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snwv-20241231

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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

or

For the transition period from ___________________to____________________.

Commission File Number: 000-52985

SANUWAVE Health, Inc.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Charter)

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

(952) 656-1029

Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class Trading Symbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, par value $0.001 per share SNWV The Nasdaq Stock Market, LLC

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes oNox

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes oNox

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yesx No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such file). Yesx No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer o Accelerated filer o

Non-accelerated filer x Smaller reporting company x

Emerging growth company o

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. o

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. o

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrants’ executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). o

Indicate by check mark whether registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). YES o NO x

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant (assuming, for purposes of this calculation only, that the registrant’s directors, executive officers and greater than 10% stockholders are affiliates of the registrant), based upon the closing sale price of the registrant’s common stock on June 28, 2024, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was $13.6 million.

As of March 18, 2025, there were issued and outstanding 8,548,473 shares of the registrant’s common stock.

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SANUWAVE Health, Inc.

Table of Contents

PART I Page

Item 1. Business 4

Item 1A. Risk Factors 16

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 29

Item 1C. Cybersecurity 29

Item 2. Properties 29

Item 3. Legal Proceedings 30

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 30

PART II

Item 6. [Reserved] 30

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 36

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 37

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 46

Item 9B. Other Information 47

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 47

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 48

Item 11. Executive Compensation 53

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 60

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 61

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PART I

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K of SANUWAVE Health, Inc. and its subsidiaries (“Sanuwave” or the “Company”) contains forward-looking statements. All statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including those made by the management of the Company, other than statements of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include statements regarding: results of operations, liquidity, and operations, restrictions and new regulations on our operations and processes, including the execution of clinical trials; the Company’s future financial results, operating results, and projected costs; market acceptance of and demand for UltraMIST® and PACE®; success of future business development and acquisition activities; management’s plans and objectives for future operations; industry trends; regulatory actions that could adversely affect the price of or demand for our approved products; our intellectual property portfolio; our business, marketing and manufacturing capacity and strategy; estimates regarding our capital requirements, the anticipated timing of the need for additional funds, and our expectations regarding future capital-raising transactions, including through investments by strategic partners for market opportunities, which may include strategic partnerships or licensing agreements, or raising capital through the conversion of outstanding warrants or issuances of securities; product liability claims; economic conditions that could adversely affect the level of demand for or the cost of our products; timing of clinical studies and any eventual U.S. Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") approval of new products and new uses of our current products; financial markets; the competitive environment; supplier and customer disputes; and our plans to remediate our material weaknesses in our disclosure controls and procedures and our internal control over financial reporting. These forward-looking statements are based on management’s estimates, projections and assumptions as of the date hereof and include the assumptions that underlie such statements. Forward-looking statements may contain words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential” and “continue,” the negative of these terms, or other comparable terminology. Any expectations based on these forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties and other important factors, including those discussed in this report, including the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” Other risks and uncertainties are and will be disclosed in the Company’s subsequent filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). These and many other factors could affect the Company’s future financial condition and operating results and cause actual results to differ materially from expectations based on forward-looking statements made in this document or elsewhere by the Company or on its behalf. Except to the extent required by law, the Company does not undertake, and expressly disclaims, any duty, or obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements whether as a result of new information, future events, changes in assumptions or otherwise.

Except as otherwise indicated by the context, references in this Annual Report on Form 10-K to “we,” “us” and “our” are to the consolidated business of the Company.

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Item 1. BUSINESS

Overview

Sanuwave is a medical device company providing directed energy products into the wound care space. Our mission is to improve patient lives and outcomes by developing and marketing effective, easy to use products to decrease wound burden, lessen healing times, and reduce patient pain.

Our focus is regenerative medicine utilizing noninvasive ultrasound or shockwaves to produce a biological response promoting the repair and regeneration of tissue, musculoskeletal, and vascular structures. The Company’s patented and FDA cleared products include the UltraMIST® system (UM) and the PACE® family of products, both of which are used to treat a variety of acute and chronic wounds. These products are backed by an intellectual property (“IP”) portfolio of over 165 patents.

In the year ended December 31, 2024, we had total revenues of $32.6 million, a 60% increase from revenues of $20.4 million in the year ended December 31, 2023. UltraMIST systems and consumables represented approximately 98% of 2024 revenues versus 90% of revenues in 2023.

Our Products and Services:

The Company currently markets directed energy products using both ultrasound and high energy acoustic shockwaves.

UltraMIST

The UltraMIST system delivers low frequency, non-thermal ultrasound to target tissues using a fluid mist to transmit energy in a non-contact and pain free fashion. This energy penetrates deep into wound beds to promote healing while reducing inflammation, killing bacteria and biofilms, and increasing the growth of blood vessels in the wound and peri-wound.

This proprietary technology has been shown to speed healing and reduce reported pain, and it has been cleared by the FDA for wound healing and debridement for a variety of acute and chronic wounds including:

•diabetic foot ulcers,

•venous leg ulcers,

•split thickness wounds/skin grafts,

•deep tissue pressure injuries,

•surgical wounds, and

•many more wound types.

The UltraMIST System is cleared for marketing in the U.S. by the FDA (K140782) and has CMS schedule one reimbursement under code 97610. The UltraMIST system treatment must be administered by a healthcare professional.

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The UltraMIST system is highly portable and is used in hospitals, physician’s offices, wound centers, nursing homes, and skilled nursing facilities, and by mobile wound care providers serving patient homes. Treatment may be provided by a doctor, nurse, nurse practitioner, or physical therapist.

Treating chronic wounds is a difficult and time-consuming process. Current modalities for wound management typically involve the use of ointments and liquid solutions, specialized bandages, topical skin substitutes, negative pressure, or hyperbaric oxygen. Despite this, many patients are left with chronic wounds resistant to healing.

Sanuwave’s Energy FirstTM protocol is at the forefront of improving the standard of care for advanced and chronic wounds. Our solutions help expedite the healing process at a cellular level, a better and simpler alternative that can lead to improved patient outcomes and enhanced quality of life.

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As the UltraMIST device never touches the wound, the treatment is painless and patients report a significant reduction in pain post treatment. Significant clinical research demonstrates reductions in healing time, patient pain, and other indicators of patient healing (for more clinical information, please visit our website: https://sanuwave.com/clinical). The UltraMIST system is in use with many top hospitals and wound care providers across the United States. Typical treatment time is 6 minutes (and ranges from 3 to 20 minutes).

UltraMIST is sold using a simple “razor/razor blade” model. Customers purchase an UltraMIST system and then each treatment utilizes a sterile, single use applicator sold in cases of 12. UM consumables revenues constitute the majority of Sanuwave revenue amounting to approximately 61% of total revenues in 2024 and are expected to remain the largest revenue stream for the Company. Over 1,000 UM systems were in the field as of December 31, 2024.

PACE

The PACE systems use acoustic pressure shockwaves generated by the Company’s Pulsed Acoustic Cellular Expression (PACE) technology to converge at precise selected targets to produce an extremely short duration compression burst and

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are used in both wound and orthopedic applications under the brand names dermaPACE, Profile, and orthoPACE. The PACE systems are marketed in the U.S., and the European Union (CE Mark).

Market

The wound care market exceeds $45 billion per year in the United States and is spread among a number of key categories:

1) Rice et al. Diabetes Care 2014;37:651-658.

2) Rice et al. J Med Econ. 2014;17-(5): 347-356.

3) National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (NPUAP).

The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (the "CMS") have increasingly classified regenerative technology as medically necessary. With an aging population and high incidence of obesity, diabetes, cancers, and autoimmune disorders, the Company believes this market is likely to continue to expand.

Strategy

The Company plans to focus on building a direct sales force and distribution network to market the UltraMIST product in the United States and to assess potential expansion abroad. The Company sees two broad trends favoring UM adoption:

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transition to evidence-based medicine in wound care and “care to the edge”, as care is being directed away from hospital settings in an effort to treat patients where they are to increase ease of care and to reduce risks of nosocomial infection.

Reimbursement is being restructured around efficacy and cost effectiveness as payors, physicians, and patients seek better outcomes for less money.

The Company believes that both trends are favorable to Sanuwave.

We aim to change the wound care space by bringing cost effective, easy to use technology to market, and putting it into the hands of providers who can easily adopt it as well as integrate it into their workflow and patient treatment plans. To generate broad adoption, a technology needs to be more than just effective, it needs to be both user and patient friendly.

Traditionally, many patients have been resistant to seek wound care because treatments are long in duration, difficult, involve cumbersome medical devices that must be worn long term, and are frequently painful. The Company seeks to overcome such patient and provider objections in order to expand access to high quality, modern wound care and to get more patients seen and seen earlier. By lowering the bar of “willing to seek treatment”, Sanuwave seeks to engage with patients and wounds before they become severe.

By providing an effective, pain free system with short treatment times that practitioners can learn to use via video conference and for which nationwide CMS reimbursement is already available, the Company seeks to appeal to the “three P’s.”

•Patients want to get better sooner and to experience less pain.

•Physicians want patients to get better but also need to be able to integrate care into their practice flow and economic models.

•Payors want to see patients get better faster and to receive early treatment often outside of hospital settings as such treatments save money.

When the needs of Patients, Physicians, and Payors are aligned, markets are ready adopters of products and markets are ready for change.

The Company seeks to move wound care from a more “transactional” mindset to a consultative one, helping practitioners work effective wound treatment into the practice flows and patients' lives. No one wants to live with chronic wounds. We do not believe they should have to.

Sales, Marketing and Distribution

The Company sells systems through a combination of direct sales representatives and independent distributors. The systems are used in hospitals, clinics, and alternate care facilities. Our primary sales are in the Unites States.

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Manufacturing

The Company has developed a network of suppliers, manufacturers, and contract service providers to provide sufficient quantities of our products.

The Company is party to a manufacturing supply agreement with Nortech in Wayzata, MN and Biomerics in Salt Lake City UT, covering the generator and treatment wand components of our products. Our generators and treatment wands are manufactured in accordance with applicable quality standards and applicable industry and regulatory standards. In addition, the Company performs the final product testing for generators and treatment wands internally.

The Company is party to a manufacturing supply agreement with Dynamic Group in Ramsey, MN, covering the applicator component of our products. Our applicators are manufactured in accordance with applicable quality standards and applicable industry and regulatory standards. Dynamic Group produces the applicators and applicator kits for our products.

Our facility in Eden Prairie, MN consists of 8,199 square feet and provides office, product development, quality control, and warehouse space. It is an FDA-registered facility and is International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 13485:2016 certified.

Intellectual Property

Our success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our products, technology, and know-how, to operate without infringing on the proprietary rights of others and to prevent others from infringing upon our proprietary rights. The Company seeks to protect our proprietary position by, among other methods, filing United States and selected foreign patent applications and United States and selected foreign trademark applications related to our proprietary technology, inventions, products, and improvements that are important to the development of our business. Effective trademark, service mark, copyright, patent, and trade secret protection may not be available in every country in which our products are made available. The protection of our intellectual property may require the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources.

Patents

The Company considers the protection afforded by patents important to our business. The Company intends to seek and maintain patent protection in the United States and select foreign countries, where deemed appropriate for products that the Company develops. As of December 31, 2024, Sanuwave held more than 140 issued or pending patents worldwide that cover various aspects of the Company’s technology. In general, our patents are effective, ranging from 6 months to 16 years. There are no assurances that any patents will result from our patent applications, or that any patents that may be issued will protect our intellectual property, or that any issued patents or pending applications will not be successfully challenged, including as to ownership and/or validity, by third parties. In addition, if the Company does not avoid infringement of the intellectual property rights of others, the Company may have to seek a license to sell our products, defend an infringement action or challenge the validity of intellectual property in court. Any current or future challenges to our patent rights, or challenges by us to the patent rights of others, could be expensive and time consuming.

