend, Trex Enhance and Trex Select decking and cladding and Universal Fascia products will not fade in color from light and weathering exposure more than a certain amount and will be resistant to permanent staining from food and beverage substances or mold and mildew, provided the stain is cleaned within seven days of appearance, for the warranty period referred to above. If there is a breach of such warranties, we have an obligation either to replace the defective product or refund the purchase price.

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Products sold prior to January 1, 2023: The warranty period is 25 years for residential use and 10 years for commercial use. With respect to Trex Signature railing, the warranty period is 25 years for both residential and commercial use. We further warrant that Trex Transcend, Trex Enhance, Trex Select and Universal Fascia products will not fade in color more than a certain amount and will be resistant to permanent staining from food substances or mold, provided the stain is cleaned within seven days of appearance, for the warranty period referred to above. If there is a breach of such warranties, we have an obligation either to replace the defective product or refund the purchase price. We maintain a warranty reserve for the settlement of our product warranty claims. We accrue for the estimated cost of product warranty claims at the time revenue is recognized based on such factors as historical claims experience and future claims experience. We review and adjust these estimates, if necessary, based on the differences between actual experience and historical estimates. Additionally, we accrue for warranty costs associated with occasional or unanticipated product quality issues if a loss is probable and can be reasonably estimated.

We continue to receive and settle claims for Trex Residential products manufactured at our Nevada facility prior to 2007 that exhibit surface flaking and maintain a warranty reserve to provide for the settlement of these claims. Estimating the warranty reserve for surface flaking claims requires management to estimate (1) the number of claims to be settled with payment and (2) the average cost to settle each claim.

To estimate the number of surface flaking claims to be settled with payment, we utilize actuarial techniques to quantify both the expected number of claims to be received and the percentage of those claims that will ultimately require payment (collectively, elements). Estimates for these elements are quantified using a range of assumptions derived from claim count history and the identification of factors influencing the claim counts. The cost per claim varies due to a number of factors, including the size of affected decks, the availability and type of replacement material used, the cost of production of replacement material and the method of claim settlement.

We monitor surface flaking claims activity each quarter for indications that our estimates require revision. Typically, a majority of surface flaking claims received in a year are received during the summer outdoor season, which spans the second and third quarters. It has been our practice to utilize the actuarial techniques discussed above during the third quarter, after a significant portion of all claims has been received for the fiscal year and variances to annual claims expectations are more meaningful.

Average cost per claim experienced in the year ended December 31, 2023, was lower than that experienced in the year ended December 31, 2022, which was elevated due to the closure of three large claims, and lower than our expectations for 2023. The number of incoming claims received in the year ended December 31, 2023, was lower than the number of claims received in the year ended December 31, 2022, and lower than our expectations for 2023. After evaluating the declining trend in incoming claims in its actuarial analysis, we decreased the estimate of the number of future claims to be settled with payment. As a result of the decrease in estimated future claims, in the three-month period ended September 30, 2023, we recorded a reduction of $3.8 million to our warranty reserve for the future settlement of surface flaking claims. We believe the reserve at December 31, 2023 is sufficient to cover future surface flaking obligations.

Our analysis is based on currently known facts and a number of assumptions, as discussed above, and current expectations. Projecting future events such as the number of claims to be received, the number of claims that will require payment and the average cost of claims could cause the actual warranty liabilities to be higher or lower than those projected, which could materially affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. We estimate that the annual number of claims received will continue to decline over time and that the average cost per claim will increase slightly, primarily due to inflation. If the level of claims received or average cost per claim differs materially from expectations, it could result in additional increases or decreases to the warranty reserve and a decrease or increase in earnings and cash flows in future periods. We estimate that a 10% change in the expected number of remaining claims to be settled with payment or the expected cost to settle claims may result in approximately a $1.0 million change in the surface flaking warranty reserve.

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The following table details surface flaking warranty claims activity:

Year Ended December 31,

(1) Claims received include new claims received or identified during the period.

For additional information about product warranties, see Notes 2 and 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements appearing elsewhere in this report.

Goodwill. We evaluate the recoverability of goodwill in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification (ASC) Topic 350, “Intangibles—Goodwill and Other,” annually or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change in the interim that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the asset below its carrying amount. We evaluate the recoverability of goodwill at the reporting unit level. Through December 30, 2022 and during the year ended December 31, 2021, we determined that the Company had three reporting units: a residential reporting unit in the Trex Residential reportable segment, and a commercial railing reporting unit and a staging reporting unit in the Trex Commercial reportable segment. On December 30, 2022, we completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of our wholly-owned subsidiary and reportable segment, Trex Commercial. Subsequent to the sale of Trex Commercial, the Company operates in one reportable segment, Trex Residential. Goodwill is considered impaired when the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, and an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess but limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. We first assess qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. Qualitative factors we consider include events and circumstances such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, and other relevant Company-specific events. We evaluate, based on the weight of evidence, the significance of all identified events and circumstances in the context of determining whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Weighing the effect of various positive and negative factors is challenging and requires the use of significant judgment. The weight we place on each factor depends on certain conditions, including uncertainty about future events. If different conditions exist in future periods, future impairment charges could result.

If the qualitative assessment indicates that the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, including goodwill, we are then required to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The quantitative goodwill impairment test, used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The fair value of a reporting unit refers to the price that would be received to sell the unit as a whole in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit is in excess of the estimated fair value of that reporting unit, a goodwill impairment charge is recognized in the amount by which the reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, but not to exceed the total goodwill assigned to the reporting unit.

We measure the fair value of a reporting unit based on a combination of the Income Approach (i.e., the Discounted Cash Flow Method) and a Market Approach. The Discounted Cash Flow Method is a multiple period discounting model in which the fair value of the reporting units are determined by discounting the projected free

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cash flows using an appropriate discount rate and indicates the fair value of the reporting units based on the present value of the cash flows that the reporting unit is expected to generate in the future. Significant estimates in the Discounted Cash Flow Method include: the weighted average cost of capital (or discount rate); long-term rate of growth and profitability of the business (residual growth rate); and working capital effects. The Market Approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets, liabilities or a group of assets and liabilities, such as a business. Significant estimates in the Market Approach model may include identifying appropriate market multiples and assessing earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) in estimating the fair value of the reporting units. The use of different assumptions, estimates or judgements, including estimated future cash flows and the discount rate used to discount estimated cash flows to their net present value, could materially increase or decrease the fair value of the reporting unit and impact our assessment of any goodwill impairment charges. Also, if different conditions exist in future periods, future impairment charges could result.

Revenue Recognition

Trex Residential Products

Trex Residential principally generates revenue from the manufacture and sale of its high-performance, low-maintenance,eco-friendly outdoor living products, consisting of composite decking and railing products, hidden fasteners, and a broad offering of outdoor living accessories. Substantially all of its revenues are from contracts with customers, which are individual customer purchase orders of short-term duration of less than one year. Trex Residential satisfies its performance obligations at a point in time. The shipment of each product is a separate performance obligation as the customer is able to derive benefit from each product shipped and no performance obligation remains after shipment. Upon shipment of the product, the customer obtains control over the distinct product and Trex Residential satisfies its performance obligation. Any performance obligation that remains unsatisfied at the end of a reporting period is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less. Any variable consideration related to the unsatisfied performance obligation is allocated wholly to the unsatisfied performance obligation and recognized when the product ships and the performance obligation is satisfied and is included in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities, Sales and marketing” in Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements presented in this Form 10-K.

