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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The purpose of this Management's Discussion and Analysis is to better allow our investors to understand and view our company from management's perspective. We are providing an overview of our business and strategy including a discussion of our financial condition and results of operations. You should read the following discussion in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes to the consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of federal securities laws. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in such forward-looking statements, including those discussed in the section “Risk Factors” in Part I — Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a late-stage clinical biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of novel therapeutics for a broad range of cancer indications. Our product candidates currently include galinpepimut-S, or GPS, a peptide immunotherapy directed against the Wilms tumor 1, or WT1, antigen, and SLS009 (formerly GFH009), a highly selective small molecule cyclin-dependent kinase 9, or CDK9, inhibitor.

Galinpepimut-S, or GPS: Highly Novel and Engineered Immunotherapy Targeting the WT1 Antigen

Our lead product candidate, GPS, is a cancer immunotherapeutic agent licensed from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, or MSK, that targets the WT1 protein, which is present in 20 or more cancer types. Based on its mechanism of action as a directly immunizing agent, GPS has potential as a monotherapy or in combination with other immunotherapeutic agents to address a broad spectrum of hematologic, or blood, cancers, and solid tumor indications.

We have an ongoing open label randomized Phase 3 clinical trial, the REGAL study, for GPS monotherapy in patients with acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, in the maintenance setting after achievement of second complete remission, or CR2, following successful completion of second-line antileukemic therapy. Patients are randomized to receive either GPS or best available treatment, or BAT. We expect this study will be used as the basis for submission of a Biologics License Application, or BLA, subject to a statistically significant and clinically meaningful trial outcome and agreement with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the FDA. The primary endpoint of the REGAL study is overall survival, or OS. We planned to enroll approximately 125 to 140 patients at approximately 95 clinical sites in North America, Europe and Asia with a planned interim safety, efficacy and futility analysis after 60 events (deaths). In March 2024, we announced the completion of enrollment. In December 2024, we announced that the pre-specified threshold of 60 events (deaths) per the protocol had been reached, triggering the interim analysis to be conducted by the Independent Data Monitoring Committee, or IDMC. In January 2025, we announced that the IDMC had completed pre-specified interim analysis of the REGAL study and had recommended that the study continue without modifications. The next and final analysis will be conducted once 80 events (deaths) are reached. We anticipate that 80 events will be reached this year. Because the final analysis is event driven, it is difficult to predict with any certainty and it may occur at a different time than currently expected.

In December 2020, we entered into an exclusive license agreement, or the 3D Medicines Agreement, with 3D Medicines Inc., or 3D Medicines, a China-based biopharmaceutical company developing next-generation immuno-oncology drugs, for the development and commercialization of GPS, as well as the Company’s next generation heptavalent immunotherapeutic GPS+, which is at preclinical stage, across all therapeutic and diagnostic uses in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, which we refer to as Greater China. We have retained sole rights to GPS and GPS+ outside of Greater China. In November 2022, we announced that we had agreed with 3D Medicines for 3D Medicines to participate in the REGAL study through the inclusion of approximately 20 patients from mainland China. In December 2022, we entered into a Side Letter Agreement with 3D Medicines, or Side Letter, which together with the 3D Medicines Agreement, details the terms and conditions of 3D Medicines' participation in the REGAL study. Although the REGAL study has completed enrollment as announced in March 2024, in accordance with the predetermined statistical analysis plan, 3D Medicines may still enroll patients in mainland China. The timing of such participation and patient enrollment by 3D Medicines, if at all, cannot be predicted with certainty. As of March 15, 2025, we have received an aggregate of $10.5 million in upfront and milestone payments under our license agreement with 3D Medicines, or the 3D Medicines Agreement, and a total of $191.5 million in potential future development, regulatory and sales milestones, not including future royalties, remains under the license agreement, which milestones are variable in nature and not under our control.

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In December 2023, we announced that we had commenced a binding arbitration proceeding against 3D Medicines to resolve a dispute regarding, among other things, the trigger and payment of relevant milestone payments due to us under the 3D Medicines Agreement. See Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

GPS was granted Orphan Drug Designations, or ODD, from the FDA, as well as orphan medicines designations from the European Medicines Agency, or EMA, in AML, malignant pleural mesothelioma, or MPM, and multiple myeloma, or MM, as well as Fast Track designations for AML, MPM, and MM from the FDA. In October 2024, the FDA granted Rare Pediatric Disease, or RPD, designation to GPS for the treatment of pediatric AML.

SLS009: Highly Selective Next Generation CDK9 Inhibitor

On March 31, 2022, we entered into an exclusive license agreement, or the GenFleet Agreement, with GenFleet Therapeutics (Shanghai), Inc., or GenFleet, a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing cutting-edge therapeutics in oncology and immunology, that grants rights to us for the development and commercialization of SLS009, a highly selective small molecule CDK9 inhibitor, across all therapeutic and diagnostic uses worldwide, except for Greater China.

CDK9 activity has been shown to correlate negatively with overall survival in a number of cancer types, including hematologic cancers, such as AML and lymphomas, as well as solid cancers, such as osteosarcoma, pediatric soft tissue sarcomas, melanoma, endometrial, lung, prostate, breast and ovarian. As demonstrated in preclinical and clinical data, to date, SLS009’s high selectivity has the potential to reduce toxicity as compared to older CDK9 inhibitors and other next-generation CDK9 inhibitors currently in clinical development and to potentially be more efficacious.

We completed a Phase 1 dose-escalating clinical trial in the United States and China for SLS009 in mid-2023 and reported positive safety and efficacy data for both patient cohorts, that is relapsed and/or refractory AML and refractory lymphoma. We also established in the trial a recommended Phase 2 dose, or RP2D, of 60 mg once weekly for AML and 100 mg once weekly for lymphomas.

In the second quarter of 2023, we commenced an open label, single arm, multi-center Phase 2a clinical trial with SLS009 in combination with venetoclax and azacitidine, or aza/ven, in patients with AML who failed or did not respond to treatment with venetoclax-based therapies. The trial is evaluating safety, tolerability, and efficacy at two dose levels of SLS009, 45 mg once weekly, and 60 mg once weekly or 30 mg twice a week, in combination with aza/ven. In addition to safety and tolerability of SLS009 in combination with aza/ven, the efficacy endpoints are complete response composite rate and duration of response. Additional endpoints include event free survival, overall survival, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic assessments.

In the fourth quarter of 2023, we completed enrollment in the 45 mg (safety) dose cohort in the Phase 2a study and reported positive initial topline data. At that time, we also commenced enrollment in the 60 mg dose cohort with patients randomized to one of two groups, 60 mg fixed dose once weekly or 30 mg fixed twice weekly. Each group was planned to enroll five to 10 patients. During the trial we identified 30 mg fixed twice weekly as our optimal dose level.

During the trial, we identified potential biomarkers currently undergoing testing as predictive markers in the most recent portion of the study. In May 2024, we announced additional preliminary data from the Phase 2a trial of SLS009 in r/r AML and successful filing of a provisional patent application around the ASXL1 mutation and SLS009, including all CDK9 inhibitor drugs. ASXL1 mutations are associated with poor prognosis in all myeloid diseases, owing to the reduced response to the current treatment options. We observed a high rate of responses in patients with myelodysplasia-related molecular mutations (AML MR), as defined by the World Health Organization, and patients with the ASXL1 gene mutation accounted for the most responders across all dose cohorts. We expanded the ongoing study to include two additional cohorts, one with ASXL1 mutated AML patients and one with patients with myelodysplasia-related molecular abnormalities other than ASXL1 at the optimal dose level of 30 mg fixed twice weekly. In December 2024, we announced positive data from the first 3 cohorts in the Phase 2a trial and the trial remains ongoing with additional data expected from the expansion cohorts in the first half of 2025.

Our partner, GenFleet, is focusing on lymphoma indications with SLS009 in its Greater China market. In March 2024, we announced that GenFleet initiated a study of SLS009 in combination with zanubrutinib (Brukinsa®), a BTK inhibitor, in r/r diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, or DLBCL, and the first patient was dosed in the trial. The study is funded and sponsored by GenFleet and is being conducted in China only. In February 2025, we announced positive data from the Phase 2a study evaluating SLS009 in combination with zanubrutinib.

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In November 2024, we announced data from preclinical studies identifying ASXL1 mutation as key predictor of SLS009 in response to solid cancers. SLS009 is also currently being evaluated in pediatric solid tumors and leukemia models through the NCI Pediatric Preclinical in Vivo Testing, or PIVOT, program. Studies are supported through cooperative agreement grants from the NCI to the PIVOT research centers performing the testing in pediatric tumor models and a centralized coordinating center. We expect to report relevant data from the program in the first half of 2025.

For SLS009, the FDA granted Orphan Drug Product designations in AML and peripheral T-cell lymphoma, or PTCL, and Fast Track designations for r/r AML and r/r PTCL. The FDA granted RPD designation to SLS009 for the treatment of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia, or ALL, in June 2024 and the FDA granted RPD designation to SLS009 for the treatment of pediatric AML in July 2024. Also, the European Medicines Agency granted Orphan Drug Designation for SLS009 in AML and in PTCL in June 2024 and July 2024, respectively.