The Company believes that our owned and licensed patent rights provide a competitive advantage with respect to others that might seek to utilize certain of our apparatuses and methods incorporating low frequency and non-contact ultrasound and extracorporeal acoustic pressure shockwave technologies that the Company has patented. However, the Company does not hold patent rights that cover all of our products, product components, or methods that utilize our products. The Company also has not conducted a competitive analysis or valuation with respect to our issued and pending patent portfolio in relation to our current products and/or competitor products.

In August 2005, we entered into a license agreement with HealthTronics Inc. (“HealthTronics”) in connection with our acquisition of certain assets and intellectual property relating to orthopedic, tendinopathy, skin wounds, cardiac, dental, neural medical conditions and to all conditions in animals (the “Ortho Field”) from HealthTronics. The majority of the intellectual property licensed from HealthTronics was associated with the construction of shockwave devices, indications for orthopedic treatments, and wound care. These patents and patent applications have either expired or were not pursued in our portfolio.

Under our license to HealthTronics, Inc., we reserved exclusive rights in our purchased portfolio as to the Ortho Field. HealthTronics received field-exclusive and sublicensable rights under the purchased portfolio as to (1) certain HealthTronics lithotripsy devices in all fields other than the Ortho Field, and (2) all products in the treatment of renal,

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ureteral, gall stones and other urological conditions (the “Litho Field”). HealthTronics also received non-exclusive and non-sublicensable rights in the purchased portfolio as to any products in all fields other than the Ortho Field and Litho Field.

Pursuant to mutual amendment and other assignment-back rights under the patent license agreement with HealthTronics, we are also a licensee of certain patents and patent applications that have been assigned to HealthTronics. We received a perpetual, non-exclusive and royalty-free license to nine issued foreign patents. Our non-exclusive license is subject to HealthTronics’ sole discretion to further maintain any of the patents and pending applications assigned back to HealthTronics.

In August 2020, we entered into an asset purchase agreement with Celularity Inc. (“Celularity”), pursuant to which we acquired all of Celularity’s assets related to the MIST Therapy System and UltraMIST System, including all intellectual property and trademarks related to MIST and UltraMIST. These assets are for use in low frequency and non-contact ultrasound to treat wounds.

In August 2020, we also entered into a License and Marketing Agreement with Celularity, pursuant to which we were granted an exclusive, royalty-bearing license to commercialize Biovance, a minimally processed human amniotic membrane, and Interfyl, a human connective tissue matrix, for the care and treatment of acute and chronic wounds performed in an operating room setting for worldwide commercialization, excluding the Asia Pacific region.

Under the terms of the agreement, Celularity was to provide Biovance and Interfyl product to us for commercialization in exchange for a quarterly license fee payment. In May 2021, we received notification of non-compliance with the terms of the agreement due to alleged non-payment of the quarterly license fee. Pursuant to the notification, we ceased commercialization of the licensed products and have not resumed commercialization.

Trademarks

Since other products on the market compete with our products, the Company believes that our product brand names are an important factor in establishing and maintaining brand recognition.

The Company has the following trademark registrations: SANUWAVE® (United States, European Community, Canada, Japan, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Taiwan and under the Madrid Protocol), dermaPACE® (United States, European Community, Japan, South Korea, Switzerland, Taiwan, Canada, China, Brazil, and under the Madrid Protocol), angioPACE® (European Community and United Kingdom), PACE® - Pulsed Acoustic Cellular Expression (United States, European Community, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Switzerland, United Kingdom Taiwan, and Canada), orthoPACE® (United States, United Kingdom, and European Community), DAP® - Diffused Acoustic Pressure (United States, United Kingdom, and European Community), Profile® (United States, European Community, and United Kingdom), Energy First® (United States), Healing Today, Curing Tomorrow® (United States), and UltraMIST® (United States).

Through the acquisition of UltraMIST®/MIST assets from Celularity Inc., the Company is the owner of the Celleration® (United States, Australia, Europe Community, and Japan), Proven Healing® (Madrid Protocol, European Community, and United Kingdom), MIST Ultrasound Healing Therapy & Design® (United States), MIST® (United States), MIST Therapy® (United States), and MIST & Design® (United States) registered trademarks.

The Company also maintains trademark registrations for: OssaTron® (United States), evoPACE® (United Kingdom), Evotron® (Switzerland), and Orthotripsy® (United States). The Company phased out the OssaTrode® (United States, Germany and Switzerland), Equitron® (United States and Switzerland), Reflectron® (Germany and Switzerland), Reflectrode® (Germany and Switzerland), OSWT® (Switzerland), Evotrode® (United States, Germany and Switzerland), and evoPACE® (Canada, Australia, European Community and Switzerland) trademarks, due to the fact that OssaTrode®, Equitron®, Reflectron®, Reflectrode®, OSWT®, Evotrode®, products are no longer available for sale in any market and evoPACE® is a product that is not commercialized.

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Competition

The Company believes the advanced wound care market can benefit from our technology which up-regulates the biological factors that promote wound healing. Current medical technologies developed by Acelity L.P. Inc, (formerly Kinetic Concepts, Inc., now owned by 3M), Organogenesis, Inc., Smith & Nephew plc, Derma Sciences, Inc., MiMedx Group, Inc., Osiris Therapeutics, Inc. (now owned by Smith & Nephew), Molnlycke Health Care, Systagenix Wound Management (US), Inc. (now owned by Scapa Group Ltd) and SoftWave Tissue Regeneration Technologies manage wounds, but, in our opinion, do not provide the value proposition to the patients and care givers like our PACE technology has the potential to do. The leading medical device serving this market is the Vacuum Assisted Closure (“V.A.C.”) System marketed by Kinetic Concepts Inc. The V.A.C. is a negative pressure wound therapy device that applies suction to debride and manage wounds.

There are also several companies that market extracorporeal shockwave device products targeting lithotripsy and orthopedic markets, including Dornier MedTech, Storz Medical AG, Electro Medical Systems (EMS) S.A., SoftWave Tissue Regeneration Technologies, and CellSonic Medical, which could ultimately pursue the wound care market. Nevertheless, the Company believes that the PACE systems have a competitive advantage over all of these existing technologies by achieving wound closure by means of a minimally invasive process through innate biological response to PACE technology.

Regarding the companies that use low frequency ultrasound that creates a pressure wave producing micro-strains due to mechanical forces that deform cell membrane and therefore promote healing, there are technologies developed by Arobella Medical LLC, NanoVibronix, Chattanooga, and EDAP TMS to manage wound care. However, these treatment devices or medical systems are different in design and mode of application of the ultrasound when compared to Sanuwave’s UltraMIST. The Company believes that UltraMIST has a competitive advantage over all of these existing technologies, due to broad medical indications, simplicity of use, wound healing results and the tolerability of the treatment by the patients, especially for painful wounds.

Regulatory Matters

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Regulation

Each of our products must be approved or cleared by the FDA before it is marketed in the United States. Before and after approval or clearance in the United States, our products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and/or the Public Health Service Act, as well as by other regulatory bodies. FDA regulations govern, among other things, the development, testing, manufacturing, labeling, safety, storage, record-keeping, market clearance or approval, advertising and promotion, import and export, marketing and sales, and distribution of medical devices and pharmaceutical products.

In the United States, the FDA subjects medical products to rigorous review. If the Company does not comply with applicable requirements, the Company may be fined, the government may refuse to approve our marketing applications or to allow us to manufacture or market our products, and the Company may be criminally prosecuted. Failure to comply with the law could result in, among other things, warning letters, civil penalties, delays in approving or refusal to approve a product candidate, product recall, product seizure, interruption of production, operating restrictions, suspension or withdrawal of product approval, injunctions, or criminal prosecution.

The FDA has determined that our technology and products constitute “medical devices.” The FDA determines what center or centers within the FDA will review the product and its indication for use and determines under what legal authority the product will be reviewed. For the current indications, our products are being reviewed by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health. However, the Company cannot be sure that the FDA will not select a different center and/or legal authority for one or more of our other product candidates, in which case the governmental review requirements could vary in some respects.

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FDA Approval or Clearance of Medical Devices

In the United States, medical devices are subject to varying degrees of regulatory control and are classified in one of three classes depending on the extent of controls the FDA determines are necessary to reasonably ensure their safety and efficacy:

•Class I: general controls, such as labeling and adherence to quality system regulations;

•Class II: special controls, pre-market notification (510(k)), specific controls such as performance standards, patient registries, and post market surveillance, and additional controls such as labeling and adherence to quality system regulations; and

•Class III: special controls and approval of a pre-market approval (PMA) application.

Each of our products require FDA authorization prior to marketing, by means of either a 510(k) clearance or a PMA approval. To request marketing authorization by means of a 510(k) clearance, the Company must submit a pre-market notification demonstrating that the proposed device is substantially equivalent to another legally marketed medical device, has the same intended use, and is as safe and effective as a legally marketed device and does not raise different questions of safety and effectiveness than does a legally marketed device. 510(k) submissions generally include, among other things, a description of the device and its manufacturing, device labeling, medical devices to which the device is substantially equivalent, safety and biocompatibility information, and the results of performance testing. In some cases, a 510(k) submission must include data from human clinical studies. Marketing may commence only when the FDA issues a clearance letter finding substantial equivalence. After a device receives 510(k) clearance, any product modification that could significantly affect the safety or effectiveness of the product, or that would constitute a significant change in intended use, requires a new 510(k) clearance or, if the device would no longer be substantially equivalent, would require a PMA. If the FDA determines that the product does not qualify for 510(k) clearance, then a company must submit, and the FDA must approve, a PMA before marketing can begin.

A PMA application must provide a demonstration of safety and effectiveness, which generally requires extensive pre-clinical and clinical trial data. Information about the device and its components, device design, manufacturing, and labeling, among other information, must also be included in the PMA. As part of the PMA review, the FDA will inspect the manufacturer’s facilities for compliance with quality system regulation requirements, which govern testing, control, documentation, and other aspects of quality assurance with respect to manufacturing. The PMA approval can include post-approval conditions, including, among other things, restrictions on labeling, promotion, sale and distribution, or requirements to do additional clinical studies post-approval. Even after approval of a PMA, a new PMA or PMA supplement is required to authorize certain modifications to the device, its labeling, or its manufacturing process. Supplements to a PMA often require the submission of the same type of information required for an original PMA, except that the supplement is generally limited to that information needed to support the proposed change from the product covered by the original PMA.

Obtaining medical device clearance, approval, or licensing in the United States or abroad can be an expensive process. International fee structures vary from minimal to substantial, depending on the country. In addition, the Company is subject to annual establishment registration fees in the United States and abroad. Device licenses require periodic renewal with associated fees as well. Currently, the Company is registered as a Small Business Manufacturer with the FDA and as such is subject to reduced fees. If, in the future, our revenues exceed a certain annual threshold limit, the Company may not qualify for the Small Business Manufacturer reduced fee amounts and will be required to pay full fee amounts.

Post-Approval Regulation of Medical Devices

After a device is cleared or approved for marketing, numerous and pervasive regulatory requirements continue to apply. These include:

•the FDA quality systems regulation, which governs, among other things, how manufacturers design, test, manufacture, exercise quality control over, and document manufacturing of their products;

•labeling and claims regulations, which prohibit the promotion of products for unapproved or “off-label” uses and impose other restrictions on labeling;

•the Medical Device Reporting regulation, which requires reporting to the FDA of certain adverse experiences associated with use of the product; and

•post market surveillance, including documentation of clinical experience and follow-on, confirmatory studies.