Trex Residential may offer various sales incentive programs throughout the year. It estimates the amount of sales incentive to allocate to each performance obligation, or product shipped, based on direct sales to the customer. The estimate is updated each reporting period and any changes are allocated to the performance obligations on the same basis as at inception. Changes in estimate allocated to a previously satisfied performance obligation are recognized as a reduction of revenue in the period in which the change occurs under the cumulative catch-up method. Should estimates change or prove to have been incorrect, it could negatively affect our results of operations and financial condition. In addition to sales incentive programs, Trex Residential may offer payment discounts. It estimates the payment discount that it believes will be taken by the customer based on prior history using the most-likely-amount method of estimation.

Trex Commercial Products

Trex Commercial generated revenue from the manufacture and sale of its custom, modular and architectural railing and staging systems. All of its revenues were from fixed-price contracts with customers. Trex Commercial contracts had a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services was not separately identifiable from other promises in the contract and was, therefore, not distinct.

Trex Commercial satisfied its performance obligation over time as work progressed because control was transferred continuously to its customers. Revenue and estimated profit were recognized over time based on the proportion of actual costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress toward satisfying the performance obligation. Incurred costs represent work performed, which corresponds with,

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and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Incurred costs included all direct material, labor, subcontract and certain indirect costs. The Company reviewed and updated its estimates regularly and recognized adjustments in estimated profit on contracts under the cumulative catch-up method. Under this method, the impact of the adjustment on revenue and estimated profit to date on a contract is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicated an anticipated loss on the contract, the Company recognized the total loss in the period it was identified. During the year ended December 31, 2022, no adjustment to any one contract was material to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and no material impairment loss on any contract was recorded.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

General. Our results of operations are affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the cost to manufacture and distribute products, cost of raw materials, inflation, interest rates, consumer spending and preferences, the impact of any supply chain disruptions, economic conditions, and any adverse effects from global health pandemics and geopolitical conflicts.

Net Sales. Net sales consist of sales, net of discounts. The level of net sales is principally affected by sales volume and the prices paid for Trex products. The operating results for Trex Residential have historically varied from quarter to quarter, often due to seasonal trends in the demand for outdoor living products. Seasonal, erratic, or prolonged adverse weather conditions in certain geographic regions reduce the level of home improvement and construction activity and can shift demand for its products to a later period. As part of its normal business practice and consistent with industry practices, Trex Residential has historically offered incentive programs to its distributors and dealers to build inventory levels before the start of the prime deck-building season to ensure adequate availability of its product to meet anticipated seasonal consumer demand and to enable production planning. These incentives include prompt payment discounts and favorable payment terms. In addition, we offer price discounts or volume rebates on specified products and other incentives based on increases in purchases as part of specific promotional programs. The timing of sales incentive programs can impact sales, receivables and inventory levels during the offering period. In addition, the operating results for Trex Commercial have not historically varied from quarter to quarter as a result of seasonality, but are driven by the timing of individual projects, which may vary significantly each period.

Gross Profit. Gross profit represents the difference between net sales and cost of sales. Cost of sales consists of raw materials costs, direct labor costs, manufacturing costs, warranty costs, and freight. Raw materials costs generally include the costs to purchase and transport reclaimed wood fiber, scrap polyethylene and pigmentation for coloring Trex products. Direct labor costs include wages and benefits of personnel engaged in the manufacturing process. Manufacturing costs consist of costs of depreciation, utilities, maintenance supplies and repairs, indirect labor, including wages and benefits, and warehouse and equipment rental activities.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. The largest component of selling, general and administrative expenses is personnel related costs, which include salaries, commissions, incentive compensation, and benefits of personnel engaged in sales and marketing, accounting, information technology, corporate operations, research and development, and other business functions. Another component of selling, general and administrative expenses is branding and other sales and marketing costs, which are used to build brand awareness of Trex. These costs consist primarily of advertising, merchandising, and other promotional costs. Other general and administrative expenses include professional fees, office occupancy costs attributable to the business functions previously referenced, and consumer relations expenses. As a percentage of net sales, selling, general and administrative expenses have varied from quarter to quarter due, in part, to the seasonality of our business.

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Below we have included a discussion of our operating results and material changes in our operating results for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared To Year Ended December 31, 2022

Net Sales

Year Ended December 31, $ Change % Change

(dollars in thousands)

Trex Commercial net sales $ N/A $ 46,507 $ N/A N/A

Total net sales in 2023 decreased $11.2 million, or 1.0%, compared to total net sales in 2022, primarily due to the divesture of Trex Commercial, our wholly-owned subsidiary and reportable segment, on December 30, 2022. The increase in Trex Residential net sales of $35.3 million or 3.3% was primarily due to an increase in sales volume of 2.6%.

Gross Profit

Year Ended December 31, $ Change % Change

(dollars in thousands)

% of total net sales 58.7 % 63.5 %

Gross profit as a percentage of net sales, gross margin, was 41.3% in 2023 compared to 36.5% in 2022. Gross margin for Trex Residential in 2023 was 41.3% compared to 37.7% in 2022. The increase was primarily due to lower production costs resulting from cost saving initiatives and improved plant performance. The increase was partially offset by lower absorption resulting from reduced production and higher depreciation and utilities. Our 2022 gross margin was negatively impacted by our channel partners inventory drawdown to rightsize their inventories and additional costs as we restructured our operations for reduced production levels.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Year Ended December 31, $ Change % Change

(dollars in thousands)

% of total net sales 16.1 % 12.8 %

Selling, general and administrative expenses increased $34.3 million in 2023 compared to 2022 primarily resulting from a $19.1 million increase in personnel related expenses, a $5.6 million increase in branding and marketing expenses, a $3.1 million write down of fixed assets, and a $2.8 million increase in research and development expenses.

Loss on Sale

Year Ended December 31, $ Change % Change

(dollars in thousands)

% of total net sales N/A 1.4 %

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On December 30, 2022, we completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of our wholly-owned subsidiary and reportable segment, Trex Commercial, for net proceeds of $7.3 million. The divestiture reflects our decision to focus on driving the most profitable growth strategy for the Company and its shareholders through the execution of our outdoor living strategy. The sale resulted in a loss on sale of $15.4 million and is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Provision for Income Taxes

Year Ended December 31, $ Change % Change

(dollars in thousands)

Effective tax rate 25.6 % 25.2 %

The effective tax rate for 2023 of 25.6% was comparable to the effective tax rate for 2022 of 25.2%.

Net Income and Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA)1 (dollars in thousands)

Reconciliation of net income (GAAP) to EBITDA and EBITDA margin (non-GAAP):

TrexResidential andConsolidated

Interest expense, net 5

Depreciation and amortization 50,189

TrexResidential TrexCommercial Total

Interest income, net (103 ) — (103 )

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Year Ended December 31, $ Change % Change

(dollars in thousands)

Trex Commercial EBITDA N/A $ (20,226 ) $ 20,226 N/A

Total EBITDA increased 12.1% to $326.4 million for 2023 compared to $291.0 million for 2022. The increase was due to a $15.1 million increase in Trex Residential EBITDA, primarily driven by an increase in net sales and gross profit. In addition, the divesture of Trex Commercial on December 30, 2022 contributed to the increase in Total EBITDA in 2023.

Year Ended December 31, 2022 Compared To Year Ended December 31, 2021

The Company hereby incorporates by reference the financial results from fiscal year 2021 and the comparison of financial results from fiscal year 2022 to fiscal year 2021 as set forth in the Company’s Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operation in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 and filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on February 27, 2023.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

We finance operations and growth primarily with cash flow from operations, borrowings, operating leases, and normal trade credit terms from operating activities.