Components of Results of Operations

Research and Development

Research and development expense consists of expenses incurred in connection with the discovery and development of our product candidates. We expense research and development costs as incurred. These expenses include:

•expenses incurred under agreements with clinical research organizations, or CROs, as well as investigative sites and consultants that conduct our preclinical studies and clinical trials;

•manufacturing and clinical drug supply expenses;

•outsourced professional scientific development services;

•employee-related expenses, which include salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation;

•payments made under our license agreements, under which we acquired certain intellectual property;

•expenses relating to certain regulatory activities, including filing fees paid to regulatory agencies;

•laboratory materials and supplies used to support our research activities; and

•allocated expenses, utilities and other facility-related costs.

The successful development of our current and future product candidates is highly uncertain. At this time, we cannot reasonably estimate or know the nature, timing and costs of the efforts that will be necessary to complete the remainder of the development of, or when, if ever, material net cash inflows may commence from, any current or future product candidates. This uncertainty is due to the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with the duration and cost of our clinical trials, which vary significantly over the life of a project as a result of many factors, including:

•the number and geographical location of clinical sites included in the trials;

•the length of time required to enroll suitable patients;

•the number and geographical location of patients that ultimately participate in the trials;

•the number of doses patients receive;

•the duration of patient follow-up;

•the results of clinical trials;

•the expenses associated with manufacturing and clinical drug supply;

•the receipt of marketing approvals; and

•the commercialization of current and future product candidates.

Research and development activities are central to our business model. Oncology product candidates in the later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs than those in the earlier stages of clinical development, primarily due to the increased size and duration of the later-stage clinical trials. We expect our

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research and development expenses to increase for the foreseeable future as we conduct and complete our ongoing early and late-stage clinical trials, initiate additional clinical trials, and expand regulatory activities associated with the preparation and submission of regulatory filings.

Our expenditures are subject to additional uncertainties, including the terms and timing of regulatory approvals. We may never succeed in achieving regulatory approval for any of our current or future product candidates. We may obtain unexpected results from our clinical trials. We may elect to discontinue, delay or modify clinical trials of some product candidates or target indications or focus on others. A change in the outcome of any of these variables with respect to the development of a product candidate could mean a significant change in the costs and timing associated with the development of that product candidate. For example, if the FDA or other regulatory authorities were to require us to conduct clinical trials beyond those that we currently anticipate, or if we experience significant delays in enrollment in any of our clinical trials, we could be required to expend significant additional financial resources and time on the completion of clinical development.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expenses consist principally of salaries and related costs for personnel in executive, administrative, finance and legal functions, including stock-based compensation, travel expenses and recruiting expenses, fees for outside legal counsel, and director and officer insurance premiums. Other general and administrative expenses include facility related costs, patent filing and prosecution costs, professional fees for business development, accounting, consulting, legal and tax-related services associated with maintaining compliance with our Nasdaq listing and SEC reporting requirements, investor relations costs, and other expenses associated with being a public company.

If and when we believe that regulatory approval of a product candidate appears likely, we anticipate that an increase in general and administrative expenses will occur as a result of our preparation for commercial operations, particularly as it relates to the sales and marketing of such product candidate. Oncology product commercialization may take several years and millions of dollars in development costs.

Non-Operating Income

Non-operating income consists of changes in fair value of our warrant liability and interest income. Interest income primarily reflects the interest earned from our cash and cash equivalents.

Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (amounts in thousands):

Year ended December 31,

Operating expenses:

Further analysis of the changes and trends in our operating results are discussed below.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses were $19.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $24.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The following table summarizes our research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (amounts in thousands):

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For Year ended December 31,

Stock-based compensation 347 352 (5)

The decrease in research and development expenses of approximately $4.9 million was primarily attributable to the following:

•$2.2 million of decreased clinical and regulatory consultant costs primarily driven by the completion of enrollment in the REGAL study in the first quarter of 2024;

•$1.5 million of decreased manufacturing costs and clinical drug supply purchases primarily driven by the completion of enrollment in the REGAL study in the first quarter of 2024;

•$0.6 million of decreased employee related expenses due to a decrease in headcount; and

•$0.6 million of decreased external clinical trial expenses primarily driven by the completion of enrollment in REGAL.

We anticipate that our research and development expenses will increase in the future as we continue to advance the development of GPS and SLS009.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses were $12.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to $13.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The $1.5 million decrease was primarily attributable to a $1.5 million decrease in employee related expenses, including a $0.5 million decrease in non-cash stock-based compensation, primarily due to a decrease in headcount, a $0.7 million decrease in outside services and public company costs, and a $0.6 million decrease in insurance premiums, which were partially offset by the initial recognition of a $1.1 million one-time severance charge during the current period and a $0.2 million increase in legal fees.

Non-Operating Income

Non-operating income for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

Year ended December 31,

Change in fair value of warrant liability $ — $ 4 $ (4)

The increase in our non-operating income during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to a $0.1 million increase in interest income earned from our cash and cash equivalents.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We did not generate any revenue from product sales in the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Through December 31, 2024, we have only generated licensing revenue from the 3D Medicines Agreement. Since inception, we have incurred net losses, used net cash in our operations, and have funded substantially all of our operations through proceeds of the sale of equity securities and convertible notes.

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Sources of Liquidity

On January 29, 2025, we consummated a registered direct offering with an institutional investor priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules, or the January 2025 Registered Direct Offering, pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell 8,200,000 shares of common stock and 11,485,040 pre-funded warrants exercisable for shares of common stock, together with accompanying warrants to purchase up to 19,685,040 shares of common stock. Each share of common stock and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $1.27, and each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $1.2699. The common warrants have an exercise price of $1.20 per share. The net proceeds to us from the January 2025 Registered Direct Offering were approximately $23.1 million, after deducting the placement agents' fees and related offering expenses.

On August 1, 2024, we consummated a registered direct offering with an institutional investor priced at a premium to market, or the August 2024 Registered Direct Offering, pursuant to which we agreed to issue and sell 6,370,070 shares of common stock and 9,478,986 pre-funded warrants exercisable for shares of common stock, together with accompanying warrants to purchase 15,849,056 shares of common stock. Each share of common stock and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $1.325, and each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $1.3249. The common warrants have an exercise price of $1.20 per share. The net proceeds to us from the August 2024 Registered Direct Offering were approximately $19.5 million, after deducting the placement agent's fees and related offering expenses.

On March 19, 2024, we consummated a registered direct offering with two institutional investors priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules, or the March 2024 Registered Direct Offering, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell 11,000,000 shares of its common stock and 2,029,316 pre-funded warrants exercisable for shares of common stock. Each share of common stock was sold at a purchase price of $1.535 and each pre-funded warrant was sold at a purchase price of $1.5349. The net proceeds to us from the March 2024 Registered Direct Offering were approximately $18.5 million, after deducting the placement agent's fees and related offering expenses. In a concurrent private placement, we agreed to issue to the two institutional investors exercisable for up to an aggregate of 13,029,316 shares of common stock warrants at an exercise price of $1.41 per share. Subsequent to the closing of the March 2024 Registered Direct Offering, all of the pre-funded warrants issued in the March 2024 Registered Direct Offering have been exercised for shares of common stock.

On January 8, 2024, we consummated a public offering on a "reasonable best efforts" basis, or the January 2024 Offering, issuing 10,130,000 shares of common stock and an aggregate of 1,870,000 pre-funded warrants exercisable for shares of common stock, together with accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 12,000,000 shares of common stock. Each share of common stock and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $0.75, and each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $0.7499. The net proceeds to us from the January 2024 Offering were approximately $8.2 million, after deducting the placement agent's fees and related offering expenses. Subsequent to the closing of the January 2024 Offering, all of the pre-funded warrants issued in the January 2024 Offering have been exercised for shares of common stock.

In December 2020, together with our wholly-owned subsidiary, SLSG Limited, LLC, we entered into the 3D Medicines Agreement pursuant to which we granted 3D Medicines a sublicensable royalty-bearing license under certain intellectual property owned or controlled by us, to develop, manufacture and have manufactured, and commercialize GPS and heptavalent GPS product candidates for all therapeutic and other diagnostic uses in the 3DMed Territory. To date, we have received $10.5 million in upfront payments and certain technology transfer and regulatory milestones. A total of $191.5 million in potential future development, regulatory, and sales milestones, not including future royalties, remains under the 3D Medicines Agreement as of December 31, 2024, which milestones are all variable in nature and not under our control. In December 2023, we commenced a binding arbitration proceeding against 3D Medicines, which involves, among other things, the trigger and payment of certain milestone payments due to us. See Part I, Item 3. Legal Proceedings.