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The Company continues to be subject to inspection by the FDA to determine our compliance with regulatory requirements, as are our suppliers, contract manufacturers, and contract testing laboratories.

International sales of medical devices manufactured in the United States that are not approved or cleared by the FDA are subject to FDA export requirements. Exported devices are subject to the regulatory requirements of each country to which the device is exported. Exported devices may also fall under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Commerce/Bureau of Industry and Security and compliance with export regulations may be required for certain countries.

Manufacturing Certifications

The Medical Device Single Audit Program (MDSAP)

MDSAP allows a single regulatory audit of a medical device manufacturer’s quality management system to satisfy the requirements of multiple regulatory authorities (RAs). Five RAs including: The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA), Brazil’s Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), Health Canada, MHLW/PMDA (Japan), and the FDA participated in a three-year MDSAP Pilot which concluded in December 2016. These RAs have continued to participate in MDSAP since the program moved into its operational phase starting January 2017, with Health Canada making a full transition from the Canadian Medical Devices Conformity Assessment System (CMDCAS) to MDSAP in January of 2019.

MDSAP uses recognized third-party auditors – auditing organizations (AOs) – to conduct a single quality management system audit that satisfies the requirements of multiple regulatory authorities. Manufacturers only needed to comply with the regulations from the jurisdictions where they sell their products. The MDSAP certificate indicates that a manufacturer complies with the regulatory requirements for the markets defined in the certificate. The certificate does not represent marketing authorization, nor does it require any regulatory authority to issue a marketing authorization or endorsement to the device manufacturer.

The Company has been certified to the MDSAP requirements for the U.S., most recently successfully completing a MDSAP surveillance audit in September 2024. Audit to additional countries will be conducted if expansion to those markets is considered. This certificate is valid for three years. Annual surveillance audits are required to maintain this certification. A full recertification will be conducted in 2025.

Manufacturing cGMP Requirements

Manufacturers of medical devices are required to comply with FDA manufacturing requirements contained in the FDA’s current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) set forth in the quality system regulations promulgated under section 520 of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. cGMP regulations require, among other things, quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation. The manufacturing facility for our products must meet cGMP requirements to the satisfaction of the FDA pursuant to a pre-PMA approval inspection before the Company can use it. The Company and some of our third-party service providers are also subject to periodic inspections of facilities by the FDA and other authorities, including procedures and operations used in the testing and manufacture of our products to assess our compliance with applicable regulations. Failure to comply with statutory and regulatory requirements subjects a manufacturer to possible legal or regulatory action, including the seizure or recall of products, injunctions, consent decrees placing significant restrictions on or suspending manufacturing operations, and civil and criminal penalties. Adverse experiences with the product must be reported to the FDA and could result in the imposition of marketing restrictions through labeling changes or in product withdrawal. Product approvals may be withdrawn if compliance with regulatory requirements is not maintained or if problems concerning safety or efficacy of the product occur following the approval.

International Regulation

We are subject to regulations and product registration requirements in many foreign countries in which we may sell our products, including in the areas of product standards, packaging requirements, labeling requirements, import and export restrictions and tariff regulations, duties and tax requirements. The time required to obtain clearance required by foreign countries may be longer or shorter than that required for FDA clearance, and requirements for licensing a product in a foreign country may differ significantly from FDA requirements.

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United States Anti-Kickback and False Claims Laws

In the United States, there are Federal and state anti-kickback laws that prohibit the payment or receipt of kickbacks, bribes or other remuneration intended to induce the purchase or recommendation of healthcare products and services. Violations of these laws can lead to civil and criminal penalties, including exclusion from participation in Federal healthcare programs. These laws are potentially applicable to manufacturers of products regulated by the FDA as medical devices, such as us, and hospitals, physicians, and other potential purchasers of such products. Other provisions of Federal and state laws provide civil and criminal penalties for presenting, or causing to be presented, to third-party payors for reimbursement, claims that are false or fraudulent, or which are for items or services that were not provided as claimed. In addition, certain states have implemented regulations requiring medical device and pharmaceutical companies to report all gifts and payments over $50 to medical practitioners. Although we intend to structure our future business relationships with clinical investigators and purchasers of our products to comply with these and other applicable laws, it is possible that some of our business practices in the future could be subject to scrutiny and challenge by Federal or state enforcement officials under these laws.

Third Party Reimbursement

We anticipate that sales volumes and prices of the products we commercialize will depend in large part on the availability of coverage and reimbursement from third party payors. Third party payors include governmental programs such as Medicare and Medicaid, private insurance plans, and workers’ compensation plans. Even though a new product may have been approved or cleared by the FDA for commercial distribution, we may find limited demand for the device until adequate history of reimbursement has been obtained from governmental and private third-party payors.

The CPT code for UltraMIST is 97610. This Category 1 code describes a system used in wound care that uses low frequency ultrasonic energy to atomize a liquid and deliver continuous low frequency ultrasound to the wound bed. The CPT codes for the dermaPACE System using extracorporeal shock wave technology to treat diabetic foot ulcers are 0512T and 0513T. The codes 0512T and 0513T are for extracorporeal shock wave for integumentary wound healing, including topical application and dressing and high energy extracorporeal shockwave therapy for integumentary wound healing. While these are Category 3 codes because the dermaPACE System is considered experimental by the CMS, this designation does not preclude billing and obtaining payment. Instead, claims are reviewed on an individual basis.

In international markets, reimbursement and healthcare payment systems vary significantly by country, and many countries have instituted price ceilings on specific product lines and procedures. There can be no assurance that procedures using our products will be considered medically reasonable and necessary for a specific indication, that our products will be considered cost-effective by third-party payors, that an adequate level of reimbursement will be available or that the third-party payors’ reimbursement policies will not adversely affect our ability to sell our products profitably.

We believe that the overall escalating costs of medical products and services has led to, and will continue to lead to, increased pressures on the healthcare industry to reduce the costs of products and services. In addition, recent healthcare reform measures, as well as legislative and regulatory initiatives at the Federal and state levels, create significant additional uncertainties. There can be no assurance that third party coverage and reimbursement will be available or adequate, or that future legislation, regulation, or reimbursement policies of third-party payors will not adversely affect the demand for our products or our ability to sell these products on a profitable basis. The unavailability or inadequacy of third-party payor coverage or reimbursement would have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Confidentiality and Security of Personal Health Information and Sensitive Personal Information

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ("HITECH"), and their implementing regulations (collectively referred to as "HIPAA"), contains provisions that protect individually identifiable health information from unauthorized use or disclosure by covered entities and their business associates. The Office for Civil Rights of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS"), the agency responsible for enforcing HIPAA, has published regulations to address the privacy (the “Privacy Rule”) and security (the “Security Rule”) of protected health information ("PHI"). HIPAA also requires that all providers who transmit claims for health care goods or services electronically utilize standard transaction and data sets and to standardize national provider identification codes. In addition, the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act enacted the HITECH Act, which extends the scope of HIPAA to permit enforcement against business associates for a violation, establishes new requirements to notify the Office for Civil Rights of HHS of a breach of HIPAA, and allows the Attorneys General of the states to bring actions to enforce violations of HIPAA.

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We anticipate that, as we expand our business, we may in the future be a covered entity under HIPAA. We have adopted policies and procedures to comply with the Privacy Rule, the Security Rule and the HIPAA statute as such regulations become applicable to our business. We currently don’t capture patient data through our PACE system.

In addition to HIPAA, many states have laws that govern the processing, collection, use, disclosure, transfer, storage, disposal and protection of health-related and other sensitive and personal information. These state law protections are different and, in some cases, may be more stringent, broader in scope, or offer greater individual rights with respect to sensitive health information than HIPAA. These laws are evolving rapidly and may differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts. Such laws and regulations will be subject to interpretation by various courts and other governmental authorities, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues for us and our future customers and strategic partners. Failure to comply with these laws, where applicable, can result in the imposition of significant civil and/or criminal penalties and private litigation. By way of example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act, (“CCPA”) gives California residents individual privacy rights to access and delete their personal information, opt out of certain personal information sharing, limit the use of their sensitive personal information, and receive detailed information about how their personal information is used. The CCPA provides for civil penalties for violations, as well as a private right of action for data breaches. The CCPA also established a new California agency, the California Privacy Protection Agency, which is authorized to issue new substantive regulations and has independent enforcement power alongside the California Attorney General. These additional rights and the establishment of an agency with independent enforcement powers are expected to increase data breach litigation and government enforcement activity in California. Comprehensive privacy legislation similar to the CCPA has been adopted in other U.S. states including Colorado, Connecticut, Kentucky, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Nevada, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, and Virginia. In the event that we are subject to or affected by HIPAA, the CCPA, or other domestic privacy and data protection laws, any liability from failure to comply with the requirements of these laws could adversely affect our financial condition.

In addition to the state comprehensive data privacy laws, recent years have brought substantial changes to the federal and state treatment of non-HIPAA consumer health information. At the federal level, the FTC brought three enforcement actions in 2023 against a range of companies that handle electronic health information relating to collection and disclosure of non-HIPAA covered consume health information under Section 5 of the FTC Act, two of which included allegations made under the FTC’s Health Breach Notification Rule (“HBNR”). The FTC’s focus on health information continued in 2024 with changes to the HBNR that clarified its scope and emphasized applicability to non-HIPAA health care providers as well as three additional enforcement actions against companies for their use of health information for advertising purposes. On the state level, Washington and Nevada have adopted significant new legislation addressing businesses treatment of consumer health information and Connecticut added more stringent protections for health information to its existing comprehensive state privacy law. In both Washington and Nevada’s laws, there are restrictive provisions limiting collection and disclosure of consumer health information, and Washington’s law provides a separate private right of action for violations.

We intend to adopt policies and procedures to ensure material compliance with state laws regarding the confidentiality of health information as such laws become applicable to us and to monitor and comply with new or changing state laws on an ongoing basis.

Environmental and Occupational Safety and Health Regulations

Our operations are subject to extensive Federal, state, provincial and municipal environmental statutes, regulations and policies, including those promulgated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Alberta Environment and Protected Areas, the Department of Health Services, and the Air Quality Management District, that govern activities and operations that may have adverse environmental effects such as discharges into air and water, as well as handling and disposal practices for solid and hazardous wastes. Some of these statutes and regulations impose strict liability for the costs of cleaning up, and for damages resulting from, sites of spills, disposals, or other releases of contaminants, hazardous substances and other materials and for the investigation and remediation of environmental contamination at properties leased or operated by us and at off-site locations where we have arranged for the disposal of hazardous substances. In addition, we may be subject to claims and lawsuits brought by private parties seeking damages and other remedies with respect to similar matters. We have not to date needed to make material expenditures to comply with current environmental statutes, regulations and policies. However, we cannot predict the impact and costs those possible future statutes, regulations and policies will have on our business.

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Employees

As of December 31, 2024, we had a total of 46 full time employees in the United States. Of these, seven were engaged in research and development which also includes clinical, regulatory, and quality. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We believe our relationship with our employees is good.

Corporate Information

We were formed as a Nevada corporation in 2004. Our corporate headquarters address is 11495 Valley View Road, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, and our main telephone number is (800) 545-8810 or (952) 656-1029.

Available Information

We maintain a website at www.sanuwave.com. We make available on our website, free of charge, our periodic reports and registration statements filed with the SEC, including our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Sections 13(a) and 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). We make these reports available through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such reports with, or furnish such reports to, the SEC. Our internet site and the information contained on or connected to that site are not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

Item 1A. RISK FACTORS

Investing in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the following risk factors and all other information contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the consolidated financial statements and the related notes, before purchasing our common stock. If any of the following risks actually occur, they may materially harm our business and our financial condition and results of operations. In any such event, the market price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Risks Related to our Business

Our recurring losses from operations and dependency upon future issuances of equity or other financing to fund ongoing operations have raised substantial doubt as to our ability to continue as a going concern. We will be required to raise additional funds to finance our operations and remain a going concern; we may not be able to do so, and/or the terms of any financings may not be advantageous to us.