Sources and Uses of Cash. The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Operating Activities

Cash provided by operating activities in 2023 was $389.4 million compared to cash provided by operating activities of $216.2 million in 2022. The $173.2 million increase in cash provided by operating activities was primarily a result of a reduction in inventories, and to a lesser extent, impacted by higher operating profit, and increases in accounts payable and accrued expenses. Inventory decreased in 2023 compared to 2022. During 2022 we saw an increase in inventory as a result of a decline in sales which occurred as our distribution partners met demand partially through inventory drawdown. The decrease in inventory in 2023 reflects a return to more normal purchase patterns from our distribution partners.

Investing Activities

In 2023, cash used in investing activities for capital expenditures was $166.1 million, primarily at our Trex Residential facilities, including $98.0 million related to construction of our Arkansas facility, $23.9 million related to general plant cost reduction initiatives at our Virginia and Nevada facilities, $13.0 million related to our new corporate office development, and $29.0 million for general support, safety, and environmental initiatives.

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Financing Activities

Net cash used in financing activities in 2023 consisted primarily of principal payments under our revolving credit facility and to a lesser extent repurchases of our outstanding common stock.

Stock Repurchase Program. On February 16, 2018, the Trex Board of Directors adopted a stock repurchase program of up to 11.6 million shares of its outstanding common stock (Stock Repurchase Program). The Company repurchased 10.1 million shares under the Stock Repurchase Program. On May 4, 2023, the Trex Board of Directors adopted a new stock repurchase program (2023 Stock Repurchase Program) of up to 10.8 million shares of its outstanding common stock, and terminated the existing Stock Repurchase Program. The 2023 Stock Repurchase Program has no set expiration date and during 2023 the Company repurchased 264,896 shares of its common stock under the 2023 Stock Repurchase Program.

Inventory in Distribution Channels. We sell our Trex Residential decking and railing products through a tiered distribution system. We have over 50 distributors worldwide and two national retail merchandisers to which we sell our products. The distributors in turn sell the products to dealers and retail locations who in turn sell the products to end users. Significant increases in inventory levels in the distribution channel without a corresponding change in end-use demand could have an adverse effect on future sales.

Seasonality. The operating results for Trex Residential have historically varied from quarter to quarter. Seasonal, erratic or prolonged adverse weather conditions may reduce the level of home improvement and construction activity and can shift demand for its products to a later period. As part of its normal business practice and consistent with industry practice, Trex Residential has historically offered incentive programs to its distributors and dealers to build inventory levels before the start of the prime deck-building season in order to ensure adequate availability of its product to meet anticipated seasonal consumer demand. The seasonal effects are often offset by the positive effect of the incentive programs.

Indebtedness Prior to December 22, 2022. On May 18, 2022, the Company, as borrower; Trex Commercial as guarantor; BOA, as a Lender, Administrative Agent, Swing Line Lender and L/C Issuer; Wells Fargo as lender and Syndication Agent; Regions Bank, PNC Bank, National Association (PNC), and TD Bank, N.A. (YD) (each, a Lender and collectively, the Lenders), arranged by BofA Securities, Inc. as Sole Lead Arranger and Sole Bookrunner, entered into a Credit Agreement (Credit Agreement) to amend and restate the Fourth Amended and Restated Credit Agreement dated as of November 5, 2019.

Under the Credit Agreement, the Lenders agreed to provide the Company with one or more Revolving Loans in a collective maximum principal amount of $400,000,000 (Loan Limit) throughout the term, which ends May 18, 2027 (Term). Included within the Loan Limit are sublimits for a Letter of Credit facility in an amount not to exceed $60,000,000; and Swing Line Loans in an aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding not to exceed $20,000,000. The Revolving Loans, the Letter of Credit facility and the Swing Line Loans are for the purpose of raising working capital and supporting general business operations.

The Credit Agreement provides the Company, in the aggregate, the ability to borrow an amount up to the Loan Limit during the Term. The Company is not obligated to borrow any amount under the Loan Limit. Within the Loan Limit, the Company may borrow, repay and reborrow at any time or from time to time while the Notes are in effect. Base Rate Loans (as defined in the Credit Agreement) under the Revolving Loans and the Swing Line Loans accrue interest at the Base Rate plus the Applicable Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) and Term SOFR Loans for the Revolving Loans accrue interest at the rate per annum equal to the sum of Term SOFR for such interest period plus the Applicable Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement). The Base Rate for any day is a fluctuating rate per annum equal to the highest of (a) the Federal Funds Rate plus 0.50%, (b) the rate of interest in effect for such day as publicly announced from time to time by BOA as its prime rate, and (c) the Term SOFR plus 1.0% subject to certain interest rate floors. Repayment of all then outstanding principal, interest, fees and costs is due at the end of the Term.

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The Company and BofA Securities, as a sustainability coordinator, are entitled to establish specified key performance indicators (KPIs) with respect to certain environmental, social and governance targets of the Company and its subsidiaries. The sustainability coordinator and the Company may amend the Credit Agreement for the purpose of incorporating the KPIs and other related provisions unless the Lenders object to such amendment on or prior to the date that is ten business days after the date on which such amendment is posted for review by the Lenders. Based on the performance of the Company and its subsidiaries against the KPIs, certain adjustments (increase, decrease or no adjustment) to otherwise applicable pricing will be made; provided that the amount of such adjustments shall not exceed certain aggregate caps as in the definitive loan documentation.

Under the terms of the Security and Pledge Agreement, the Company and Trex Commercial, subject to certain permitted encumbrances, as collateral security for the above-stated loans and all other present and future indebtedness of the Company owing to the Lenders grants to BOA, as Administrative Agent for the Lenders, a continuing security interest in certain collateral described and defined in the Security and Pledge Agreement but excluding the Excluded Property (as defined in the Security and Pledge Agreement).

Indebtedness On and After December 22, 2022. As of December 22, 2022, the Company entered into a First Amendment to the Credit Agreement (First Amendment) by and among the Company, as borrower, the guarantors party thereto; BOA, as a Lender, Administrative Agent, Swing Line Lender and L/C Issuer; TD as lender and Syndication Agent; Regions Bank, PNC, and Wells Fargo (each, a Lender and collectively, the Lenders), arranged by BofA Securities, as Sole Lead Arranger and Sole Bookrunner, amending that certain Credit Agreement dated as of May 18, 2022, by and among the Company, as borrower, the guarantors party thereto, BOA, as a Lender, Administrative Agent, Swing Line Lender and L/C Issuer and the other lenders identified therein (as so amended, Credit Agreement). The First Amendment removes Trex Commercial as a guarantor to any and all indebtedness under the Credit Agreement. As a part of the First Amendment, the Credit Agreement was amended and restated to provide for an additional Revolving B Loan (as hereinafter defined).

Under the First Amendment, the Lenders agreed to provide the Company with a Revolving B Loan consisting of one or more revolving loans in a collective maximum principal amount of $150,000,000 (Revolving B Loan Limit) throughout the term, which ends December 22, 2024 (Revolving B Loan Term). Previously, under the Credit Agreement, there was no Revolving B Loan. The First Amendment also provided that TD would serve as Syndication Agent.

As of December 22, 2022, the Credit Agreement was amended and restated to refer to this loan as the Revolving A Loan. The amended and restated Credit Agreement was made an Exhibit A to the First Amendment. All of the terms of the Credit Agreement apply to the Revolving B Loan. The Credit Agreement continues to include sublimits under the Revolving A Loan for a Letter of Credit facility in an amount not to exceed $60,000,000; and Swing Line Loans in an aggregate principal amount at any time outstanding not to exceed $20,000,000. The Revolving Loans, the Letter of Credit facility and the Swing Line Loans under Revolving A Loan are for the purpose of raising working capital and supporting general business operations.