Funding Requirements

As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $248.1 million, cash and cash equivalents of $13.9 million and restricted cash and cash equivalents of $0.1 million. In addition, we had current liabilities of $9.5

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million as of December 31, 2024. We expect that our cash and cash equivalents will not be sufficient to fund our current planned operations for at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements. These conditions give rise to a substantial doubt over our ability to continue as a going concern. This going concern assumption is based on management’s assessment of the sufficiency of our current and future sources of liquidity and whether it is probable we will be able to meet our obligations as they become due for at least one year from the date our consolidated financial statements are available to be issued, and if not, whether our liquidation is imminent.

Our consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments related to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty. We anticipate incurring additional losses until such time, if ever, that we can generate significant sales of any current or future product candidates in development.

We will require substantial additional financing to develop any current or future product candidates. If we are unable to obtain additional funding on a timely basis, we will be required to scale back our plans and place certain activities on hold. We currently do not have any commitments to obtain additional funds. Our management continues to evaluate different strategies to obtain the required funding for future operations. These strategies may include public and private placements of equity and/or debt securities, as well as payments from potential strategic research and development collaborations or licensing and/or marketing arrangements with pharmaceutical companies. Additionally, we continue to pursue discussions with global and regional pharmaceutical companies for licensing and/or co-development rights to our product candidates. There can be no assurance that these future funding efforts will be successful.

Our future operations are highly dependent on a combination of factors, including (i) the timely and successful completion of any additional financings, (ii) our ability to complete revenue-generating partnerships with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, (iii) the success of our research and development activities, (iv) the development of competitive therapies by other biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, and, ultimately, (v) regulatory approval and market acceptance of our product candidates.

Components of Cash, Cash Equivalents, Restricted Cash, and Restricted Cash Equivalents

The following table provides a reconciliation of the components of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents reported in our consolidated balance sheets to the total of the amount presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

December 31,

Restricted cash and cash equivalents 100 100

Restricted cash and cash equivalents of $0.1 million as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 relates to certificates of deposit maintained on hand with our financial institutions as collateral for our corporate credit cards.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing, and financing activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (in thousands):

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Year ended December 31,

Net cash (used in) provided by:

Investing activities — (5,500)

Net Cash Used in Operating Activities

Net cash used in operating activities of $35.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 was primarily attributable to our net loss of $30.9 million and a $6.6 million change in our operating assets and liabilities, partially offset by various net non-cash charges of $2.1 million. The net change in our operating assets and liabilities is due to a decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of approximately $2.2 million, a decrease in accounts payable of approximately $2.1 million, an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $1.8 million, and a decrease in operating lease liabilities of approximately $0.5 million. Net non-cash charges were driven by approximately $1.5 million in non-cash stock-based compensation expense and $0.6 million in non-cash lease expense.

Net cash used in operating activities of $31.4 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily attributable to our net loss of $37.3 million, and partially offset by a change in our operating assets and liabilities of $3.3 million and various net non-cash charges of $2.6 million. The net change in our operating assets and liabilities is due to an increase in accounts payable of $2.3 million, an increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities of $1.4 million, and a decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets of $0.1 million, which was partially offset by a decrease in operating lease liabilities of $0.5 million. Net non-cash charges were driven by $2.1 million in non-cash stock compensation expense and $0.5 million in non-cash lease expense.

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities

There was no cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024.

Net cash used in investing activities of $5.5 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 related to license payments made for the acquisition of in-process research and development under the GenFleet License Agreement.

Net Cash Flow from Financing Activities

We generated $46.8 million of net cash from financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was due to $46.2 million in aggregate net proceeds received from the January 2024 Offering, the March 2024 Registered Direct Offering, and the August 2024 Registered Direct Offering, and $0.6 million in proceeds received from the exercise of warrants, $0.1 million in aggregate net proceeds received from the issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan, partially offset by $0.1 million to satisfy tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units.

We generated $22.3 million of net cash from financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023, which was due to $21.9 million in aggregate net proceeds received from the February 2023 Offering, $0.3 million in aggregate net proceeds received from the issuance of common stock under a Controlled Equity OfferingSM Sales Agreement with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co., or the Sales Agreement, and $0.1 million in aggregate net proceeds received from the issuance of common stock under our employee stock purchase plan. In January 2024, we mutually agreed with Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. to terminate the Sales Agreement.

Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments

Leases

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Our lease commitments reflect payments due under our lease agreement for our office space in New York, New York that expires in September 2026. As of December 31, 2024, our contractual commitment for our lease was $1.1 million, which will be paid over the remaining term of the lease. For additional information on our leases and timing of future payments, please read Note 6, Leases, to the consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K.

Other Commitments

We acquire product candidates still in development and enter into research and development arrangements with third parties that often require milestone and royalty payments to the third-party contingent upon the occurrence of certain future events linked to the success of the product candidate in development. Milestone payments may be required, contingent upon the successful achievement of an important point in the development life-cycle of the pharmaceutical product (e.g., approval of the product for marketing by a regulatory agency). We also typically will need to make royalty payments based upon a percentage of the sales of the product candidate in the event that regulatory approval for marketing is obtained. Because of the contingent nature of these payments, they are not included in the table of contractual obligations.

These arrangements may be material individually and, in the event that multiple milestones are reached in the same period, the aggregate charge to expense could be material to the results of operations in any one period. In addition, these arrangements often give us the discretion to terminate development of the product candidate, which would allow us to avoid making the contingent payments; however, we are unlikely to cease development if the product candidate successfully achieves clinical testing objectives.

We enter into contracts in the normal course of business with various third parties for clinical trials, manufacturing, and other services and products for operating purposes. These contracts provide for termination upon notice. Payments due upon cancellation generally consist only of payments for services provided or expenses incurred, including non-cancellable obligations of our service providers, up to the date of cancellation. These payments have not been included separately within these contractual and other obligations disclosures.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. The preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures requires our management to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. We base such estimates on historical experience, known trends and events and various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis. Our actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

While our significant accounting policies are described in more detail in the notes to our audited consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe that the following accounting policies are those most critical to the judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements.

Revenue Recognition

We record revenue in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification, or ASC, Topic 606, Revenue From Contracts with Customers. This standard applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments. Under Topic 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of Topic 606, the entity performs the following five steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. We only apply the five-step model to contracts when it is probable that we will collect the consideration we are entitled to in exchange for the goods or services we transfer to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, we assess the goods or services promised within each contract and determine those that are performance obligations, and we assess whether each promised good or service is distinct. We then recognize as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied.

Development, Regulatory and Sales Milestones and Other Payments

At the inception of each arrangement that includes regulatory or development milestone payments, we evaluate whether the milestones are considered probable of being achieved and estimate the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the control of us or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. We evaluate factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, we reevaluate the probability of achievement of all milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, adjust our estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.

For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments upon first commercial sales and milestone payments based on a level of sales, which are the result of a customer-vendor relationship and for which the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, we recognize revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied. To date, we have not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of our licensing arrangements.

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Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the net amounts assigned to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to an annual impairment test. We have a single reporting unit and all goodwill relates to that reporting unit.

We perform our annual goodwill impairment test at the reporting unit level on October 1 of each fiscal year or more frequently if changes in circumstances or the occurrence of events suggest that an impairment exists. Goodwill is evaluated for impairment using the simplified test of goodwill impairment as defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Update, or ASU, No. 2017-04. Under the guidance, goodwill impairment is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, without exceeding the carrying amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. If the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill is less than the carrying value of the reporting unit’s goodwill.

Accrued Research and Development Expenses

As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with applicable personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual costs. The majority of our service providers require advance payments; however, some invoice us in arrears for services performed, on a pre-determined schedule or when contractual milestones are met. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in the consolidated financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We periodically confirm the accuracy of the estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. Examples of estimated accrued research and development expenses include fees paid to:

•Vendors in connection with clinical development activities;

•the production of clinical trial materials;

•CROs in connection with clinical trials; and

•investigative sites in connection with clinical trials.

We base our expenses related to clinical trials on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to quotes and contracts with multiple research institutions and CROs that conduct and manage preclinical studies and clinical trials on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract and may result in uneven payment flows. There may be instances in which payments made to our vendors will exceed the level of services provided and result in a prepayment of the expense. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of patients and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from the estimate, we adjust the accrual or prepaid accordingly. Although we do not expect its estimates to be materially different from amounts actually incurred, our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in reporting amounts that are too high or too low in any particular period. To date, we have not made any material adjustments to our prior estimates of accrued research and development expenses.

Stock-Based Compensation

We measure stock options granted to employees and non-employee directors based on the estimated grant date fair value and recognize compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is typically the vesting period. We recognize forfeitures as they occur. We estimate the fair value of stock options on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes model. The Black-Scholes model requires us to make certain assumptions regarding: (i) the expected volatility in the market price of our shares; (ii) dividend yield; (iii) risk-free interest rates; and (iv) the period of time employees are expected to hold the award prior to exercise (referred to as the expected term). As a result, if we revise our assumptions and estimates, our stock-based compensation expense could change.