The continuation of our business is dependent upon raising additional capital. We expect to devote substantial resources for the commercialization of UltraMIST which will require additional capital resources. We incurred a net loss of $31.4 million and $25.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. The operating losses and the current portion of our Senior Secured Debt indicate substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period of at least twelve months from the filing of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Management’s plans are to obtain additional capital in 2025. The Company could obtain additional capital through the issuance of common or preferred stock, securities convertible into common stock, or secured or unsecured debt. These possibilities, to the extent available, may be on terms that result in significant dilution to the Company’s existing stockholders. In addition, there can be no assurances that the Company’s plans to obtain additional capital will be successful on the terms or timeline it expects, or at all. If these efforts are unsuccessful, the Company may be required to significantly curtail or discontinue operations or, if available, obtain funds through financing transactions with unfavorable terms.

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which contemplate continuation of the Company as a going concern and the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The carrying amounts of assets and liabilities presented in the consolidated financial statements do not necessarily purport to represent realizable or settlement values. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustment that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. The Company’s consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability of assets and classification of assets and liabilities that might be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

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We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. If we are unable to remediate these material weaknesses, or if we identify additional material weaknesses in the future or otherwise fail to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures, it may result in material misstatements of our consolidated financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. These material weaknesses are as follows:

•The Company lacked expertise and resources to analyze and properly apply U.S. GAAP to complex and non-routine transactions such as complex financial instruments and derivatives and complex sales distributing agreements with select vendors.

•A lack of internal resources to analyze and properly apply U.S. GAAP to account for financial instruments included in service agreements with select vendors.

•Failure to implement controls around the following accounting processes: Equity, Financial Reporting, Accounts Payable, Expenses, Revenue, Accounts Receivable, Tax, Cash, Debt, Fixed Assets, Inventory, Commissions, Entity-Level, Human Resources/Payroll, and IT processes: change management, operations, and access security. As such, we believe that accounting and IT processes and procedures need to be tested for operating effectiveness.

We are taking certain measures to remediate these material weaknesses described above as discussed further in Part II, Item 9A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K; however, such material weaknesses had not been remediated as of December 31, 2024. In addition, due to the material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting, we have also determined that our disclosure controls and procedures were ineffective as of December 31, 2024. The material weaknesses will not be considered remediated until management completes the design and implementation of the measures described above and the controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are effective.

There can be no assurance as to when the material weaknesses will be remediated. At this time, we cannot provide an estimate of costs expected to be incurred in connection with implementing this remediation plan; however, these remediation measures will be time consuming, will result in us incurring significant costs, and will place significant demands on our financial and operational resources.

We cannot assure that the measures we have taken to date and may take in the future will be sufficient to remediate the control deficiencies that led to our material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting or that they will prevent or avoid potential future material weaknesses to be identified in the future. The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting is subject to various inherent limitations, including cost limitations, judgments used in decision making, assumptions about the likelihood of future events, the possibility of human error and the risk of fraud. Any failure to design, implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and effective disclosure controls and procedures, or any difficulties encountered in their implementation or improvement, may result in additional material misstatements of our consolidated financial statements, or cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations, which may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to successfully raise additional capital, our viability may be threatened; however, if we do raise additional capital, your percentage ownership as a stockholder could decrease and constraints could be placed on the operations of our business.

We have experienced negative operating cash flows since our inception and have funded our operations primarily from proceeds received from sales of our capital stock, the issuance of promissory notes and convertible promissory notes, the issuance of notes payable to related parties, and product sales. We will seek to obtain additional funds in the future either through equity or debt financings or through strategic alliances with third parties, either alone or in combination with equity financings. These financings could result in substantial dilution to the holders of our common stock or require contractual or other restrictions on our operations or on alternative business opportunities that may be available to us. If we can raise additional funds by issuing debt securities, these debt securities could impose significant additional restrictions on our operations. Any such required financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, and the failure

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to procure such required financing could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations, or threaten our ability to continue as a going concern.

A variety of factors could impact our need to raise additional capital, the timing of any required financing and the amount of such financings. Factors that may cause our future capital requirements to be greater than anticipated or could accelerate our need for funds include, without limitation:

•unanticipated expenditures in research and development or manufacturing activities;

•unanticipated expenditures in the acquisition and defense of intellectual property rights;

•the failure to develop strategic alliances for the marketing of some of our products;

•unforeseen changes in healthcare reimbursement for procedures using any of our approved products;

•inability to train a sufficient number of physicians to create a demand for any of our approved products;

•lack of financial resources to adequately support our operations;

•difficulties in maintaining commercial scale manufacturing capacity and capability;

•unforeseen problems with our third-party manufacturers, service providers or specialty suppliers of certain raw materials;

•unanticipated difficulties in operating in international markets;

•unanticipated financial resources needed to respond to technological changes and increased competition;

•unforeseen problems in attracting and retaining qualified personnel;

•the impact of changes in U.S. health care law and policy on our operations;

•enactment of new legislation or administrative regulations;

•the application to our business of new court decisions and regulatory interpretations;

•claims that might be brought in excess of our insurance coverage;

•delays in timing of receipt of required regulatory approvals;

•the failure to comply with regulatory guidelines; and

•the uncertainty in industry demand and patient wellness behavior.

In addition, although we have no present commitments or understandings to do so, we may seek to expand our operations and product line through acquisitions. Any acquisition would likely increase our capital requirements.

The medical device/therapeutic product industries are highly competitive and subject to rapid technological change. If our competitors are better able to develop and market products that are safer and more effective than any products we may develop, our commercial opportunities will be reduced or eliminated.

Our success depends, in part, upon our ability to maintain a competitive position in the development of technologies and products. We face competition from established medical device, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, as well as from academic institutions, government agencies, and private and public research institutions in the United States and abroad. Many of our principal competitors have significantly greater financial resources and expertise than we do in research and development, manufacturing, pre-clinical testing, conducting clinical trials, obtaining regulatory approvals and marketing approved products. Smaller or early-stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements, or mergers with, or acquisitions by, large and established companies, or through the development of novel products and technologies. The industry in which we operate has undergone, and we expect it to continue to undergo, rapid and significant technological change, and we expect competition to intensify as technological advances are made.

Many of our product component materials are only produced by a single supplier for such product component. If we are unable to obtain product component materials and other products from our suppliers that we depend on for our operations, or find suitable replacement suppliers, our ability to deliver our products to market will likely be impeded, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

We depend on suppliers for product component materials and other components that are subject to stringent regulatory requirements. Many of our product component materials are only produced by a single supplier for such product components. While we believe that alternative manufacturers and suppliers offering similar components are available on an as-needed basis and could be engaged in a reasonable period of time, there can be no assurance that the loss of these suppliers will not result in a disruption to our production. Our suppliers may encounter problems during manufacturing due to a variety of reasons, including failure to follow specific protocols and procedures, failure to comply with applicable regulations, equipment malfunction and environmental factors. Certain of our suppliers must be approved by regulatory authorities, which could delay our efforts to establish additional or replacement suppliers for these materials.

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If we are unable to secure, on a timely basis, sufficient quantities of the materials we depend on to manufacture our products, if we encounter delays or contractual or other difficulties in our relationships with these suppliers, or if we cannot find replacement suppliers at an acceptable cost, the manufacturing of our products may be disrupted, which could increase our costs and have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

The loss of our key management would likely hinder our ability to execute our business plan.

As a small company with less than 50 employees, our success depends on the continuing contributions of our management team and qualified personnel. Turnover, transitions or other disruptions in our management team and personnel could make it more difficult to successfully operate our business and achieve our business goals and could adversely affect our results of operation and financial condition. Our success depends in large part on our ability to attract and retain highly qualified personnel. We face intense competition in our hiring efforts from other pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device companies, as well as from universities and nonprofit research organizations, and we may have to pay higher salaries to attract and retain qualified personnel. The loss of one or more of these individuals, or our inability to attract additional qualified personnel, could substantially impair our ability to implement our business plan.

We face an inherent risk of liability if the use or misuse of our products results in personal injury or death.

The sale of products may expose us to product liability claims which could result in financial loss. Our clinical and commercial product liability insurance coverage may not be sufficient to cover claims that may be made against us. In addition, we may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost, or in sufficient amounts or scope, to protect us against losses. Any claims against us, regardless of their merit, could severely harm our financial condition, strain our management team and other resources, and adversely impact or eliminate the prospects for commercialization of the product candidate, or sale of the product, that is the subject of any such claim. Although we do not promote any off-label use, off-label uses of products are common, and the FDA does not regulate a physician’s choice of treatment. Off-label uses of any of our products may subject us to additional liability.

We are dependent on information technology and our systems and infrastructure face certain risks, including from cybersecurity breaches and data leakage.

We rely to a large extent upon sophisticated information technology systems to operate our businesses, some of which are managed, hosted, provided and/or used by third parties or their vendors. We collect, store, and transmit large amounts of confidential information, and we deploy and operate an array of technical and procedural controls to maintain the confidentiality and integrity of such confidential information. A significant breakdown, invasion, corruption, destruction or interruption of critical information technology systems or infrastructure, by our workforce, others with authorized access to our systems or unauthorized persons could negatively impact our operations. The ever-increasing use and evolution of technology, including cloud-based computing, creates opportunities for the unintentional dissemination or intentional destruction of confidential information stored in our or our third-party providers’ systems, portable media, or storage devices. We could also experience, and in some cases have experienced in the past, a business interruption, theft of confidential information, financial theft, or reputational damage from industrial espionage attacks, malware, spoofing or other cyber-attacks, which may compromise our system infrastructure, lead to data leakage, either internally or at our third-party providers, or materially adversely impact our financial condition.

We have previously disclosed that we have experienced cybersecurity breaches from email spoofing. While we have invested in the protection of data and information technology, there can be no assurance that our efforts will prevent service interruptions or security breaches. Any such interruption or breach of our systems could adversely affect our business operations and/or result in the loss of critical or sensitive confidential information or intellectual property, and could result in financial, legal, business, and reputational harm to us.

If we are unable to expand, manage and maintain our direct sales and marketing organizations, we may not be able to generate anticipated revenue.

Building the requisite sales, marketing and distribution capabilities to successfully market and sell our products continues to be expensive and time-consuming and requires significant attention from our leadership team to manage. Any failure or delay in the expansion of our sales, marketing or distribution capabilities would adversely impact the commercialization of our products. Additionally, we may choose to collaborate, either globally or on a territory-by-territory basis, with third parties on the commercialization of our products. If we are unable to enter into arrangements with such third parties on acceptable terms or at all, we may not be able to successfully commercialize our products.

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If we fail to properly manage our growth effectively, our business could suffer.

We intend to continue to grow and may experience periods of rapid growth and expansion, which could place a significant additional strain on our limited personnel, information technology systems and other resources including but not limited to procuring sufficient office, warehouse, and production space to successfully operate our business and the inherent difficulties arising from acquiring, managing, or moving between such operating spaces. In particular, the hiring of our direct sales force requires significant management, financial and other supporting resources. Any failure by us to manage our growth effectively could have an adverse effect on our ability to achieve our development and commercialization goals.

To achieve our revenue goals, we must continue to successfully increase manufacturing output to meet expected customer demand. We may experience difficulties with manufacturing yields, quality control, component supply and shortages of qualified personnel, such as skilled operators who can assemble our product, among other problems. Any of these problems could result in delays in product availability and increases in expenses. Any such delay or increased expense could adversely affect our ability to generate revenue.

