SUNS US Equity☆

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and our accompanying notes and other information included in this Annual Report. This discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties which could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, including, but not limited to, risks and uncertainties discussed under the heading “Risk Factors,” in this Annual Report. Unless the context otherwise requires, as used in this section the terms “we,” “us,” “our,” or “SUNS,” refers to Sunrise Realty Trust, Inc.

Business Overview

SUNS is a Maryland corporation that was formed on August 28, 2023, that intends to elect to be treated as a real estate investment trust for U.S. federal income tax purposes and that made its first investment in January 2024. We are led by a veteran team of commercial real estate investment professionals and our external manager, Sunrise Manager LLC. We conduct our business through our parent company, Sunrise Realty Trust, Inc., and several subsidiaries. We consolidate all of our subsidiaries under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). We are an institutional lender that provides debt capital solutions to CRE markets in the Southern United States. SUNS’ focus is on originating CRE debt investments and providing capital to high-quality borrowers and sponsors with transitional business plans collateralized by CRE assets with opportunities for near-term value creation, as well as recapitalization opportunities. SUNS intends to create a diversified investment portfolio, targeting investments in senior mortgage loans, mezzanine loans, B-notes, CMBS and debt-like preferred equity securities across CRE asset classes. We intend for SUNS’ investment mix to include high quality residential (including multi-family, condominiums and single-family residential communities), retail, office, hospitality, industrial, mixed-use and specialty-use real estate.

Our investment focus includes originating or acquiring loans backed by single assets or portfolios of assets that typically have (i) an investment hold size of approximately $15-100 million, secured by CRE assets, including transitional or construction projects, across diverse property types, (ii) a duration of approximately 2-5 years, (iii) interest rates that are determined periodically on the basis of a floating base lending rate (e.g., SOFR) plus a credit spread, (iv) a loan-to-value (“LTV”) ratio of no greater than approximately 75% on an individual investment basis and (v) no more than approximately 75% LTV across the portfolio, in each case, at the time of origination or acquisition, and are led by experienced borrowers and well-capitalized sponsors with high quality business plans. Our loans typically feature origination fees and/or exit fees. We target a portfolio net internal rate of return (“IRR”) in the low-teens, which we believe may increase to the mid-teens after including total interest and other revenue from the portfolio, including loans funded from drawing on our leverage, net of our interest expense from our portfolio lenders. We are also targeting a near- to mid-term target capitalization of one-third equity, one-third secured debt availability and one-third unsecured debt. We do not expect to be fully drawn on our secured debt availability and, as a result, we are targeting an expected leverage ratio of 1.5:1 debt-to-equity.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (“JOBS Act”), and we are eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not “emerging growth companies” including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements, and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. In addition, Section 107 of the JOBS Act provides that an “emerging growth company” can take advantage of the extended transition period provided in Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act for complying with new or revised accounting standards. In other words, an “emerging growth company” can delay the adoption of certain accounting standards until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to take advantage of the extended transition period. As a result, we will not be subject to the same implementation timing for new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, which may make comparison of our financials to those of other public companies more difficult.

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We could remain an “emerging growth company” until the earliest to occur of the following: (1) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of our common stock pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, (b) in which we have total annual revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which generally means the market value of our common equity that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of the prior fiscal year’s second fiscal quarter; and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

Spin-Off

On February 22, 2024, AFC announced a plan to separate into two independent, publicly traded companies. On July 9, 2024, AFC completed the separation of its CRE portfolio through the spin-off of SUNS. The Spin-Off was effected by the transfer of AFC’s CRE portfolio from AFC to SUNS and the distribution of all of the outstanding shares of SUNS Common Stock to all of AFC’s shareholders of record as of the close of business on July 8, 2024. AFC’s shareholders of record as of the Record Date received one share of our Common Stock for every three shares of AFC common stock held as of the Record Date. AFC retained no ownership interest in us following the Spin-Off. Prior to the Spin-Off, AFC contributed cash to us, bringing our total net assets, comprised of cash and our CRE portfolio, to approximately $114.8 million in connection with the Spin-Off.

In connection with the Spin-Off, we entered into several agreements with AFC that govern the relationship between us and AFC following the Spin-Off, including the Separation and Distribution Agreement and the Tax Matters Agreement. These agreements provide for the allocation between AFC and SUNS of the assets, liabilities and obligations (including, among others, investments, property and tax-related assets and liabilities) of AFC and its subsidiaries attributable to periods prior to, at and after the Spin-Off. Moreover, concurrent with the completion of the Spin-Off on July 9, 2024, our management agreement with our Manager became effective. Our Manager also entered into (i) an Administrative Services Agreement with TCG Services, an affiliate of our Manager and Leonard Tannenbaum, our Executive Chairman, and Robyn Tannenbaum, our President, and (ii) a Services Agreement with SRT Group, an affiliate of our Manager, Mr. Tannenbaum, Mrs. Tannenbaum, Mr. Sedrish and Mr. Hetzel.

We adopted the 2024 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”). See Note 8 to our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024 included in this Annual Report for additional information regarding our 2024 Plan.

Effective July 1, 2024, Jodi Hanson Bond and James Fagan resigned from AFC’s Board of Directors and joined our Board. Additionally, Alexander Frank was appointed as a director of SUNS and remained a director of AFC. In addition, effective July 1, 2024, Leonard M. Tannenbaum was appointed as our Executive Chairman (and remains Chairman of AFC) and Brian Sedrish was appointed as our Chief Executive Officer and as a member of our Board. Brandon Hetzel continued in his role as our Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer (and remains the Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer of AFC), and Robyn Tannenbaum continued in her role as our President (and remains the President and Chief Investment Officer of AFC).

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we incurred approximately $0.6 million related to Spin-Off costs, which are recorded within professional fees in the consolidated statements of operations.

Developments During the Year Ended December 31, 2024:

Updates to Our Loan Portfolio During the Year Ended December 31, 2024

In January 2024, we and an affiliate of ours, purchased an aggregate of approximately $56.4 million in loan commitments in a secured mezzanine loan facility, of which approximately $28.2 million of principal has been funded by us and another approximately $28.2 million of principal has been funded by the affiliate. We and the affiliate are each 50.0% syndicate lenders in the secured mezzanine loan facility. Approximately $16.9 million was established as reserves, for the payment of interest and other costs and expenses, which is fully funded and held by an affiliated agent on the loan. The lenders have a right to convert the mezzanine loan to a first priority mortgage loan after the repayment of the existing senior loan and subject to certain other terms and conditions. The secured mezzanine loan bears interest at an annual rate of SOFR plus a 15.31% spread, subject to a SOFR floor of 2.42%. At the end of February 2024, we and an affiliate entered into an amendment to the secured mezzanine loan, which among other things, extended the maturity date to May 31, 2024. In May 2024, we and the affiliate entered into an amendment to the secured mezzanine loan and purchased approximately $2.5 million of the senior loan, of which approximately $1.3 million has been funded by us and another $1.3 million has been funded by the affiliate. The senior loan bears interest at an annual rate of SOFR plus a 3.48% spread, subject to a SOFR floor of 2.42%, and matures on November 30, 2024. The amendment to the secured mezzanine loan, among other things, (1) extended the maturity date to November 30, 2024 and (2) replenished the interest reserves held by the administrative

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agent on the loan in an amount of approximately $9.6 million, for the payment of interest and other costs and expenses. In August 2024, we and the affiliate entered into amendments to the existing secured mezzanine and senior loan credit agreements for the mixed-use property in Houston, Texas. The amendments, among other things, (i) extended the maturity date on both loans from November 2024 to February 2026, (ii) modified the senior loan interest rate from floating (3.48% plus SOFR, SOFR floor of 4.0%) to fixed 12.5% and (iii) included a $12.0 million upsize to the senior loan, of which we have commitments for $6.0 million and the affiliate has commitments for the rest. The property securing the loan is a mixed-use (for-sale residential, retail and hotel) project located in Houston, Texas. A portion of the proceeds are being used to facilitate the completion of construction. In December 2024, the Borrower repaid the secured mezzanine loan in full.

In January 2024, we and an affiliate entered into a secured mezzanine loan facility consisting of an aggregate of approximately $56.4 million in loan commitments, of which approximately $20.7 million of principal was funded by us as a result of our participation interest in the loan and another approximately $20.7 million of principal was funded by the affiliate. The secured mezzanine loan commitments were issued by us and the affiliate at a discount of 1.0% for a net funding amount of approximately $20.4 million each, respectively. The $56.4 million of total commitments includes $15.0 million of unfunded commitments which was established to be drawn to pay interest on the secured mezzanine loan, of which we are responsible for $7.5 million. The $15.0 million of unfunded commitments are anticipated to be drawn over the life of the loan. We and the affiliate are each 50.0% syndicate lenders in the secured mezzanine loan facility. The secured mezzanine loan bears interest at an annual fixed rate of 13.00% and matures in May 2027, which the borrower may extend, at its option and subject to meeting certain terms and conditions, to May 2028. The mezzanine loan facility is secured by a security interest in all of the equity interests held by the borrower in its wholly-owned subsidiary. The property securing the loan is a 424-unit multi-family (with a component of ground-floor retail) project that is under construction and is located in Sarasota, Florida. A portion of the proceeds are being used to facilitate the completion of construction.

In July 2024, we and an affiliate entered into a senior secured mortgage loan for a total aggregate commitment amount of approximately $35.2 million for the refinance of an active adult multi-family residential rental development in southwest Austin, Texas. We committed a total of approximately $14.1 million and the affiliate committed the remaining approximately $21.1 million. The senior secured loan was issued at a discount of 1.0% and matures in July 2027. At closing, we funded approximately $11.4 million and the affiliate funded approximately $17.0 million. The loan bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus 4.25%, with a rate index floor of 4.75%. The senior secured loan is secured by a deed of trust on the property, any deposit and reserve accounts established by the terms of the senior secured loan and other customary collateral. The proceeds of the senior secured loan will be used to, among other things, fund the completion of construction and other reserves and refinance existing debt.

In July 2024, we and an affiliate entered into a senior secured mortgage loan for a total aggregate commitment amount of $42.0 million for the refinance of a luxury hotel component of a 20-story mixed-use project in San Antonio, Texas. We committed a total of approximately $27.3 million, and SRT committed the remaining $14.7 million. The senior secured loan was issued at a discount of 1.0% and matures in August 2027. At closing, we funded approximately $25.0 million and the affiliate funded approximately $13.5 million. The senior secured loan bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus 6.35%, with a rate index floor of 4.50%. The senior secured loan is secured by a first-priority mortgage on the property and a security interest in all of the equity interests held by the borrower. The proceeds of the senior secured loan will be used to, among other things, fund the completion of reserves and refinance existing debt.

In August 2024, we, along with our affiliates, entered into a $75.0 million senior secured revolving loan and a $85.0 million senior mortgage loan for a total aggregate commitment amount of $160.0 million for the construction of a master-planned single-family residential home community and property development in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. We committed a total of approximately $18.75 million and $21.25 million to the revolving loan and mortgage loan, respectively, and funded $8.77 million and $18.76 million towards each respective loan at close. Affiliates committed the remaining $56.25 million and $63.75 million towards the revolving loan and mortgage loan, funding $26.32 million and $56.29 million, respectively, at close. The revolving loan and mortgage loan were each issued at a discount of 1.25%. The revolving loan bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus 6.25%, with a rate index floor of 4.00%, and unused fee of 2.00%. The proceeds of the revolving loan will be used to, among other things, fund the completion of reserves, fund home construction costs and refinance existing debt. The mortgage loan bears an interest rate of SOFR plus 8.25%, with a rate index floor of 4.00%. The proceeds of the mortgage loan will be used to, among other things, fund the completion of construction and other reserves and refinance existing debt. The mortgage loan and the revolving loan each mature in September 2027. The loans are each secured by senior first mortgage lien on the property and a security interest in all of the equity interests held by the borrower.

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In November 2024, we and affiliated co-investors, entered into a whole loan (the “Whole Loan”) consisting of an aggregate of $96.0 million in loan commitments. The property securing the loan is a development site and related condominium project located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. The proceeds are expected to be used to commence and facilitate construction. We committed a total of $30.0 million and affiliated co-investors committed $60.0 million, with the remaining $6.0 million committed by an unaffiliated investor (the “Originating Lender”). At closing, we funded approximately $3.6 million, the affiliated co-investors funded approximately $7.2 million and the Originating Lender funded approximately $0.7 million. The Whole Loan is split into a Senior Loan and Mezzanine Loan, each with two A-Notes ($62.4 million of the total commitment amount) and two B-Notes ($33.6 million of the total commitment amount, of which $6.0 million was committed by the Originating Lender). The A-Notes bear interest at a rate of SOFR plus 4.75%, with a rate index floor of 4.75% of which we have commitments for approximately $20.8 million. The B-Notes bear interest at a rate of SOFR plus 11.00%, with a rate index floor of 4.75% of which we have commitments for approximately $9.2 million. The A-Notes and B-Notes were issued at a discount of 1.0% and mature in December 2026, subject to two, six-month extension options.