The Notes provide the Company, in the aggregate, the ability to borrow an amount up to the Revolving A Loan Limit during the Revolving A Loan Term and Revolving B Loan Limit during the Revolving B Loan Term. The Company is not obligated to borrow any amount under the revolving loans. Within the respective loan limit, the Company may borrow, repay and reborrow at any time or from time to time while the Notes are in effect. With respect to Revolving B Loans, for any day, the rate per annum is a tiered pricing based upon the Consolidated Debt to Consolidated EBITDA Ratio. The applicable rate for Revolving B Loans that are Base Rate Loans range between1.20% and 2.15% and the applicable rate for Revolving B Loans that are Term SOFR/Term SOFR Daily Floating Rate range between 0.20% and 1.15%.

At December 31, 2023, we had $5.5 million in outstanding borrowings under the revolving credit facility and borrowing capacity under the facility of $544.5 million.

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Compliance with Debt Covenants and Restrictions. Pursuant to the terms of the Credit Agreement, the Company, is subject to certain loan compliance covenants. The Company was in compliance with all covenants at December 31, 2023. Failure to comply with the financial covenants could be considered a default of repayment obligations and, among other remedies, could accelerate payment of any amounts outstanding.

Contractual Obligations. Our contractual obligations consist primarily of purchase commitments and operating leases.

Purchase obligations represent supply contracts with raw material vendors and service contracts for hauling raw materials. Open purchase orders written in the normal course of business for goods or services that are provided on demand have been excluded as the timing of which is not certain. As of December 31, 2023, we have purchase obligations under material supply contracts of $42.6 million for the year ending December 31, 2024, $29.1 million in 2025, $19.6 million in 2026, and $11.3 million in 2027. Please refer to Note 19 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this filing for additional information on our purchase commitments.

Operating leases represent office space, storage warehouses, manufacturing facilities and certain office and plant equipment under various operating leases, and include operating leases accounted for under Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification Topic 842 and short-term leases. As of December 31, 2023, we have operating lease liabilities of $7.8 million for the year ending December 31, 2024, $19.1 million for the years 2025 through 2028 and $0.9 million thereafter. Please refer to Note 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements in this filing for additional information on our operating leases.

The Company believes that its cash on hand and cash generated through operating activities, both over the next 12 months and beyond the next 12 months, should be sufficient to cover purchase obligations and operating leases.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements. We do not have off-balance sheet financing arrangements.

Capital and Other Cash Requirements. In October 2021, we announced plans to add a third U.S.-based Trex Residential manufacturing facility located in Little Rock, Arkansas. The new campus will sit on approximately 300 acres of land and will address demand for Trex Residential outdoor living products. The development approach for the new campus will be modular and calibrated to demand trends for Trex Residential outdoor living products. Construction began on the new facility in the second quarter 2022, and in July 2022, the Company entered into a design-build agreement. The Company anticipates spending approximately $450 million on the facility and the budget for the design-build agreement is contained within this amount. Construction for the new facility will be funded primarily through the Company’s ongoing cash generation or its line of credit.

Our capital expenditure guidance for 2024 is $210 million to $230 million. In addition to our capital expenditure program, our capital allocation priorities include expenditures for internal growth opportunities, manufacturing cost reductions, upgrading equipment and support systems, and acquisitions which fit our long-term growth strategy as we continue to evaluate opportunities that would be a good strategic fit for Trex, and return of capital to shareholders.

We believe that cash on hand, cash flows from operations and borrowings expected to be available under our revolving credit facility will provide sufficient funds to enable us to fund planned capital expenditures, make scheduled principal and interest payments, fund the warranty reserve, meet other cash requirements, and maintain compliance with terms of our debt agreements for at least the next 12 months. We currently expect to fund future capital expenditures from operations and borrowings under the revolving credit facility. The actual amount and timing of future capital requirements may differ materially from our estimate depending on the demand for Trex products and new market developments and opportunities. Our ability to meet our cash needs during the next 12 months and thereafter could be adversely affected by various circumstances, including increases in the cost of raw materials and product replacement costs, quality control problems, higher than expected product warranty

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claims, service disruptions and lower than expected collections of accounts receivable. In addition, any failure to negotiate amendments to our existing debt agreements to resolve any future noncompliance with financial covenants could adversely affect our liquidity by reducing access to revolving credit borrowings needed primarily to fund seasonal borrowing needs. We may determine that it is necessary or desirable to obtain financing through bank borrowings or the issuance of debt or equity securities to address such contingencies or changes to our business plan. Debt financing would increase our level of indebtedness, while equity financing would dilute the ownership of our stockholders. There can be no assurance as to whether, or as to the terms on which, we would be able to obtain such financing, which would be restricted by covenants contained in our existing debt agreements.

NEW ACCOUNTING STANDARDS NOT YET ADOPTED

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2023-07,“Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The guidance requires disclosure of significant segment expenses which are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM), the composition of and amount of other segment items, the CODM’s title and position within the organization, and how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment’s profit or loss to assess the performance of the segment. In addition, on an interim basis, all segment profit or loss and asset disclosures currently required on an annual basis must be reported, as well as those required by Topic 280. The guidance allows for multiple measure of a segment’s profit or loss to be reported. Entities which have a single reportable segment must apply Topic 280 in its entirety. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Entities are required to apply the amendments of this update retrospectively for all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company does not intend to early adopt the standard and does not expect adoption of this guidance to have a material effect on its consolidated results of operations and financial position.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09,“Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The guidance requires public entities to disclose additional categories of information related to federal, state, and foreign income taxes and additional details related to reconciling items should they meet a quantitative threshold. The guidance requires disclosure of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on quantitative thresholds. The guidance is effective for fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance should be applied on a prospective basis, retrospective application is permitted. The Company does not expect adoption of the guidance to have a material effect on its consolidated results of operations and financial position.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are subject to market risks from changing interest rates associated with our borrowings. To meet our seasonal working capital needs, we borrow periodically on our variable rate revolving line of credit. At December 31, 2023, we had $5.5 million in debt outstanding under our revolving line of credit. While variable rate debt obligations expose us to the risk of rising interest rates, an increase of 1% in interest rates would not have a material adverse effect on our overall financial position, results of operations or liquidity.

In certain instances, we may use interest rate swap agreements to modify fixed rate obligations to variable rate obligations, thereby adjusting the interest rates to current market rates and ensuring that the debt instruments are always reflected at fair value. We had no interest rate swap agreements outstanding as of December 31, 2023.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The financial statements listed in Item 15 of this Form 10-K are incorporated by reference in this Item 8 and are filed as part of this report.

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None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, with the participation of its President and Chief Executive Officer, who is the Company’s principal executive officer, and its Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, who is the Company’s principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures as of December 31, 2023. Based on this evaluation, the President and Chief Executive Officer and the Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.

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Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We, as members of management of Trex Company, Inc. (Company), are responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the Company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies and procedures may deteriorate.

We assessed the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria for effective internal control over financial reporting established in “Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013)” issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO Framework). Based on this assessment, we concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was effective, based on the COSO Framework.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, has been audited by Ernst & Young LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which follows hereafter.

TREX COMPANY, INC.

February 26, 2024 By: /S/ BRYAN H. FAIRBANKS

February 26, 2024 By: /S/ BRENDA K. LOVCIK

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting identified in connection with the evaluation described above in “Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting” that occurred during the Company’s fourth fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Trex Company, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Trex Company, Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Trex Company, Inc., (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the 2023 consolidated financial statements of the Company and our report dated February 26, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Tysons, Virginia

February 26, 2024

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Item 9B. Other Information

Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Company dated February 21, 2024

. On February 21, 2024 the Board of Directors of the Company approved and adopted amendments to Article III, Section 2 and Article IV, Section 1 of the Company’s Amended and Restated By-laws, effective immediately, to (a) clarify that that notwithstanding the statement that Directors need not be stockholders of the Corporation, if the Corporation has in effect at any time any Stock Ownership Guidelines applicable to Directors, Directors shall comply with such Guidelines and (b) to provide that if the Chairman is unavailable to preside over a meeting of the Board of Directors, then, if there is a Vice Chairman and/or a Lead Independent Director serving at the time of such meeting, the Vice Chairman or the Lead independent Director, in that order, shall serve as Chairman of the Board of Directors for such meeting.