Future growth will continue to impose significant added responsibilities on management, including the need to identify, recruit, train and integrate additional employees. In addition, rapid and significant growth will place a strain on our administrative and operational infrastructure.

In order to manage our operations and growth, we will need to continue to improve our operational and management controls, reporting and information technology systems and financial internal control procedures. If we are unable to manage our growth effectively, it may be difficult for us to execute our business strategy and our operating results and may have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We generate a portion of our revenue internationally and are subject to various risks relating to our international activities, which could adversely affect our operating results.

On an annual basis, less than one percent of our revenue comes from international sources. While we have no current plan to materially expand our international operations, there can be no assurance we will not pursue such an expansion in the future. Engaging in international business involves several difficulties and risks, including, but not limited to, the following:

•required compliance with existing and changing foreign healthcare and other regulatory requirements and laws, such as those relating to patient privacy or handling of bio-hazardous waste;

•required compliance with anti-bribery laws, data privacy requirements, labor laws and anti-competition regulations;

•export or import restrictions;

•political and economic instability,

•foreign exchange controls; and

•difficulties protecting or procuring intellectual property rights.

With respect to our international operations, our results of operations and cash flows are subject to fluctuations due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our expenses are generally denominated in the currencies in which our operations are located, which is in the United States. If the value of the U.S. dollar increases relative to foreign currencies in the future, in the absence of a corresponding change in local currency prices, our future revenue could be adversely affected as we convert future revenue from local currencies to U.S. dollars.

Provisions in our Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws and Nevada law might decrease the chances of an acquisition.

Provisions of our Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws and applicable provisions of Nevada law may delay or discourage transactions involving an actual or potential change in control or change in our management, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares, or transactions that our stockholders might otherwise deem to be in their best interests. Some of the following provisions in our Articles of Incorporation or Bylaws that may decrease our attractiveness to be acquired are:

•advance notice of business to be brought is required for a meeting of our stockholders;

•the affirmative vote of the holders of at least sixty-six and two-thirds percent of the Company’s outstanding voting power is required for stockholders to amend our Bylaws;

•stockholders are prohibited from requesting or calling a special meeting of stockholders;

•no cumulative voting rights for the holders of common stock in the election of directors; and

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•vacancies in the board of directors may be filled by a majority vote of the directors then in office or by a sole remaining director, in either case though less than a quorum.

In addition, Section 78.438 of the Nevada Revised Statutes prohibits a publicly-held Nevada corporation from engaging in a business combination with an interested stockholder (generally defined as a person which together with its affiliates owns, or within the last three years has owned, 10% of our voting stock, for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person became an interested stockholder) unless the business combination is approved in a prescribed manner. The existence of the foregoing provisions and other potential anti-takeover measures could limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our common stock. They could also deter potential acquirers of our Company, thereby reducing the likelihood that you could receive a premium for your common stock in an acquisition.

Regulatory Risks

We are subject to extensive governmental regulation, including the FDA.

We and our products, our suppliers, and our contract manufacturers are subject to extensive regulation by governmental authorities in the United States and other countries. Failure to comply with applicable requirements could result in, among other things, any of the following actions:

•warning letters,

•fines and other monetary penalties,

•unanticipated expenditures,

•product recall or seizure,

•interruption of manufacturing,

•operating restrictions,

•injunctions, and

•criminal prosecutions.

In addition to the approval and clearance requirements, numerous other regulatory requirements apply to us and our products, our suppliers and contract manufacturers. These include requirements related to the following:

•testing,

•manufacturing,

•quality control,

•labeling,

•advertising,

•promotion,

•distribution,

•export,

•reporting to the FDA certain adverse experiences associated with the use of the products, and

•obtaining additional approvals or clearances for certain modifications to the products or their labeling or claims.

We are also subject to inspection by the FDA and other international regulatory bodies to determine our compliance with regulatory requirements, as are our suppliers and contract manufacturers, and we cannot be sure that the FDA and other international regulatory bodies will not identify compliance issues that may disrupt production or distribution or require substantial resources to correct.

The FDA’s requirements and international regulatory body requirements may change, and additional regulations may be promulgated that could affect us, our products, and our suppliers and contract manufacturers. We cannot predict the likelihood, nature or extent of government regulation that may arise from future legislation or administrative action. There can be no assurance that we will not be required to incur significant costs to comply with such laws and regulations in the future, or that such laws or regulations will not have a material adverse effect upon our business.

Regulatory approval of our products may be withdrawn at any time.

After regulatory approval has been obtained for medical device products, the product and the manufacturer are subject to continual review, including the review of adverse experiences and clinical results that are reported after our products are

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made available to patients, and there can be no assurance that such approval will not be withdrawn or restricted. Regulators may also subject approvals to restrictions or conditions or impose post-approval obligations on the holders of these approvals, and the regulatory status of such products may be jeopardized if such obligations are not fulfilled. If post-approval studies are required, such studies may involve significant time and expense.

The manufacturing facilities we use to make any of our products will also be subject to periodic review and inspection by the FDA or other regulatory authorities, as applicable. The discovery of any new or previously unknown problems with the product or facility may result in restrictions on the product or facility, including withdrawal of the product from the market. We will continue to be subject to the FDA or other regulatory authority requirements, as applicable, governing the labeling, packaging, storage, advertising, promotion, recordkeeping, and submission of safety and other post-market information for all of our products, even those that the FDA or other regulatory authority, as applicable, had approved. If we fail to comply with applicable continuing regulatory requirements, we may be subject to fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approval, product recalls and seizures, operating restrictions and other adverse consequences.

If we fail to obtain an adequate level of reimbursement for our approved products by third party payors, there may be no commercially viable markets for our approved products, or the markets may be much smaller than expected.

The availability and levels of reimbursement by governmental and other third-party payors affect the market for our approved products. The efficacy, safety, performance, and cost-effectiveness of our products, and of any competing products will determine the availability and level of reimbursement. Reimbursement and healthcare payment systems in international markets vary significantly by country and include both government sponsored healthcare and private insurance. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to produce clinical data, which may involve one or more clinical trials, that compares the cost-effectiveness of our approved products to other available therapies. We may not obtain international reimbursement or pricing approvals in a timely manner, if at all. Our failure to receive international reimbursement or pricing approvals would negatively impact market acceptance of our approved products in the international markets in which those pricing approvals are sought.

We believe that, in the future, reimbursement for any of our products may be subject to increased restrictions both in the United States and in international markets. Future legislation, regulation or reimbursement policies of third-party payors may adversely affect the demand for our products currently under development and limit our ability to sell our products on a profitable basis. In addition, third-party payors continually attempt to contain or reduce the costs of healthcare by challenging the prices charged for healthcare products and services. If reimbursement for our approved products is unavailable or limited in scope or amount, or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels, market acceptance of our approved products would be impaired and our future revenues, if any, would be adversely affected.

Failure to obtain regulatory approval in foreign jurisdictions will prevent us from marketing our products abroad.

International sales of our products that we commercialize are subject to the regulatory requirements of each country in which the products are sold. Accordingly, the introduction of our products in markets outside the United States will be subject to regulatory approvals in those jurisdictions. The regulatory review process varies from country to country. Many countries impose product standards, packaging, and labeling requirements, and import restrictions on medical devices. In addition, each country has its own tariff regulations, duties, and tax requirements. The approval by foreign government authorities is unpredictable and uncertain and can be expensive. Our ability to market our approved products could be substantially limited due to delays in receipt of, or failure to receive, the necessary approvals or clearances.

Prior to marketing our products in any country outside the United States, we must obtain marketing approval in that country. Approval and other regulatory requirements vary by jurisdiction and differ from the United States’ requirements. We may be required to perform additional pre-clinical or clinical studies even if FDA approval has been obtained.

Uncertainty surrounding and future changes to healthcare law in the United States may have a material adverse effect on us.

The healthcare regulatory environment in the United States is currently subject to significant uncertainty and the industry may in the future continue to experience fundamental change because of regulatory reform. From time to time, legislation is drafted and introduced in the United States Congress that could significantly change the statutory provisions governing the clearance or approval, manufacture, marketing, and pricing of medical devices. In addition, FDA regulations and guidance are often revised or reinterpreted by the agency in ways that may significantly affect our business and our products. We could experience an adverse impact on our operating results due to such changes, including increased pricing

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pressure in these markets. Governments, hospitals, and other third-party payers also could reduce the amount of approved reimbursement for our products or deny coverage altogether. Reductions in reimbursement levels or coverage or other cost-containment measures could adversely affect our future operating results.

If we fail to comply with the United States Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, False Claims Act, and similar state laws, we could be subject to criminal and civil penalties and exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs, which would have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

A provision of the Social Security Act, commonly referred to as the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, prohibits the offer, payment, solicitation, or receipt of any form of remuneration in return for referring, ordering, leasing, purchasing or arranging for, or recommending the ordering, purchasing or leasing of, items or services payable by Medicare, Medicaid or any other Federal healthcare program. The Federal Anti-Kickback Statute is very broad in scope and many of its provisions have not been uniformly or definitively interpreted by existing case law or regulations. In addition, most of the states have adopted laws like the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, and some of these laws are even broader than the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute in that their prohibitions are not limited to items or services paid for by Federal healthcare programs, but instead apply regardless of the source of payment. Violations of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute may result in substantial civil or criminal penalties and exclusion from participation in Federal healthcare programs.

Our operations may also implicate the False Claims Act. If we fail to comply with Federal and state documentation, coding, and billing rules, we could be subject to liability under the Federal False Claims Act, including criminal and/or civil penalties, loss of licenses and exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The False Claims Act prohibits individuals and companies from knowingly submitting false claims for payments to, or improperly retaining overpayments from, the government.

Our financial relationships with healthcare providers and others who provide products or services to Federal healthcare program beneficiaries are potentially governed by the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, False Claims Act, and similar state laws. We cannot be certain that we will not be subject to investigations or litigation alleging violations of these laws, which could be time-consuming and costly to us and could divert management’s attention from operating our business, which in turn could have a material adverse effect on our business. In addition, if our arrangements were found to violate the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute, False Claims Act or similar state laws, the consequences of such violations would likely have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Failure to comply with the HIPAA and state-specific privacy laws, as such rules become applicable to our business, may increase our operational costs.

The HIPAA privacy and security regulations establish comprehensive Federal standards with respect to the uses and disclosures of PHI by certain entities, including health plans and health care providers, and set standards to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of electronic PHI. The regulations establish a complex regulatory framework on a variety of subjects, including, for example: the circumstances under which uses and disclosures of PHI are permitted or required without a specific authorization by the patient; a patient’s right to access, amend and receive an accounting of certain disclosures of PHI; the content of notices of privacy practices describing how PHI is used and disclosed and individuals’ rights with respect to their PHI; and implementation of administrative, technical and physical safeguards to protect privacy and security of PHI. We anticipate that, as we expand our business, we will in the future be a covered entity under HIPAA. There can be no assurance that our policies and procedures will be adequate or will prevent all incidents of non-compliance with such regulations.