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Our expected volatility is based on the historical volatility of our publicly traded common stock. The expected term of stock options is estimated using the "simplified method" for employees and non-employee directors, allowed under SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 110, which assumes that stock options will be exercised evenly from vesting to expiration, as we have limited historical information from which to develop reasonable expectations about future exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior.

We recognize compensation expense for restricted stock units, or RSUs, based on the price of our shares at the grant date on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The expense relating to RSUs that contain both a service condition and a performance condition is estimated and adjusted on a quarterly basis based upon our assessment of the probability that the performance condition would be met. As a result, if we revise such assessment, our stock-based compensation expense could change.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a description of recent accounting pronouncements applicable to our consolidated financial statements.

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ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

The primary objective of our investment activities is to preserve capital. We do not utilize hedging contracts or similar instruments.

We are exposed to certain market risks relating primarily to interest rate risk on our cash and cash equivalents and risks relating to the financial viability of the institutions which hold our capital and through which we have invested our funds. We manage such risks by investing primarily in money market mutual funds.

In addition, we are exposed to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations relating to payments we make to certain vendors and suppliers and license partners using foreign currencies. We do not hedge against foreign currency risks. Consequently, changes in exchange rates could adversely affect our operating results and stock price. Such losses have not been significant to date.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Page

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 138

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of

SELLAS Life Sciences Group, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of SELLAS Life Sciences Group, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ equity (deficit) and cash flows for the years then ended, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Going Concern Uncertainty

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has suffered recurring losses from operations and has a net capital deficiency that raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 2. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidatedfinancial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures to respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidatedfinancial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

Critical audit matters are matters arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that were communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (1) relate to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. We determined that there are no critical audit matters.

/s/ Moss Adams LLP

Campbell, California

March 20, 2025

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.

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SELLAS LIFE SCIENCES GROUP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

December 31,

ASSETS

Current assets:

Restricted cash and cash equivalents 100 100

Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,341 542

Operating lease right-of-use assets 925 858

Deposits and other assets 266 275

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

Current liabilities:

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities 5,466 7,650

Operating lease liabilities 544 446

Operating lease liabilities, non-current 457 460

Commitments and contingencies (Note 6)

Stockholders’ equity (deficit):

Total stockholders’ equity (deficit) 9,465 (7,976)

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit) $ 19,432 $ 6,219

See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.

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SELLAS LIFE SCIENCES GROUP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Amounts in thousands, except share and per share data)

Year Ended December 31,

Operating expenses:

Non-operating income:

Change in fair value of warrant liability — 4

Total non-operating income 632 529

Per share information:

Net loss per common share, basic and diluted $ (0.50) $ (1.34)

See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.

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SELLAS LIFE SCIENCES GROUP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(Amounts in thousands, except share amounts)

Shares Amount

Issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs 92,882 289 — 289

Issuance of common stock upon the exercise of warrants 14,000 — 14 — 14

Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan 91,454 — 107 — 107

Vesting of restricted stock units 85,245 — — — —

Tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units (28,613) — (31) — (31)

Stock-based compensation — — 2,094 — 2,094

Issuance of common stock upon the exercise of warrants 745,850 — 559 — 559

Issuance of common stock under employee stock purchase plan 103,853 — 98 — 98

Vesting of restricted stock units 172,199 — — — —

Tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units (55,705) — (64) — (64)

Stock-based compensation — — 1,564 — 1,564

See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.

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SELLAS LIFE SCIENCES GROUP, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Amounts in thousands)

Year ended December 31,

Cash flows from operating activities:

Adjustment to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

Non-cash stock-based compensation 1,564 2,094

Change in fair value of common stock warrants — (4)

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Prepaid expenses and other assets (1,790) 113

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities (2,184) 1,449

Operating lease liabilities (533) (518)

Net cash used in operating activities (35,402) (31,410)

Cash flows from investing activities:

Cash paid for acquisition of in-process research and development — (5,500)

Net cash used in investing activities — (5,500)

Cash flows from financing activities:

Proceeds from issuance of common stock, net of issuance costs — 289

Proceeds from the exercise of warrants and pre-funded warrants 560 14

Proceeds from employee stock plan purchases 98 107

Tax withholding on vesting of restricted stock units (64) (31)

Net cash provided by financing activities 46,758 22,315

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

Cash received during the year for interest $ 632 $ 525

Supplemental disclosures:

Warrant modifications recorded in stockholders' equity (deficit) $ 725 $ —

Offering costs in accounts payable and accrued expenses $ — $ 103

See accompanying notes to these consolidated financial statements.

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SELLAS LIFE SCIENCES GROUP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Organization and Description of Business

SELLAS Life Sciences Group, Inc. is a late-stage clinical biopharmaceutical company focused on novel therapeutics for a broad range of cancer indications. SELLAS’ lead product candidate, galinpepimut-S ("GPS"), is a cancer immunotherapeutic agent licensed from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ("MSK") and targets the Wilms Tumor 1 ("WT1") protein, which is present in an array of tumor types. GPS has potential as a monotherapy or in combination with other immunotherapeutic agents to address a broad spectrum of hematologic, or blood, cancers and solid tumor indications. SELLAS' second product candidate is SLS009, a small molecule, highly selective cyclin-dependent kinase 9 ("CDK9") inhibitor, which the Company licensed from GenFleet Therapeutics (Shanghai), Inc. ("GenFleet"), for all therapeutic and diagnostic uses in the world outside of mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan ("SLS009 Territory").

As used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the words the "Company," and "SELLAS" refer to SELLAS Life Sciences Group, Inc. and its consolidated subsidiaries.

2. Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. The accompanying consolidated financial statements do not reflect any adjustments relating to the recoverability and reclassifications of assets and liabilities that might be necessary if the Company is unable to continue as a going concern. The Company expects its costs and expenses to increase as it continues to develop its product candidates and progress its current and planned clinical programs.

Pursuant to the requirements of Accounting Standard Codification ("ASC") 205-40, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, management must evaluate whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued. This evaluation initially does not take into consideration the potential mitigating effect of management’s plans that have not been fully implemented as of the date these financial statements are issued, but will consider such plans if (1) it is probable that the plans will be effectively implemented within one year after the date the financial statements are issued, and (2) it is probable that the plans, when implemented, will mitigate the relevant condition or events that raise substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date the consolidated financial statements are issued. Certain elements of the Company’s operating plan to alleviate the conditions that raise substantial doubt are outside of the Company’s control and cannot be included in management’s evaluation under the requirements of ASC 205-40.

Since inception, the Company has incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations and has an accumulated deficit of $248.1 million as of December 31, 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company incurred a net loss of $30.9 million and used $35.4 million of cash in operations. The Company continues to expect to generate operating losses and negative cash flows for the next few years and will need additional funding to support its planned operating activities through profitability. The transition to profitability is dependent upon the successful development, approval, and commercialization of the Company's product candidates and the achievement of a level of revenues adequate to support its cost structure. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $13.9 million. The Company expects its cash and cash equivalents, including aggregate net proceeds received from a registered direct offering that closed on January 29, 2025 (the "January 2025 Registered Direct Offering"), will not be sufficient to fund its current planned operations for at least the next twelve months from the date of issuance of these financial statements. These conditions give rise to a substantial doubt over the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. These consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments related to the recoverability and classification of recorded asset amounts or the amounts and classification of liabilities that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

On January 29, 2025, the Company consummated the January 2025 Registered Direct Offering with an institutional investor priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules, pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell 8,200,000 shares of common stock and 11,485,040 pre-funded warrants exercisable for shares of common

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SELLAS LIFE SCIENCES GROUP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued

stock, together with accompanying warrants to purchase up to 19,685,040 shares of common stock. Each share of common stock and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $1.27, and each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $1.2699. The common warrants have an exercise price of $1.20 per share. The net proceeds to the Company from the January 2025 Registered Direct Offering were approximately $23.1 million, after deducting the placement agents' fees and related offering expenses.

On August 1, 2024, the Company consummated a registered direct offering with an institutional investor priced at a premium to market (the "August 2024 Registered Direct Offering"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell 6,370,070 shares of common stock and 9,478,986 pre-funded warrants exercisable for shares of common stock, together with accompanying warrants to purchase 15,849,056 shares of common stock. Each share of common stock and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $1.325, and each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $1.3249. The common warrants have an exercise price of $1.20 per share. The net proceeds to the Company from the August 2024 Registered Direct Offering were approximately $19.5 million, after deducting the placement agent's fees and related offering expenses.

On March 19, 2024, the Company consummated a registered direct offering with two institutional investors priced at-the-market under Nasdaq rules (the "March 2024 Registered Direct Offering"), pursuant to which the Company agreed to issue and sell 11,000,000 shares of its common stock and 2,029,316 pre-funded warrants exercisable for shares of common stock. Each share of common stock was sold at a purchase price of $1.535 and each pre-funded warrant was sold at a purchase price of $1.5349. The net proceeds to the Company from the March 2024 Registered Direct Offering were approximately $18.5 million, after deducting the placement agent's fees and related offering expenses. In a concurrent private placement, the Company agreed to issue to the two institutional investors exercisable for up to an aggregate of 13,029,316 shares of common stock warrants at an exercise price of $1.41 per share. Subsequent to the closing of the March 2024 Registered Direct Offering, all of the pre-funded warrants issued in the March 2024 Registered Direct Offering have been exercised for shares of common stock.