Insider Trading Arrangements

. During the quarter ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Exchange Act) adopted, modified or terminated any contract, instruction or written plan for the purchase or sale of our securities that was intended to satisfy the affirmative defense conditions of Rule 10b5-1(c) of the Exchange Act or any non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as identified in Item 408(c) of Regulation S-K).

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions the Prevent Inspections

None.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Information responsive to this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, which we will file with the SEC on or before 120 days after our 2023 fiscal

year-end.

We have adopted a Code of Conduct and Ethics, which is applicable to all directors, officers and employees, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. The code is available on our corporate web site and in print to any stockholder who requests a copy. We also make available on our web site, at

www.trex.com/our-company/corporate-governance

, and in print to any stockholder who requests them, copies of our corporate governance principles and the charters of each standing committee of our board of directors. Requests for copies of these documents should be directed to Corporate Secretary, Trex Company, Inc., 2500 Trex Way, Winchester, Virginia 22601. To the extent required by SEC rules, we intend to disclose any amendments to our code of conduct and ethics, and any waiver of a provision of the code with respect to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions, on our web site referred to above within four business days following any such amendment or waiver, or within any other period that may be required under SEC rules from time to time.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Information responsive to this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, which we will file with the SEC on or before 120 days after our 2023 fiscal

year-end.

Information responsive to this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, which we will file with the SEC on or before 120 days after our 2023 fiscal

year-end.

Information responsive to this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, which we will file with the SEC on or before 120 days after our 2023 fiscal

year-end.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

Information responsive to this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders, which we will file with the SEC on or before 120 days after our 2023 fiscal

year-end.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)(1) The following Consolidated Financial Statements of the Company are incorporated by reference in Part II, Item 8 of this Form

10-K:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 42) F-2

Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 F-5

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-8

(a)(2) The following financial statement schedule is filed as part of this report:

Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves F-34

All other schedules for which provision is made in the applicable accounting regulations of the SEC are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable or not material and, therefore, have been omitted.

(a)(3) See Exhibit Index at the end of the Annual Report on Form

10-K

for the information required by this Item.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

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TREX COMPANY, INC.

Index to Consolidated Financial Statements

Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 42) F-2

Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 F-5

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-8

The following Consolidated Financial Statement Schedule of the Registrant is filed as part of this Report as required to be included in Item 15(a)(2):

Page

Schedule II—Valuation and Qualifying Accounts and Reserves F-34

F-1

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Trex Company, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Trex Company, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 the related consolidated statements of comprehensive income, changes in stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes and the financial statement schedule listed in the Index at Item 15(a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal

Control—Integrated

Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission

(2013 framework),

and our report dated February 26, 2024 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that

was

communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

F-2

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Surface Flaking Warranty Reserve

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 1995.

Tysons, Virginia

February 26, 2024

F-3

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TREX COMPANY, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

Year Ended December 31,

(In thousands, except share and per share data)

Goodwill impairment — — 54,245

Gain on insurance proceeds — — (8,741 )

Interest expense (income), net 5 (103 ) (15 )

Basic earnings per common share $ 1.89 $ 1.65 $ 1.81

Diluted earnings per common share $ 1.89 $ 1.65 $ 1.80

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-4

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TREX COMPANY, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

December 31,

(In thousands)

ASSETS

Current Assets:

Goodwill and other intangible assets, net 18,163 18,582

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Current Liabilities:

Accrued expenses and other liabilities 56,734 44,064

Commitments and contingencies — —

Stockholders’ Equity:

Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity $ 932,885 $ 933,705

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-5

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TREX COMPANY, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(In thousands, except share data)

Common Stock Additional Paid-In Capital Retained Earnings Treasury Stock Total

Shares Amount Shares Amount

Shares withheld for taxes on awards (78,626 ) — (8,538 ) — — — (8,538 )

Shares withheld for taxes on awards (45,834 ) 1 (3,319 ) — — — (3,318 )

Shares withheld for taxes on awards (48,736 ) 2 (2,769 ) — — — (2,767 )

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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TREX COMPANY, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

Year Ended December 31,

(In thousands)

Operating Activities

Goodwill impairment — — 54,245

Loss (gain) on disposal of property, plant and equipment 3,140 (27 ) (45 )

Other non-cash adjustments (48 ) (117 ) 40

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Investing Activities

Proceeds from sale of assets — 7,290 —

Proceeds from sales of property, plant and equipment — 54 1,355

Financing Activities

Proceeds from employee stock purchase and option plans 1,223 1,742 1,800

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:

Cash paid for interest, net of capitalized interest $ 51 $ — $ —

Supplemental non-cash investing and financing disclosure:

Capital expenditures in accounts payable $ 1,332 $ 1,814 $ 2,564

See Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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TREX COMPANY, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. BUSINESS AND ORGANIZATION

Trex Company, Inc. (Trex), a Delaware corporation, was incorporated on September 4, 1998. Through December 30, 2022, Trex had one wholly-owned subsidiary, Trex Commercial Products, Inc. Together, Trex and Trex Commercial Products, Inc. are referred to as the Company. Through December 30, 2022, the Company operated in two reportable segments, Trex Residential Products (Trex Residential) and Trex Commercial Products (Trex Commercial). On December 30, 2022, the Company completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of its wholly-owned subsidiary and reportable segment, Trex Commercial. Refer to Note 3 below for more information on the sale. Subsequent to December 30, 2022, the Company operates in one reportable segment, Trex Residential.

The Company’s principal business based on net sales is the manufacture and distribution of Trex Residential high-performance,

low-maintenance

wood-alternative decking and residential railing and outdoor living products and accessories, marketed under the brand name Trex

. A majority of its products are manufactured in a proprietary process that combines reclaimed wood fibers and recycled polyethylene. Trex Commercial designed, engineered and marketed modular and architectural railing and staging systems for the commercial and multi-family market, including sports stadiums and performing arts venues. The principal executive offices are located at 2500 Trex Way, Winchester, Virginia 22601, and the telephone number at that address is

(540) 542-6300.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Accounting

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company. Intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company’s results of operations are affected by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the cost to manufacture and distribute products, cost of raw materials, inflation, consumer spending and preferences, interest rates, the impact of any supply chain disruptions, economic conditions, and/or any adverse effects from global health pandemics and geopolitical conflicts. Towards the end of June 2022, the Company experienced a reduction in demand from its distribution partners, spurred by concerns over a potential easing in consumer demand due to rising interest rates, declining consumer sentiment and expectations of a general slowing in the economy. As a result, beginning in the third quarter of 2022 the Company’s channel partners met demand partially through inventory drawdown rather than reordering products and maintaining current inventories. The drawdown was completed by year end 2022.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments purchased with original maturities of three months or less.

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Concentrations and Credit Risk

The Company’s financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents and trade accounts receivable. The Company from time to time may have bank deposits in excess of insurance limits of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. As of December 31, 2023, substantially all deposits are maintained in one financial institution. The Company has not experienced any losses in such accounts and believes it is not exposed to any significant credit risk related to its cash and cash equivalents.

The Company routinely assesses the financial strength of its customers and believes that its trade receivables credit risk exposure is limited. Trade receivables are recognized at the amount of revenue recognized on each shipment for Trex Residential products as the Company has an unconditional right to consideration from the customer and payment is due based solely on the passage of time. An estimate of expected credit losses is recognized as a valuation allowance and adjusted each reporting period. The estimate is based on the current expected credit loss model and is determined using an aging schedule, including past events, current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts about the future. There was no material valuation allowance recorded as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

In the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, sales to certain customers of Trex Residential accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s total net sales. For the year ended December 31, 2023, three customers of Trex Residential represented approximately 72% of the Company’s total net sales. For the year ended December 31, 2022, three customers of Trex Residential represented 64% of the Company’s total net sales. For the year ended December 31, 2021, three customers of Trex Residential represented approximately 61% of the Company’s total net sales. No other customer represented 10% or more of the Company’s total net sales. At December 31, 2023, three customers represented 27%, 23%, and 20%, respectively, of the Company’s total accounts receivable balance. At December 31, 2022, two customers represented 35% and 26%, respectively, of the Company’s total accounts receivable balance.

For each year ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, approximately 26.7%, 17.5%, and 26%, respectively, of the Company’s materials purchases at Trex Residential were purchased from its four largest suppliers.

Inventories

Inventories for the composite decking and railing products at Trex Residential are valued at the lower of cost

(last-in,

first-out,

or LIFO, method) and market as this method results in a better matching of costs and revenues. The Company periodically reviews its inventory for slow moving or obsolete items and writes down the related products to the lower of cost or market. The Company’s reserves for estimated slow moving products or obsolescence are not material. At December 31, 2023, the excess of the replacement cost of inventory over the LIFO value of inventory was approximately $33.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had a liquidation of inventories produced in the prior year ended December 31, 2022. As a result, a portion of the Company’s cost of sales is based on prior year costs rather than on current year costs. However, the prior year cost of inventory closely approximates the current year cost of inventory and the resulting effect of the liquidation of inventories on the Company’s cost of sales in the year ended December 31, 2023, was immaterial.

A majority of the products at Trex Residential are made in a proprietary process that combines reclaimed wood fibers and scrap polyethylene. Trex Residential grinds up scrap materials generated from its manufacturing process and inventories deemed no longer salable and reintroduces the reclaimed material into the manufacturing process as a substitute for raw materials. The reclaimed material is valued at the costs of the raw material components of the material.

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Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at historical cost. The costs of additions and improvements are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. Cash flows for capital expenditures as reported in cash flows from investing activities in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows are adjusted to exclude unpaid amounts accrued at period end. Depreciation is provided using the straight-line method generally over the following estimated useful lives:

Buildings 40 years

Machinery and equipment 3-11 years

Furniture and fixtures 10 years

Forklifts and tractors 5 years

Computer equipment and software 5 years

Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or 15 years.

The Company reviews its long-lived assets, including property, plant and equipment, whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. To determine the recoverability of its long-lived assets, the Company evaluates the probability that future estimated undiscounted net cash flows will be less than the carrying amount of the long-lived assets. If the estimated cash flows are less than the carrying amount of the long-lived assets, the assets are written down to their fair value. The Company’s estimates of anticipated cash flows and the remaining estimated useful lives of long-lived assets could be reduced in the future. As a result, the carrying amount of long-lived assets could be reduced in the future. Long-lived assets held for sale are stated at the lower of cost or fair value less cost to sell.

Leases

The Company leases office space, storage warehouses, training and manufacturing facilities, and certain office and plant equipment under various operating leases. At inception of an arrangement, the Company evaluates, among other things, whether it has the right to control the use of an identified asset in order to determine if the arrangement is or contains a lease. Operating leases are included in operating lease

right-of-use

(ROU) assets, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and operating lease liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets. Operating leases with an initial term of 12 months or less are not included in the consolidated balance sheet. The Company recognizes lease expense for these leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term. ROU assets represent the right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and operating lease liabilities represent the obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The Company considers instruments with similar characteristics when calculating its incremental borrowing rate. Certain events, such as a modification to the arrangement or a change in the lease term, are assessed by the Company to determine if it is required to reassess estimates and judgments and remeasure the lease liability and ROU asset. The Company reviews its ROU asset for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be fully recoverable. The carrying amount of the ROU asset is not recoverable if it exceeds the sum of the undiscounted cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset. An impairment loss is measured as the amount by which the carrying amount of the ROU asset exceeds its fair value. The Company’s operating leases have remaining lease terms of 1 year to 7 years. Lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when the Company determines that it is reasonably certain it will exercise the option. Lease expense for operating lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company has lease agreements with lease and

non-lease

components, which are accounted for separately. Consideration for

non-lease

components is stated on a stand-alone basis in the applicable agreements.

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Fair Value Measurement

Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are measured at the amount that would be received for selling an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date and classified into one of the following fair value hierarchies:

• Level 1 – Quoted prices for identical instruments in active markets.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of cost over net assets acquired resulting from the Company’s 1996 purchase of the Mobil Composite Products Division, the 2011 purchase of the assets of the Iron Deck Corporation, and the 2017 purchase of certain assets and the assumption of certain liabilities of SC Company. The Company evaluates the recoverability of goodwill in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification Topic 350, “

Intangibles – Goodwill and Other

,” annually or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change in the interim that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the asset below its carrying amount. Goodwill is considered to be impaired when the net book value of the reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value.

The Company assigned its goodwill to reporting units and tests each reporting unit’s goodwill for impairment at least on an annual basis, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change in the interim that indicate the carrying amount of reporting unit goodwill exceeds the implied fair value of that goodwill. The Company identified its reporting units based on the way it manages its operating segments. Prior to December 30, 2022, the Company had three reporting units: a residential reporting unit in the Trex Residential reportable segment, and a commercial railing reporting unit and a staging reporting unit in the Trex Commercial reportable segment. Subsequent to the sale of Trex Commercial on December 30, 2022, the Company has one reporting unit in the Trex Residential reportable segment. Each reporting unit constitutes a business with discrete financial information and operating segment management, at a level below the Company’s chief operating decision maker, regularly reviews the operating results of the reporting unit. The Company assigned goodwill to the reporting units based on the excess of the fair values acquired over the fair value of the sum of the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed that were assigned to the reporting units.

In testing for goodwill impairment, the Company first assesses qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. If the qualitative assessment indicates that the carrying amount of the reporting unit exceeds its fair value, including goodwill, the Company is then required to perform a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The quantitative goodwill impairment test, used to identify both the existence of impairment and the amount of impairment loss, compares the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. The fair value of a reporting unit refers to the price that would be received to sell the unit as a whole in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, an impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess, limited to the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit.

The Company measures fair value of the reporting units based on a combination of the Income Approach (i.e., the Discounted Cash Flow Method) and a Market Approach. The Discounted Cash Flow Method is a multiple period discounting model in which the fair value of the reporting units are determined by discounting the projected free cash flows using an appropriate discount rate and indicates the fair value of the reporting units

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based on the present value of the cash flows that the reporting unit is expected to generate in the future. Significant assumptions in the Discounted Cash Flow Method include: the weighted average cost of capital (or discount rate); residual growth rate; future cash flow projections; and working capital effects. The Market Approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets, liabilities or a group of assets and liabilities, such as a business. Significant estimates in the Market Approach model may include identifying appropriate market multiples and assessing earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) in estimating the fair value of the reporting units. The use of different assumptions, estimates or judgements, including estimated future cash flows and the discount rate used to discount estimated cash flows to their net present value, could materially increase or decrease the fair value of the reporting unit and impact our assessment of any goodwill impairment charges. Also, if different conditions exist in future periods, future impairment charges could result.

The Company performs the annual impairment testing of its goodwill as of October 31 of each year. For fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company completed its annual impairment test of goodwill for its Trex Residential reporting segment residential reporting unit utilizing the qualitative assessment and concluded it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the residential reporting unit was less than its carrying amount. Qualitative factors the Company considered include events and circumstances such as macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, cost factors, overall financial performance, and other relevant Company-specific events, as applicable.

For fiscal year 2021, the Company determined that it was necessary to perform the goodwill impairment test for its Trex Commercial reportable segment railing and staging reporting units utilizing the quantitative assessment. The Company performed a quantitative assessment primarily due to a reduction in project commitments, which adversely impacted project backlog and forecasted net sales and EBITDA. The reduction in project commitments was influenced by a continued delay in new projects due to lingering uncertainty created in the commercial railing and staging markets by the

COVID-19

virus. The delay in new projects, coupled with the Company’s successful fulfillment of its

pre-pandemic

projects, resulted in lower project backlog, and reduced forecasted net sales and EBITDA, which became apparent in the fourth quarter of 2021. As a result, the Company recognized an impairment charge at its commercial railing reporting unit and at its staging reporting unit of $42.5 million and $11.8 million, respectively, which was the amount by which the carrying amount of the respective reporting unit exceeded its fair value. The Company also considered the income tax effects from any

tax-deductible

goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss. On December 30, 2022, the Company sold its Trex Commercial reportable segment. As such, there were no impairment considerations for Trex Commercial as of December 31, 2022 or December 31, 2023.

The Company uses assumptions that are consistent with those it believes a market participant would use. However, the use of different events and circumstances or different assumptions, estimates or judgements, including estimated future cash flows, and the discount rate used to discount estimated cash flows to their net present value and the residual growth rate, could materially increase or decrease the fair value of the reporting unit and impact our assessment of any goodwill impairment charge.

Product Warranty

The Company warrants that for the applicable warranty period its Trex Residential products, when properly installed, used and maintained, will be free from material defects in workmanship and materials and its decking, cladding, fascia and railing products will not split, splinter, rot or suffer structural damage from termites or fungal decay.

Products sold on or after January 1, 2023: The warranty period for residential use is 50 years for Transcend

decking, 35

years for Select

decking and Universal Fascia, and

25 years for Enhance

decking and Transcend, Select, Enhance and Signature

railing. The warranty period for commercial use is 10 years, excluding Signature railing and Transcend cladding, which each have a warranty period of 25 years. The Company further warrants

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that Trex Transcend, Trex Enhance and Trex Select decking and cladding and Universal Fascia products will not fade in color from light and weathering exposure more than a certain amount and will be resistant to permanent staining from food and beverage substances or mold and mildew, provided the stain is cleaned within seven days of appearance, for the warranty period referred to above. If there is a breach of such warranties, the Company has an obligation either to replace the defective product or refund the purchase price.

The Company maintains a warranty reserve for the settlement of its product warranty claims. The Company accrues for the estimated cost of product warranty claims at the time revenue is recognized based on such factors as historical claims experience and expected future claims experience. Management reviews and adjusts these estimates, if necessary, based on the differences between actual experience and historical estimates. Additionally, the Company accrues for warranty costs associated with occasional or unanticipated product quality issues if a loss is probable and can be reasonably

estimated, as necessary.

Treasury Stock

The Company records the repurchase of shares of its common stock at cost. These shares are considered treasury stock, which is a reduction to stockholders’ equity. Treasury stock is included in authorized and issued shares but excluded from outstanding shares.

Revenue Recognition

Trex Residential Products.

Trex Residential principally generates revenue from the manufacture and sale of its high-performance,

low-maintenance,

eco-friendly

composite decking and railing products and accessories. Substantially all of its revenues are from contracts with customers, which are individual customer purchase orders of short-term duration of less than one year. Trex Residential satisfies its performance obligations at a point in time. The shipment of each product is a separate performance obligation as the customer is able to derive benefit from each product shipped and no performance obligation remains after shipment. Upon shipment of the product, the customer obtains control over the distinct product and Trex Residential satisfies its performance obligation. Any performance obligation that remains unsatisfied at the end of a reporting period is part of a contract that has an original expected duration of one year or less. Any variable consideration related to the unsatisfied performance obligation is allocated wholly to the unsatisfied performance obligation and recognized when the product ships and the performance obligation is satisfied and is included in “Accrued expenses and other liabilities, Sales and marketing” in Note 8 to these Consolidated Financial Statements.

Trex Commercial Products.

Trex Commercial generated revenue from the manufacture and sale of its modular and architectural railing and staging systems. All of its revenues were from fixed-price contracts with customers. Trex Commercial contracts had a single performance obligation as the promise to transfer the individual goods or services was not separately identifiable from other promises in the contract and was, therefore, not distinct. On December 30, 2022, the Company sold substantially all of the assets of its wholly-owned subsidiary and reportable segment Trex Commercial.

Trex Commercial satisfied its performance obligation over time as work progressed because control transferred continuously to its customers. Revenue and estimated profit were recognized over time based on the proportion of actual costs incurred to date relative to total estimated costs at completion to measure progress

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toward satisfying the performance obligation. Incurred costs represent work performed, which corresponds with, and thereby best depicts, the transfer of control to the customer. Incurred costs included all direct material, labor, subcontract and certain indirect costs. The Company reviewed and updated its estimates regularly and recognized adjustments in estimated profit on contracts under the cumulative

catch-up

method. Under this method, the impact of the adjustment on revenue and estimated profit to date on a contract is recognized in the period the adjustment is identified. If at any time the estimate of contract profitability indicated an anticipated loss on the contract, the Company recognized the total loss in the period it was identified. During the year ended December 31, 2022, no adjustment to any one contract was material to the Company’s Consolidated Financial Statements and no material impairment loss on any contract was recorded.

Insurance Proceeds

The Company maintains insurance coverage for losses it may incur from identifiable insurable events resulting in facility repairs, incremental direct costs to serve its customers and losses in operating income from the loss in net sales. The Company recognizes a gain in the amount of any related insurance proceeds received in excess of any losses incurred. The gain on insurance proceeds is presented in a separate line item in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. During the year ended December 31, 2021, the Company recognized gains on insurance proceeds of $8.7 million primarily related to the fire at its Virginia Facility.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company measures stock-based compensation at the grant date of the award based on the fair value. For stock options, stock appreciation rights and time-based restricted stock and time-based restricted stock units, stock-based compensation is recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting periods of the award. The Company recognizes forfeitures as they occur. For performance-based restricted stock and performance-based restricted stock units, expense is recognized ratably over the performance and vesting period of each tranche based on management’s judgment of the ultimate award that is probable to be paid out based on the achievement of predetermined performance measures. Stock-based compensation expense is included in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Income Taxes

The Company recognizes deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the difference between the financial statement basis and tax basis of assets and liabilities using enacted tax laws and statutory tax rates. The Company assesses the likelihood that its deferred tax assets will be realized. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when, after considering all available positive and negative evidence, it is determined that it is more likely than not that some portion, or all, of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has a valuation allowance of $3.3 million against these deferred tax assets related to certain state tax credits. The Company analyzes its position in subsequent reporting periods, considering all available positive and negative evidence, in determining the expected realization of its deferred tax assets.

Research and Development Costs

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, research and development costs were $3.3 million, $0.5 million, and $6.0 million, respectively, and have been included in “Selling, general and administrative expenses” in the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income.

Advertising Costs

The Company expenses its branding and advertising communication costs as incurred. Production costs are deferred and recognized as expense in the period that the related advertisement is first used. At December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, $1.8 million and $1.6 million was included in prepaid expenses for production costs, respectively.

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For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, branding expenses, including advertising expenses as described above, were $48.8 million, $43.3 million, and $30.7 million, respectively.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company considers the recorded value of its financial assets and liabilities, consisting primarily of cash and cash equivalents, accounts receivable, accounts payable, accrued expenses and other current liabilities, and debt to approximate the fair value of the respective assets and liabilities on the Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2023 and 2022.

New Accounting Standards Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU)

No. 2023-07,

“Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures.” The guidance requires disclosure of significant segment expenses which are regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (CODM), the composition of and amount of other segment items, the CODM’s title and position within the organization, and how the CODM uses the reported measure(s) of segment’s profit or loss to assess the performance of the segment. In addition, on an interim basis, all segment profit or loss and asset disclosures currently required on an annual basis must be reported, as well as those required by Topic 280. The guidance allows for multiple measure of a segment’s profit or loss to be reported. Entities which have a single reportable segment must apply Topic 280 in its entirety. The guidance is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and for interim periods beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. Entities are required to apply the amendments of this update retrospectively for all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company does not intend to early adopt the standard and does not expect adoption of this guidance to have a material effect on its consolidated results of operations and financial position.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU

No. 2023-09,

“Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures.” The guidance requires public entities to disclose additional categories of information related to federal, state, and foreign income taxes and additional details related to reconciling items should they meet a quantitative threshold. The guidance requires disclosure of income taxes paid (net of refunds received) disaggregated by federal, state, and foreign taxes and to disaggregate the information by jurisdiction based on quantitative thresholds. The guidance is effective for fiscal year beginning after December 15, 2024. Early adoption is permitted. The guidance should be applied on a prospective basis, retrospective application is permitted. The Company does not expect adoption of the guidance to have a material effect on its consolidated results of operations and financial position.

3. SALE OF TREX COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS, INC.

On December 30, 2022, the Company completed the sale of substantially all of the assets of its wholly-owned subsidiary and reportable segment, Trex Commercial, for net proceeds of $7.3 million. The divestiture reflected the Company’s decision to focus on driving the most profitable growth strategy for the Company and its shareholders through the execution of its outdoor living strategy. With the sale complete, the Company has dedicated its resources to accelerating conversion to composites from wood and further strengthen its leadership position in the outdoor living category. The sale resulted in a loss on sale of $15.4 million and is reported in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income. The divestiture did not represent a strategic shift with a major effect on the Company’s operations and financial results and, therefore, was not reported as a discontinued operation. As such, the results of operations of Trex Commercial are consolidated in the Company’s results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021. Refer to Note 17, Segment Information, for additional information on the Trex Commercial segment.

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4. INVENTORIES

Inventories at LIFO value consist of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):

Reserve to adjust inventories to LIFO value (33,439 ) (35,051 )

Inventory related to Trex Residential composite decking and railing products is stated at the lower of LIFO cost or market. The Company periodically reviews its inventory for slow moving or obsolete items and writes down the related products to estimated market.

Under the LIFO method, reductions in inventory cause a portion of the Company’s cost of sales to be based on historical costs rather than current year costs. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had a liquidation of inventories produced in the prior year ended December 31, 2022. As a result, a portion of the Company’s cost of sales is based on prior year costs rather than on current year costs. However, the prior year cost of inventory closely approximates the current year cost of inventory and the resulting effect of the liquidation of inventories on the Company’s cost of sales was immaterial in the year ended December 31, 2023,.

5. PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER ASSETS

Prepaid expenses and other assets consist of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):

Total prepaid expenses and other assets $ 22,070 $ 35,105

6. GOODWILL AND OTHER INTANGIBLE ASSETS, NET

The carrying amount of goodwill at December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, was $14.2 million for Trex Residential. For fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, the Company completed its annual impairment test of goodwill for its residential reporting unit in Trex Residential utilizing the qualitative assessment and concluded it was not more likely than not that the fair value of the residential reporting unit was less than its carrying amount.

For fiscal year 2021, the Company elected to perform the impairment test of goodwill for its commercial railing reporting unit and its staging reporting unit utilizing the quantitative assessment. The Company performed a quantitative assessment primarily due to a reduction in project commitments, which adversely impacted project backlog and forecasted net sales and EBITDA. The reduction in project commitments was influenced by a continued delay in new projects due to lingering uncertainty created in the commercial railing and staging markets by the

COVID-19

virus. The delay in new projects, coupled with the Company’s successful fulfillment of its

pre-pandemic

projects, resulted in lower project backlog, and reduced forecasted net sales and EBITDA, which became apparent in the fourth quarter of 2021. In performing the quantitative assessment, the Company employed a combination of the Income Approach (i.e., Discounted Cash Flow Method) and the Market Approach. The Discounted Cash Flow Method is a multiple period discounting model in which the fair values of the reporting units are determined by discounting the projected free cash flows using an appropriate discount

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rate. The Market Approach uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable assets, liabilities or a group of assets and liabilities, such as a business. Using these methodologies resulted in the recognition of an impairment loss of the total amount of goodwill of $42.5 million and $11.8 million at its commercial railing and staging reporting units, respectively. The impairment loss was the amount by which the carrying amount exceeded the fair value of each reporting unit, not to exceed the amount of goodwill of each reporting unit. The Company also considered the income tax effects from any

tax-deductible

goodwill on the carrying amount of the reporting unit when measuring the goodwill impairment loss. On December 30, 2022, the Company sold Trex Commercial. As such, there were no impairment considerations for Trex Commercial as of December 31, 2022, or December 31, 2023.

Level 3 inputs used to determine the fair value of each reporting unit include management’s future cash flow projections, a weighted average cost of capital and a residual growth rate. The cash flows used to determine fair value are dependent on a number of significant management assumptions, such as expectations of future performance and the expected future economic environment, which are partly based on historical experience. Differences between actual and expected results may be material and dependent on future actions and plans. The discount rate and the residual growth rate are based on management’s judgment of the rates that would be utilized by a hypothetical market participant. The use of different assumptions, estimates or judgments, including the estimated future cash flows, the discount rate used to discount estimated cash flows to their net present value, and the residual growth rate, could materially increase or decrease the fair value of the reporting unit and, accordingly, could materially increase or decrease related impairment charges.

The Company’s intangible assets, purchased in 2018, consist of domain names for Trex Residential. At December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, intangible assets were $6.3 million and accumulated amortization was $2.4 million and $1.9 million, respectively. Intangible asset amounts were determined based on the estimated economics of the asset and are amortized over the estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis over 15 years, which approximates the pattern in which the economic benefits are expected to be received. The Company evaluates the recoverability of intangible assets periodically and considers events or circumstances that may warrant revised estimates of useful lives or that may indicate an impairment. Intangible asset amortization expense for the year ended December 31, 2023, December 31, 2022, and December 31, 2021, was $0.4 million, $0.4 million, and $0.4 million, respectively.

7. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT

Property, plant and equipment consist of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):

The Company had construction in process as of December 31, 2023, of approximately $248 million. The Company expects that substantially all of the above noted construction in process will be completed and put into service during or before the year ending December 31, 2026.

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Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021, was $49.8 million, $43.9 million, and $35.5 million, respectively.

8. ACCRUED EXPENSES AND OTHER LIABILITIES

Accrued expenses and other liabilities consist of the following as of December 31 (in thousands):

Total accrued expenses and other liabilities $ 56,734 $ 44,064

9. DEBT

Revolving Credit Facility

Indebtedness Prior to December

22, 2022

TREX US Equity

TREX · 10-K · period ended 2023-12-31

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Item 2. Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Item 9B. Other Information

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions the Prevent Inspections

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

TREX US Equity☆

TREX · 10-K · period ended 2023-12-31

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Item 2. Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Item 9B. Other Information

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions the Prevent Inspections

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

TREX US Equity