The HITECH Act and its implementing regulations also require healthcare providers to notify affected individuals, the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and in some cases, the media, when PHI has been breached as defined under and following the requirements of HIPAA. Many states have similar breach notification laws. In the event of a breach, to the extent such regulations are applicable to our business, we could incur operational and financial costs related to remediation as well as preparation and delivery of the notices, which costs could be substantial. Additionally, HIPAA, the HITECH Act, and their implementing regulations provide for significant civil fines, criminal penalties, and other sanctions for failure to comply with the privacy, security, and breach notification rules, including for wrongful or impermissible use or disclosure of PHI. Although the HIPAA statute and regulations do not expressly provide for a private right of action for damages, private parties may also seek damages under state laws for the wrongful or impermissible use or disclosure of confidential health information or other private personal information. Additionally, amendments to HIPAA provide that the state attorneys general may bring an action against a covered entity for a violation of HIPAA. As we expand our business such that Federal laws regarding PHI and privacy apply to our operations, any

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noncompliance with such regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition to our obligations under HIPAA, many states have laws that govern the processing, collection, use, disclosure, transfer, storage, disposal and protection of health-related and other sensitive and personal information. These state law protections are different and, in some cases, may be more stringent, broader in scope, or offer greater individual rights with respect to sensitive health information than HIPAA. These laws are evolving rapidly and may differ from each other in significant ways and may not have the same effect, thus complicating compliance efforts. Such laws and regulations will be subject to interpretation by various courts and other governmental authorities, thus creating potentially complex compliance issues for us and our future customers and strategic partners. Failure to comply with these laws, where applicable, can result in the imposition of significant civil and/or criminal penalties and private litigation. In addition to the state comprehensive data privacy laws, recent years have brought substantial changes to the federal and state treatment of non-HIPAA consumer health information. At the federal level, the FTC brought three enforcement actions in 2023 against a range of companies that handle electronic health information relating to collection and disclosure of non-HIPAA covered consume health information under Section 5 of the FTC Act, two of which included allegations made under the FTC’s HBNR. The FTC’s focus on health information continued in 2024 with changes to the HBNR that clarified its scope and emphasized applicability to non-HIPAA health care providers as well as three additional enforcement actions against companies for their use of health information for advertising purposes. On the state level, Washington and Nevada have adopted significant new legislation addressing businesses treatment of consumer health information, and Connecticut added more stringent protections for health information to its existing comprehensive state privacy law. In both Washington and Nevada’s laws, there are restrictive provisions limiting collection and disclosure of consumer health information, and Washington’s law provides a separate private right of action for violations. Any noncompliance with applicable laws or regulations could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We face periodic reviews and billing audits from governmental and private payors, and these audits could have adverse results that may negatively impact our business.

As a result of our participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, we are subject to various governmental reviews and audits to verify our compliance with these programs and applicable laws and regulations. We also are subject to audits under various government programs in which third-party firms engaged by the CMS conduct extensive reviews of claims data and medical and other records to identify potential improper payments under the Medicare program. Private pay sources also reserve the right to conduct audits. If billing errors are identified in the sample of reviewed claims, the billing error can be extrapolated to all claims filed, which could result in a larger overpayment than originally identified in the sample of reviewed claims. Our costs to respond to and defend reviews and audits may be significant and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Moreover, an adverse review or audit could result in:

•required refunding or retroactive adjustment of amounts we have been paid by governmental or private payors;

•state or Federal agencies imposing fines, penalties and other sanctions on us;

•loss of our right to participate in the Medicare program, state programs, or one or more private payor networks; or

•damage to our business and reputation in various markets.

Any one of these results could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Product quality or performance issues may be discovered through ongoing regulation by the FDA and by comparable international agencies, as well as through our internal standard quality process.

The medical device industry is subject to substantial regulation by the FDA and by comparable international agencies. In addition to requiring clearance or approval to market new or improved devices, we are subject to ongoing regulation as a device manufacturer. Governmental regulations cover many aspects of our operations, including quality systems, marketing and device reporting. As a result, we continually collect and analyze information about our product quality and product performance through field observations, customer feedback and other quality metrics. If we fail to comply with applicable regulations or if post market safety issues arise, we could be subject to enforcement sanctions, our promotional practices may be restricted, and our marketed products could be subject to recall or otherwise impacted. Each of these potential actions could result in a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

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The use of hazardous materials in our operations may subject us to environmental claims or liability.

We conduct research and development and manufacturing operations in our facility. Our research and development process may, at times, involve the controlled use of hazardous materials and chemicals. We may conduct experiments in which we may use small quantities of chemicals, including those that are corrosive, toxic, and flammable. The risk of accidental injury or contamination from these materials cannot be eliminated. We do not maintain a separate insurance policy for these types of risks. In the event of an accident or environmental discharge or contamination, we may be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We are subject to Federal, state, and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. The cost of compliance with these laws and regulations could be significant.

Risks Related to Intellectual Property

The protection of our intellectual property is critical to our success, and any failure on our part to adequately protect those rights could materially adversely affect our business.

Our commercial success depends to a significant degree on our ability to:

•obtain and/or maintain protection for our products under the patent laws of the United States and other countries;

•defend and enforce our patents once obtained;

•obtain and/or maintain appropriate licenses to patents, patent applications or other proprietary rights held by others with respect to our technology, both in the United States and other countries;

•maintain trade secrets and other intellectual property rights relating to our products; and

•operate without infringing upon the patents, trademarks, copyrights, and proprietary rights of third parties.

The degree of intellectual property protection for our technology is uncertain, and only limited intellectual property protection may be available for our products, which may prevent us from gaining or keeping any competitive advantage against our competitors. Although we believe the patents that we own or license, and the patent applications that we own, generally provide us a competitive advantage, the patent positions of biotechnology, biopharmaceutical and medical device companies are generally highly uncertain, involve complex legal and factual questions and have been the subject of much litigation. Neither the United States Patent & Trademark Office nor the courts have a consistent policy regarding the breadth of claims allowed or the degree of protection afforded under many biotechnology patents. Even if issued, patents may be challenged, narrowed, invalidated, or circumvented, which could limit our ability to stop competitors from marketing similar products or limit the length of term of patent protection we may have for our products. Further, a court or other government agency could interpret our patents in a way such that the patents do not adequately cover our current or future products. Changes in either patent laws or in interpretations of patent laws in the United States and other countries may diminish the value of our intellectual property or narrow the scope of our patent protection.

We also rely upon trade secrets and unpatented proprietary know-how and continuing technological innovation in developing our products, especially where we do not believe patent protection is appropriate or obtainable. We seek to protect this intellectual property, in part, by generally requiring our employees, consultants, and current and prospective business partners to enter into confidentiality agreements in connection with their employment, consulting or advisory relationships with us, where appropriate. We also require our employees, consultants, researchers, and advisors who we expect to work on our products to agree to disclose and assign to us all inventions conceived during the workday, developed using our property or which relate to our business. We may lack the financial or other resources to successfully monitor and detect, or to enforce our rights in respect of, infringement or breaches of these confidentiality agreements. In the case of any such undetected or unchallenged infringements or breaches, these confidentiality agreements may not provide us with meaningful protection of our trade secrets and unpatented proprietary know-how or adequate remedies. In addition, others may independently develop technology that is similar or equivalent to our trade secrets or know-how. If any of our trade secrets, unpatented know-how or other confidential or proprietary information is divulged to third parties, including our competitors, our competitive position in the marketplace could be harmed and our ability to sell our products successfully could be severely compromised. Enforcing a claim that a party illegally obtained and is using trade secrets that have been licensed to us or that we own is also difficult, expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States may be less willing to protect trade secrets. Costly and time-consuming litigation could be necessary to seek to enforce and determine the scope of our proprietary rights, and failure to obtain or maintain trade secret protection could have a material adverse effect on our business. Moreover, some of our academic institution licensees, evaluators, collaborators, and scientific advisors have rights to publish data and information to which we have rights. If we cannot maintain the confidentiality of our technologies and other confidential information in

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connection with our collaborations, our ability to protect our proprietary information or obtain patent protection in the future may be impaired, which could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Accordingly, we may fail to secure meaningful patent protection relating to any of our existing or future products or discoveries despite the expenditure of considerable resources. Further, there may be widespread patent infringement in countries in which we may seek patent protection, including countries in Europe and Asia, which may instigate expensive and time-consuming litigation that could adversely affect the scope of our patent protection. In addition, others may attempt to commercialize products similar to our products in countries where we do not have adequate patent protection. Failure to obtain adequate patent protection for our products, or the failure by particular countries to enforce patent laws or allow prosecution for alleged patent infringement, may impair our ability to be competitive. The availability of infringing products in markets where we have patent protection, or the availability of competing products in markets where we do not have adequate patent protection, could erode the market for our products, negatively impact the prices we can charge for our products, and harm our reputation if infringing or competing products are manufactured to inferior standards.

Patent applications owned by us or licensed to us may not result in issued patents, and our competitors may commercialize the discoveries we attempt to patent.

The patent applications that we own and that have been licensed to us, and any future patent applications that we may own or that may be licensed to us, may not result in the issuance of any patents. The standards that the United States Patent & Trademark Office and foreign patent agencies use to grant patents are not always applied predictably or uniformly and can change. Consequently, we cannot be certain as to the type and scope of patent claims to which we may in the future be entitled under our license agreements or that may be issued to us. These applications may not be sufficient to meet the statutory requirements for patentability and, therefore, may not result in enforceable patents covering the products we want to commercialize. Further, patent applications in the United States that are not filed in other countries may not be published or generally are not published until at least 18 months after they are first filed, and patent applications in certain foreign countries generally are not published until many months after they are filed. Scientific and patent publication often occurs long after the date of the scientific developments disclosed in those publications. As a result, we cannot be certain that we will be the first creator of inventions covered by our patents or applications, or the first to file such patent applications. As a result, our issued patents and our patent applications could become subject to challenge by third parties that created such inventions or filed patent applications before us or our licensors, resulting in, among other things, interference proceedings in the United States Patent & Trademark Office to determine priority of discovery or invention. Interference proceedings, if resolved adversely to us, could result in the loss of or significant limitations on patent protection for our products or technologies. Even in the absence of interference proceedings, patent applications now pending or in the future filed by third parties may prevail over the patent applications that may be owned by us or licensed to us or that we may file in the future, or may result in patents that issue alongside patents issued to us or our licensors or that may be issued or licensed to us in the future, leading to uncertainty over the scope of the patents owned by us or licensed to us or that may in the future be owned by us or impede our freedom to practice the claimed inventions.

Our patents may not be valid or enforceable and may be challenged by third parties.

We cannot assure you that the patents that have been issued or licensed to us would be held valid by a court or administrative body or that we would be able to successfully enforce our patents against infringers, including our competitors. The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its validity or enforceability, and the validity and enforceability of a patent is susceptible to challenge on numerous legal grounds, including the possibility of reexamination proceedings brought by third parties in the United States Patent & Trademark Office against issued patents and similar validity challenges under foreign patent laws. Challenges raised in patent infringement litigation brought by us or against us may result in determinations that patents that have been issued to us or licensed to us or any patents that may be issued to us or our licensors in the future are invalid, unenforceable or otherwise subject to limitations. In the event of any such determinations, third parties may be able to use the discoveries or technologies claimed in these patents without paying licensing fees or royalties to us, which could significantly diminish the value of our intellectual property and our competitive advantage. Even if our patents are held to be enforceable, others may be able to design around our patents or develop products similar to our products that are not within the scope of any of our patents.

In addition, enforcing the patents that we own or license and any patents that may be issued to us in the future against third parties may require significant expenditures regardless of the outcome of such efforts. Our inability to enforce our patents against infringers and competitors may impair our ability to be competitive and could have a material adverse effect on our business.

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Issued patents and patent licenses may not provide us with any competitive advantage or provide meaningful protection against competitors.

The discoveries or technologies covered by issued patents we own or license may not have any value or provide us with a competitive advantage, and many of these discoveries or technologies may not be applicable to our products at all. We have devoted limited resources to identifying competing technologies that may have a competitive advantage relative to ours, especially those competing technologies that are not perceived as infringing on our intellectual property rights. In addition, the standards that courts use to interpret and enforce patent rights are not always applied predictably or uniformly and can change, particularly as new technologies develop. Consequently, we cannot be certain as to how much protection, if any, will be afforded by these patents with respect to our products if we, our licensees or our licensors attempt to enforce these patent rights and those rights are challenged in court.