On January 8, 2024, the Company consummated a public offering on a "reasonable best efforts" basis (the "January 2024 Offering"), issuing 10,130,000 shares of common stock and an aggregate of 1,870,000 pre-funded warrants exercisable for shares of common stock, together with accompanying warrants to purchase an aggregate of 12,000,000 shares of common stock. Each share of common stock and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $0.75, and each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant were sold together at a combined offering price of $0.7499. The net proceeds to the Company from the January 2024 Offering were approximately $8.2 million, after deducting the placement agent's fees and related offering expenses. Subsequent to the closing of the January 2024 Offering, all of the pre-funded warrants issued in the January 2024 Offering have been exercised for shares of common stock.

In December 2020, the Company, together with its wholly-owned subsidiary, SLSG Limited, LLC, entered into an Exclusive License Agreement (the “3D Medicines Agreement”) with 3D Medicines Inc. ("3D Medicines"), pursuant to which the Company granted 3D Medicines a sublicensable, royalty-bearing license, under certain intellectual property owned or controlled by the Company, to develop, manufacture and have manufactured, and commercialize GPS and heptavalent GPS product candidates for all therapeutic and other diagnostic uses in mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan ("3DMed Territory"). As of December 31, 2024, the Company has received an aggregate of $10.5 million in upfront payments and certain technology transfer and regulatory milestones. There is a total of $191.5 million in potential future development, regulatory, and sales milestones, not including future royalties, that remains under the 3D Medicines Agreement, which milestones are all variable in nature and not under the Company's control. In December 2023, the Company commenced a binding arbitration proceeding against 3D Medicines, which involves, among other things, the trigger and payment of certain milestone payments due to the Company. See Note 6, Legal Proceedings.

The Company will require substantial additional financing to commercially develop any current or future product candidates. If the Company is unable to obtain additional funding on a timely basis, it will be required to scale back its plans and place certain activities on hold. The Company currently does not have any commitments to obtain additional funds. The Company's management continues to evaluate different strategies to obtain the

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SELLAS LIFE SCIENCES GROUP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued

required funding for future operations. These strategies may include public and private placements of equity and/or debt securities, as well as payments from potential strategic research and development collaborations or licensing and/or marketing arrangements with pharmaceutical companies. Additionally, the Company continues to pursue discussions with global and regional pharmaceutical companies for licensing and/or co-development rights to the Company's product candidates. There can be no assurance that these future funding efforts will be successful.

3. Basis of Presentation and Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to U.S. GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") and Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the financial statements of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated upon consolidation. Unless the context otherwise indicates, reference in these notes to the "Company" refer to SELLAS Life Sciences Group, Inc., and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Private SELLAS, SLSG Limited, LLC, and Sellas Life Sciences Limited. The functional currency of the Company's non-U.S. operations is the U.S. dollar.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period.

On an ongoing basis, the Company evaluates its estimates using historical experience and other factors, including the current economic environment. Significant items subject to such estimates are assumptions used for purposes of determining stock-based compensation, carrying value of goodwill, and accounting for research and development activities. Management believes its estimates to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

Segment Information

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision-making group, in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance. The Company's chief operating decision maker ("CODM") is the President & Chief Executive Officer.

The Company views its operations and manages its business as one operating segment, which includes all activities related to the development of novel therapeutics for a broad range of cancer indications. The determination of a single reportable segment is consistent with the consolidated financial information provided to the CODM. The CODM does not evaluate discrete financial information for each of the Company's clinical product candidates, and views and manages the Company's clinical programs as one consolidated segment for which all operations are centralized.

Segment profit or loss is measured as the Company's net loss as reported on the consolidated statement of operations. As the Company does not currently generate revenues, the CODM evaluates Company performance through the achievement of clinical development goals. The CODM also monitors the Company's cash and cash equivalents as reported on the consolidated balance sheet, net cash used in operations as reported on the consolidated statement of cash flows, and segment expense information in order to make operational decisions, allocate resources, and plan for future activities.

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SELLAS LIFE SCIENCES GROUP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued

Segment expenses consist of the Company's functional expenses, research and development expenses and general and administrative expenses, as reported in the consolidated statement of operations. Other segment items included in the measure of segment net loss include non-operating income, which primarily relates to interest income. The measure of total segment assets is reported on the consolidated balance sheet as total assets.

The accounting policies of the Company's single reportable segment are the same as those for the consolidated financial statements described in this Note 3.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The Company measures certain financial assets and liabilities at fair value on a recurring basis. Fair value is an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value is a market-based measurement that should be determined based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or a liability. A three-tier fair value hierarchy is established as a basis for considering such assumptions and for inputs used in the valuation methodologies in measuring fair value:

Level 1—Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2—Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable, either directly or indirectly, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities; quoted prices in markets that are not active; or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3—Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the carrying amounts of the Company’s financial instruments, including cash equivalents and accounts payable, approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of those instruments and were categorized as Level 1. The Company did not transfer any financial instruments into or out of Level 3 classification during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially expose the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash on deposit with financial institutions, the balances of which frequently exceed federally insured limits.If any of the financial institutions with whom we do business were to be placed into receivership, we may be unable to access to the cash we have on deposit with such institutions.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers any highly liquid investments, such as money market funds, with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash and cash equivalents.

Restricted Cash and Cash Equivalents

Restricted cash consists of certificates of deposit on hand with the Company’s financial institutions as collateral for its corporate credit cards.

The following table provides a reconciliation of the components of cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash, and restricted cash equivalents reported in the Company's consolidated balance sheets to the total amount presented in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

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SELLAS LIFE SCIENCES GROUP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued

December 31,

Restricted cash and cash equivalents 100 100

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company maintained $0.1 million on hand with the Company's financial institutions as collateral for its corporate credit cards.

Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess of the cost of an acquired entity over the net amounts assigned to tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Goodwill is not amortized but is subject to an annual impairment test. The Company has a single reporting unit and all goodwill relates to that reporting unit. The Company performs its annual goodwill impairment test on October 1 of each fiscal year, or more frequently if changes in circumstances or the occurrence of events suggest that an impairment exists.The Company continually evaluates financial performance, economic conditions and other relevant developments in assessing if an interim period impairment test is necessary.

The Company's goodwill balance at December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $1.9 million. The Company did not recognize any impairment of goodwill during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, there were no accumulated impairment losses related to goodwill.

Leases

The Company accounts for its leasing arrangements under ASU No. 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) (“Topic 842”). Under Topic 842, all significant lease arrangements are generally recognized at lease commencement. Operating lease right-of-use ("ROU"), assets and lease liabilities are recognized at the commencement date. An ROU asset and corresponding lease liability is not recorded for leases with an initial term of 12 months or less (short term leases) and the Company recognizes lease expense for these leases as incurred over the lease term.

ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset during the reasonably certain lease terms and lease liabilities represent the Company’s obligation to make lease payments arising from the lease. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the option will be exercised. Operating lease ROU assets and liabilities are recognized at commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. The Company uses its incremental borrowing rate, based on the information available at commencement date, in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments related to initial direct cost and prepayments, and excludes lease incentives. Lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term. The Company’s lease agreements contain lease and non-lease components, which are generally accounted for separately. See Note 6 for discussion of the Company’s facility leases.

Revenue Recognition

The Company records revenue in accordance with ASC Topic 606, Revenue From Contracts with Customers ("Topic 606"). This standard applies to all contracts with customers, except for contracts that are within the scope of other standards, such as leases, insurance, collaboration arrangements and financial instruments. Under Topic 606, an entity recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration that the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that an entity determines are within the scope of Topic 606, the entity performs the following five-steps: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligations in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract; and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation. The Company only applies the five step model to contracts when it is probable that the entity will collect the

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SELLAS LIFE SCIENCES GROUP, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS - Continued

consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, once the contract is determined to be within the scope of Topic 606, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or service is distinct. The Company then allocates the transaction price to each distinct performance obligation based on its relative standalone selling price. The Company recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. See Note 9 for further discussion of the Company's revenue recognition associated with the 3D Medicines Agreement.

Development, Regulatory and Sales Milestones and Other Payments

At the inception of each arrangement that includes regulatory or development milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether the milestones are considered probable of being achieved and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur, the associated milestone value is included in the transaction price. Milestone payments that are not within the control of the Company or the licensee, such as regulatory approvals, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. The Company evaluates factors such as the scientific, clinical, regulatory, commercial, and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the particular milestone in making this assessment. There is considerable judgment involved in determining whether it is probable that a significant revenue reversal would not occur. At the end of each subsequent reporting period, the Company reevaluates the probability of achievement of all milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, adjusts its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment.

For arrangements that include sales-based royalties, including milestone payments upon first commercial sales and milestone payments based on a level of sales, which are the result of a customer-vendor relationship and for which the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate, the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied or partially satisfied. To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its licensing arrangements.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs that are paid in advance of performance are capitalized as a prepaid expense and recognized as research and development expenses as the services are provided. Clinical study costs, a component of research and development expenses, are accrued over the service periods specified in the contracts and adjusted as necessary based on an ongoing review of the level of effort and costs actually incurred.

Research and development expenses consist primarily of development research performed by contract research organizations ("CROs"), personnel costs, including salaries, benefits and stock-based compensation, clinical drug supply, investigator grants, materials and supplies, consulting fees, licenses and fees, preclinical studies, and overhead allocations consisting of various support and facility-related costs.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company measures employee and non-employee director share-based awards at their estimated grant-date fair value and records compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is typically the vesting term of the awards.

Estimating the fair value of share-based awards requires the input of subjective assumptions, including the expected term of the options and stock price volatility. The Company uses the Black-Scholes option pricing model to value its stock option awards. The assumptions used in estimating the fair value of share-based awards represent management’s estimate and involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management’s judgment. As a result, if factors change and management uses different assumptions, share-based compensation expense could be materially different for future awards.

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The expected term of the stock options is estimated using the “simplified method,” as the Company has limited historical information from which to develop reasonable expectations about future exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior for its stock option grants. The simplified method is the midpoint between the vesting term and the contractual term of the option. The stock price volatility assumption is based on the historical volatility of the Company's publicly traded common stock. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve commensurate with the expected term of the option. The Company accounts for forfeitures for stock option awards as they occur.

Restricted Stock Units with Performance and Service Conditions

The Company's Board of Directors has granted restricted stock units ("RSUs") to employees that vest based on performance and service conditions. The fair values of the performance-based RSUs are measured on the date of grant and are based on the Company's closing stock price on such date. Compensation expense is recognized for the number of performance-based RSUs expected to be earned, provided the requisite service period has been rendered, after assessing the probability that certain performance criteria will be met. Cumulative adjustments are recorded each quarter to reflect the estimated outcome of the performance-related conditions until the date results are determined and settled. The Company accounts for forfeitures of performance-based RSUs when they occur. If performance criteria are not met or are not expected to be met, any compensation expense previously recognized to date associated with the performance-based RSUs will be reversed.

Restricted Stock Units with Service Conditions Only

The Board of Directors has granted RSUs to certain employees that vest based on continuous service. Time-vested RSUs awarded to employees vest one-fourth per year annually over four years, provided the employee remains employed with the Company. The fair values of the time-vested RSUs are measured on the date of grant and are based on the Company's closing stock price on such date. Compensation expense for time-vested RSUs with service conditions only are recognized straight-line over the applicable service period. The Company accounts for forfeitures of time-vested RSUs when they occur. Previously recognized compensation expense for forfeited RSUs are reversed in the period the time-vested RSUs are forfeited.

Income Taxes

The Company uses the asset and liability method of accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases and operating loss and credit carryforwards. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized. The Company recognizes the benefit of an uncertain tax position that it has taken or expects to take on its income tax returns, if such a position is more likely than not to be sustained. Potential interest and penalties associated with unrecognized tax positions are recognized in income tax expense. No interest or penalties associated with unrecognized tax positions were recognized in either of the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

The Company recognizes liabilities or assets for the deferred tax consequences of temporary differences between the tax basis of assets or liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements in accordance with FASB ASC 740, “Accounting for Income Taxes” (“ASC 740”). These temporary differences will result in taxable or deductible amounts in future years when the reported amounts of the assets or liabilities are recovered or settled. ASC 740requires that a valuation allowance be established when management determines that it is more likely than not that all or a portion of a deferred asset will not be realized. The Company evaluates the realizability of its net deferred income tax assets and valuation allowances as necessary, at least on an annual basis. During this evaluation, the Company reviews its forecasts of income in conjunction with other positive and negative evidence surrounding the realizability of its deferred income tax assets to determine if a valuation allowance is required. Adjustments to the valuation allowance will increase or decrease the Company’s income tax provision or benefit. The recognition and measurement of benefits related to the Company’s tax positions requires

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significant judgment, as uncertainties often exist with respect to new laws, new interpretations of existing laws, and rulings by taxing authorities. Differences between actual results and the Company’s assumptions or changes in the Company’s assumptions in future periods are recorded in the period they become known.

Net Loss Per Share

Basic loss per share is computed by dividing net loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding during each period. Diluted loss per share includes the effect, if any, from the potential exercise or conversion of securities, such as warrants, stock options and unvested restricted stock that would result in the issuance of incremental shares of common stock. In computing the basic and diluted net loss per share, the weighted average number of shares remains the same for both calculations due to the fact that when a net loss exists, dilutive shares are not included in the calculation as the impact is anti-dilutive.

The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding have been excluded from the computation of diluted weighted average shares outstanding, as their impact would be anti-dilutive (in thousands):

December 31,

Recent Accounting Standards Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures, which requires public entities to disclose significant segment expenses regularly provided to the chief operating decision-maker. Public entities with a single reporting segment have to provide all disclosures required by ASC 280, including the significant segment expense disclosures. ASU No. 2023-07 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, and interim periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024. This ASU became effective for the Company on January 1, 2024 and did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures, which amends the guidance in ASC 740, Income Taxes. The ASU is intended to improve the transparency of income tax disclosures by prescribing standard categories and greater disaggregation of information in the effective tax rate reconciliation, disclosure of income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction, and modifies other income tax-related disclosures. ASU No. 2023-09 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2024 and allows for adoption either prospectively or retrospectively. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU on the income tax disclosures within the consolidated financial statements but does not expect a material impact upon adoption.

In November 2024, the FASB issued ASU 2024-03, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures, which requires disclosure of disaggregated information about certain income statement expense line items in the notes to the financial statements on an interim and annual basis. ASU 2024-03 will be effective for the annual reporting periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2026, with early adoption permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the impact that the adoption of ASU 2024-03 will have on the consolidated financial statements.

4. Collaboration and In-License Agreements

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As part of its business, the Company enters into in-licensing agreements with third parties that often require milestone and royalty payments based on the progress of the licensed asset through development and commercial stages. Milestone payments may be required, for example, upon approval of the product for marketing by a regulatory agency, and the Company may be required to make royalty payments based upon a percentage of net sales of the product. The expenditures required under these arrangements in any period may be material and are likely to fluctuate from period to period. These arrangements may permit the Company to unilaterally terminate development of the product and thereby avoid future contingent payments; however, the Company is unlikely to cease development if the compound successfully achieves clinical testing objectives.

Exclusive License Agreement with GenFleet Therapeutics (Shanghai) Inc.

On March 31, 2022, the Company entered into an exclusive license agreement with GenFleet pursuant to which GenFleet granted to the Company a sublicensable royalty-bearing license under certain of its intellectual property, to develop, manufacture, and commercialize SLS009 for the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of disease in humans and animals in the SLS009 Territory.

In consideration for the exclusive license, the Company agreed to pay to GenFleet (i) an upfront and technology transfer fee of $10.0 million, (ii) potential development and regulatory milestone payments for up to three indications totaling up to $48.0 million in the aggregate, and (iii) potential sales milestone payments totaling up to $92.0 million in the aggregate upon the achievement of certain net sales thresholds in a given calendar year. The Company also agreed to pay GenFleet single-digit tiered royalties based upon a percentage of annual net sales, with the royalty rate escalating based on the level of annual net sales of SLS009 in the SLS009 Territory ranging from the low to high single digits.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, there were no payments made to GenFleet pursuant to the exclusive license agreement. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company made cash payments of $5.5 million under the exclusive license agreement as part of the upfront and technology transfer fee.

Exclusive License Agreement with Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center ("MSK")

On September 4, 2014, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Original MSK License Agreement”) with MSK under which the Company was granted an exclusive license to develop and commercialize MSK’s WT1 peptide vaccine technology. The Original MSK License Agreement, unless terminated earlier in accordance with the terms of the Original MSK License Agreement, will continue on a country-by-country and licensed product-by-licensed product basis, until the later of: (i) expiration of the last valid claim embracing such licensed product; (ii) expiration of any market exclusivity period granted by law with respect to such licensed product; or (iii) ten (10) years from the first commercial sale in such country.

On May 25, 2017, the Company and MSK entered into an Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement (the “MSK A&R License Agreement”). Under the MSK A&R License Agreement, the Company expanded its license under the original MSK License Agreement, as amended, to include a license to commercially develop certain additional WT1 peptides through a program of exploiting certain patents and other rights covering such peptides. The MSK A&R License Agreement, among other changes, added certain milestone payments for each additional patent licensed product as defined in the MSK A&R License Agreement.

On October 11, 2017, the Company and MSK entered into a second Amended and Restated Exclusive License Agreement (the “Second MSK A&R License Agreement”). Under the Second MSK A&R License Agreement, the Company and MSK extended certain milestone dates for the Company in exchange for increased milestone payments.

The Company incurred $0.1 million of guaranteed minimum royalty payments under the Second MSK A&R License Agreement during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. Such expenses have been included in research and development costs.

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5. Balance Sheet Accounts

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following (in thousands):

December 31,

Prepaid expenses and other current assets $ 2,341 $ 542

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

December 31,

Compensation and related benefits 1,777 1,493

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities $ 5,466 $ 7,650

6. Legal Proceedings, Commitments and Contingencies

Legal Proceedings

From time to time, the Company is subject to various pending or threatened legal actions and proceedings, including those that arise in the ordinary course of its business, which may include employment matters, breach of contract disputes and stockholder litigation. Such actions and proceedings are subject to many uncertainties and to outcomes that are not predictable with assurance and that may not be known for extended periods of time. The Company records a liability in its consolidated financial statements for costs related to claims, including future legal costs, settlements and judgments, when the Company has assessed that a loss is probable and an amount can be reasonably estimated. If the reasonable estimate of a probable loss is a range, the Company records the most probable estimate of the loss or the minimum amount when no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount. The Company discloses a contingent liability even if the liability is not probable or the amount is not estimable, or both, if there is a reasonable possibility that a material loss may have been incurred.

On December 20, 2023, the Company commenced a binding arbitration proceeding against 3D Medicines, administered by the Hong Kong International Arbitration Centre and governed by New York State law in accordance with the dispute resolution provisions in the 3D Medicines Agreement. The arbitration proceeding involves, among other things, the trigger and payment of the relevant milestone payments due to the Company as well as 3D Medicines’ failure to use commercially reasonable best efforts to develop GPS in the 3DMed Territory, and particularly in mainland China. See Item 3. Legal Proceedings. Except for this arbitration proceeding, as of December 31, 2024, there was no other pending or threatened litigation.

Leases

The Company has a non-cancelable operating lease for certain executive, administrative, and general business office space for its headquarters in New York, New York, which commenced on June 5, 2020, was amended in February 2022 to add additional space, and had an initial lease term through December 30, 2024. The Company assessed the lease amendment for the additional space and determined it should be accounted for as a separate contract.

On October 3, 2024, the Company agreed to extend the expiration date for its office space by one year through September 30, 2026. The Company assessed the amendment for the lease extension and determined it

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should be accounted for as a modification of the existing operating leases. Accordingly, on the effective modification date, the Company recognized an increase to its operating lease liabilities and corresponding operating lease right-of-use assets of approximately $0.5 million for the remeasurement at present value of the remaining lease payments using a discount rate of 13.0%.

The weighted average discount rate used to account for the Company's operating lease under ASC 842, Leases, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 was approximately 13.0%. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the leases had a remaining term of 1.75 years.

Rent expense related to the Company's operating lease was approximately $0.6 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The Company made cash payments related to operating leases of approximately $0.5 million during each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Future minimum rental payments under the Company's non-cancelable operating lease are as follows as of December 31, 2024 (in thousands):

Total minimum lease payments:

Total future minimum lease payments 1,112

Less: imputed interest (111)

Operating lease liabilities $ 1,001

7. Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

Preferred Stock

The Company has authorized up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, $0.0001 par value per share, for issuance. There were no preferred shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Common Stock

The Company has authorized up to 350,000,000 shares of common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, for issuance.

Shares of common stock reserved for future issuance are as follows (in thousands):

Warrants outstanding 55,955

Stock options outstanding 1,837

Restricted stock units outstanding 472

Shares reserved for future issuance under the Employee Stock Purchase Plans 80

Total shares of common stock reserved for future issuance 61,758

8. Warrants to Acquire Shares of Common Stock

The following is a summary of the Company's warrants to acquire shares of common stock activity for the year ended December 31, 2024 (in thousands, except per share data):

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Warrants classified as equity:

Subsequent to December 31, 2024, the Company received $0.5 million from the exercise of 669,233 warrants to acquire shares of common stock at an exercise price of $0.75 per share, and 8,000,000 pre-funded warrants issued in the January 2025 Offering were exercised into shares of common stock.

In connection with the closing of the January 2024 Offering at a combined offering price of $0.75, the Company agreed to (i) reduce the exercise price of an aggregate of 3,863,851 warrants that were issued to certain purchasers in an underwritten public offering that closed on April 5, 2022 (the "April 2022 Offering") to $0.75, (ii) reduce the exercise price of an aggregate of 3,652,300 warrants that were issued in the November 2023 Registered Direct Offering to $0.75, and (iii) extend the termination date of the April 2022 Offering warrants and the November 2023 Registered Direct Offering warrants to January 8, 2029. Concurrent with the closing of the January 2024 Offering, the exercise price of an aggregate of 7,206,217 warrants which had been issued in an underwritten public offering that closed on February 28, 2023 (the "February 2023 Offering") were also reduced to an exercise price of $0.75 per share. The Company accounted for these amendments as a cost to issue equity with the incremental fair value of approximately $0.7 million recognized as an offset to the proceeds received. Fair value of the equity-classified warrants immediately before and after the modification was estimated using a Black-Scholes option pricing model, and the change in fair value was primarily driven by the change in exercise price. The Black-Scholes option pricing model also takes into account the historical volatility of the Company's common stock, the estimated remaining term of the warrants, and a risk-free interest rate based on the U.S. Treasury yield commensurate with the expected term.

The Company's outstanding warrants to acquire shares of common stock consist of equity-classified warrants.

Warrants Classified as Equity

Equity-classified warrants consist of warrants to acquire common stock issued in connection with previous equity financings. During its evaluation of equity classification for warrants to acquire shares of common stock, the Company considered the conditions as prescribed within ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging, Contracts in an Entity’s own Equity (“ASC 815-40”). The conditions within ASC 815-40 are not subject to a probability assessment. The warrants to acquire shares of common stock do not fall under the liability criteria within ASC 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, as they are not puttable and do not represent an instrument that has a redeemable underlying security. The warrants to acquire shares of common stock do meet the definition of a derivative instrument under ASC 815, but are eligible for the scope exception as they are indexed to the Company’s own stock and would be classified in permanent equity if freestanding.

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9. License Revenue with 3D Medicines, Inc.

Exclusive License Agreement with 3D Medicines, Inc.

In December 2020, the Company entered into the 3D Medicines Agreement pursuant to which the Company granted 3D Medicines a sublicensable royalty-bearing license under certain intellectual property owned or controlled by the Company, to develop, manufacture and have manufactured, and commercialize GPS and heptavalent GPS (referred to as GPS Plus) product candidates ("GPS Licensed Products") for all therapeutic and other diagnostic uses in the 3DMed Territory. In partial consideration for the rights granted by the Company, 3D Medicines agreed to pay the Company (i) a one-time upfront cash payment of $7.5 million, and (ii) milestone payments totaling up to $194.5 million in the aggregate upon the achievement of certain technology transfer, development and regulatory milestones, as well as sales milestones based on certain net sales thresholds of GPS Licensed Products in the 3DMed Territory in a given calendar year. 3D Medicines also agreed to pay tiered royalties based upon a percentage of annual net sales of GPS Licensed Products in the 3DMed Territory ranging from the high single digits to the low double digits.

Revenue Recognition

There is $191.5 million in potential future development, regulatory, and sales milestones, not including future royalties, remaining under the 3D Medicines Agreement as of December 31, 2024, which milestones are variable in nature and not under the Company's control. At the end of each reporting period, the Company reevaluates the probability of achievement of the future development, regulatory, and sales milestones subject to constraint and, if necessary, will adjust its estimate of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments will be recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect revenues and earnings in the period of adjustment. For the sales-based royalties, the Company will recognize revenue when the related sales occur. To date, the Company has not recognized any royalty revenue resulting from any of its licensing arrangements.

In December 2023, the Company commenced a binding arbitration proceeding against 3D Medicines, which involves, among other things, the trigger and payment of certain milestone payments due to the Company. See Note 6, Legal Proceedings.

There was no licensing revenue recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, and there was no cost of licensing revenue recognized during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

10. Stock-Based Compensation

2017 Equity Incentive Plan

On December 29, 2017, the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan was approved by the stockholders of the Company, and currently allows for issuance of up to approximately 17,000 shares of common stock underlying stock options granted prior to September 10, 2019. The 2017 Equity Incentive Plan was terminated upon the approval of the 2019 Incentive Plan subject to outstanding stock options granted under the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan that remain exercisable through maturity for the Company's employees and directors.

2023 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan

On September 10, 2019, the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan ("2019 Equity Plan") was approved by the stockholders of the Company in connection with the grant of stock-based awards, including stock options, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights and other types of awards as deemed appropriate.

On June 20, 2023, an amendment to the 2019 Equity Plan was approved by the stockholders of the Company, which amended and restated the 2019 Equity Plan (as amended and restated, the "2023 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan") to increase the number of shares of common stock authorized for issuance under the 2019 Equity Plan by 3,000,000 shares. The 2023 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan currently allows for issuance of up to approximately 6,036,000 shares of common stock.

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As of December 31, 2024, approximately 3,414,000 shares of common stock were reserved for future grants under the 2023 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan.

The following table summarizes the components of stock-based compensation expense in the consolidated statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively (in thousands):

Years Ended December 31,

Research and development $ 346 $ 352

Total stock-based compensation $ 1,564 $ 2,094

Options to Purchase Shares of Common Stock

The Company uses the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to estimate the fair value of stock-based awards and the following assumptions were used for stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

Years Ended December 31,

Risk free interest rate 4.01 % 3.78 %

Expected term (years) 6.19 6.20

Expected dividend yield — % — %

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $0.48 and $2.88, respectively.

The Company’s expected common stock price volatility assumption is based upon the Company's own implied volatility in combination with the implied volatility of a basket of comparable companies. The expected life assumptions for employee grants were based upon the simplified method, which averages the contractual term of the Company’s options of 10 years with the average vesting term of four years for an average of six years. The expected life assumptions for non-employees were based upon the contractual term of the option. The dividend yield assumption is zero because the Company has never paid cash dividends and presently has no intention to do so. The risk-free interest rate used for each grant was also based upon prevailing short-term interest rates. The Company accounts for forfeitures as they occur, therefore, outstanding stock options equal vested and expected to vest stock options.

As of December 31, 2024, there was $1.3 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding stock options that is expected to be recognized as a component of the Company’s operating expenses over a weighted-average period of 1.88 years.

The following table summarizes stock option activity of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

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The aggregate intrinsic values of outstanding and exercisable stock options at December 31, 2024 were calculated based on the closing price of the Company’s common stock as reported on the Nasdaq Capital Market on December 31, 2024 of $1.04 per share. The aggregate intrinsic value equals the positive difference between the closing fair market value of the Company’s common stock and the exercise price of the underlying stock options.

Time-Vested RSUs and RSUs with Performance Conditions

The Company granted RSUs pursuant to the Company's 2023 Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan that will settle in shares of common stock. As of December 31, 2024, there was $0.7 million of unrecognized compensation cost related to outstanding RSUs that is expected to be recognized as a component of the Company’s operating expenses over a weighted-average period of 1.82 years.

The following table summarizes RSU activity of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively:

2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

On April 22, 2021, the Board of Directors adopted the 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("2021 ESPP") which was approved by the Company's stockholders on June 8, 2021. The 2021 ESPP allows employees to contribute up to 20% of their cash earnings, subject to a maximum of $25,000 per year under Internal Revenue Service rules, to be used to purchase shares of the Company's common stock on semi-annual purchase dates. The 2021 ESPP allows eligible employees to purchase shares of common stock at a price per share equal to 85% of the

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lower of the fair market value of the common stock at the beginning or end of each six-month offering period during the term of the 2021 ESPP.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, 103,853 and 91,454 shares of common stock, respectively, were purchased by employees under the 2021 ESPP for proceeds of approximately $0.1 million. There are approximately 80,000 shares of common stock reserved for issuance under the 2021 ESPP as of December 31, 2024.

11. Income Taxes

The Company's loss before income taxes is as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31,

The components of net deferred tax assets are as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31,

Stock-based compensation 622 613

Capitalized Section 174 research and development 2,502 1,755

Net deferred tax assets $ 200 $ 184

The components of gross deferred tax liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31,

Right of use asset $ (200) $ (184)

Gross deferred tax liability $ (200) $ (184)

The net deferred tax liabilities are as follows (in thousands):

As of December 31,

Net deferred tax asset $ 200 $ 184

Gross deferred tax liability (200) (184)

Net deferred tax liability $ — $ —

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The provision for income taxes differs from the provision computed by applying the federal statutory rate to net loss before income taxes as follows:

As of December 31,

U.S. federal statutory income tax rate (21.0) % (21.0) %

State and local taxes, net of federal benefit (0.4) % (0.4) %

Foreign rate differential 14.5 % 15.3 %

Valuation allowance 6.6 % 6.5 %

Permanent differences 0.5 % 0.4 %

Other (0.2) % (0.8) %

Effective income tax rate — % — %

There was no income tax benefit or expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more-likely-than-not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. The valuation allowance increased by approximately $2.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, which was primarily driven by increases in net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards and capitalized research and development, which were partially offset by a decrease related to licensing deduction deferrals.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had domestic federal and state net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $65.6 million and $4.2 million, respectively, available to reduce future taxable income, which expire beginning in 2027.

Under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, the net operating losses (“NOL”) and tax credit carryforwards are subject to review and possible adjustment by the Internal Revenue Service and state tax authorities. NOL and tax credit carryforwards may become subject to an annual limitation in the event of certain cumulative changes in the ownership interest of significant shareholders over a three-year period in excess of 50%, as defined under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, respectively, as well as similar state tax provisions. This could limit the amount of tax attributes that the Company can utilize annually to offset future taxable income or tax liabilities. The amount of the annual limitation, if any, will be determined based on the value of the Company immediately prior to the ownership change. Subsequent ownership changes may further affect the limitation in future years. The Company has completed several financings since its inception, which may have resulted in a change in control as defined by Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code, or could result in a change in control in the future. Utilization of the net operating loss and tax credits carryforwards may be limited by “ownership change” rules, as defined in Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar state provisions. This annual limitation may result in the expiration of the net operating losses and credits before utilization.

The Company files income tax returns in the United States and various state jurisdictions. For U.S. federal and state income tax purposes, the statute of limitations currently remains open for the years ending December 31, 2021 to present and December 31, 2020 to present, respectively. In addition, all of the net operating losses and research and development credit carryforwards that may be utilized in future years may be subject to examination.

The Company does not recognize tax benefits that are not more-likely-than-not to be supported based upon the technical merits of the tax position taken. In assessing its unrecognized tax benefits, the Company has analyzed its tax return filing positions in all of the federal, state and foreign filing jurisdictions where it is required to file income tax returns, as well as all open years in those jurisdictions.

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As of December 31, 2024, the Company has no unrecognized tax benefits or accrued interest or penalties associated with uncertain tax positions. The Company does not believe that it is reasonably possible that its unrecognized tax benefits would significantly change in the following 12 months.

12. Employee Benefit Plan

The Company sponsors a 401(k) Plan. Employees become eligible for participation upon the start of employment. Participants may elect to have a portion of their salary deferred and contributed to the 401(k) Plan up to the limit allowed under the Internal Revenue Code. The Company makes a matching contribution to the plan for each participant who has elected to make tax-deferred contributions for the plan year. The Company made matching contributions which amounted to approximately $124,000 and $139,000 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These amounts were charged to the consolidated statements of operations. The employer contributions vest immediately.

13. Subsequent Events

The Company evaluated all events or transactions that occurred after December 31, 2024 up through the date these consolidated financial statements were issued. Other than as disclosed elsewhere in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, the Company did not have any material subsequent events.

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ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURES

None.

ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The term “disclosure controls and procedures” means our controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by us in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

We carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a – 15(e) and 15d – 15(e)). Based upon that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered in this report, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in reports filed under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the required time periods and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our principal executive officer and principal financial officer do not expect that our disclosure controls or internal controls will prevent all error and all fraud. Although our disclosure controls and procedures were designed to provide reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives, a control system, no matter how well conceived and operated, can provide only reasonable, but not absolute assurance that the objectives of the system are met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within our company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty, and that breakdowns can occur because of a simple error or mistake. Additionally, controls can be circumvented if there exists in an individual a desire to do so. There can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, our management conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on that evaluation, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2024.

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Attestation Report of the Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

This report does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm regarding internal control over financial reporting. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by our independent registered public accounting firm pursuant to Section 989G of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which exempts smaller reporting companies from the auditor attestation requirement.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has been no change in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2024 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

None of our directors or officers have adopted, modified, or terminated any trading plans under Rule10b5-1 of the Exchange Act or any similar arrangements during the fourth quarter of 2024.

ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS

Not applicable.

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PART III

ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

The information required by item 10 is incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2024 fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION

The information required by item 11 is incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2024 fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS

The information required by item 12 is incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2024 fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE

The information required by item 13 is incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2024 fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES

The information required by item 14 is incorporated herein by reference from the Company’s Proxy Statement, which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the end of the Company’s 2024 fiscal year pursuant to Regulation 14A for its 2025 Annual Meeting of Stockholders.

PART IV

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ITEM 15. EXHIBITS

ExhibitNumber Description Form Exhibit Filing Date

3.4 Amended and Restated By-Laws of the Registrant. 8-K 3.3 January 5, 2018

4.1 Form of Common Stock Certificate. 10-K 4.1 April 13, 2018

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ExhibitNumber Description Form Exhibit Filing Date

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ExhibitNumber Description Form Exhibit Filing Date

10.37 Form of Registration Rights Agreement. 8-K 10.2 August 4, 2020

10.43 Form of Amendment to Common Stock Purchase Warrant. 8-K 10.1 March 1, 2023

10.48 Form of Placement Agency Agreement. 8-K 1.1 October 31, 2023