In November 2024, we and an affiliated co-investor entered into a $26.0 million subordinate loan (the “Subordinate Loan”). The property securing the loan is a development site and related multifamily project located in Miami, Florida. The proceeds are expected to be used to commence and facilitate construction. We committed a total of $13.0 million and the affiliated co-investor committed the remaining $13.0 million. The Subordinate Loan bears interest at a rate of 13.25% per annum, was issued at a discount of 1.0% and matures in November 2027, subject to one, six-month extension option. As of December 31, 2024, the outstanding principal balance on the Subordinate Loan was approximately $0.1 million and the cash interest rate was 13.25%.

In December 2024, we and an affiliated co-investor entered into a $57.0 million senior secured loan for the refinance of a luxury boutique hotel located in Austin, Texas. We committed a total of approximately $32.0 million, and the affiliate committed the remaining $25.0 million. The senior secured loan was issued at a discount of 1.25% and matures in December 2027. At closing, we funded approximately $29.9 million and the affiliate funded approximately $23.4 million. The senior secured loan bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus 5.50%, with a rate index floor of 4.00%. The senior secured loan is secured by a deed of trust on the property and other customary collateral. The proceeds of the senior secured loan will be used to, among other things, refinance existing debt and fund reserves.

Revolving Credit Facility

On November 6, 2024, the Company entered into the Loan and Security Agreement (as amended, restated or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Revolving Credit Agreement”) by and among the Company, as borrower, the lenders party thereto, and East West Bank, as administrative agent, joint lead arranger, joint book runner, co-syndication agent and co-documentation agent (“East West Bank”). The Revolving Credit Agreement provides for a senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) that contains initial aggregate commitments of $50.0 million from one or more FDIC-insured banking institutions, which may be borrowed, repaid and redrawn, subject to a borrowing base based on eligible loan obligations held by the Company and subject to the satisfaction of other conditions provided under the Revolving Credit Agreement.Pursuant to the terms of the Revolving Credit Agreement, the amount of total commitments may be increased to up to $200.0 million in aggregate, subject to available borrowing base and lenders’ willingness to provide additional commitments. The Revolving Credit Facility has a maturity date of November 8, 2027.

Interest is payable on the Revolving Credit Facility in cash in arrears at the rate per annum of SOFR plus 2.75%, with a SOFR floor of 2.63%; provided, however, that the interest rate will increase by an additional 0.25% during any Increase Rate Month (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement).

The Company is required to pay certain fees to the agent and the lenders under the Revolving Credit Agreement, including a $75.0 thousand agent fee payable to the agent and an 0.25% per annum loan fee payable ratably to the lenders, in each case, payable on the closing date and on the annual anniversary thereafter. Commencing on the six-month anniversary of the closing date, the Revolving Credit Facility has an unused line fee of 0.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears. Based on the terms of the Revolving Credit Agreement, the unused line fee is waived if our average revolver usage exceeds the minimum amount required per the Revolving Credit Agreement.

The Revolving Credit Facility is guaranteed by certain material subsidiaries of the Company and is secured by substantially all assets of the Company and certain of its material subsidiaries; provided that upon the meeting of certain conditions, the facility will be secured only by certain assets of the Company comprising of or relating to loan obligations designed for inclusion in the borrowing base. In addition, the Company is subject to various financial and other covenants, including a liquidity and debt service coverage ratio covenant.

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On December 9, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment Number One to Loan and Security Agreement, by and among the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, as borrowers, the lenders party thereto, and East West Bank, pursuant to which, among other things, the maximum revolver usage was temporarily increased until January 8, 2025 to the sum of (i) $50.0 million plus (ii) the lesser of $75.0 million and the aggregate amount of funds maintained in the Company’s borrowing base cash account. Following January 8, 2025, the maximum revolver usage automatically reverted back to $50.0 million.

On December 30, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment Number Two to Loan and Security Agreement, by and among the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, as borrowers, the lenders party thereto, and East West Bank, pursuant to which, among other things, the parties agreed to additional representations, covenants and other amendments to maintain its REIT status and limit the use of participation interests in any underlying obligor loan receivables secured as collateral.

On February 26, 2025, the Company entered into Amendment Number Three to Loan and Security Agreement, by and among the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, as borrowers, the lenders party thereto, and East West Bank, pursuant to which, among other things, the parties agreed to reduce the procedural requirements for obligor loan receivables to become eligible under the borrowing base.

The description above is only a summary of the material provisions of the Revolving Credit Agreement and the amendments thereto and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the Revolving Credit Agreement, as amended by the amendments, copies of which are filed as Exhibit 10.7, Exhibit 10.8, Exhibit 10.10 and Exhibit 10.11, respectively, to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated by reference herein.

SRTF Credit Facility

On November 6, 2024, in conjunction with the entry by the Company into the Revolving Credit Facility, the Company terminated the unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) dated September 26, 2024, by and between the Company, as borrower, and SRT Finance LLC, as agent and lender. Upon execution of the Revolving Credit Facility,the lenders’ commitments under the Credit Agreement were terminated and the liability of the Company and its subsidiaries with respect to their obligations under the Credit Agreement was discharged.

On December 9, 2024, the Company entered into a new unsecured revolving credit agreement (as amended, restated or otherwise modified from time to time, the “SRTF Credit Agreement”), by and among the Company, as borrower, the lenders party thereto from time to time, and SRT Finance LLC, as agent and lender. SRT Finance LLC continues to be indirectly owned by Mr. Tannenbaum and Mrs. Tannenbaum, along with their family members and associated family trusts. The SRTF Credit Agreement provides for an unsecured revolving credit facility (the “SRTF Credit Facility”) with a $75.0 million commitment, which may be borrowed, repaid and redrawn, subject to a draw fee and the other conditions provided in the SRTF Credit Agreement. Interest is payable on the SRTF Credit Facility at a rate per annum equal to 8.00%. The SRTF Credit Facility matures on the earlier of (i) May 31, 2028 and (ii) the date of the closing of any Refinancing Indebtedness (as defined in the SRTF Credit Agreement) with an aggregate principal amount equal to or greater than $75.0 million. Commencing on January 1, 2026, the Company is required to pay an annual fee equal to 1.00% of the aggregate commitments ratably to the lenders, payable on the first business day of each calendar year; provided that the fee due and payable on January 3, 2028 will be pro rated on the basis of a year of 360 days for the actual number of days elapsed from and including January 1, 2028 until and excluding May 31, 2028.

The description above is only a summary of the material provisions of the SRTF Credit Agreement and the amendment thereto and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the SRTF Credit Agreement, a copy of which is filed as Exhibit 10.9 to this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated by reference herein.

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Dividends Declared Per Share

For the year ended December 31, 2024, we declared the following cash dividends:

Based on our current estimates and assumptions, including with respect to the timeline for the deployment of our equity and debt capital, we expect to generate distributable earnings at, or close to, $0.30 per basic weighted average common share for the first two fiscal quarters of 2025 as we deploy equity capital from the January 2025 Offering. However, this estimate is preliminary and may change, and we do not anticipate providing further guidance following the deployment of the capital from the January 2025 Offering. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.”

Recent Developments

On January 29, 2025, we completed a registered public offering of 5,750,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $12.00 per share (the “January 2025 Offering”), of which 1,000,000 shares of common stock were sold to Leonard M. Tannenbaum, our Executive Chairman, at the public offering price. We received net proceeds from the January 2025 Offering of $65.3 million, net of underwriting discounts of $3.7 million. In connection with the January 2025 Offering, the underwriters were granted an over-allotment option to purchase up to an additional 862,500 shares of our common stock. On January 31, 2025, the underwriters partially exercised the over-allotment option with respect to 650,000 shares of common stock and we received additional net proceeds of $7.3 million, net of underwriting discounts of $0.5 million.

In January 2025, our senior loan for the mixed-use property in Houston, Texas was repaid in full. The outstanding principal on the date of repayment was approximately $0.2 million. We received and recognized approximately $23.5 thousand relating to the repayment premium.

In January 2025, we and an affiliated co-investor entered into a $41.0 million note-on-note financing agreement for the acquisition of a senior secured mortgage loan (the “Note”). The Note is secured by a residential property consisting of senior living, medical offices and retail space located in Aventura, Florida. We committed a total of $30.8 million, and the affiliate committed the remaining $10.3 million, funding $28.5 million and $9.5 million, respectively, on close. The Note was issued at a discount of 1.0% and matures in two years with an exit fee of 1.0% and one 12-month extension option. The Note bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus 5.00%, with a rate index floor of 4.00%. The Note is secured by a first priority collateral assignment of the senior mortgage loan, including assignment in blank of the mortgage and other loan documents, a pledge of 100% of the issued and outstanding limited liability company interests in borrower, reserve accounts, and other customary collateral.

In January 2025, we and affiliated co-investors entered into a $74.5 million senior secured mortgage loan for the construction of a build-to-suit net leased credit tenant project located in New Orleans, Louisiana. The loan proceeds will be used to commence and facilitate construction. We committed a total of $44.0 million, and affiliated co-investors committed the remaining $30.5 million, funding $0.6 million and $0.4 million, respectively, on close. The senior secured loan was issued at a discount of 1.0% and matures in three years. The loan bears interest at a rate of SOFR plus 5.60%, with a rate index floor of 4.50%. The senior loan is secured by a first priority mortgage on the property subject only to the ground lease, pledge of 100% of borrower’s equity interest, assignment of leases, security deposits, and reserve accounts as well as all future rental and sales income associated with the project.

In March 2025, we entered into an assignment and assumption agreement with an affiliated co-lender owned by Mr. Tannenbaum, our Executive Chairman, pursuant to which we purchased $10.6 million of the senior term loan and $9.4 million of the home construction revolver on the property in Palm Beach Gardens, FL, with $9.9 million and $7.4 million currently funded under such loans, respectively. The loans were purchased at par less remaining unamortized OID plus accrued interest. We did not pay any fees or premium to the affiliate for our acquisition of the affiliate’s loan commitments. Following the purchase, we hold $31.9 million in commitments of the senior term loan with $29.8 million in principal outstanding, and $28.1 million in commitments of the home construction revolver with $22.2 million of principal outstanding.

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Key Financial Measures and Indicators

As a commercial real estate finance company, we believe the key financial measures and indicators for our business are Distributable Earnings (as defined below), book value per share and dividends declared per share.

Non-GAAP Metrics

Distributable Earnings

In addition to using certain financial metrics prepared in accordance with GAAP to evaluate our performance, we also use Distributable Earnings to evaluate our performance, excluding the effects of certain transactions and GAAP adjustments we believe are not necessarily indicative of our current loan activity and operations. Distributable Earnings is a measure that is not prepared in accordance with GAAP. We use these non-GAAP financial measures both to explain our results to shareholders and the investment community and in the internal evaluation and management of our businesses. Our management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures and the information they provide are useful to investors since these measures permit investors and shareholders to assess the overall performance of our business using the same tools that our management uses to evaluate our past performance and prospects for future performance. The determination of Distributable Earnings is substantially similar to the determination of Core Earnings under our Management Agreement, provided that Core Earnings is a component of the calculation of any Incentive Compensation earned under the Management Agreement for the applicable time period. Thus, Core Earnings is calculated without giving effect to Incentive Compensation expense, while the calculation of Distributable Earnings accounts for any Incentive Compensation earned for such time period.

We define Distributable Earnings as, for a specified period, the net income (loss) computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding (i) stock-based compensation expense, (ii) depreciation and amortization, (iii) any unrealized gains, losses or other non-cash items recorded in net income (loss) for the period, regardless of whether such items are included in other comprehensive income or loss, or in net income (loss); provided that Distributable Earnings does not exclude, in the case of investments with a deferred interest feature (such as OID, debt instruments with PIK interest and zero coupon securities), accrued income that we have not yet received in cash, (iv) provision for (reversal of) current expected credit losses, (v) TRS (income) loss, net of any dividends received from TRS and (vi) one-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP and certain non-cash charges, in each case after discussions between our Manager and our independent directors and after approval by a majority of such independent directors.

We believe providing Distributable Earnings on a supplemental basis to our net income as determined in accordance with GAAP is helpful to shareholders in assessing the overall performance of our business. As a REIT, we are required to distribute at least 90% of our annual REIT taxable income, subject to certain adjustments, and to pay tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that we annually distribute less than 100% of such taxable income. Given these requirements and our belief that dividends are generally one of the principal reasons that shareholders invest in our Common Stock, we generally intend to attempt to pay dividends to our shareholders in an amount at least equal to such REIT taxable income, if and to the extent authorized by our Board of Directors. Distributable Earnings is one of many factors considered by our Board of Directors in authorizing dividends and, while not a direct measure of net taxable income, over time, the measure can be considered a useful indicator of our dividends.

Distributable Earnings is a non-GAAP financial measure and should not be considered as a substitute for GAAP net income. We caution readers that our methodology for calculating Distributable Earnings may differ from the methodologies employed by other REITs to calculate the same or similar supplemental performance measures, and as a result, our reported Distributable Earnings may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other REITs.

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The following table provides a reconciliation of GAAP net income to Distributable Earnings:

Adjustments to net income:

Stock-based compensation expense 338,404 —

Depreciation and amortization — —

Unrealized (gains) losses, or other non-cash items — —

Provision for (reversal of) current expected credit losses 40,180 —

TRS (income) loss — —

One-time events pursuant to changes in GAAP and certain non-cash charges — —

Basic weighted average shares of common stock outstanding 6,800,841 6,889,032

Distributable earnings per basic weighted average share $ 1.07 $ 0.03

Book Value Per Share

We believe that book value per share is helpful to shareholders in evaluating our growth as we scale our equity capital base and continue to invest in our target investments. The book value per share of our Common Stock as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately $16.29 and $4.53, respectively, on a post-split share basis.

Factors Impacting our Operating Results

The results of our operations are affected by a number of factors and primarily depend on, among other things, the level of our net interest margin, the market value of our assets and the supply of, and demand for, commercial real estate debt and other financial assets in the marketplace. Our net interest margin, which includes the accretion and amortization of OID, is recognized based on the contractual rate and the outstanding principal balance of the loans we originate. Interest rates will vary according to the type of loan, conditions in the financial markets, creditworthiness of our borrowers, competition and other factors, some of which cannot be predicted with any certainty. Our operating results may also be impacted by credit losses in excess of initial anticipations or unanticipated credit events experienced by our borrowers.

Results of Operations for the year ended December 31, 2024

We were formed on August 28, 2023 with limited operational activity during the period from August 28, 2023 to December 31, 2023. We did not make our first investment until January 2024; and therefore, we have no period to compare results for the year ended December 31, 2024.

Our net income allocable to our common shareholders for the year ended December 31, 2024, was approximately $6.9 million, or $1.01 per basic weighted average common share. Net interest income was comprised of interest income earned of approximately $10.8 million, net of interest expense of approximately $(0.2) million.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, operating expenses were approximately $3.7 million, mainly relating to approximately $1.3 million in general and administrative expenses, $1.3 million in professional fees and $0.8 million in management fees. As a result of our Management Agreement with SUNS Manager, SUNS management fee was approximately $0.8 million and no incentive fee was incurred for the year ended December 31, 2024. Reimbursable shared expenses under the Management Agreement were approximately $1.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Professional fees included approximately $0.6 million in spin-off costs incurred during the year ended December 31, 2024. Other costs within professional fees related to legal, audit, and board of director fees.

Stock-based compensation was approximately $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, driven by restricted stock awards granted and restricted stock awards converted as part of the Spin-Off.

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Provision for Current Expected Credit Losses

The provision for current expected credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $40.2 thousand. The CECL Reserve balance as of December 31, 2024 was approximately $40.2 thousand, or 0.03%, of our total loans held at carrying value of approximately $130.7 million and was bifurcated between (i) the current expected credit loss reserve (contra-asset) related to outstanding balances on loans held at carrying value of $21.8 thousand and (ii) a liability for unfunded commitments of approximately $18.4 thousand. The liability is based on the unfunded portion of loan commitments over the full contractual period over which we are exposed to credit risk through a current obligation to extend credit. Management considered the likelihood that funding will occur, and if funded, the expected credit loss on the funded portion. We continuously evaluate the credit quality of each loan by assessing the risk factors of each loan.

Loan Portfolio

The table below summarizes our total loan portfolio as of December 31, 2024, unless otherwise specified.

Senior mortgage loans:

Subordinate debt:

WtdAverage

(1)Estimated YTM includes a variety of fees and features that affect the total yield, which may include, but is not limited to, OID, exit fees, prepayment fees, unused fees and contingent features. OID is recognized as a discount to the funded loan principal and is accreted to income over the term of the loan.

The estimated YTM calculations require management to make estimates and assumptions, including, but not limited to, the timing and amounts of loan draws on delayed draw loans, the timing and collectability of exit fees, the probability and timing of prepayments and the probability of contingent features occurring. For example, certain credit agreements contain provisions pursuant to which certain interest rates and fees earned by us under such credit agreements will decrease upon the satisfaction of certain specified criteria which we believe may improve the risk profile of the applicable borrower. To be conservative, we have not assumed any prepayment penalties or early payoffs in our estimated YTM calculation. Estimated YTM is based on current management estimates and assumptions, which may change. Estimated YTM is calculated using the interest rate as of December 31, 2024 applied through maturity. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions.

(2)This loan is structured as a senior term loan and home construction revolver, of which the proceeds will be used to fund varying development projects. Under each credit facility, the borrower is able to re-draw funds after repayment through maturity.

(3)The interest subtotal rate is a weighted average rate.

Loans Held for Investment at Carrying Value

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, our portfolio included nine and zero loans held at carrying value, respectively.The aggregate originated commitment under these loans was approximately $190.9 million and zero, respectively, and outstanding principal was approximately $132.6 million and zero, respectively, as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. During the yearDecember 31, 2024, we funded approximately $165.7 million of new loans and additional principal and had approximately $33.2 million of principal repayments of loans held at carrying value. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, approximately 79% and zero, respectively, of our loans held at carrying value had floating interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, these floating benchmark rates included one-month SOFR subject to a weighted average floor of 4.2% and quoted at 4.3%.

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The following tables summarize our loans held at carrying value as of December 31, 2024:

(1)The difference between the Carrying Value and the Outstanding Principal amount of the loans consists of unaccreted OID and loan origination costs.

(2)Weighted average remaining life is calculated based on the carrying value of each respective group of loans as of December 31, 2024.

(3)Senior mortgage loans include senior loans that also have a contiguous subordinate loan because as a whole, the expected credit quality of the subordinate loan is more similar to that of a senior loan.

The following table presents changes in loans held at carrying value as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024:

Principal Original IssueDiscount Carrying Value

Total loans held at carrying value at December 31, 2023 $ — $ — $ —

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measure of our ability to meet potential cash requirements, including ongoing commitments to repay borrowings, fund and maintain our assets and operations, make distributions to our shareholders and meet other general business needs. We use significant cash to purchase our target investments, repay principal and interest on our borrowings, make distributions to our shareholders and fund our operations. The sources of financing for our target investments are described below.

Our primary sources of cash generally consist of net proceeds of future debt or equity offerings, debt financing, including borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and the SRTF Credit Facility, payments of principal and interest we receive on our portfolio of assets and cash generated from our operating results.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, all of our cash was unrestricted and totaled approximately $184.6 million and $31.2 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2024, we believe that our cash on hand, capacity available under the Revolving Credit Facility, SRTF Credit Facility and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to satisfy the operating requirements of our business through at least the next twelve months.

Capital Markets

Given the nature of our business, we constantly explore both the public and private capital markets to raise capital, subject to market and other considerations.

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On January 29, 2025, we completed a registered public offering of 5,750,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $12.00 per share, of which 1,000,000 shares of common stock were sold to Leonard M. Tannenbaum, our Executive Chairman, at the public offering price. We received net proceeds from the January 2025 Offering of $65.3 million, net of underwriting discounts of $3.7 million. In connection with the January 2025 Offering, the underwriters were granted an over-allotment option to purchase up to an additional 862,500 shares of our common stock. On January 31, 2025, the underwriters partially exercised the over-allotment option with respect to 650,000 shares of common stock and we received additional net proceeds of $7.3 million, net of underwriting discounts of $0.5 million.

We intend to raise future equity capital and issue debt securities in order to fund our future investments in loans.

Revolving Credit Facility

On November 6, 2024, the Company entered into the Revolving Credit Facility, which contains initial aggregate commitments of $50.0 million, which may be borrowed, repaid and redrawn (subject to a borrowing base based on eligible loan obligations held by the Company and subject to the satisfaction of other conditions provided under the Revolving Credit Agreement). The amount of total commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility may be increased to up to $200.0 million in aggregate, subject to available borrowing base and lenders’ willingness to provide additional commitments.

See “Developments During the Year Ended December 31, 2024— Revolving Credit Facility” above.

SRTF Credit Facility

On December 9, 2024, the Company entered into the SRTF Credit Facility, which provides for an unsecured revolving credit facility with a $75.0 million commitment, which may be borrowed, repaid and redrawn, subject to a draw fee and the other conditions provided in the SRTF Credit Agreement.

See “Developments During the Year Ended December 31, 2024— SRTF Credit Facility” above.

Other Credit Facilities, Warehouse Facilities and Repurchase Agreements

In the future, we may also use other sources of financing to fund the origination or acquisition of our target investments, including other credit facilities and other secured and unsecured forms of borrowing. These financings may be collateralized or non-collateralized and may involve one or more lenders. We expect that these facilities will typically have maturities ranging from two to five years and may accrue interest at either fixed or floating rates.

Debt Service

As of December 31, 2024, we believe that our cash on hand, capacity available under our Revolving Credit Facility and SRTF Credit Facility, and cash flows from operations will be sufficient to service our outstanding debt during the next twelve months.

Cash Flows

The following table sets forth changes in cash and cash equivalents for the year ended December 31, 2024 and during the period from August 28, 2023 to December 31, 2023:

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities $ 1,640,535 $ 244,622

Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (125,178,913) —

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $1.6 million, compared to approximately $0.2 million for the period from August 28, 2023 to December 31, 2023. The increase of approximately $1.4 million during the period from August 28, 2023 to December 31, 2023 to the year ended December 31,

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2024 was primarily due to an increase in net income of approximately $6.6 million, partially offset by changes in net working capital. The most significant items in working capital were an increase in non-cash interest income capitalized of $(5.3) million, an increase in interest receivable of approximately $(1.1) million, increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of approximately $(0.5) million, partially offset by an increase in accrued management and incentive fees of $0.4 million, increase in accrued direct administrative expenses of $0.7 million and increase in accounts payable and other liabilities of approximately $0.3 million.

Net Cash (Used in) Provided by Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $(125.2) million, compared to zero for the period from August 28, 2023 to December 31, 2023. The decrease of approximately $(125.2) million was primarily due to an increase in issuance and fundings on loans of approximately $(158.3) million, partially offset by an increase in principal repayments of loans of approximately $33.2 million.

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $276.9 million, compared to $31.0 million for the period from August 28, 2023 to December 31, 2023. The increase of approximately $245.9 million during the period from August 28, 2023 to December 31, 2023 to the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily due to an increase in net transfers and distributions from our Former Parent of approximately $49.1 million and an increase of $248.8 million in borrowings on the revolving credit facilities, offset by $(50.0) million in repayments on the SRTF Revolving Credit Facility.

Contractual Obligations, Other Commitments, and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024 are as follows:

Less than1 year 1-3 years 3-5 years More than5 years Total

As of December 31, 2024, all unfunded commitments were related to our total loan commitments and were available for funding in less than three years.

We may enter into certain contracts that may contain a variety of indemnification obligations. The maximum potential future payment amounts we could be required to pay under these indemnification obligations may be unlimited.

Off-balance sheet commitments consist of unfunded commitments on delayed draw loans. Other than as set forth in this Annual Report, we do not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured investment vehicles, special purpose entities or variable interest entities, established to facilitate off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes. Further, we have not guaranteed any obligations of unconsolidated entities or entered into any commitment to provide, nor do we intend to provide, additional funding to any such entities.

Dividends

We intend to elect to be taxed as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, commencing with the taxable year ending December 31, 2024, and, as such, intend to annually distribute to our shareholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, prior to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding our net capital gain. If we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income in any tax year (taking into account any distributions made in a subsequent tax year under Sections 857(b)(9) or 858 of the Code), we will pay tax at regular corporate rates on that undistributed portion. Furthermore, if we distribute less than the sum of (i) 85% of our ordinary income for the calendar year, (ii) 95% of our capital gain net income for the calendar year and (iii) any undistributed shortfall from our prior calendar year (the “Required Distribution”) to our shareholders during any calendar year (including any distributions declared by the last day of the calendar year but paid in the subsequent year), then we are required to pay non-deductible excise tax equal to 4% of any shortfall between the Required Distribution and the amount that was actually distributed. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distribution to our shareholders. The 90% distribution requirement does not require the distribution of net capital gains.

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However, if we elect to retain any of our net capital gain for any tax year, we must notify our shareholders and pay tax at regular corporate rates on the retained net capital gain. The shareholders must include their proportionate share of the retained net capital gain in their taxable income for the tax year, and they are deemed to have paid the REIT’s tax on their proportionate share of the retained capital gain. Furthermore, such retained capital gain may be subject to the nondeductible 4% excise tax. If we determine that our estimated current year taxable income (including net capital gain) will be in excess of estimated dividend distributions (including capital gains dividends) for the current year from such income, we will accrue excise tax on a portion of the estimated excess taxable income as such taxable income is earned.

To the extent that our cash available for distribution is less than the amount required to be distributed under the REIT provisions of the Code, we may be required to fund distributions from working capital or through equity, equity-related or debt financings or, in certain circumstances, asset sales, as to which our ability to consummate transactions in a timely manner on favorable terms, or at all, cannot be assured, or we may make a portion of the Required Distribution in the form of a taxable stock distribution or distribution of debt securities.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements are prepared in accordance with GAAP which requires the use of estimates and assumptions that involve the exercise of judgment as to future uncertainties. In accordance with SEC guidance, the following discussion addresses the accounting policies that we believe apply to us based on the nature of our initial operations. Our most critical accounting policies involve decisions and assessments that could affect our reported assets and liabilities, as well as our reported revenues and expenses. We believe that all of the decisions and assessments used to prepare our financial statements are based upon reasonable assumptions given the information available to us at that time. Those accounting policies and estimates that we believe are most critical to an investor’s understanding of our financial results and condition and require complex management judgment are discussed below.

Loans Held for Investment

We originate commercial real estate debt and related instruments generally to be held for investment. Loans held for investment are carried at cost, net of unamortized loan original issue discount and origination costs and other original issue discounts (the “carrying value”). Although we generally hold our target investments as long-term loans, we may occasionally classify some of our loans as held for sale. Loans held for sale are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded through earnings.

Loans are generally collateralized by real estate, equipment and/or other assets of borrowers to the extent permitted by applicable laws and the regulations governing such borrowers. The extent of any credit deterioration associated with the performance and/or value of the underlying collateral property and the financial and operating capability of the borrower could impact the expected amounts received. We monitor performance of our loans held for investment portfolio under the following methodology: (i) borrower review, which analyzes the borrower’s ability to execute on its original business plan, reviews its financial condition, assesses pending litigation and considers its general level of responsiveness and cooperation; (ii) economic review, which considers underlying collateral (i.e., leasing performance, unit sales and cash flow of the collateral and its ability to cover debt service, as well as the residual loan balance at maturity); (iii) property review, which considers current environmental risks, changes in insurance costs or coverage, current site visibility, capital expenditures and market perception; and (iv) market review, which analyzes the collateral from a supply and demand perspective of similar property types, as well as from a capital markets perspective.

We accrete or amortize any discounts or premiums on loans held for investment over the life of the related loan held for investment utilizing the effective interest method.

ASC 820-10, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures (“ASC 820-10”) expands the application of fair value accounting and defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with GAAP and expands disclosure of fair value measurements. ASC 820-10 determines fair value to be the price that would be received for an investment in a current sale, which assumes an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820-10 assumes that the loan is sold in its principal market to market participants or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market, which may be a hypothetical market. Market participants are defined as buyers and sellers in the principal or most advantageous market that are independent, knowledgeable, and willing and able to transact. In accordance with ASC 820-10, if we elected the ASC 825-10 fair value option, we would consider its principal market as the market in which we exit our investments with the greatest volume and level of activity. ASC 820-10 specifies a

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hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. In accordance with ASC 820-10, these inputs are summarized in the three broad levels listed below:

•Level 1—Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that we have the ability to access.

•Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

•Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

If inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, a loan’s level is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the loan. This includes loans that are valued using “bid” and “ask” prices obtained from independent third-party pricing services or directly from brokers.

Financial instruments with readily available quoted prices generally will have a higher degree of market price observability and a lesser degree of judgment inherent in measuring fair value. As such, we obtain and analyze readily available market quotations provided by pricing vendors and brokers for all of our loans for which quotations are available. In determining the fair value of a particular loan, pricing vendors and brokers use observable market information, including both binding and non-binding indicative quotations.

GAAP requires disclosure of fair value information about financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities, whether or not recognized in the financial statements, for which it is practical to estimate the value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based upon the application of discount rates to estimated future cash flows using market yields, or other valuation methodologies. Any changes to the valuation methodology will be reviewed by our management to ensure the changes are appropriate. The methods used may produce a fair value calculation that is not indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while we anticipate that the valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies, or assumptions, to determine the fair value of certain financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. We use inputs that are current as of the measurement date, which may fall within periods of market dislocation, during which price transparency may be reduced.

Current Expected Credit Loss Reserve (“CECL”)

We estimate our CECL Reserve using a model that considers multiple datapoints and methodologies that may include discounted cash flows (“DCF”) and other inputs which may include the risk rating of the loan, how recently the loan was originated compared to the measurement date, and expected prepayment if applicable. Calculation of the CECL Reserve requires loan specific data, which may include fixed charge coverage ratio, loan-to-value, property type and geographic location. Estimating the CECL Reserve also requires significant judgment with respect to various factors, including but not limited to the expected timing of loan repayments and our current and future view of the macroeconomic environment. We may consider loan-specific qualitative factors on certain loans to estimate our CECL Reserve, which may include (i) whether cash from the borrower’s operations is sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future, (ii) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan and (iii) the liquidation value of collateral. For loans where we have deemed the borrower/sponsor to be experiencing financial difficulty, we may elect to apply a practical expedient in which the fair value of the underlying collateral is compared to the amortized cost of the loan in determining a specific CECL allowance.

Revenue Recognition

Interest income from loans is accrued based on the outstanding principal amount and the contractual terms of each loan. Revenue from OID is also recognized in interest income from loans over the initial loan term as a yield adjustment using the effective interest method. Management places loans on nonaccrual status when principal or interest payments are past due 30 days or more or when full recovery of interest and principal is doubtful. Accrued and unpaid interest is generally reversed against interest income in the period the loan is placed on nonaccrual status. Interest payments received on nonaccrual loans are generally recognized on a cash basis and may be recognized as income or applied to principal depending upon management’s judgment regarding the borrower’s ability to make pending principal and interest payments. Nonaccrual loans are restored to accrual status when past due principal and interest are paid and, in management’s judgment, are likely to remain current. We may make exceptions to placing a loan on nonaccrual status if the loan has sufficient collateral value and is in the process of collection. Delayed draw loans earn interest or unused fees on the

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undrawn portion of the loan, which is recognized as interest income in the period earned. Other fees, including prepayment fees and exit fees, are also recognized as interest income when received. Any such fees will be generated in connection with our investments and recognized as earned in accordance with GAAP.

Interest Drawn on Loans

We have loans in our portfolio that contain provisions for funded interest. The interest drawn on loans is computed at the contractual rate specified in each applicable agreement and is accrued and added to the principal balance of the loan monthly in arrears and recorded as interest income. The interest income that is drawn on the loans is added to the principal balance and is generally collected upon repayment of the outstanding principal. To maintain our status as a REIT, this non-cash source of income is included in taxable income and will increase the dividend paid to shareholders for the year earned, even though we have not yet collected the cash.

Income Taxes

We are a Maryland corporation and intend to elect to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2024. We believe we have qualified, and our method of operation will enable us to continue to qualify, as a REIT. However, no assurances can be given that our beliefs or expectations will be fulfilled, since qualification as a REIT depends on us satisfying numerous asset, income and distribution tests which depend, in part, on our operating results.

To continue to qualify as a REIT, we must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that we distribute annually to our shareholders at least 90% of our REIT taxable income prior to the deduction for dividends paid and excluding our net capital gain. To the extent that we distribute less than 100% of our REIT taxable income in any tax year (taking into account any distributions made in a subsequent tax year under Sections 857(b)(9) or 858 of the Code), we will pay tax at regular corporate rates on that undistributed portion. Furthermore, if we distribute less than the sum of 1) 85% of our ordinary income for the calendar year, 2) 95% of our capital gain net income for the calendar year, and 3) any Required Distributions to our shareholders during any calendar year (including any distributions declared by the last day of the calendar year but paid in the subsequent year), then we are required to pay a non-deductible excise tax equal to 4% of any shortfall between the Required Distribution and the amount that was actually distributed. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distribution to our shareholders. The 90% distribution requirement does not require the distribution of net capital gains. However, if we elect to retain any of our net capital gain for any tax year, we must notify our shareholders and pay tax at regular corporate rates on the retained net capital gain. The shareholders must include their proportionate share of the retained net capital gain in their taxable income for the tax year, and they will be deemed to have paid the REIT’s tax on their proportionate share of the retained capital gain. Furthermore, such retained capital gain may be subject to the nondeductible 4% excise tax. If it is determined that our estimated current year taxable income (including net capital gain) will be in excess of estimated dividend distributions (including capital gains dividends) for the current year from such income, we accrue excise tax on a portion of the estimated excess taxable income as such taxable income is earned. The annual expense is calculated in accordance with applicable tax regulations. Excise tax expense is included in the line item income tax expense.

A TRS is a corporation in which we directly or indirectly own stock and that jointly with us elects to be treated as our TRS under Section 856(l) of the Code. If our TRS owns, directly or indirectly, securities representing 35% or more of the vote or value of a subsidiary corporation, that subsidiary will also be treated as our TRS. A TRS is subject to U.S. federal income tax and state and local income tax, where applicable, as a regular C corporation. Generally, a TRS can engage in activities that, if conducted by us other than through a TRS, could result in the receipt of non-qualified income or the ownership of non-qualified assets. However, several provisions regarding the arrangements between a REIT and its TRSs ensure that a TRS will be subject to an appropriate level of U.S. federal income taxation. For example, we will be obligated to pay a 100% penalty tax on some payments that we receive or certain other amounts or on certain expenses deducted by the TRS if the economic arrangements among us, our borrowers and/or the TRS are not comparable to similar arrangements among unrelated parties.

FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. We have analyzed our various federal and state filing positions and believe that our income tax filing positions and deductions are well documented and supported as of December 31, 2024. Based on our evaluation, there is no reserve for any uncertain income tax positions. Accrued interest and penalties, if any, are included within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

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JOBS Act

The JOBS Act permits an emerging growth company such as us to take advantage of an extended transition period to comply with new or revised accounting standards applicable to public companies until those standards would otherwise apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of the extended transition period for complying with new or revised financial accounting standards.

We will remain an emerging growth company until the earliest of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the date of the first sale of our common stock pursuant to an effective registration statement under the Securities Act, (b) in which we have total annual revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which generally means the market value of our common equity that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the end of the prior fiscal year’s second fiscal quarter; and (2) the date on which we have issued more than $1 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements and Recent Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption

See Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, which describes recent accounting pronouncements that we have adopted and are pending adoption.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Risk Management

We intend for our investment mix to include high quality residential, including multi-family, condominiums and single-family residential communities, retail, office, hospitality, industrial, mixed-use and specialty-use real estate. We believe that our Manager’s rigorous investment process on our behalf will enable us to make investments with potential for value creation as we seek to provide capital to strong sponsors with readily executable business plans while endeavoring to implement significant downside protections.

The allocation of capital among our target assets will depend on prevailing market conditions at the time we invest, among other considerations, and may change over time in response to changes in market conditions, including with respect to interest rates and general economic and credit market conditions as well as local economic conditions in markets where we are active.

Changes in Fair Value of Our Assets

We generally hold our target investments as long-term loans; however, we may occasionally classify some of our loans as held for sale. We may carry our loans at fair value or carrying value in our balance sheets. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, none of our loans held for investment were carried at fair value.

We evaluate our loans on a quarterly basis and fair value is determined by our Board through its independent Audit and Valuation Committee. We use an independent third-party valuation firm to provide input in the valuation of all of our unquoted investments, which we consider along with other various subjective and objective factors in making our evaluations.

Our loans are typically valued using a yield analysis, which is typically performed for non-credit impaired loans to borrowers. Alternative valuation methodologies may be used as appropriate, and can include a market analysis, income analysis, or recovery analysis. To determine fair value using a yield analysis, a current price is imputed for the loan based upon an assessment of the expected market yield for a similarly structured loan with a similar level of risk. In the yield analysis, we consider the current contractual interest rate, the maturity and other terms of the loan relative to risk of the borrower and the specific loan. A key determinant of risk, among other things, is the leverage through the loan relative to the enterprise value of the borrower. As loans held by us are substantially illiquid with no active transaction market, we depend on primary market data, including newly funded loans, as well as secondary market data with respect to high-yield debt instruments and syndicated loans, as inputs in determining the appropriate market yield, as applicable. Changes in market yields, recovery rates, and revenue multiples may change the fair value of certain of our loans. Generally, an increase in market yields may result in a decrease in the fair value of certain of our loans, while a decrease in revenue multiples and recovery rates may result in a decrease in the fair value of certain of our loans; however, this is mitigated to the extent our loans bear interest at a floating rate.

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Due to the inherent uncertainty of determining the fair value of loans that do not have a readily available market value, the fair value of our loans may fluctuate from period to period. Additionally, the fair value of our loans may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market existed for such loans and may differ materially from the values that we may ultimately realize. Further, such loans are generally subject to legal and other restrictions on resale or otherwise are less liquid than publicly traded securities. If we were required to liquidate our investment in a loan in a forced or liquidation sale, we could realize significantly less than the value at which we had recorded such loan investment.

Changes in Market Interest Rates and Effect on Net Interest Income

Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including fiscal and monetary policies and domestic and international economic and political considerations, as well as other factors beyond our control. We are subject to interest rate risk in connection with our assets and our related financing obligations.

Our operating results depend in large part on differences between the income earned on our assets and our cost of borrowing. The cost of our borrowings generally will be based on prevailing market interest rates. During a period of rising interest rates, our borrowing costs generally will increase (a) while the yields earned on our leveraged fixed-rate loan assets will remain static, and (b) at a faster pace than the yields earned on our leveraged floating-rate loan assets, which could result in a decline in our net interest spread and net interest margin. The severity of any such decline would depend on our asset/liability composition at the time as well as the magnitude and duration of the interest rate increase. Further, an increase in short-term interest rates could also have a negative impact on the market value of our target investments. If any of these events happen, we could experience a decrease in net income or incur a net loss during these periods, which could adversely affect our liquidity and results of operations.

We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary course of our business. These risks primarily relate to fluctuations in interest rates. Our loans are typically valued using a yield analysis, which is typically performed for non-credit impaired loans to borrowers. Alternative valuation methodologies may be used as appropriate, and can include a market analysis, income analysis, or recovery analysis. Changes in market yields, revenue multiples, and recovery rates may change the fair value of certain of our loans. Generally, an increase in market yields may result in a decrease in the fair value of certain of our loans, while a decrease in revenue multiples and recovery rates may result in a decrease in the fair value of certain of our loans; however, this is mitigated to the extent our loans bear interest at a floating rate. As of December 31, 2024, we had six floating-rate loans, representing approximately 79% of our portfolio based on aggregate outstanding principal balances. These floating benchmark rates included one-month SOFR subject to a weighted average floor of 4.2% and quoted at 4.3%. We estimate that a hypothetical 100 basis points increase in the floating benchmark rate would result in an increase in annual interest income of approximately $1.0 million and a hypothetical 100 basis points decrease in the floating benchmark rate would result in a decrease in annual interest income of approximately $(0.1) million.

Interest Rate Cap Risk

We originate both fixed and floating rate loans. These are assets in which the loans may be subject to periodic and lifetime interest rate caps and floors, which limit the amount by which the asset’s interest yield may change during any given period. However, our future borrowing costs pursuant to our potential financing agreements may not be subject to similar restrictions. Therefore, in a period of increasing interest rates, interest rate costs on our borrowings could increase without limitation by caps, while the interest-rate yields on our floating-rate assets would effectively be limited. In addition, floating-rate assets may be subject to periodic payment caps that result in some portion of the interest being deferred and added to the principal outstanding. This could result in our receipt of cash income from such assets in an amount that is less than the amount that we would need to pay the interest cost on our related borrowings. These factors could lower our net interest income or cause a net loss during periods of rising interest rates, which would harm our financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

Interest Rate Mismatch Risk

We may fund a portion of our origination of loans, or of loans that we may in the future acquire, with borrowings that are based on various benchmarks, while the interest rates on these assets may be fixed or indexed to SOFR, U.S. prime rate, or another index rate. Accordingly, any increase in an index rate will generally result in an increase in our borrowing costs that would not be matched by fixed-rate interest earnings and may not be matched by a corresponding increase in floating-rate interest earnings. Any such interest rate mismatch could adversely affect our profitability, which may negatively impact distributions to our shareholders.

Our analysis of risks is based on our Manager’s experience, estimates, models and assumptions. These analyses rely on models which utilize estimates of fair value and interest rate sensitivity. Actual economic conditions or implementation of

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decisions by our Manager and our management may produce results that differ significantly from the estimates and assumptions used in our models and the projected results.

Credit Risk

We are subject to varying degrees of credit risk in connection with our loans and interest receivable. Our Manager seeks to mitigate this risk by seeking to originate loans, and may in the future acquire loans, of higher quality at appropriate prices given anticipated and unanticipated losses, by employing a comprehensive review and selection process and by proactively monitoring originated and acquired loans. Nevertheless, unanticipated credit losses could occur that could adversely impact our operating results.

We expect to be subject to varying degrees of credit risk in connection with holding our portfolio of loans. We will have exposure to credit risk on our commercial real estate loans and other targeted types of loans. Our Manager will seek to manage credit risk by performing deep credit fundamental analysis of potential assets and through the use of non-recourse financing, when and where available and appropriate.

Credit risk will also be addressed through our Manager’s ongoing review, and loans will be monitored for variance from expected prepayments, defaults, severities, losses and cash flow on a quarterly basis.

Our Investment Guidelines are not subject to any limits or proportions with respect to the mix of target investments that we make or that we may in the future acquire other than as necessary to maintain our exemption from registration under the Investment Company Act and our qualification as a REIT. Our investment decisions will depend on prevailing market conditions and may change over time in response to opportunities available in different interest rate, economic and credit environments. As a result, we cannot predict the percentage of our capital that will be invested in any individual target investment at any given time.

Our loan portfolio as of December 31, 2024 was concentrated with the top three borrowers representing approximately 49.0% of the aggregate outstanding principal balances and approximately 53.4% of the total loan commitments. We made our first investment in January 2024 and expect to continue to diversify our loan portfolio as loans in our pipeline are evaluated and are originated through the deployment of our capital.

Real Estate Risk

Commercial real estate loans are subject to volatility and may be affected adversely by a number of factors, including, but not limited to, national, regional and local economic conditions (which may be adversely affected by industry slowdowns and other factors); local real estate conditions; changes or continued weakness in specific industry segments; construction quality, age and design; demographic factors; and retroactive changes to building or similar codes. In addition, decreases in property values reduce the value of the collateral and the potential proceeds available to a borrower to repay the underlying loan or loans, as the case may be, which could also cause us to suffer losses.

Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

See our consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto together with the report thereon of CohnReznick LLP dated March 6, 2025, beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report included in Item 15, which are incorporated herein by reference in this Item 8.

Item 9. Changes In and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company maintains disclosure controls and procedures (as that term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s reports under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, and summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures. Any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of

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achieving the desired control objectives. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report was made under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer. Based upon this evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures (a) are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is timely recorded, processed, summarized and reported and (b) include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include a report of management’s assessment regarding internal control over financial reporting due to a transition period established by rules of the SEC for newly public companies.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have been no changes to our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the quarter ended December 31, 2024, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B. Other Information

Insider Trading Arrangements

None of the Company’s directors or officers adopted or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement during the Company’s fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2024.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Except as set forth below, the other information required by this item will be contained in the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Shareholder Meeting, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2024, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Code of Business Conduct and Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for our directors, officers (including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer and principal accounting officer) and employees. A current copy of the code is posted under “Corporate Governance” on our website at https://ir.sunriserealtytrust.com/corporate-governance/governance-overview.

To the extent required by rules adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission and Nasdaq, we intend to promptly disclose future amendments to certain provisions of the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics, or waivers of such provisions granted to executive officers and directors on our website at https://ir.sunriserealtytrust.com/corporate-governance/governance-overview.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Shareholder Meeting, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

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Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Shareholder Meeting, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Shareholder Meeting, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the Company’s definitive proxy statement for its 2025 Annual Shareholder Meeting, to be filed with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2024 and is incorporated herein by reference.

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(1) Financial Statements—See the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements, together with the report thereon of CohnReznick LLP dated March 6, 2025, beginning on Page F-1.

(2) Financial Statement Schedules—None. We have omitted financial statement schedules because they are not required or are not applicable, or the required information is shown in the financial statements or notes to the financial statements.

(3) Exhibits.

Exhibit No. Description of Exhibits

4.1* Description of the Registrant’s Securities.

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19* Insider Trading Policy.

23.1* Consent of CohnReznick LLP, independent registered public accounting firm.

97* Clawback Policy.

101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

§ Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement

* Filed herewith

** Furnished herewith

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

None.

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 F-3

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-7

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Shareholders

Sunrise Realty Trust, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Sunrise Realty Trust, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2024 and the period from August 28, 2023 (date of formation) to December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Sunrise Realty Trust, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the for the year ended December 31, 2024 and for the period August 28, 2023 (date of formation) to December 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the entity’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to Sunrise Realty Trust, Inc. in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Sunrise Realty Trust, Inc. is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the entity’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ CohnReznick LLP

We have served as Sunrise Realty Trust, Inc.’s auditor since 2023.

Baltimore, Maryland

March 6, 2025

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SUNRISE REALTY TRUST, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

As ofDecember 31,

Assets

Loans held for investment at carrying value, net $ 130,733,630 $ —

Current expected credit loss reserve (21,782) —

Prepaid expenses and other assets 1,058,601 —

Liabilities

Current expected credit loss reserve 18,398 —

Accrued management and incentive fees 393,063 —

Accrued direct administrative expenses 715,574 —

Line of credit payable to affiliate 75,000,000 —

Commitments and contingencies (Note 7)

Shareholders' equity

Accumulated (deficit) earnings (954,334) —

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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SUNRISE REALTY TRUST, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

Revenue

Expenses

Management and incentive fees 815,301 —

Stock-based compensation 338,404 —

(Provision for) reversal of current expected credit losses (40,180) —

Income tax expense — —

Earnings per common share:

Basic earnings per common share $ 1.01 $ 0.03

Diluted earnings per common share $ 1.00 $ 0.03

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:

Basic weighted average shares of common stock outstanding 6,800,841 6,889,032

Diluted weighted average shares of common stock outstanding 6,835,797 6,889,032

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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SUNRISE REALTY TRUST, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Shares Amount

Shares Amount

Balance as of August 28, 2023 $ — — $ — $ — $ — $ —

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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SUNRISE REALTY TRUST, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS

Year ended December 31, Period from August 28, 2023 to December 31, 2023

Operating activities:

Provision for (reversal of) current expected credit losses 40,180 —

Amortization of deferred financing costs 41,455 —

Stock-based compensation 326,904 —

Interest drawn on loans (5,291,615) —

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Prepaid expenses and other assets (530,818) —

Accrued management and incentive fees 393,063 —

Accrued direct administrative expenses 715,574 —

Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities 1,640,535 244,622

Cash flows from investing activities:

Issuance of and fundings on loans (158,339,598) —

Principal repayment of loans 33,160,685 —

Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities (125,178,913) —

Cash flows from financing activities:

Payment of financing costs (569,238) —

Borrowings on revolving credit facilities 248,840,000 —

Repayment of revolving credit facility (50,000,000) —

Dividends paid to common shareholders (1,454,333) —

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 31,244,622 —

Supplemental disclosure of non-cash activity:

OID withheld from funding of loans $ 2,085,761 $ —

Dividends declared and not yet paid $ 2,941,964 $ —

Supplemental information:

Interest paid during the period $ 43,197 $ —

Income taxes paid during the period $ — $ —

See accompanying notes to the consolidated financial statements

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SUNRISE REALTY TRUST, INC.

NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

As of December 31, 2024

1. ORGANIZATION

Sunrise Realty Trust, Inc. (the “Company” or “SUNS”) was formed on August 28, 2023, and converted from a Delaware limited liability company to a Maryland corporation in February 2024. The Company is an institutional lender that provides debt capital solutions to the commercial real estate (“CRE”) market in the Southern United States. The Company focuses on originating, underwriting and managing CRE debt investments and providing capital to high-quality borrowers and sponsors with transitional business plans collateralized by CRE assets with opportunities for near-term value creation, as well as recapitalization opportunities. The Company intends to further diversify its investment portfolio, targeting investments in senior mortgage loans, mezzanine loans, B-notes, commercial mortgage-backed securities (“CMBS”) and debt-like preferred equity securities across CRE asset classes. The Company intends for its investment mix to include high quality residential (including multi-family, condominiums and single-family residential communities), retail, office, hospitality, industrial, mixed-use and specialty-use real estate. The Company operates in one operating segment.

SUNS is externally managed and advised by Sunrise Manager LLC (“SUNS Manager” or the “Manager”), a registered investment adviser under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the “Advisers Act”). The Company conducts its business through the parent company, Sunrise Realty Trust, Inc., and several subsidiaries. The Company consolidates all of its subsidiaries under generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”).

The Company intends to elect to be taxed as a REIT for United States federal income tax purposes under the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”), commencing with the taxable year ending December 31, 2024. The Company generally will not be subject to United States federal income taxes on its REIT taxable income as long as it annually distributes all of its REIT taxable income prior to the deduction for dividends paid to shareholders and complies with various other requirements as a REIT.

Spin-Off

On July 9, 2024, Advanced Flower Capital Inc. (f/k/a AFC Gamma, Inc.) (“AFC” or the “Former Parent”) announced the completion of the previously announced separation and spin-off of AFC’s CRE portfolio into an independent, publicly traded company, SUNS (the “Spin-Off”). The Spin-Off was effected by the transfer of AFC’s CRE portfolio from AFC to SUNS and the distribution of all of the outstanding shares of SUNS’ common stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Common Stock”) to all of AFC’s shareholders of record as of the close of business on July 8, 2024 (the “Record Date”). AFC’s shareholders of record as of the Record Date received one share of SUNS Common Stock for every three shares of AFC common stock held as of the Record Date. The Spin-Off was completed on July 9, 2024 (the “Distribution Date”). On the Distribution Date, SUNS became an independent, publicly traded company, trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the symbol “SUNS”. AFC retained no ownership interest in the Company following the Spin-Off.

In connection with the Spin-Off, the Company entered into several agreements with AFC that govern the relationship between the Company and AFC following the Spin-Off, including the Separation and Distribution Agreement and the Tax Matters Agreement. These agreements provide for the allocation between AFC and SUNS of the assets, liabilities and obligations (including, among others, investments, property and tax-related assets and liabilities) of AFC and its subsidiaries attributable to periods prior to, at and after the Spin-Off. Moreover, in preparation for the Spin-Off, the management of SUNS entered into a new management agreement with SUNS Manager, which became effective concurrently with the completion of the Spin-Off. The Manager also entered into (i) an Administrative Services Agreement (the “Administrative Services Agreement”) with TCG Services LLC, an affiliate of the Manager and Leonard Tannenbaum, the Company’s Executive Chairman, and Robyn Tannenbaum, the Company’s President, and (ii) a Services Agreement (the “Services Agreement”) with SRT Group LLC, an affiliate of the Manager, Mr. Tannenbaum, Mrs. Tannenbaum, Mr. Sedrish and Mr. Hetzel.

2. SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis ofPresentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements and related notes have been prepared on the accrual basis of accounting in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and include the accounts of the Company, and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. The consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s results of

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operations and financial condition as of and for the periods presented. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The historical financial statements of the Company for the periods prior to the completion of the Spin-Off are prepared from AFC’s historical accounting records and are presented on a standalone basis as if the Company’s operations have been conducted independently from AFC.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K presents the financial information of the Company for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024, which includes the period from January 1, 2024 to July 8, 2024 (prior to consummation of the Separation, the Distribution and the Spin-Off) and the period from July 9, 2024 to December 31, 2024 (from and after consummation of the Separation, the Distribution and the Spin-Off).

The aggregate net effect of transactions between the Company and related parties that have been historically settled other than in cash are reflected in the Balance Sheets as Member’s Equity and Shareholder’s Equity and in the Statements of Cash Flows as Net Transfers and Distributions From (to) Former Parent. For additional information, see Note 12, “Related Party Transactions,” and Note 8, “Shareholders’ Equity.”

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include funds on deposit with financial institutions, including demand deposits with financial institutions. Cash and short-term investments with an original maturity of three months or less when acquired are considered cash and cash equivalents for the purpose of the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of cash flows.

Concentration of Credit Risks

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, loans and interest receivable. The Company places its cash and cash equivalents with financial institutions, and, at times, cash held exceeds the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limit. The Company and the Manager seek to manage this credit risk by monitoring the financial institutions and their ability to continue in business for the foreseeable future.

The Company has exposure to credit risk on its loans and interest receivable. The Company and the Manager seek to manage credit risk by performing due diligence prior to origination or acquisition and through the use of non-recourse financing, when and where available and appropriate.

Investments in Loans

The Company originates CRE debt and related instruments generally to be held for investment. Loans held for investment are carried at cost, net of unamortized loan original issue discount and origination costs and other original issue discounts (the “carrying value”) in the Company’s balance sheets. Although we generally hold our target investments as long-term loans, we may occasionally classify some of our loans as held for sale. Loans held for sale are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded through earnings.

Loans are generally collateralized by real estate, equipment, and/or other assets of borrowers to the extent permitted by applicable laws and the regulations governing such borrowers. The extent of any credit deterioration associated with the performance and/or value of the underlying collateral property and the financial and operating capability of the borrower could impact the expected amounts received. The Company monitors performance of its portfolio of loans held for investment under the following methodology: (i) borrower review, which analyzes the borrower’s ability to execute on its original business plan, reviews its financial condition, assesses pending litigation and considers its general level of responsiveness and cooperation; (ii) economic review, which considers underlying collateral (i.e., leasing performance, unit sales and cash flow of the collateral and its ability to cover debt service, as well as the residual loan balance at maturity); (iii) property review, which considers current environmental risks, changes in insurance costs or coverage, current site visibility, capital expenditures and market perception; and (iv) market review, which analyzes the collateral from a supply and demand perspective of similar property types, as well as from a capital markets perspective.

The Company may make modifications to loans, including loans that are in default. Loan terms that may be modified include interest rates, required prepayments, maturity dates, covenants, principal amounts and other loan terms. The terms and conditions of each modification vary based on individual circumstances and will be determined on a case-by-case basis. The Company’s Manager monitors and evaluates each of the Company’s loans held for investment and has maintained regular communications with borrowers.

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The Company accretes or amortizes any discounts or premiums on loans held for investment over the life of the related loan held for investment utilizing the effective interest method.

Fair Value Measurements

The Company follows ASC 820-10, Fair Value Measurements Overall (“ASC 820-10”), which expands the application of fair value accounting and defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value in accordance with GAAP and expands disclosure of fair value measurements. ASC 820-10 determines fair value to be the price that would be received for an investment in a current sale, which assumes an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. ASC 820-10 requires the Company to assume that the transaction is sold in its principal market to market participants or, in the absence of a principal market, the most advantageous market, which may be a hypothetical market. Market participants are defined as buyers and sellers in the principal or most advantageous market that are independent, knowledgeable, and willing and able to transact. In accordance with ASC 820-10, if the Company elects the ASC 825-10 fair value option, the Company would consider its principal market as the market in which the Company exits its loans with the greatest volume and level of activity. ASC 820-10 specifies a hierarchy of valuation techniques based on whether the inputs to those valuation techniques are observable or unobservable. In accordance with ASC 820-10, these inputs are summarized in the three broad levels listed below:

•Level 1—Valuations based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access.

•Level 2—Valuations based on quoted prices in markets that are not active or for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly.

•Level 3—Valuations based on inputs that are unobservable and significant to the overall fair value measurement.

If inputs used to measure fair value fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy, a loan’s level is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Company’s assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the loan. This includes loans that are valued using “bid” and “ask” prices obtained from independent third-party pricing services or directly from brokers.

Financial instruments with readily available quoted prices generally will have a higher degree of market price observability and a lesser degree of judgment inherent in measuring fair value. As such, the Company obtains and analyzes readily available market quotations provided by pricing vendors and brokers for all of the Company’s loans for which quotations are available. In determining the fair value of a particular loan, pricing vendors and brokers use observable market information, including both binding and non-binding indicative quotations.

GAAP requires disclosure of fair value information about financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities, whether or not recognized in the financial statements, for which it is practical to estimate the value. In cases where quoted market prices are not available, fair values are based upon the application of discount rates to estimated future cash flows using market yields, or other valuation methodologies. Any changes to the valuation methodology will be reviewed by the Company’s management to ensure the changes are appropriate. The methods used may produce a fair value calculation that is not indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, while the Company anticipates that the valuation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies, or assumptions, to determine the fair value of certain financial and nonfinancial assets and liabilities could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. The Company uses inputs that are current as of the measurement date, which may fall within periods of market dislocation, during which price transparency may be reduced.

Current Expected Credit Losses

The Company measures current expected credit losses (“CECL”) in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), which requires a methodology that reflects on both the outstanding balances and unfunded commitments on loans held for investment and requires consideration of a broader range of historical experience adjusted for current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecast information to derive credit loss estimates (the “CECL Reserve”). Subsequent period increases and decreases to expected credit losses impact earnings and are recorded within the provision for current expected credit losses in the Company’s statements of operations. The CECL Reserve related to outstanding balances on loans held for investment required under Topic 326 is a valuation account that is deducted from the amortized cost basis of the Company’s loans held at carrying value in the Company’s balance sheets. The CECL Reserve related to unfunded commitments on loans held at carrying value is

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recorded within the current expected credit loss reserve financial statement line in the Company’s balance sheets. The Company has elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable.

The Company estimates its CECL Reserve using a model that considers multiple datapoints and methodologies that may include discounted cash flows (“DCF”) and other inputs which may include the risk rating of the loan, how recently the loan was originated compared to the measurement date, and expected prepayment if applicable. Calculation of the CECL Reserve requires loan specific data, which may include fixed charge coverage ratio, loan-to-value, property type and geographic location. Estimating the CECL Reserve also requires significant judgment with respect to various factors, including but not limited to the expected timing of loan repayments and the Company’s current and future view of the macroeconomic environment. The Company may consider loan-specific qualitative factors on certain loans to estimate its CECL Reserve, which may include (i) whether cash from the borrower’s operations is sufficient to cover the debt service requirements currently and into the future, (ii) the ability of the borrower to refinance the loan and (iii) the liquidation value of collateral. For loans where the Company has deemed the borrower/sponsor to be experiencing financial difficulty, the Company may elect to apply a practical expedient in which the fair value of the underlying collateral is compared to the amortized cost of the loan in determining a specific CECL allowance.

Revenue Recognition

Interest income from loans is accrued based on the outstanding principal amount and the contractual terms of each loan. For loans, origination fees, direct loan origination costs, and other discounts (in aggregate the “Original Issue Discount” or “OID”) are also recognized in interest income from loans over the initial loan term as a yield adjustment using the effective interest method. Management places loans on nonaccrual status when principal or interest payments are past due 30 days or more or when full recovery of interest and principal is doubtful. Accrued and unpaid interest is generally reversed against interest income in the period the loan is placed on nonaccrual status. Interest payments received on nonaccrual loans are generally recognized on a cash basis and may be recognized as income or applied to principal depending upon management’s judgment regarding the borrower’s ability to make pending principal and interest payments. Nonaccrual loans are restored to accrual status when past due principal and interest are paid and, in management’s judgment, are likely to remain current. The Company may make exceptions to placing a loan on nonaccrual status if the loan has sufficient collateral value and is in the process of collection. Delayed draw loans earn interest or unused fees on the undrawn portion of the loan, which is recognized as interest income in the period earned. Other fees, including prepayment fees and exit fees, are recognized as interest income when received.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation issued to employees and the Board of Directors pursuant to the Amended and Restated Stock Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”) under the fair value method. This method measures compensation cost at the date of grant based on the value of the award and recognizes the cost over the service period, which is usually the vesting period. The fair value of equity-based compensation awards is based on the estimated fair value of the Company’s Common Stock, as determined by management using a valuation model and approved by the Board of Directors. Fair values of award grants also recognize any ongoing restrictions on the sale of securities.

Offering Costs

Direct and incremental costs related to the issuance of stock such as legal fees, printing costs and bankers’ or underwriters’ fees are accounted for as a reduction in the proceeds from the sale of the stock and accordingly, recorded as a reduction of equity in the Company’s consolidated statement of equity within additional paid-in capital. Prior to the effective date of an equity offering, these costs are deferred and included in prepaid expenses and other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. Should the offering be abandoned and not completed, the deferred costs will be expensed.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs related to the Company’s indebtedness are capitalized and amortized over the term of the respective debt instrument utilizing the effective interest method. Unamortized debt issuance costs are expensed when the associated debt is repaid prior to maturity. Amortization of debt issuance costs is included within interest expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The unamortized balance for the revolving credit facilities are recorded within prepaid expenses and other assets on these consolidated financial statements. See Note 6 included in these consolidated financial statements for further consideration.

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Interest Drawn on Loans

The Company has loans in its portfolio that contain provisions for funded interest. The interest drawn on loans is computed at the contractual rate specified in each applicable agreement and is accrued and added to the principal balance of the loan monthly in arrears and recorded as interest income. The interest income that is drawn on the loans is added to the principal balance and is generally collected upon repayment of the outstanding principal. To maintain the Company’s status as a REIT, this non-cash source of income is included in taxable income and will increase the dividend paid to shareholders for the year earned, even though the Company has not yet collected the cash.

Income Taxes

The Company is a Maryland corporation and intends to elect to be taxed as a REIT under the Code, commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 2024. The Company believes that its proposed method of operation will enable it to qualify as a REIT. However, no assurances can be given that the Company’s beliefs or expectations will be fulfilled, since qualification as a REIT depends on the Company satisfying numerous asset, income and distribution tests which depend, in part, on the Company’s operating results.

To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements. Those qualification tests involve the percentage of income that the Company earns from specified sources, the percentage of the Company’s assets that fall within specified categories, the diversity of the ownership of the Company’s shares, and the percentage of the Company’s taxable income that the Company distributes. The Company is required to distribute annually to its shareholders at least 90% of the Company’s REIT taxable income prior to the deduction for dividends paid. To the extent that the Company distributes less than 100% of its REIT taxable income in any tax year (taking into account any distributions made in a subsequent tax year under Sections 857(b)(9) or 858 of the Code), the Company will pay tax at regular corporate rates on that undistributed portion. Furthermore, the Company will be subject to a 4% nondeductible excise tax on any amount by which distributions the Company pays with respect to any calendar year (including any distributions declared by the last day of the calendar year but paid in the subsequent year) are less than the sum of (1) 85% of our ordinary income, (2) 95% of our capital gain net income and (3) 100% of our undistributed income from prior years. The annual expense is calculated in accordance with applicable tax regulations. Excise tax expense is included in the financial statement line item income tax expense.

The Company may form a TRS in the future. A TRS is a corporation in which the Company directly or indirectly owns stock and that jointly with the Company elects to be treated as a TRS under Section 856(l) of the Code. If the TRS owns, directly or indirectly, securities representing 35% or more of the vote or value of a subsidiary corporation, that subsidiary will also be treated as a TRS. A TRS is subject to U.S. federal income tax and state and local income tax, where applicable, as a regular C corporation. Generally, a TRS can engage in activities that, if conducted by us other than through a TRS, could result in the receipt of non-qualified income or the ownership of non-qualified assets. However, several provisions regarding the arrangements between a REIT and its TRSs ensure that a TRS will be subject to an appropriate level of U.S. federal income taxation. For example, the Company will be obligated to pay a 100% penalty tax on some payments that it receives or certain other amounts or on certain expenses deducted by the TRS if the economic arrangements among the Company, its borrowers and/or the TRS are not comparable to similar arrangements among unrelated parties. The income and excise tax provision is included in the line item income tax expense.

FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes (“ASC 740”), prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. ASC 740 also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition. The Company has analyzed its various federal and state filing positions and believes that its income tax filing positions and deductions are well documented and supported as of December 31, 2024. Based on the Company’s evaluation, there is no reserve for any uncertain income tax positions. Accrued interest and penalties, if any, are included within other liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company will file income tax returns in the United States federal jurisdiction as well as various state and local jurisdictions beginning with the calendar year ended December 31, 2024. The filings are subject to normal reviews by tax authorities until the related statute of limitations expires. The Company has not filed its initial U.S. federal income tax return; therefore, there are no tax years that are subjected to examination by taxing authorities.

Earnings per Share

The Company calculates basic earnings (loss) per share by dividing net income (loss) allocable to common shareholders for the period by the weighted average shares of Common Stock outstanding for that period after consideration of the earnings

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(loss) allocated to the Company’s restricted stock, which are participating securities as defined in GAAP. Diluted earnings (loss) per share takes into effect any dilutive instruments, such as stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units (“RSUs”) and convertible debt, except when doing so would be anti-dilutive. As of December 31, 2024, there were dilutive instruments relating to restricted shares. See Note 9 included in these consolidated financial statements for the earnings per share calculations.

Use of Estimates in the Preparation of Financial Statements

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect certain reported amounts and disclosures. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Significant estimates include current expected credit losses.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2023, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, to improve reportable segment disclosure requirements, primarily through enhanced disclosures about significant segment expenses. ASU 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024, early adoption is permitted. The amendments should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. Upon transition, the segment expense categories and amounts disclosed in the prior periods should be based on the significant segment expense categories identified and disclosed in the period of adoption. The Company has adopted ASU 2023-07 effective December 31, 2024. See Note 14 for more information on the effects of the adoption of ASU 2023-07.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Pending Adoption

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09—Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”). ASU 2023-09 improves the transparency of income tax disclosures related to rate reconciliation and income taxes. ASU 2023-09 is effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2024. For entities other than public business entities, the amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2025. Early adoption is permitted for annual financial statements that have not yet been issued or made available for issuance. The amendments should be applied prospectively, however, retrospective application is permitted. The adoption of ASU 2023-09 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03—Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses (“ASU 2024-03”) and in January 2025, the FASB issued ASU 2025-01—Income Statement—Reporting Comprehensive Income—Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Clarifying the Effective Date (“ASU 2025-01”), which requires additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in the income statement as well as disclosures about specific types of expenses included in the expense captions presented in the income statement. ASU 2024-03, as clarified by ASU 2025-01, is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026 and interim periods within fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2027, with early adoption permitted. The adoption of ASU 2024-03 is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

3. LOANS HELD FOR INVESTMENT AT CARRYING VALUE

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company’s portfolio included nine and zero loans held at carrying value, respectively. The aggregate originated commitment under these loans was approximately $190.9 million and zero, respectively, and outstanding principal was approximately $132.6 million and zero, respectively, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company funded approximately $165.7 million of new loans and additional principal and had approximately $33.2 million of principal repayments of loans held at carrying value. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately 79% and zero, respectively, of the Company’s loans held at carrying value had floating interest rates. As of December 31, 2024, these floating benchmark rates included one-month Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) subject to a weighted average floor of 4.2% and quoted at 4.3%.

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The following table summarizes the Company’s loans held at carrying value as of December 31, 2024:

(1)The difference between the Carrying Value and the Outstanding Principal amount of the loans consists of unaccreted OID and loan origination costs.

(2)Weighted average remaining life is calculated based on the carrying value of each respective group of loans as of December 31, 2024.

(3)Senior mortgage loans include senior loans that also have a contiguous subordinate loan because as a whole, the expected credit quality of the subordinate loan is more similar to that of a senior loan.

The following table presents changes in loans held at carrying value as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024:

Principal Original IssueDiscount Carrying Value

Total loans held at carrying value at December 31, 2023 $ — $ — $ —

A more detailed listing of the Company’s loans held at carrying value portfolio based on information available as of December 31, 2024 is as follows:

Senior mortgage loans:

Subordinate debt:

(1)The difference between the Carrying Value and the Outstanding Principal amount of the loans consists of unaccreted OID and loan origination costs.

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(2)Certain loans are subject to contractual extension options and may be subject to performance based or other conditions as stipulated in the loan agreement. Actual maturities may differ from contractual maturities stated herein as certain borrowers may have the right to prepay with or without paying a prepayment penalty. The Company may also extend contractual maturities and amend other terms of the loans in connection with loan modifications.

(3)I/O = interest-only, P/I = principal and interest. P/I loans may include interest-only periods for a portion of the loan term.

(4)Base interest rate of 12.50%.

(5)Base interest rate of 4.25% plus SOFR (SOFR floor of 4.75%).

(6)Base interest rate of 6.35% plus SOFR (SOFR floor of 4.50%).

(7)Base interest rate of 8.25% plus SOFR (SOFR floor of 4.00%).

(8)Base interest rate of 6.25% plus SOFR (SOFR floor of 4.00%).

(9)Cash interest rate represents a blended rate of differing cash interest rates applicable to each of the A-Notes and B-Notes to which the Company is a lender under the credit agreements. The A-Notes bear interest at a base interest rate of 4.75% plus SOFR (SOFR floor of 4.75%) and the B-Notes bear interest at a base interest rate of 11.00% plus SOFR (SOFR floor of 4.75%).

(10)Base interest rate of 5.50% plus SOFR (SOFR floor of 4.00%).

(11)Base interest rate of 13.00%.

(12)Base interest rate of 13.25%.

4. CURRENT EXPECTED CREDIT LOSSES

As of December 31, 2024, the Company’s CECL Reserve for its loans held at carrying value is approximately $40.2 thousand, or 0.03%, of the Company’s total loans held at carrying value of approximately $130.7 million, and is bifurcated between the current expected credit loss reserve (contra-asset) related to outstanding balances on loans held at carrying value of approximately $21.8 thousand, and a liability for unfunded commitments of approximately $18.4 thousand. The Company made its first investment in January 2024 and therefore did not have a CECL Reserve as of December 31, 2023. The liability was based on the unfunded portion of the loan commitment over the full contractual period over which the Company is exposed to credit risk through a current obligation to extend credit. Management considered the likelihood that funding will occur and, if funded, the expected credit loss on the funded portion.

Activity related to the CECL Reserve for outstanding balances and unfunded commitments on the Company’s loans held at carrying value as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024 was as follows:

Outstanding(1) Unfunded(2) Total

Balance at December 31, 2023 $ — $ — $ —

Provision for (reversal of) current expected credit losses 21,782 18,398 40,180

Write-offs — — —

Recoveries — — —

(1)As of December 31, 2024, the CECL Reserve related to outstanding balances on loans held at carrying value is recorded within current expected credit loss reserve in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

(2)As of December 31, 2024, the CECL Reserve related to unfunded commitments on loans held at carrying value is recorded within current expected credit loss reserve as a liability in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

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The Company continuously evaluates the credit quality of each loan by assessing the risk factors of each loan and assigning a risk rating based on a variety of factors. Risk factors include property type, geographic and local market dynamics, physical condition, projected cash flow, loan structure and exit plan, loan-to-value ratio, fixed charge coverage ratio, project sponsorship, and other factors deemed necessary by the Company. Based on a 5-point scale, the Company’s loans are rated “1” through “5,” from less risk to greater risk, which ratings are defined as follows:

Rating Definition

The risk ratings are primarily based on historical data as well as taking into account future economic conditions.

As of December 31, 2024, the carrying value, excluding the CECL Reserve, of the Company’s loans held at carrying value within each risk rating by year of origination is as follows:

Risk Rating: 2024 Total

5. INTEREST RECEIVABLE

The following table summarizes the interest receivable balance for the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

As ofDecember 31,

Unused fees receivable 11,821 —

Other fees receivable 7,813 —

Total interest receivable $ 1,138,561 $ —

6. DEBT

Revolving Credit Facility

On November 6, 2024, the Company entered into the Loan and Security Agreement (as amended, restated or otherwise modified from time to time, the “Revolving Credit Agreement”) by and among the Company, as borrower, the lenders party thereto, and East West Bank, as administrative agent, joint lead arranger, joint book runner, co-syndication agent and co-documentation agent (“East West Bank”). The Revolving Credit Agreement provides for a senior secured revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”) that contains initial aggregate commitments of $50.0 million from one or more FDIC-insured banking institutions, which may be borrowed, repaid and redrawn, subject to a borrowing base based

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on eligible loan obligations held by the Company and subject to the satisfaction of other conditions provided under the Revolving Credit Agreement.Pursuant to the terms of the Revolving Credit Agreement, the amount of total commitments may be increased to up to $200.0 million in aggregate, subject to available borrowing base and lenders’ willingness to provide additional commitments. The Revolving Credit Facility has a maturity date of November 8, 2027.

Interest is payable on the Revolving Credit Facility in cash in arrears at the rate per annum of SOFR plus 2.75%, with a SOFR floor of 2.63%; provided, however, that the interest rate will increase by an additional 0.25% during any Increase Rate Month (as defined in the Revolving Credit Agreement).

The Company is required to pay certain fees to the agent and the lenders under the Revolving Credit Agreement, including a $75.0 thousand agent fee payable to the agent and an 0.25% per annum loan fee payable ratably to the lenders, in each case, payable on the closing date and on the annual anniversary thereafter. Commencing on the six-month anniversary of the closing date, the Revolving Credit Facility has an unused line fee of 0.25% per annum, payable semi-annually in arrears. Based on the terms of the Revolving Credit Agreement, the unused line fee is waived if our average revolver usage exceeds the minimum amount required per the Revolving Credit Agreement. Upon entering into the Revolving Credit Agreement, the Company incurred certain closing costs of approximately $0.5 million, which are included in prepaid expenses and other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and amortized over the life of the facility.

The Revolving Credit Facility is guaranteed by certain material subsidiaries of the Company and is secured by substantially all assets of the Company and certain of its material subsidiaries; provided that upon the meeting of certain conditions, the facility will be secured only by certain assets of the Company comprising of or relating to loan obligations designed for inclusion in the borrowing base. In addition, the Company is subject to various financial and other covenants, including a liquidity and debt service coverage ratio covenant.

On December 9, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment Number One to Loan and Security Agreement, by and among the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, as borrowers, the lenders party thereto and East West Bank, pursuant to which, among other things, the maximum revolver usage was temporarily increased until January 8, 2025 to the sum of (i) $50.0 million plus (ii) the lesser of $75.0 million and the aggregate amount of funds maintained in the Company’s borrowing base cash account. Following January 8, 2025, the maximum revolver usage automatically reverted back to $50.0 million.

On December 30, 2024, the Company entered into Amendment Number Two to Loan and Security Agreement, by and among the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, as borrowers, the lenders party thereto, and East West Bank, pursuant to which, among other things, the parties agreed to additional representations, covenants and other amendments to maintain its REIT status and limit the use of participation interests in any underlying obligor loan receivables secured as collateral.

As of December 31, 2024, outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility were $123.8 million and $1.2 million was available for borrowing. As of March 1, 2025, all outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility were subsequently repaid in full.

As of December 31, 2024, the interest rate on the Company’s borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility was 7.28%. Interest expense incurred for the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $0.1 million. Based on the terms of the Revolving Credit Agreement, the Company’s estimated revolver usage will exceed the minimum amount required to waive the unused line fee and as such, the Company did not incur an unused line fee during the year ended December 31, 2024.

On February 26, 2025, the Company entered into Amendment Number Three to Loan and Security Agreement, by and among the Company and certain of its subsidiaries, as borrowers, the lenders party thereto, and East West Bank, pursuant to which, among other things, the parties agreed to reduce the procedural requirements for obligor loan receivables to become eligible under the borrowing base.

SRTF Credit Facility

In September 2024, the Company entered into an unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”), by and between the Company, as borrower, and SRT Finance LLC, as agent and lender. SRT Finance LLC is indirectly owned by Leonard M. Tannenbaum, Executive Chairman of the Company’s Board of Directors and one of the Company’s officers, and Robyn Tannenbaum, President of the Company, along with their family members and associated family trusts. The Credit Agreement provides for an unsecured revolving credit facility (the “SRTF Revolving Credit Facility”) with a $50.0 million commitment, which may be borrowed, repaid and redrawn, subject to a draw fee and the other conditions provided in the Credit Agreement. Interest is payable on the SRTF Revolving Credit Facility at 1-month SOFR (subject to a 3.0% floor) plus a margin of 2.75%, with a maturity date of December 31, 2025. The Company did not incur any fees or

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costs related to the origination of the SRTF Revolving Credit Facility, and the SRTF Revolving Credit Facility did not have any unused fees.

On November 6, 2024, in conjunction with the entry by the Company into the Revolving Credit Facility, the Company terminated the unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) dated September 26, 2024, by and between the Company, as borrower, and SRT Finance LLC, as agent and lender. Upon execution of the Revolving Credit Facility,the lenders’ commitments under the Credit Agreement were terminated and the liability of the Company and its subsidiaries with respect to their obligations under the Credit Agreement was discharged.

On December 9, 2024, the Company entered into a new unsecured revolving credit agreement (the “SRTF Credit Agreement”), by and among the Company, as borrower, the lenders party thereto from time to time, and SRT Finance LLC, as agent and lender. SRT Finance LLC continues to be indirectly owned by Mr. Tannenbaum and Mrs. Tannenbaum, along with their family members and associated family trusts. The SRTF Credit Agreement provides for an unsecured revolving credit facility (the “SRTF Credit Facility”) with a $75.0 million commitment, which may be borrowed, repaid and redrawn, subject to a draw fee and the other conditions provided in the SRTF Credit Agreement. Interest is payable on the SRTF Credit Facility at a rate per annum equal to 8.00%. The SRTF Credit Facility matures on the earlier of (i) May 31, 2028 and (ii) the date of the closing of any Refinancing Indebtedness (as defined in the SRTF Credit Agreement) with an aggregate principal amount equal to or greater than $75.0 million. Commencing on January 1, 2026, the Company is required to pay an annual fee equal to 1.00% of the aggregate commitments ratably to the lenders, payable on the first business day of each calendar year; provided that the fee due and payable on January 3, 2028 will be pro rated on the basis of a year of 360 days for the actual number of days elapsed from and including January 1, 2028 until and excluding May 31, 2028. Upon entering into the SRTF Credit Agreement, the Company incurred certain closing costs of approximately $20.0 thousand, which are included in prepaid expenses and other assets on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets and amortized over the life of the facility.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company drew on the full amount of the SRTF Credit Facility, resulting in $75.0 million in outstanding borrowings and zero available for borrowing. As of March 1, 2025, all outstanding borrowings under the SRTF Credit Facility were subsequently repaid in full.

As of December 31, 2024, the interest rate on the Company’s borrowings under the SRTF Credit Facility was 8.00%. Interest expense incurred for the year ended December 31, 2024 was approximately $0.1 million.

The following table reflects a summary of interest expense incurred during the year ended December 31, 2024:

Revolving Credit Facility SRTF Revolving Credit Facility Total Borrowings

Unused fee expense — — —

7. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had the following commitments to fund various investments:

As ofDecember 31,

Total undrawn commitments $ 58,365,186 $ —

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The Company from time to time may be a party to litigation in the normal course of business. The Company investigates these claims as they arise. If the potential loss from any claim or legal claim is considered probable and the amount can be estimated, the Company accrues a liability for the estimated loss. As of December 31, 2024, the Company is not aware of any legal claims that could materially impact its business, financial condition or results of operations.

8. SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Corporate Conversion

On February 20, 2024, the Company completed a corporate conversion, converting from a Delaware limited liability company to a Maryland corporation. Pursuant to the certificate of incorporation effected in connection with the corporate conversion, the Company’s authorized capital stock consists of 50,000,000 shares of voting Common Stock and 10,000 shares of Preferred Stock (defined below), par value $0.01 per share.

Preferred Stock

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company authorized 10,000 and zero shares of Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “Preferred Stock”), respectively, of which none have been issued. The Company’s Board of Directors (the “Board of Directors”) has the authority, without action by our shareholders, to issue up to 10,000 shares of Preferred Stock in one or more series or classes and to designate the rights, preferences and privileges of each series or class, which may be greater than the rights of SUNS’ Common Stock. There were no shares of Preferred Stock designated or outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Common Stock

As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Company authorized 50,000,000 and zero shares of Common Stock, respectively, and issued 7,004,676 and zero shares of Common Stock, respectively.

Spin-Off

On July 1, 2024, the Board of Directors approved a forward stock split of shares of the Company’s Common Stock, at a ratio of 68,890.32-for-one (to be effected in the form of a stock dividend for purposes of the Maryland General Corporation Law), pursuant to which 68,890.32 additional shares of the Company’s Common Stock were issued for each outstanding share of the Company’s Common Stock (the “Forward Stock Split”), payable prior to the consummation of the Spin-Off. The Forward Stock Split took effect immediately prior to the distribution of the shares of the Company’s common stock to the shareholders of AFC common stock.

As a result of the Forward Stock Split, the number of outstanding shares of the Company’s Common Stock increased to 6,889,032 shares outstanding as of July 9, 2024, of which 88,685 were restricted shares at the time of Spin-Off.

The Spin-Off was effected by the transfer of AFC’s CRE portfolio from AFC to SUNS and the distribution of all of the outstanding shares of SUNS Common Stock to all of AFC’s shareholders of record as of the close of business on July 8, 2024. AFC’s shareholders of record as of the Record Date received one share of SUNS Common Stock for every three shares of AFC common stock held as of the close of business on July 8, 2024, the Record Date for the distribution, as well as a cash payment in lieu of any fractional shares. The Spin-Off was completed on July 9, 2024. Immediately after the Spin-Off, the Company was no longer a wholly owned subsidiary of AFC.

On July 9, 2024, AFC non-vested restricted stock awards that were outstanding on the Distribution Date were converted into AFC restricted stock awards and SUNS restricted stock awards. Upon completion of the Spin-Off, the AFC restricted stock awards were converted into 88,685 shares of SUNS restricted stock. The vesting schedule remains the same as the original awards.

Stock Incentive Plan

The Company has established the 2024 Stock Incentive Plan (the “2024 Plan”). The 2024 Plan authorizes stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, stock bonuses, stock units and other forms of awards granted or denominated in the Company’s Common Stock or units of Common Stock. The 2024 Plan retains flexibility to offer competitive incentives and to tailor benefits to specific needs and circumstances. Any award may be structured to be paid or settled in cash. The Company has granted, and currently intends to continue to grant, restricted stock awards to participants in the 2024 Plan, but it may also grant any other type of award available under the 2024 Plan in the future. Persons eligible to receive awards under the 2024 Plan include officers or employees of the Company or any of its subsidiaries, directors of the Company,

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employees of the Manager and certain directors, consultants and other service providers to the Company or any of its subsidiaries.

In July 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved grants of 36,363 shares of restricted stock to Brian Sedrish in connection with his appointment as CEO, which vest over a three-year period with approximately 33% vesting on each of the first, second and third anniversaries of July 9, 2024.

In December 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors approved grants of restricted stock to the Company’s directors and certain officers, as well as certain employees of the Manager or its affiliates, with an aggregate of 79,281 shares of restricted stock granted to such eligible persons. The restricted stock awards granted in December 2024 under the 2024 Plan contain vesting periods that vary from vesting upon the one-year anniversary of the grant date to vesting over a three-year period, with approximately 33% vesting on each of the first, second and third anniversaries of the vesting commencement date.

As of December 31, 2024, there were 115,644 shares of restricted stock granted under the 2024 Plan.

As of December 31, 2024, the maximum number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock that may be delivered pursuant to awards under the 2024 Plan (the “Share Limit”) equaled 551,122 shares, of which 435,478 shares remained available for future issuance under the 2024 Plan. At the Board’s discretion, the Company’s Board waived the evergreen provision in connection with the Minimum Annual Increase (as defined in the 2024 Plan) under the 2024 Plan for the 2024 fiscal year. In January 2025, the Company completed an offering of the Company’s Common Stock and pursuant to the evergreen provision in the 2024 Plan with respect to the public offerings, the total number of shares reserved for issuance under the 2024 Plan automatically increased by ten percent of the total number of shares of Common Stock sold by the Company in the January 2025 Offering, which equaled 640,000 shares. Shares that are subject to or underlie awards that expire or, for any reason, are cancelled, terminated, forfeited, fail to vest or are not paid or delivered under the 2024 Plan will not be counted against the Share Limit and will again be available for subsequent awards under the 2024 Plan.

The stock-based compensation expense for the Company was approximately $0.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and zero during the period from August 28, 2023 to December 31, 2023, respectively.

The following table summarizes restricted stock (i) converted upon Spin-Off, (ii) granted, (iii) vested and (iv) forfeited for the Company’s directors and officers and employees of the Manager as of December 31, 2024. There was no stock award activity during the period from August 28, 2023 (date of formation) to December 31, 2023.

Converted upon Spin-Off 88,685

Forfeited —

The fair value of the Company’s restricted stock awards is based on the Company’s stock price on the date of grant. The following tables summarize the restricted stock activity as of and during the year ended December 31, 2024:

Number of shares of restricted stock Weighted-average grant date fair value

Forfeited — —

(1)Effective date of conversion upon Spin-Off.

The total fair value of shares vested during the year endedDecember 31, 2024 was approximately $11.8 thousand. During the year ended December 31, 2024, 115,644 shares of restricted stock were granted with a weighted-average grant date fair

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value of $13.34. There were no shares of restricted stock that were granted or that vested during the period from August 28, 2023 to December 31, 2023.

As of December 31, 2024, there was approximately $2.1 million of total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested restricted stock. That cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.45 years.

9. EARNINGS PER SHARE