The existence of third-party patent applications and patents could significantly limit our ability to obtain meaningful patent protection. If patents containing competitive or conflicting claims are issued to third parties, we may be enjoined from pursuing research, development or commercialization of product candidates or may be required to obtain licenses, if available, to these patents or to develop or obtain alternative technology. If another party controls patents or patent applications covering our product candidates, we may not be able to obtain the rights we need to those patents or patent applications in order to commercialize our product candidates or we may be required to pay royalties, which could be substantial, to obtain licenses to use those patents or patent applications.

In addition, issued patents may not provide commercially meaningful protection against competitors. Other parties may seek and/or be able to duplicate, design around or independently develop products having effects similar or identical to our patented products that are not within the scope of our patents.

Limitations on patent protection in some countries outside the United States, and the differences in what constitutes patentable subject matter in these countries, may limit the protection we have under patents issued outside of the United States. We do not have patent protection for our product candidates in several of our target markets. The failure to obtain adequate patent protection for our products in any country would impair our ability to be commercially competitive in that country.

The ability to market the products we develop is subject to the intellectual property rights of third parties.

The biotechnology, biopharmaceutical and medical device industries are characterized by many patents and patent filings and frequent litigation based on allegations of patent infringement. Competitors may have filed patent applications or have been issued patents and may obtain additional patents and proprietary rights related to products or processes that compete with or are similar to ours. We may not be aware of all the patents potentially adverse to our interests that may have been issued to others. Because patent applications can take many years to issue, there may be currently pending applications, unknown to us, which may later result in issued patents that our products or proprietary technologies may infringe. Third parties may claim that our products or related technologies infringe their patents or may claim that the products of our suppliers, manufacturers or contract service providers that produce our devices infringe on their intellectual property. Further, we, our licensees, or our licensors, may need to participate in interference, opposition, protest, reexamination or other potentially adverse proceedings in the United States Patent & Trademark Office or in similar agencies of foreign governments with regards to our patents, patent applications, and intellectual property rights. In addition, we, our licensees, or our licensors may need to initiate suits to protect our intellectual property rights.

Litigation or any other proceeding relating to intellectual property rights, even if resolved in our favor, may cause us to incur significant expenses, divert the attention of our management and key personnel from other business concerns and, in certain cases, result in substantial additional expenses to license technologies from third parties. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of complex patent litigation more effectively than we can because they have substantially greater resources. An unfavorable outcome in any patent infringement suit or other adverse intellectual property proceeding could require us to pay substantial damages, including possible treble damages and attorneys’ fees, cease using our technology or developing or marketing our products, or require us to seek licenses, if available, of the disputed rights from other parties and potentially make significant payments to those parties. There is no guarantee that any prevailing party would offer us a license or that we could acquire any license made available to us on commercially acceptable terms. Even if we can obtain rights to a third party’s patented intellectual property, those rights may be nonexclusive and, therefore, our competitors may obtain access to the same intellectual property. Ultimately, we may be unable to commercialize our products or may have to cease some of our business operations because of patent infringement claims, which could

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materially harm our business. We cannot guarantee that our products or technologies will not conflict with the intellectual property rights of others.

If we need to redesign our products to avoid third party patents, we may suffer significant regulatory delays associated with conducting additional clinical studies or submitting technical, clinical, manufacturing, or other information related to any redesigned product and, ultimately, in obtaining regulatory approval. Further, any such redesigns may result in less effective and/or less commercially desirable products if the redesigns are possible at all.

Additionally, any involvement in litigation in which we, or our licensees or our licensors, are accused of infringement may result in negative publicity about us or our products, injure our relations with any then-current or prospective customers and marketing partners, and cause delays in the commercialization of our products.

Risks Related to our Common Stock

Our stock price is volatile.

The market price of our common stock is volatile and could fluctuate widely in response to various factors, many of which are beyond our control, including the following:

•our ability to obtain additional financing and, if available, the terms and conditions of the financing;

•changes in our industry;

•additions or departures of key personnel;

•sales of our common stock;

•our ability to execute our business plan;

•operating results that fall below expectations;

•period-to-period fluctuations in our operating results;

•new regulatory requirements and changes in the existing regulatory environment; and

•general economic conditions and other external factors.

In addition, the securities markets have from time-to-time experienced significant price and volume fluctuations that are unrelated to the operating performance of companies. These market fluctuations may also materially and adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

We have not paid dividends in the past and do not expect to pay dividends in the future. Any return on investment may be limited to the value of our common stock.

We have never paid cash dividends on our common stock and do not anticipate doing so in the foreseeable future. The payment of dividends on our common stock will depend on earnings, financial condition and other business and economic factors affecting us at such time as our board of directors may consider relevant. If we do not pay dividends, our common stock may be less valuable because a return on your investment will only occur if our stock price appreciates.

The rights of the holders of common stock may be impaired by the potential issuance of preferred stock.

Our board of directors has the right, without stockholder approval, to issue preferred stock with voting, dividend, conversion, liquidation, or other rights which could adversely affect the voting power and equity interest of the holders of common stock, which could be issued with the right to more than one vote per share, and could be utilized as a method of discouraging, delaying or preventing a change of control. The possible negative impact on takeover attempts could adversely affect the price of our common stock.

We have not sought an advisory stockholder vote to approve the compensation of our named executive officers.

Rule 14a-21 under the Exchange Act requires us to seek a separate stockholder advisory vote at our annual meeting at which directors are elected to approve the compensation of our named executive officers, not less frequently than once every three years (say-on-pay vote), and, at least once every six years, to seek a separate stockholder advisory vote on the frequency with which we will submit advisory say-on-pay votes to our stockholders (say-on-frequency vote). We have not submitted to our stockholders a say-on-pay vote to approve an advisory resolution regarding our compensation program for our named executive officers, or a say-on-frequency vote. Consequently, the board of directors has not considered the

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outcome of our say-on-pay vote results when determining future compensation policies and pay levels for our named executive officers.

Item 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

Item 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Our management and Board of Directors (the “Board”) recognize the importance of maintaining the security and resiliency of our cybersecurity environment to deliver on the expectations of our customers, business partners, employees, and investors. The Board is involved in our risk management practices. Overall, the purpose of our information security program is to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of our systems and data, along with the safe operation of our systems.

Technical safeguards

We deploy technical safeguards that are designed to protect our systems from cybersecurity threats, including firewalls, anti-malware software, and authentication and authorization controls.

Security awareness and training

We provide ongoing security awareness and training to educate internal users on how to identify and report potential issues. Phishing emails are discussed on a regular basis with employees to ensure proper protocols are followed. We also provide periodic updates to employees on emerging cybersecurity trends and ways to protect themselves and the Company.

Governance of Cybersecurity Risks

The Audit Committee of the Board has the primary responsibility for oversight, review and discussion with management of the Company’s information technology, data security, business continuity, artificial intelligence and cybersecurity-related risk exposures and threats; the potential impact of those risk exposures and threats on the Company’s business, operations and reputation; and the processes management has established to assess, manage, monitor and mitigate such risk exposures and threats.The Company’s Chief Executive Officer, President, and Chief Financial Officer are responsible for assessing and managing cybersecurity risks. The Company’s management periodically reports on cybersecurity issues and presents information to our Audit Committee as well as our full Board, as appropriate, on cybersecurity matters.

Upon verifying that a cybersecurity incident has occurred or is occurring, the Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Financial Officer will promptly conduct a preliminary assessment of the severity level of the cybersecurity incident. Following this assessment, the Chief Executive Officer will determine whether to report the cybersecurity incident to the Audit Committee, who will then report such cybersecurity incident to the Board as the chair deems appropriate.

Material Impact of Cybersecurity Risks

We have not experienced a material information security breach incident, and we are not aware of any cybersecurity risks that are reasonably likely to materially affect our business. However, future incidents could have a material impact on our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. For additional discussion of the risks posed by cybersecurity threats, see “Item 1A. Risk Factors— Risks to our Business— We are dependent on information technology and our systems and infrastructure face certain risks, including from cybersecurity breaches and data leakage.”

Item 2. PROPERTIES

Our primary corporate and operations office is a leased facility in Eden Prairie, Minnesota, consisting of 8,199 square feet of space under a lease which expires on August 31, 2025. Under the terms of the lease, we pay monthly rent, subject to a 2.5% adjustment on an annual basis.

We also have a research and development office in a leased facility in Alpharetta, Georgia, consisting of 4,332 square feet of space under a lease that expires in July 2027.

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Item 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In the ordinary course of business, the Company from time to time becomes involved in various legal proceedings involving a variety of matters. We do not believe there are any pending legal proceedings that will have a material adverse effect on our business, consolidated financial position, results of operations, or cash flows. However, the outcome of such legal matters is inherently unpredictable and subject to significant uncertainties. The Company expenses legal fees in the period in which they are incurred.

There are no material proceedings known to us to be contemplated by any governmental authority.

There are no material proceedings known to us, pending, or contemplated, in which any of our directors, officers or affiliates or any of our principal security holders, or any associate of any of the foregoing, is a party or has an interest adverse to us.

Item 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURE

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Market Information

The Company’s common stock is quoted on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “SNWV”.

Holders of Common Stock

As of March 18, 2025, there were 8,548,473 shares of common stock outstanding and approximately 204 holders of record of the Company’s common stock.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities

On October 18, 2024, the Company issued 14,359 restricted stock units (“RSUs”) to FNK IR LLC as compensation for investor relations services.These RSUs vested in substantially equal installments on each of October 18, 2024, October 31, 2024, November 30, 2024, December 31, 2024, January 31, 2025 and February 28, 2025. The Company relied upon the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, for transactions not involving a public offering.

Dividends

The Company did not pay a cash dividend in 2024 or 2023. The Company intends to retain future earnings, if any, to finance the expansion of its business. The Company does not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

Item 6. [Reserved]

Not applicable.

Item 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations provides information management believes to be relevant to understanding the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. The discussion focuses on our financial results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. You should read this discussion and analysis in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, which are presented within Part II, Item 8. "Financial Statements and Supplementary Data" in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Amounts reported in thousands within this annual report

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are computed based on the amounts in thousands, and therefore, the sum of the components may not equal the total amount reported in thousands due to rounding.

Executive Summary

We realized significant revenue growth during the year ended December 31, 2024, with a 60% growth in revenue to $32.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to $20.4 million in 2023. Gross margins also increased to 75% from 70% in 2023. As the Company continues to focus on profitable growth, we have also increased our operating income by 1103% to $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to an operating loss of $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $31.4 million, or $7.03 per basic and diluted share, compared to a net loss of $25.8 million, or $12.19 per basic and diluted share, for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $5.6 million, which was largely driven by a non-cash change in the fair value of derivatives. We believe these improvements set the stage for additional growth as we head into 2025.

Recent Developments

On March 7, 2025, our common stock began trading on The Nasdaq Global Market under the ticker symbol “SNWV.”

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Throughout this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, we present certain financial measures that facilitate management’s review of the operational performance of the Company and as a basis for strategic planning; however, such financial measures are not presented in our financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S.”) (“U.S. GAAP”). These financial measures are considered “non-GAAP financial measures” and are intended to supplement, and should not be considered as superior to, or a replacement for, financial measures presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

The Company uses Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (“EBITDA”) and Adjusted EBITDA to assess its operating performance. Adjusted EBITDA is Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization adjusted for the change in fair value of derivatives and any significant non-cash or non-recurring infrequent charges. EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA should not be considered as alternatives to net loss as a measure of financial performance or any other performance measure derived in accordance with U.S. GAAP, and they should not be construed as an inference that our future results will be unaffected by unusual or infrequent items. These non-GAAP financial measures are presented in a consistent manner for each period, unless otherwise disclosed. The Company uses these measures for the purpose of evaluating its historical and prospective financial performance, as well as its performance relative to competitors. These measures also help the Company to make operational and strategic decisions. The Company believes that providing this information to investors, in addition to U.S. GAAP measures, allows them to see the Company’s results through the eyes of management, and to better understand its historical and future financial performance. These non-GAAP financial measures are also frequently used by analysts, investors, and other interested parties to evaluate companies in our industry, when considered alongside other U.S. GAAP measures.

EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA have their limitations as analytical tools, and you should not consider them in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under U.S. GAAP. Some of these limitations are that EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA:

•Do not reflect every expenditure, future requirements for capital expenditures or contractual commitments.

•Do not reflect all changes in our working capital needs.

•Do not reflect interest expense, or the amount necessary to service our outstanding debt.

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As presented in the GAAP to Non-GAAP Reconciliations section below, our non-GAAP financial measures exclude the impact of certain charges that contribute to our net loss.

For the year ended

Non-GAAP Adjustments:

Depreciation and amortization 1,145 1,028

Non-GAAP Adjustments for Adjusted EBITDA:

Change in fair value of derivative liabilities 31,413 9,621

Other non-cash or infrequent charges:

Gain on extinguishment of debt (6,326) -

Severance agreement and legal settlement 741 -

Release of historical accrued expenses (1,547) (1,866)

Stock-based compensation 1,514 -

Shares issued for services - 224

License and option agreement (2,500) -

Prepaid legal fees expensed from termination of Merger Agreement 457 -

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statement of operations:

For the Years Ended December 31, Change

Gross margin % 75 % 70 %

Operating expenses:

Revenue

Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $32.6 million, compared to $20.4 million for 2023, an increase of $12.2 million or 60%. The increase in net sales was primarily driven by the growth in quantity of UltraMIST® disposables

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and systems sold. The quantity of UltraMIST® disposables sold increased by 37% in 2024 as compared to 2023. The quantity of UltraMIST® systems sold increased by 77% in 2024 as compared to 2023. Pricing of the UltraMIST® system and disposables also showed growth in 2024 as compared to 2023; disposables average selling price increased 21% in 2024, and systems average selling price increased 10% in 2024. Revenue from UltraMIST® totaled over 98% of total revenue in 2024 and 90% in 2023.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenues for the year ended December 31, 2024 was $8.1 million, compared to $6.0 million for 2023. Gross profit as a percentage of revenues was 75% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 70% for the same period in 2023. This increase in gross margin was largely driven by increased pricing on our UltraMIST systems and applicators.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $11.3 million as compared to $8.7 million for 2023, an increase of $2.7 million, or 31%. The increase in 2024 as compared to 2023 was primarily due to increased headcount, severance and legal settlement expenses, and non-cash charges for stock-based compensation expense.

Selling and Marketing

Selling and marketing expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $6.3 million as compared to $4.9 million for 2023, an increase of $1.4 million, or 29%. The year-over-year increase in sales and marketing expenses in 2024 was largely driven by increased commission expenses due to increased sales.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $0.7 million, compared to $0.6 million for 2023. The research and development costs in 2024 remained approximately consistent with the costs in 2023.

Other Income (Expense), net

Other expense, net consists of the following:

For the years ended December 31, Change

Gain on extinguishment of debt 6,326 - 6,326 nm

nm - not meaningful

Other expenses totaled $36.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared $25.3 million for 2023, an increase of $11.5 million. The increase was primarily driven by an increased loss from the change in the fair value of derivative liability of $21.8 million, partially offset by a gain on the extinguishment of debt of $6.3 million and other income of $2.5 million from a license and option agreement. The change in fair value of the derivative liability mainly relates to warrants issued during 2024, 2023, and 2022 with the convertible debt. That convertible debt and associated warrants were converted to common stock in October 2024, as further discussed in Note 16 to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”. The gain on extinguishment of debt was mainly due to the settlement of outstanding notes to Celularity and HealthTronics, as further discussed in Note 10 to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Since inception, we have incurred losses from operations each year. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $251 million. Historically, our operations have primarily been funded from the sale of capital stock, notes payable, and convertible debt securities.

See Notes 1, 10, 11, 15, and 16, to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information regarding the Convertible Promissory Notes, Senior Secured Note, Reverse Stock Split, and the October 2024 transaction.

The following table presents summarized cash flow information:

For the period ended December 31,

Cash flows provided by (used in) operating activities $ 2,455 $ (4,538)

Cash flows (used in) provided by investing activities $ (490) $ 21

Cash flows provided by financing activities $ 6,354 $ 5,211

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

We have improved our cash flow from operations in 2024 as compared to 2023, which was driven by increased emphasis on improved cash management and operating expense management. Additional volatility in adjustments of cash flows from operations is the change in fair value of derivative liabilities connected to our convertible debt and warrants issued. The Company recognized a loss on these liabilities of $31.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to a loss of $9.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Cash Flows Provided by Financing Activities

Cash flows provided by financing activities increased while also paying off outstanding debt. For the year ended December 31, 2024, we received proceeds of $12.1 million from the issuance of the convertible promissory notes, sales of common stock, and proceeds from promissory note payable as compared to $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. In 2024, we paid off outstanding debt owed to Celularity, HealthTronics, and our factoring line of credit for a total of $5.0 million.

Going Concern

The Company has incurred recurring operating losses in prior years, has negative working capital, and the Senior Secured Note becomes due in September 2025, which raises substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for a period of 12 months from the filing of the Form 10-K.

During the current fiscal year, the Company has achieved operating income, reflecting a significant improvement in its financial performance. The Company is addressing its financial obligations, including the significant portion of debt that is coming due in September 2025. Management is actively engaged in discussions with lenders and financial institutions to refinance this debt, which will extend the maturity of the debt and provide additional liquidity to support ongoing operations and strategic initiatives.

Although no assurances can be given that our plans to obtain refinancing will be successful or on the terms or timeline we expect, or at all, management believes that the actions taken to date, along with the planned initiatives, will enable the Company to meet its obligations as they become due and to continue as a going concern.. If these efforts are unsuccessful, we may be required to significantly curtail or discontinue operations or obtain funds through financing transactions with unfavorable terms.

See Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on our ability to continue as a going concern.

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Critical Accounting Estimates

We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (1) the accounting estimate requires us to make assumptions about matters that were highly uncertain at the time the accounting estimate was made, and (2) changes in the estimate are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Management has discussed the development and selection of these critical accounting estimates with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. In addition, there are other items within our consolidated financial statements that require estimation, but are not deemed critical as defined above. Changes in estimates used in these and other items could have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.

We have used various accounting policies to prepare the consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Our significant accounting policies are disclosed in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The preparation of the consolidated financial statements, in conformity with U.S. GAAP, requires us to use judgment in making estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses. These estimates reflect our best judgment about economic and market conditions and the potential effects on the valuation and/or carrying value of assets and liabilities based upon relevant information available. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources.

The following accounting estimates are deemed critical:

Litigation Contingencies

We may be involved in legal actions involving product liability, intellectual property and commercial disputes, tax disputes, and governmental proceedings and investigations. The outcomes of these legal actions are not completely within our control and may not be known for prolonged periods of time. In some actions, the enforcement agencies or private claimants seek damages that could require significant expenditures or result in lost revenues or limit our ability to conduct business in the applicable jurisdictions. Estimating probable losses from our litigation and governmental proceedings is inherently difficult, particularly when the matters are in early procedural stages, with incomplete scientific facts or legal discovery; involve unsubstantiated or indeterminate claims for damages; potentially involve penalties, fines, or punitive damages; or could result in a change in business practice. The Company records a liability in the consolidated financial statements for loss contingencies when a loss is known or considered probable, and the amount may be reasonably estimated. If the reasonable estimate of a known or probable loss is a range, and no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other, the minimum amount of the range is accrued. If a loss is reasonably possible but not known or probable, and may be reasonably estimated, the estimated loss or range of loss is disclosed. The Company has reserved approximately $150 thousand for unasserted claims. Our significant legal proceedings are discussed in Note 21 to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Derivative Liabilities from Warrants

The Company determined that certain warrants qualified as derivative financial instruments. Various valuation models were used to estimate the fair value of these derivative financial instruments that are classified as derivative liabilities on the consolidated balance sheets. The models include subjective input assumptions that can materially affect the fair value estimates and as such are subject to uncertainty. The Company's volatility is the most significant assumption and changes over time with the market. Our significant input assumptions are discussed in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Information regarding new accounting pronouncements is included in Note 3 to the consolidated financial statements in Part II, Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Item 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

As a “smaller reporting company” as defined by Item 10 of Regulation S-K, we are not required to provide the information required under this item.

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Item 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Page

Consolidated Financial Statements

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 688) F-1

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 F-3

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-7

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of

SANUWAVE Health, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of SANUWAVE Health, Inc. (the “Company”) and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, stockholders’ deficit, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes(collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Explanatory Paragraph – Going Concern

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As more fully described in Note 2, the Company has incurred recurring losses, has negative working capital, and needs to refinance its debt to meet its obligations and sustain its operations. These conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern. Management's plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements,

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taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Valuation of Financial Instruments (Warrant Liability)

Critical Audit Matter Description

As described in Note 13 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has entered into warrant agreements accounted for as a liability and recorded at fair value. The fair value of the warrant liability was valued using valuation techniques and key inputs as described in the footnotes.

The principal considerations for our determination that the valuation of the warrant liability is a critical audit matter were the significant judgments made by management in determining the fair value of the warrant liability. This in turn led to a high degree of auditor judgment, subjectivity, and effort in performing procedures and evaluating management’s significant assumptions. The audit also involved the use of professionals with specialized skill and knowledge.

How the Critical Audit Matter was Addressed in the Audit

Our audit procedures related to the valuation of the financial instruments included the following, among others:

▪We obtained an understanding of the design of the Company's controls over valuation of financial instruments, including controls over management's review of the valuation models, and the significant assumptions used in determining the fair value of the financial instruments.

▪With assistance of our valuation specialists, we audited the fair value of the warrant liability, valuation methodology, and key assumptions used in determining the fair value of the warrant liability by:

a.Evaluating the appropriateness of the valuation models and techniques used in determining the fair value;

b.Assessing the reasonableness of the significant valuation inputs, including the probability weighted expected value considering the merger agreement with SEPA Acquisition Corp. (“SEPA”), the risk adjusted expected exchange ratio, the value of SEPA’s Class A common stock, the expected timing of the closing of the merger, and the probability of the merger closing;

c.Assessing the reasonableness of the significant valuation inputs, including the probability weighted expected value considering the reverse stock split of the Company’s common stock (the “Reverse Stock Split”), the expected exchange ratio, the value of the Company’s common stock, the expected timing of the effectuating of the Reverse Stock Split, and the probability of the Reverse Stock Split occurring;

d.Assessing that the significant valuation assumption inputs in the Black Scholes valuation model of the implied volatility are consistent with those that would be used by market participants through the testing of source information; and

e.Checking the mathematical accuracy of the calculation, developing independent estimates, and comparing to those selected by management, where applicable, and recalculating management’s fair value, verifying it was reasonable.

▪We audited the completeness and accuracy of the underlying data supporting the significant valuation assumption inputs.

/s/ Marcum LLP

Marcum LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.

New York, NY

March 20, 2025

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SANUWAVE HEALTH, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

December 31, 2024 and 2023

(In thousands, except share data) 2024 2023

ASSETS

Current Assets: