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Item 1A. Risk Factors

The more prominent risks and uncertainties inherent in our business are described in more detail below. However, these are not the only risks and uncertainties we face. Our business may also face additional risks and uncertainties that are unknown to us at this time.

General Risks Related to the Economy

Continued Uncertain Financial and Economic Conditions may have an Adverse Impact on our Business, Results of Operations or Financial Condition

We derive revenues from the sale of advertising and expenditures by advertisers tend to be cyclical and are reflective of economic conditions. Periods of a slowing economy, recession or economic uncertainty may be accompanied by a decrease in advertising. Financial and economic conditions continue to be uncertain over the longer term and the continuation or worsening of such conditions, including prolonged or increased inflationary developments, could reduce consumer confidence and have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and/or financial condition. If consumer confidence were to decline, this decline could negatively affect our advertising customers' businesses and their advertising budgets. In addition, volatile economic conditions could have a negative impact on our industry or the industries of our customers who advertise on our stations, resulting in reduced advertising sales. Furthermore, it may be possible that actions taken by any governmental or regulatory body for the purpose of stabilizing the economy or financial markets will not achieve their intended effect. In addition to any negative direct consequences to our business or results of operations arising from these financial and economic developments, some of these actions may adversely affect financial institutions, capital providers, advertisers or other consumers on whom we rely, including our access to future capital or financing arrangements necessary to support our business. Our inability to obtain financing in amounts and at times necessary could make it more difficult or impossible to meet our obligations or otherwise take actions in our best interests.

We May be Adversely Affected by the Effects of Inflation

Inflation has the potential to adversely affect our liquidity, business, financial condition and results of operations by increasing our overall cost structure, particularly if we are unable to achieve commensurate increases in the prices we charge our customers. The existence of inflation in the economy has resulted in, and may continue to result in, higher interest rates, increased cost of labor and other similar effects. As a result of inflation, we have experienced and may continue to experience, cost increases. Although we may take measures to mitigate the impact of this inflation, if these measures are not effective, our business, financial condition, results of operations and liquidity could be materially adversely affected. Even if such measures are effective, there could be a difference between the timing of when these beneficial actions impact our results of operation and when the cost of inflation is incurred.

Our Business and Operations Could be Adversely Affected by Health Epidemics, Pandemics or Similar Outbreaks, Natural Disasters and Other Catastrophes, Impacting the Markets and Communities in which we and our Partners, Advertisers, and Users Operate

We face various risks related to health epidemics, pandemics, or similar outbreaks, natural disasters and other catastrophes that are beyond our control, which have materially and adversely affected our business and may continue to materially and adversely affect our results of operations, liquidity and financial condition. The extent of the impact of health epidemics, pandemics or similar outbreaks, natural disasters and other catastrophes in the future, on our business, including our ability to execute our near-term and long-term business strategies and initiatives in the expected time frame, will depend on numerous factors that we may not be able to accurately predict or assess, including the negative impact on the economy and economic activity, changes in advertising customers and consumer behavior, short and longer-term impact on the levels of consumer confidence; actions governments, businesses and individuals take in response to such outbreaks, and any resulting macroeconomic conditions; and how quickly economies recover after such outbreaks or pandemics subside.

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The effects of health epidemics, pandemics or similar outbreaks, natural disasters and other catastrophes in the future, may also impact financial markets and corporate credit markets which could adversely impact our access to financing or the terms of any such financing. To the extent pandemics or outbreaks adversely affect our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described herein.

The Success of Our Business is Dependent Upon Advertising Revenues, which are Seasonal and Cyclical, and also Fluctuate as a Result of a Number of Factors, Some of Which are Beyond Our Control.

Our primary source of revenue is the sale of advertising. Our ability to sell advertising depends, among other things, on:

● national and local demand for radio and digital advertising;

● the popularity of our programming;

● the capability and effectiveness of our sales organization;

● other factors beyond our control.

Our operations and revenues also tend to be seasonal in nature, with generally lower revenue generated in the first quarter of the year and generally higher revenue generated in the second and fourth quarters of the year. This seasonality causes and will likely continue to cause a variation in our quarterly operating results. Such variations could have a material effect on the timing of our cash flows. In addition, our revenues tend to fluctuate between years, consistent with, among other things, increased advertising expenditures in even-numbered years by political candidates, political parties and special interest groups.

We Depend on Key Stations

Historically our top five markets when combined represented 36% and 37% of our net operating revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, respectively. Accordingly, we may have greater exposure to adverse events or conditions that affect the economy in any of these markets, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, results of operations and financial condition.

Local, National and Global Economic Conditions May Affect our Advertising Revenue

Our financial results are dependent primarily on our ability to generate advertising revenue through rates charged to advertisers. The advertising rates a station is able to charge are affected by many factors, including the general strength of the local and national economies. Generally, advertising declines during periods of economic recession or downturns in the economy. Our revenue has been and is likely to be adversely affected during such periods, whether they occur on a global level, national level or in the geographic markets in which we operate. During such periods we may also be required to reduce our advertising rates in order to attract available advertisers. Such a decline in advertising rates could also have a material adverse effect on our revenue, results of operations and financial condition.

The ongoing supply chain and labor shortage issues could result in an adverse impact on our business due to our customer’s reduction in advertising spending as their businesses are negatively impacted by low inventories, product delays, and labor shortages resulting in reduced revenue.

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The Russia-Ukraine war and the conflict in Gaza have created not only great devastation but also a worldwide instability that could impact economies across the globe. While direct impacts to our business are limited, the indirect impacts to our customers could impact demand for advertising and other indirect impacts could arise. In addition, the impact of other current macro-economic factors on our business, including inflation, supply chain constraints and geopolitical events, is uncertain.

The US government has recently indicated its intent to adopt a new approach to trade policy including initiating or considering the imposition of tariffs on certain foreign goods. Changes in US trade policy could result in one or more of US trading partners adopting responsive trade policies making it more difficult or costly for US exports to those countries. These measures could also result in increased inflation and reduced US real gross domestic product and otherwise adversely impact the US economy. While tariffs have not had a material impact on our business, financial condition or results of operations to date, we cannot predict future trade policy or the terms of any new tariffs and retaliatory measures and their impact on our business. The adoption and expansion of trade restrictions, the occurrence of a trade war, or other governmental action related to tariffs or trade policies has the potential to adversely impact the US and global economy and our customers’ businesses. This in turn could adversely impact our business, financial condition and results of operations due to our customer’s reduction in advertising spending as their businesses are negatively impacted by a decline in the US economy.

Risks Related to Our Financing

We May Have Substantial Indebtedness and Debt Service Requirements

At December 31, 2024, our long-term debt was approximately $5,000,000. We have previously borrowed and may borrow to finance acquisitions and for other corporate purposes. Because of our indebtedness, a portion of our cash flow from operations is required for debt service. Our leverage could make us vulnerable to an increase in interest rates, particularly related to the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as outlined in our new credit facility amendment, a downturn in our operating performance, or a decline in general economic conditions. Our credit facility is subject to mandatory prepayment requirements, including but not limited to, certain sales of assets, certain insurance proceeds, certain debt issuances and certain sales of equity. Any outstanding balance under the credit facility will be due on the maturity date of December 19, 2027. We believe that cash flows from operations will be sufficient to meet our debt service requirements for interest and scheduled payments of principal under the credit facility in the future. However, if such cash flow is not sufficient, we may be required to sell additional equity securities, refinance our obligations or dispose of one or more of our properties in order to make such scheduled payments. We cannot be sure that we would be able to affect any such transactions on favorable terms, if at all.

Variable-Rate Indebtedness Exposes us to Interest Rate Risk, which could Cause Our Debt Service Obligations to Increase Significantly.

Certain of our secured indebtedness, including borrowings under our existing credit facility, is or is expected to be, as applicable, subject to variable rates of interest and expose us to interest rate risk. If interest rates increase, our debt service obligations on the variable-rate indebtedness would increase and our net loss would increase, even though the amount borrowed under the facility remained the same. As of December 31, 2024, we had $5,000,000 outstanding variable-rate debt. An unfavorable movement in interest rates, primarily SOFR, could result in higher interest expense and cash payments for us. Although we may enter into interest rate hedges, involving the partial or full (i) exchange of floating for fixed-rate interest payments or (ii) obtaining an interest rate cap, to reduce interest rate volatility, we cannot provide assurance that we will enter into such arrangements or that they will successfully mitigate such interest rate volatility. SOFR is a broad measure of the cost of borrowing cash in the overnight U.S treasury repo market, and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York has published the daily rate since 2018.

Our Debt Covenants Restrict our Financial and Operational Flexibility

Our credit facility contains a number of financial covenants which, among other things, require us to maintain specified financial ratios and impose certain limitations on us with respect to investments, additional indebtedness,

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dividends, distributions, guarantees, liens and encumbrances. Our ability to meet these financial ratios can be affected by operating performance or other events beyond our control, and we cannot assure you that we will meet those ratios. Certain events of default under our credit facility could allow the lenders to declare all amounts outstanding to be immediately due and payable and, therefore, could have a material adverse effect on our business. We have pledged substantially all of our assets (excluding our FCC licenses and certain other assets) in support of the credit facility and each of our subsidiaries has guaranteed the credit facility and has pledged substantially all of their assets (excluding their FCC licenses and certain other assets) in support of the credit facility.

Risks Related to the Radio Broadcasting Industry

Our Stations Must Compete for Advertising Revenues in Their Respective Markets

Radio broadcasting is a highly competitive business. Our stations compete for listeners and advertising revenues within their respective markets directly with other radio stations, as well as with other media, such as broadcast radio (as applicable), cable television and/or radio, satellite television and/or satellite radio systems, newspapers, magazines, direct mail, the Internet, coupons and billboard advertising. Audience ratings and market shares are subject to change, and any change in a particular market could have a material adverse effect on the revenue of our stations located in that market. While we already compete in some of our markets with other stations with similar programming formats, if another radio station in a market were to convert its programming format to a format similar to one of our stations, or if a new station were to adopt a comparable format or if an existing competitor were to strengthen its operations, our stations could experience a reduction in ratings and/or advertising revenue and could incur increased promotional and other expenses. Other radio broadcasting companies may enter into the markets in which we operate or may operate in the future. These companies may be larger and have more financial resources than we have. We cannot assure you that any of our stations will be able to maintain or increase their current audience ratings and advertising revenues.

We Depend on Key Personnel

Our business is partially dependent upon the performance of certain key individuals, particularly Christopher S. Forgy, our President and CEO. Although we have entered into employment and non-competition agreements with Mr. Forgy, which terminate on December 6, 2029, and certain other key personnel, including on-air personalities, we cannot be sure that such key personnel will remain with us. We can give no assurance that all or any of these employees will remain with us or will retain their audiences. Many of our key employees are at-will employees who are under no legal obligation to remain with us. Our competitors may choose to extend offers to any of these individuals on terms which we may be unwilling to meet. In addition, any or all of our key employees may decide to leave for a variety of personal or other reasons beyond our control. Furthermore, the popularity and audience loyalty of our key on-air personalities is highly sensitive to rapidly changing public tastes. A loss of such popularity or audience loyalty is beyond our control and could limit our ability to generate revenues.

Our Success Depends on our Ability to Identify and Integrate Acquired Stations

As part of our strategy, we have pursued and may continue to pursue acquisitions of additional radio stations, subject to the terms of our credit facility. Competitors may be able to outbid us for acquisitions. As a result of these and other factors, our ability to identify and consummate future acquisitions is uncertain.

Our consummation of all future acquisitions is subject to various conditions, including FCC and other regulatory approvals. The FCC must approve any transfer of control or assignment of broadcast licenses. Such acquisitions could be delayed by shutdowns of the U.S. Government. In addition, acquisitions may encounter intense scrutiny under federal and state antitrust laws. Our future acquisitions may be subject to notification under the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 and to a waiting period and possible review by the Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission. Any delays, injunctions, conditions or modifications by any of these federal agencies could have a negative effect on us and result in the abandonment of all or part of otherwise attractive acquisition opportunities. We cannot predict whether we will be successful in identifying future acquisition opportunities or what the consequences will be of any acquisitions.

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Certain of our acquisitions may prove unprofitable and fail to generate anticipated cash flows. In addition, the success of any completed acquisition will depend on our ability to effectively integrate the acquired stations. The process of integrating acquired stations may involve numerous risks, including difficulties in the assimilation of operations, the diversion of management’s attention from other business concerns, risk of entering new markets, and the potential loss of key employees of the acquired stations.

The Royalties We Pay to Copyright Owners Could Increase Significantly, and Proposed Legislation Could Require Radio Broadcasters to Pay Royalties to Record Labels and Recording Artists

We pay royalties to copyright owners of musical compositions (typically song composers and publishers) whenever we broadcast or stream musical compositions. These royalties are paid through ASCAP, BMI, SESAC, GMR and Sound Exchange. The rates at which we pay royalties to copyright owners are privately negotiated or set pursuant to a regulatory process. Increased royalty rates could significantly increase our expenses, which could adversely affect our business. There is no guarantee that the licenses and associated royalty rates that currently are available to us will be available to us in the future. In addition, legislation has been previously introduced in Congress that would require radio broadcasters to pay a performance royalty to record labels and performing artists for use of their recorded songs. The proposed legislation would add an additional layer of royalties to be paid directly to the record labels and artists. It is currently unknown what proposed legislation, if any, will become law, whether industry groups will enter into an agreement with respect to performance fees, and what significance this royalty would have on our results from operations, cash flows or financial position.

Risks Related to Regulation of Our Business

Future Impairment of our FCC Broadcasting Licenses Could Affect our Operating Results

As of December 31, 2024, our FCC broadcasting licenses represented 41% of our total assets. We are required to test our FCC broadcasting licenses for impairment on an annual basis, or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that our FCC broadcasting licenses might be impaired which may result in future impairment losses. For further discussion, see Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates included with this Form 10-K.

Our Business is Subject to Extensive Federal Regulation

The broadcasting industry is subject to extensive federal regulation which, among other things, requires approval by the FCC of transfers, assignments and renewals of broadcasting licenses, limits the number of broadcasting properties that may be acquired within a specific market, and regulates programming and operations. For a detailed description of the material regulations applicable to our business, see “Federal Regulation of Radio Broadcasting” and “Other FCC Requirements” in Item 1 of this Form 10-K. Failure to comply with these regulations could, under certain circumstances and among other things, result in the denial of renewal or revocation of FCC licenses, shortened license renewal terms, monetary forfeitures or other penalties which would adversely affect our profitability. Changes in ownership requirements could limit our ability to own or acquire stations in certain markets.

New Federal Regulations or Fees Could Affect our Broadcasting Operations

There has been proposed legislation in the past and there could be again in the future that requires radio broadcasters to pay additional fees such as a spectrum fee for the use of the spectrum or a royalty fee to record labels and performing artists for use of their recorded music. Currently, we pay royalties to song composers, publishers, and performers indirectly through third parties. Any proposed legislation that becomes law could add an additional layer of royalties to be paid directly to the record labels and artists. These proposed royalties have been the subject of considerable debate and activity by the broadcast industry and other parties affected by the legislation. It is currently unknown what impact any potential required royalty payments would have on our results of operations, cash flows or financial position.

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The FCC’s Vigorous Enforcement of Indecency Rules Could Affect our Broadcasting Operations

Federal law regulates the broadcast of obscene, indecent or profane material. The FCC has increased its enforcement efforts relating to the regulation of indecency violations, and Congress has increased the penalties for broadcasting obscene, indecent or profane programming, and these penalties may potentially subject broadcasters to license revocation, renewal or qualification proceedings in the event that they broadcast such material. The FCC has expanded the scope of items considered indecent to include material that could be considered “blasphemy,” “personally reviling epithets”, “profanity” and vulgar or coarse words, amounting to a nuisance. Effective January 15, 2024, the maximum forfeiture penalty (after 2024 annual inflation adjustment) for an indecency violation is $508,373 per incident and $4,692,668 for a continuing violation arising from a single act or failure to act. In March 2015, the FCC issued a Notice of Apparent Liability for the then maximum forfeiture amount of $325,000 against a television station for violation of the indecency laws. In addition, the FCC’s heightened focus on the indecency regulations against the broadcast industry may encourage third parties to oppose our license renewal applications or applications for consent to acquire broadcast stations. Because the FCC may investigate indecency complaints prior to notifying a licensee of the existence of a complaint, a licensee may not have knowledge of a complaint unless and until the complaint results in the issuance of a formal FCC letter of inquiry or notice of apparent liability for forfeiture. We may in the future become subject to inquiries or proceedings related to our stations’ broadcast of obscene, indecent or profane material. To the extent that any inquiries or other proceedings result in the imposition of fines, a settlement with the FCC, revocation of any of our station licenses or denials of license renewal applications, our result of operations and business could be materially adversely affected.

We are Subject to a Series of Risks Regarding Scrutiny of Environmental, Social and Governance Matters

Companies across industries are facing increasing scrutiny from a variety of stakeholders related to their environmental, social, and governance (“ESG”) practices. For example, various groups produce ESG scores or ratings based at least in part on a company’s ESG disclosures, and certain market participants, including institutional investors, use such ratings to assess companies’ ESG profiles. There are also increasing regulatory expectations for ESG matters. Various policymakers, including the SEC, have adopted (or are considering adopting) requirements to disclose certain climate-related or other ESG information, which may require additional costs to comply. This and other stakeholder expectations will likely lead to increased costs as well as scrutiny that could heighten the risk. Additionally, many of our customers, business partners, and suppliers may be subject to similar expectations, which may augment or create additional risks, including risks that may not be known to us.

Risks Related to Technology and Cybersecurity

New Technologies May Affect our Broadcasting Operations

The FCC has and is considering ways to introduce new technologies to the broadcasting industry, including satellite and terrestrial delivery of digital audio broadcasting and the standardization of available technologies which significantly enhance the sound quality of AM broadcasters. We are unable to predict the effect such technologies may have on our broadcasting operations. The capital expenditures necessary to implement such technologies could be substantial.

Information Technology and Cybersecurity Failures or Data Security Breaches Could Harm Our Business

Any internal technology error or failure impacting systems hosted internally or externally, or any large-scale external interruption in technology infrastructure we depend on, such as power, telecommunications or the Internet, may disrupt our technology network. Any individual, sustained or repeated failure of technology could impact our customer service and result in increased costs or reduced revenues. Our technology systems and related data also may be vulnerable to a variety of sources of interruption due to events beyond our control, including natural disasters, terrorist attacks, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, hackers and other security issues. While we have in place, and continue to invest in, technology security initiatives and disaster recovery plans, these measures may not be adequate or implemented properly to prevent a business disruption and its adverse financial impact and consequences to our business' reputation.

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In addition, as a part of our ordinary business operations, we may collect and store sensitive data, including personal information of our clients, listeners and employees. The secure operation of the networks and systems on which this type of information is stored, processed and maintained is critical to our business operations and strategy. Any compromise of our technology systems resulting from attacks by hackers or breaches due to employee error or malfeasance could result in the loss, disclosure, misappropriation of or access to clients’, listeners’, employees’ or business partners’ information. Any such loss, disclosure, misappropriation or access could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability or regulatory penalties under laws protecting the privacy of personal information, disrupt operations and damage our reputation, any or all of which could adversely affect our business.

To meet business objectives, the Company relies on both internal information technology (IT) systems and networks, and those of third parties and their vendors, to process and store sensitive data, including confidential research, business plans, financial information, intellectual property, and personal data that may be subject to legal protection. The extensive information security and cybersecurity threats, which affect companies globally, pose a risk to the security and availability of these IT systems and networks, and the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the Company’s sensitive data. The Company continually assesses these threats and makes investments to increase internal protection, detection, and response capabilities, as well as ensure the Company’s third-party providers have required capabilities and controls, to address this risk.

In September 2021, one of our third-party service providers of a critical application used in our business, was the victim of a ransomware cyberattack. However, the Company’s data was not breached in connection with this incident and the incident did not have a material impact on the Company’s business or operations.

To date, the Company has not experienced any material impact to the business or operations resulting from information or cybersecurity attacks; however, because of the frequently changing attack techniques, along with the increased volume and sophistication of the attacks, there remains the potential for the Company to be adversely impacted. This impact could result in reputational, competitive, operational or other business harm as well as financial costs and regulatory action. The Company currently maintains cybersecurity insurance in the event of an information security or cyber incident; however, the coverage may not be sufficient to cover all financial losses nor may it be available in the future.

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Risks Related to the Ownership of Our Stock

The Company is No Longer Controlled by our President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman

Edward K. Christian, our founder and former President, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman, passed away on August 19, 2022. Mr. Christian held approximately 65% of the combined voting power of our Common Stock (based on Class B Common Stock generally being entitled to ten votes per share, with certain exceptions, but not including options to acquire Class B Common Stock). As a result, Mr. Christian was generally able to control the vote on most matters submitted to the vote of shareholders and, therefore, was able to direct our management and policies, except with respect to (i) the election of the two Class A directors, (ii) those matters where the shares of our Class B Common Stock are only entitled to one vote per share, and (iii) other matters requiring a class vote under the provisions of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws or applicable law. Upon Mr. Christian’s passing on August 19, 2022, his Class B shares were transferred into an estate planning trust and that transfer resulted in an automatic conversion of each Class B share he held into one fully paid and non-assessable Class A Share. Those Class A Shares have the same voting rights as all other Class A Shares, and the estate has approximately 14.6% voting rights after the conversion of the shares from Class B Shares to Class A Shares. The Company’s subsidiaries holding FCC licenses timely applied to the FCC for consent to transfer of control of the subsidiaries from Mr. Christian to the shareholders of the Company, and those applications were routinely approved by the FCC on December 20, 2023. As a result of the change in voting control, the Company has entered into a period of significant transition and is potentially more vulnerable to activist investors or hostile takeover attempts. If the Company is unable to manage this transition effectively, it may have an adverse impact on the Company and its shareholders.

We May Experience Volatility in the Market Price of our Common Stock

The market price of our common stock has fluctuated in the past and may continue to be volatile. In addition to stock market fluctuations due to economic or other factors, the volatility of our shares may be influenced by lower trading volume and concentrated ownership relative to many of our publicly-held competitors. Because several of our shareholders own significant portions of our outstanding shares, our stock is relatively less liquid and therefore more susceptible to price fluctuations than many other companies’ shares. If these shareholders were to sell all or a portion of their holdings of our common stock, then the market price of our common stock could be negatively affected. Investors should be aware that they could experience short-term volatility in our stock if such shareholders decide to sell all or a portion of their holdings of our common stock at once or within a short period of time.

Our management has identified certain internal control deficiencies, which management believes constitute material weaknesses. Our failure to establish and maintain an effective system of internal controls could result in material misstatements of our financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or fail to prevent fraud in which case, our shareholders could lose confidence in our financial reporting, which would harm our business and could negatively impact the price of our common stock.

We review and update our internal controls, disclosure controls and procedures, and corporate governance policies as our Company continues to evolve. In addition, we are required to comply with the internal control evaluation and certification requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SOX”) and management is required to report annually on our internal control over financial reporting.

Our management’s evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 concluded that the Company has the following material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting: (i) Ineffective Controls over Broadcast Revenue Reconciliations – a lack of effectively designed and implemented monitoring controls over recorded broadcast revenue combined with a lack of segregation of duties within the Traffic Management system that did not restrict users’ or monitor access privileges commensurate with their assigned authority and responsibility; and (ii) Ineffective Controls over Digital Revenue Reconciliations – a lack of effectively designed and implemented monitoring controls over recorded digital revenue, including procedures over the retention of documentation to ensure existence, completeness and accuracy of data used to support accounts related to revenue and accounts receivable in the financial statement close process.

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These ineffective controls, individually or in the aggregate, could result in misstatements of accounts or disclosures that would results in a material misstatement of the interim or annual Consolidated Financial Statements that would not be prevented or detected.

Such shortcomings could have an adverse effect on our business and financial results. Any system of internal controls, however well designed and operated, is based in part on certain assumptions and can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurances that the objectives of the system are met. Any failure or circumvention of the controls and procedures or failure to comply with regulation concerning control and procedures could have a material effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Any of these events could result in an adverse reaction in the financial marketplace due to a loss of investor confidence in the reliability of our financial statements, which ultimately could negatively affect the market price of our shares, increase the volatility of our stock price and adversely affect our ability to raise additional funding. The effect of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified persons to serve on our Board and as executive officers.

The Company is planning to take steps to remediate this material weakness. However, we cannot assure you that any of the measures we implement to remedy any such deficiencies will effectively mitigate or remedy such deficiencies.

Our business could be negatively affected as a result of shareholder activism.

Shareholder activism, which could take many forms or arise in a variety of situations, including making public demands that we consider certain strategic alternatives for the Company, engaging in public campaigns to attempt to influence our corporate governance and/or our management, and commencing proxy contests to attempt to elect the activists' representatives or others to our Board, has increased in recent years.

While the Company welcomes shareholders' constructive input, the Company could be negatively affected as a result of shareholder activism, which could cause the Company to incur substantial costs and divert our attention and resources from our business and our ability to execute our strategic plans. Additionally, such shareholder activism could give rise to perceived uncertainties as to our future, adversely affect our relationships with our associates, customers, service providers or other vendors and make it more difficult to attract and retain qualified personnel. Also, we may be required to incur significant fees and other expenses related to activist shareholder matters, including for third-party advisors. Our stock price could be subject to significant fluctuation or otherwise be adversely affected by the events, risks and uncertainties of any shareholder activism.

The Company has been, and may continue to be, the subject of shareholder activism, and it is subject to the risks associated therewith.

We are a Smaller Reporting Company and Intend to Avail Ourselves of Certain Reduced Disclosure Requirements Applicable to Smaller Reporting Companies, which could make our Common Stock Less Attractive to Investors.

We are a smaller reporting company, as defined in the Exchange Act, and we intend to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not applicable to smaller reporting companies, including reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation. We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our common stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and our stock price may be more volatile. We intend to take advantage of certain of these reporting exemptions until we are no longer a smaller reporting company. We will remain a smaller reporting company until the aggregate market value of our outstanding common stock held by non-affiliates as of the last business day of our most recently completed second fiscal quarter is $250 million or more.

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

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Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Risk Management and Strategy

We have established processes and policies for assessing, identifying and managing material risks posed by cybersecurity threats. Our processes and policies are based upon the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework and include a Cybersecurity Incident Response Plan (“CIRP”). This does not imply that we meet any particular technical standards, specifications, or requirements, only that we use the NIST as a guide to help us identify, assess, and manage cybersecurity risks relevant to our business.

Our cybersecurity risk management processes, policies and CIRP are focused on (1) developing organizational understanding to manage cybersecurity risks, (2) applying safeguards to protect our systems, (3) detecting the occurrence of a cybersecurity incident, (4) responding to a cybersecurity incident and (5) recovering from a cybersecurity incident. Where appropriate, these processes and policies are integrated into our overall risk management systems and processes. For instance, all of our employees with network access are required to complete information security and privacy training on an annual basis. We are continuously working to improve our information technology systems and provide employee awareness training around phishing, malware, and other cyber risks to enhance our levels of protection. We have engaged independent consultants and other third-parties to assist us in establishing and improving our policies. Our processes and policies include the identification of those third-party relationships which have the greatest potential to expose us to cybersecurity threats and, upon identification, we conduct additional due diligence as a part of establishing those relationships. We also maintain insurance coverage for cybersecurity insurance as part of our overall insurance portfolio. For a description and additional information concerning material cybersecurity risks we face, see Item lA Risk Factors - Information Technology and Cybersecurity Failures or Data Security Breaches Could Harm Our Business.

Governance

Cybersecurity and risks related to our information technology and other computer resources are an important focus of our Board of Directors' risk oversight. The Board has created a Cybersecurity Sub Committee of our Audit Committee for oversight of cybersecurity and other information technology risks.Our Cybersecurity Sub Committee of our Audit Committee receives materials on a frequent basis to address the identification and status of information technology cybersecurity risks, and management, including our Chief Technology Officer (CTO), provides periodic updates to our Cybersecurity Sub Committee. The Sub Committee reports to the full Board regarding its activities. The full Board also receives briefings from management on our cyber risk management program.

The CTO is responsible for managing our information security team to ensure they are assessing and managing cybersecurity risks in accordance with our processes and procedures.Our CTO has over 25 years' experience managing enterprise information technology systems.

Our management team supervises efforts to prevent, detect, mitigate and remediate cybersecurity risks and incidents through various means, which may include briefings from internal security personnel; threat intelligence and other information obtained from governmental, public or private sources, including external consultants engaged by us; and alerts and reports produced by security tools deployed in the IT environment.

Pursuant to our CIRP, when a cybersecurity event has been identified through our detection processes, it is assessed in order to determine whether the event is a cybersecurity incident. Our CIRP designates the primary manager of a cybersecurity incident, describes the parties who should be informed about the incident and outlines the processes for containment, eradication, recovery and resolution of the incident. Depending on the severity and impact of a cybersecurity threat, members of our senior management team and Board of Directors are notified of an incident and kept informed of the mitigation and remediation of the incident.

Item 2. Properties

Our corporate headquarters is located in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan. The types of properties required to support each of our stations include offices, studios, and transmitter and antenna sites. A station’s studios are generally housed

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with its offices in business districts. The transmitter sites and antenna sites are generally located so as to provide maximum market coverage for our stations’ broadcast signals.

As of December 31, 2024, the studios and offices of 25 of our 28 operating locations, including our corporate headquarters in Michigan, are located in facilities we own. The remaining studios and offices are located in leased facilities with lease terms that expire in 3.7 years to 6.9 years. We own or lease our transmitter and antenna sites, with lease terms that expire in less than 1 year to 66 years. We do not anticipate any difficulties in renewing those leases that expire within the next five years or in leasing other space, if required.

No one property is material to our overall operations. We believe that our properties are in good condition and suitable for our operations.

We own substantially all of the equipment used in our broadcasting business.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

The Company is subject to various outstanding claims which arise in the ordinary course of business, and to other legal proceedings. Management anticipates that any potential liability of the Company, which may arise out of or with respect to these matters, will not materially affect the Company’s financial statements.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our Class A Common Stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Market of the NASDAQ Stock Market LLC under the ticker symbol SGA.

The closing price for our Class A Common Stock on March 25, 2025 as reported by the NASDAQ was $12.55. As of March 25, 2025, there were approximately 175 holders of record of our Class A Common Stock. This figure does not include an estimate of the indeterminate number of beneficial holders whose shares may be held of record by brokerage firms and clearing agencies.

Dividends

During 2024, the Company’s Board of Directors has declared four quarterly cash dividends and a variable dividend on its Class A Common Stock. These dividends, totaling $1.60 per share and approximately $10.0 million were paid during 2024.

During 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors declared four quarterly cash dividends and one special dividend on its Class A Common Stock. These dividends, totaling $3.00 per share and approximately $18.6 million were accrued or paid during 2023.

In December 2022, the Board of Directors adopted a new variable dividend policy for the allocation of cash flows aligned with the Company’s goals of maintaining a strong balance sheet, increasing cash returns to shareholders, and continuing to grow the Company through strategic acquisitions.

The Company currently intends to declare regular quarterly cash dividends as well as variable dividends in accordance with the terms of its variable dividend policy. As previously reported, our Board adopted a variable dividend policy for the allocation of available cash aligned with the goals of maintaining a strong balance sheet, increasing cash

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returns to shareholders, and continuing to grow the Company through strategic acquisitions. The Company may also declare special dividends and implement stock buybacks in future periods. The declaration and payment of any future dividend, whether fixed, special, or based on the variable policy, or the implementation of any stock buyback program will remain at the full discretion of the Board and will depend on the Company’s financial results, cash requirements, future expectations, and other pertinent factors.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

Not applicable.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table summarizes our repurchases of our Class A Common Stock during the three months ended December 31, 2024. Shares repurchased during the quarter were from the retention of shares for the payment of withholding taxes related to the vesting of restricted stock.

Total Number Approximate

of Dollar

Shares Value of

Purchased Shares

Total Average as Part of that May Yet be

Number Price Publicly Purchased

of Shares Paid per Announced Under the

Period Purchased (1) Share Program Program (2)

Performance Graph

We are a smaller reporting company as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and are no longer required to provide a performance graph.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Item 1. Business and the consolidated financial statements and notes thereto of Saga Communications, Inc. and its subsidiaries contained elsewhere herein. The following discussion is presented on a consolidated basis. We serve twenty-eight radio markets (reporting units) that aggregate into one operating segment (Radio), which also qualifies as a reportable segment. We operate under one reportable business segment for which segment disclosure is consistent with the management decision-making process that determines the allocation of resources and the measuring of performance. Corporate general and administrative expenses, interest expense, interest income, other (income) expense, and income tax provision are managed on a consolidated basis.

The discussion of our operating performance focuses on station operating income because we manage our stations primarily on station operating income. Operating performance is evaluated for each individual market.

We use certain financial measures that are not calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (GAAP) to assess our financial performance. For example, we evaluate the performance of our markets based on “station operating income” (operating income plus corporate general and administrative expenses, depreciation and amortization, other operating (income) expenses, and impairment of intangible assets). Station operating income is generally recognized by the broadcasting industry as a measure of performance, is used by analysts who report on the performance of the broadcasting industry, and it serves as an indicator of the market value of a group of stations. In addition, we use it to evaluate individual stations, market-level performance, overall operations and as a primary measure for incentive based compensation of executives and other members of management. Station operating income is not necessarily indicative of amounts that may be available to us for debt service requirements, other commitments, reinvestment or other discretionary uses. Station operating income is not a measure of liquidity or of performance in accordance with GAAP, and should be viewed as a supplement to, and not a substitute for, our results of operations presented on a GAAP basis.

General

We are a media company primarily engaged in acquiring, developing and operating broadcast properties including opportunities complimentary to our core radio business including digital, e-commerce and non-traditional revenue initiatives. We actively seek and explore opportunities for expansion through the acquisition of additional broadcast properties. We review acquisition opportunities on an ongoing basis.

Revision of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements

In connection with our review of certain digital expenses, we noted we had previously reported revenue net of expenses to third-party providers under the agent treatment, when in fact we were operating as the principal and should have been reporting the gross revenue and the expenses as part of station operating expense. As a result, our revenue and station operating expense for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 were understated by approximately $2.6 million and $2.7 million, respectively with no impact on operating income, the provision for income taxes, net income, earnings per share, cash flows or retained earnings. In addition, we noted that our quarterly financial data for the first three quarters of the year ended December 31, 2024 and for each quarter of the year ended December 31, 2023 that our revenue and station operating expenses were understated. There was no impact on our Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, to our Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 or to our Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. In accordance with Staff Accounting Bulletin ("SAB") No. 99 Materiality, and SAB No. 108, Considering the Effects of Prior Year Misstatements when Quantifying Misstatements in Current Year Financial Statements, we evaluated the error as part of our year-end financial reporting process for the year ended December 31, 2024 and took into consideration the impact for the interim periods of the three months ended March 31, 2024, three and six months ended June 30, 2024, three and nine months ended September 30, 2024. We determined that the impact was not material to our results of operations or financial position for any prior annual or interim period. Included in our annual reporting on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024 the impacts to the net revenue and station operating expenses amounts on the Consolidated Statement of Income

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previously reported for each of the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and interim periods ended March 31, 2024 and 2023, June 30, 2024 and 2023 and September 30, 2024 and 2023 were presented.

Adjustments made as a result of and in connection with these revisions are more fully discussed in Note 2, Revisions of Previously Issued Consolidated Financial Statements. Our discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations have been amended to consider the effects of the revision as it relates to the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Radio Stations

Our radio stations’ primary source of revenue is from the sale of advertising for broadcast on our stations. Depending on the format of a particular radio station, there are a predetermined number of advertisements available to be broadcast each hour.

Most advertising contracts are short-term and generally run for a few weeks only. The majority of our revenue is generated from local advertising, which is sold primarily by each radio market’s sales staff. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, approximately 88% and 90%, respectively, of our radio stations’ gross revenue was from local advertising. To generate national advertising sales, we engage independent advertising sales representative firms that specialize in national sales for each of our broadcast markets.

Our revenue varies throughout the year. Advertising expenditures, our primary source of revenue, generally have been lowest during the winter months, which include the first quarter of each year. Political revenue was significantly higher in 2024 due to the increased number of national, state, and local elections in most of our markets as compared to 2023. Our gross political revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 was $3,263,000 and $944,000, respectively. We expect political revenue in 2025 to decrease from 2024 levels as a result of less elections in 2025 at the local, state and national levels.

Our net operating revenue, station operating expense and operating income vary from market to market based upon the market’s rank or size which is based upon population and the available radio advertising revenue in that particular market.

The broadcasting industry and advertising in general is influenced by the state of the overall economy, including unemployment rates, inflation, energy prices and consumer interest rates. Our stations broadcast primarily in small to midsize markets. Historically, these markets have been more stable than major metropolitan markets during downturns in advertising spending, but may not experience increases in such spending as significant as those in major metropolitan markets in periods of economic improvement.

Our financial results are dependent on a number of factors, the most significant of which is our ability to generate advertising revenue through rates charged to advertisers. The rates a station is able to charge are, in large part, based on a station’s ability to attract audiences in the demographic groups targeted by its advertisers. In a number of our markets, this is measured by periodic reports generated by independent national rating services. In the remainder of our markets it is measured by the results advertisers obtain through the actual running of an advertising schedule. Advertisers measure these results based on increased demand for their goods or services and/or actual revenues generated from such demand. Various factors affect the rate a station can charge, including the general strength of the local and national economies, population growth, ability to provide popular programming, local market competition, target marketing capability of radio compared to other advertising media, and signal strength.

When we acquire and/or begin to operate a station or group of stations we generally increase programming and advertising and promotion expenses to increase our share of our target demographic audience. Our strategy sometimes requires levels of spending commensurate with the revenue levels we plan on achieving in two to five years. During periods of economic downturns, or when the level of advertising spending is flat or down across the industry, this strategy may result in the appearance that our cost of operations are increasing at a faster rate than our growth in revenues, until such time as we achieve our targeted levels of revenue for the acquired station or group of stations.

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The number of advertisements that can be broadcast without jeopardizing listening levels (and the resulting ratings) is limited in part by the format of a particular radio station. Our stations strive to maximize revenue by constantly managing the number of commercials available for sale and by adjusting prices based upon local market conditions and ratings. While there may be shifts from time to time in the number of advertisements broadcast during a particular time of the day, the total number of advertisements broadcast on a particular station generally does not vary significantly from year to year. Any change in our revenue, with the exception of those instances where stations are acquired or sold, is generally the result of inventory sell out ratios and pricing adjustments, which are made to ensure that the station efficiently utilizes available inventory.

Our radio stations employ a variety of programming formats. We periodically perform market research, including music evaluations, focus groups and strategic vulnerability studies. Because reaching a large and demographically attractive audience is crucial to a station’s financial success, we endeavor to develop strong listener loyalty. Our stations also employ audience promotions to further develop and secure a loyal following. We believe that the diversification of formats on our radio stations helps to insulate us from the effects of changes in musical tastes of the public on any particular format.

The primary operating expenses involved in owning and operating radio stations are employee salaries and related benefit costs, sales commissions, programming expenses, depreciation, and advertising and promotion expenses.

The radio broadcasting industry is subject to rapid technological change, evolving industry standards and the emergence of new media technologies and services. These new technologies and media are gaining advertising share against radio and other traditional media.

We continue to execute Saga’s digital strategy focused on the consumer as opposed to the product oriented, low margin, high attrition offerings that many third-party providers deliver. There has been a significant increase in digital ad spending. According to eMarketer 2024, excluding political, there was approximately $421 billion spent on advertising in the U.S. They estimate digital advertising to be approximately $309 billion of the total spend. The Radio Advertising Bureau recently released a report that radio surpassed the $2 billion mark in digital sales. This represents 0.67% of eMarketer’s estimated digital advertising spend leaving a lot of room for growth. Saga’s “Blended Advertising” process focuses on providing our customers with simple digital advertising solutions (SEM, SEO, Targeted Display among others) that are easy to understand and buy in conjunction with radio. These are the same local advertisers that studies show say they trust radio account executives the most for market knowledge and advice but aren’t currently buying digital from us. Our digital strategy focuses on the consumer journey as they Click, Visit, Call and Search. Our Radio Station’s get the advertiser wanted and our digital platform gets the advertiser found and chosen.

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, our Charleston, South Carolina; Columbus, Ohio; Des Moines, Iowa; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and Norfolk, Virginia markets, when combined, represented approximately 36% and 37%, respectively, of our consolidated net operating revenue. An adverse change in any of these radio markets or relative market position in those markets could have a significant impact on our operating results as a whole.

The following tables describe the percentage of our consolidated net operating revenue represented by each of these markets:

Percentage of Consolidated

Net Operating Revenue

for the Years

Ended December 31,

Market:

Charleston, South Carolina 6 % 6 %

Columbus, Ohio 8 % 9 %

Des Moines, Iowa 5 % 5 %

Milwaukee, Wisconsin 12 % 11 %

Norfolk, Virginia 5 % 6 %

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During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the radio stations in our five largest markets when combined, represented approximately 37% and 40%, respectively, of our consolidated station operating income. The following tables describe the percentage of our consolidated station operating income represented by each of these markets:

Percentage of Consolidated

Station Operating Income(*)

for the Years Ended

December 31,

Market:

Charleston, South Carolina 7 % 5 %

Columbus, Ohio 5 % 10 %

Des Moines, Iowa 3 % 4 %

Milwaukee, Wisconsin 17 % 12 %

Norfolk, Virginia 5 % 9 %

Results of Operations

The following tables summarize our results of operations for the two years ended years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Consolidated Results of Operations

Years Ended December 31, $ Increase % Increase

(In thousands, except %’s and per share information)

Other operating expense (income), net 1,048 120 928 N/M

Earnings per share (diluted) $ 0.55 $ 1.55 $ (1.00) (64.5) %

N/M = Not Meaningful

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Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2023

For the year ended December 31, 2024, consolidated net operating revenue was $112,919,000 compared with $115,504,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $2,585,000 or 2.2%. We had an increase of approximately $1,760,000 that was attributable to stations that we did not own or operate for the entire comparable period, offset by a decrease of $4,345,000 generated by stations we owned or operated for the comparable period in 2023 (“same station”). The decrease in same station revenue in 2024 was due to decreases in gross local revenues of $8,868,000 partially offset by increases in gross political revenue of $2,308,000 and gross interactive or digital revenue of $1,745,000 and a decrease in agency commission of $439,000 from 2023. The most significant decreases in gross local revenue occurred in our Clarksville, Tennessee; Columbus, Ohio; Des Moines, Iowa; and Milwaukee, Wisconsin; markets partially offset by increases at our Asheville, North Carolina and Charlottesville, Virginia. The decrease in our agency commissions is due to the decrease in local agency revenue. The gross political revenue increased due to an increase in the number of national, state and local elections. The increase in gross interactive results is primarily due to an increase in our streaming and website advertising revenue.

Station operating expense was $96,905,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared with $92,930,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, an increase of $3,975,000 or 4.3%. We had an increase of approximately $1,883,000 that was attributable to stations that we did not own or operate for the comparable period combined with an increase of $2,092,000 generated by stations we owned or operated for the comparable period in 2023. The increase in same station operating expenses was primarily a result of increases in compensation-related expenses, bad debt expenses, interactive fulfillment and content expenses, sales rating survey expenses and advertising and promotion expenses of $1,061,000, $582,000, $283,000, $249,000, and $135,000, respectively, partially offset by decreases in music licensing expenses and barter expenses of $120,000 and $103,000, respectively from 2023.

We had operating income for the year ended December 31, 2024 of $2,355,000 compared to $11,488,000 for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $9,133,000. The decrease was a result of the decrease in net operating revenue and the increase in station operating expense, described above, combined with an increase in our corporate general and administrative expenses of $1,645,000 and an increase in other operating expense of $928,000. The increase in corporate general and administrative expenses was primarily attributable to increases in stock-based compensation, expense related to the income tax obligation relating to the transfer of a split dollar life insurance policy to our former CEO, Ed Christian’s estate, computer software and cybersecurity expenses, compensation-related expenses and travel-related expenses of $835,000, $500,000, $385,000, $334,000, and $79,000, respectively, partially offset by a decrease in insurance-related expenses of $561,000. In 2024, we recorded a loss on the sale of fixed assets and intangible assets of $1,048,000 compared to a loss on the sale of fixed assets of $120,000 in 2023. The loss on sales of fixed assets and intangible assets recorded in other operating expense in 2024 primarily relates to the sale of WYSE-AM, W275CP translator and W248CM translator located in our Asheville, North Carolina market and the relinquishment of our FCC license for KBAI-AM located in our Bellingham, Washington market described in footnote 10 (Acquisitions and Dispositions).

We generated net income of $3,460,000 ($0.55 per share on a fully diluted basis) during the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $9,500,000 ($1.55 per share on a fully diluted basis) for the year ended December 31, 2023, a decrease of $6,040,000. The decrease in net income is due to the decrease of operating income, described above, an increase in interest expense of $175,000, and a decrease in interest income of $394,000 partially offset by an increase in other income of $1,397,000 and a decrease in income taxes of $2,265,000. The increase in interest expense is due to an increase in debt outstanding. The decrease in interest income is related to the decrease in the amount of short-term investment accounts. The increase in other income is due to the $1,133,000 received related to the sale of an investment in BMI and $384,000 in insurance proceeds received as a result of weather-related damages. The gain on sale of investment and gain on insurance claims are recorded in other (income) expense, net in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Income. The decrease in our income tax expense is due to lower income before income tax expense for the comparable period.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Debt Arrangements and Debt Service Requirements

On December 19, 2022, we entered into a Third Amendment to our Credit Facility, (the “Third Amendment”), which extended the maturity date to December 19, 2027, reduced the lenders to JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., and the Huntington National Bank (collectively, the “Lenders”), established an interest rate equal to the secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”) as administered by the SOFR Administrator (currently established as the Federal Reserve Bank of New York) as the interest base and increased the basis points.

We have pledged substantially all of our assets (excluding our FCC licenses and certain other assets) in support of the Credit Facility and each of our subsidiaries has guaranteed the Credit Facility and has pledged substantially all of their assets (excluding their FCC licenses and certain other assets) in support of the Credit Facility.

Approximately $266,000 of debt issuance costs related to the Credit Facility were capitalized and are being amortized over the life of the Credit Facility. These debt issuance costs are included in other assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets. As a result of the Second Amendment, the Company incurred an additional $120,000 of transaction fees related to the Credit Facility that were capitalized. As a result of the Third Amendment, the Company incurred an additional $161,000 of transaction fees related to the Credit Facility that were capitalized. The cumulative transaction fees are being amortized over the remaining life of the Credit Facility.

Interest rates under the Credit Facility are payable, at our option, at alternatives equal to SOFR (4.49% at December 31, 2024), plus 1% to 2% or the base rate plus 0% to 1%. The spread over SOFR and the base rate vary from time to time, depending upon our financial leverage. Letters of credit issued under the Credit Facility will be subject to a participation fee (which is equal to the interest rate applicable to Eurocurrency Loans, as defined in the Credit Agreement) payable to each of the Lenders and a fronting fee equal to 0.25% per annum payable to the issuing bank. Under the Third Amendment, we now pay quarterly commitment fees of 0.25% per annum on the unused portion of the Credit Facility. We previously paid quarterly commitment fees of 0.2% to 0.3% per annum on the unused portion of the Credit Facility.

The Credit Facility contains a number of financial covenants (all of which we were in compliance with at December 31, 2024) which, among other things, require us to maintain specified financial ratios and impose certain limitations on us with respect to investments, additional indebtedness, dividends, distributions, guarantees, liens and encumbrances.

We had $5,000,000 debt outstanding at December 31, 2024 and no debt outstanding at December 31, 2023.

We had approximately $45 million and $50 million unused borrowing capacity under the Revolving Credit Facility at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Sources and Uses of Cash

During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we had net cash flows from operating activities of $13,772,000 and $15,379,000, respectively. We believe that cash flow from operations will be sufficient to meet any quarterly debt service requirements for interest and scheduled payments of principal under the Credit Facility if we borrow in the future. However, if such cash flow is not sufficient, we may be required to sell additional equity securities, refinance our obligations or dispose of one or more of our properties in order to make such scheduled payments. There can be no assurance that we would be able to effect any such transactions on favorable terms, if at all.

In February 2013, our Board of Directors authorized an increase to our Stock Buy-Back Program (the “Buy-Back Program”) to allow us to purchase up to $75.8 million of our Class A Common Stock. From the Buy-Back Program’s inception in 1998 through December 31, 2024, we have repurchased 2.2 million shares of our Class A Common Stock for $58.1 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, approximately 21,865 shares were retained for payment of withholding taxes for $290,344 related to the vesting of restricted stock. We halted the directions for any additional buybacks under our plan in 2020. We continue to monitor economic conditions to determine if and when it makes sense to make additional buybacks under our plan.

Our capital expenditures, exclusive of acquisitions, for the year ended December 31, 2024 were $3,767,000 ($4,356,000 in 2023). We anticipate capital expenditures in 2025 to be approximately $4.0 million to $4.5 million, which we expect to finance through funds generated from operations.

On February 13, 2024, we entered into an agreement to purchase the assets of WKOA (FM), WKHY (FM), WASK (FM), WXXB (FM), WASK (AM) and W269DJ from Neuhoff Communications, Inc. serving the Greater Lafayette, Indiana radio market for $5.3 million, subject to certain purchase price adjustments. The Company closed on this transaction on May 31, 2024, using funds from operations and borrowings under our credit agreement, of $5,832,000, which included the purchase price of $5,300,000, the purchase of $499,000 in accounts receivable and transactional costs of approximately $121,000 offset by $88,000 in certain closing adjustments.

During 2024, we used the proceeds from our U.S. Treasury Bills to purchase additional U.S. Treasury Bills when they were up for redemption at various times through the year. We redeemed $21.7 million in U.S. Treasury Bills and purchased an additional $19.7 million in U.S. Treasury Bills. At December 2024, we have recorded $8.9 million of held-to-maturity U.S. Treasury Bills at amortized cost basis that have a fair market value of $8.9 million. Our held-to-maturity U.S. Treasury Bills all have original maturity dates ranging from March 2025 to June 2025.

We anticipate that any future acquisitions of radio stations and dividend payments will be financed through funds generated from operations, borrowings under the Credit Agreement, additional debt or equity financing, or a combination thereof. However, there can be no assurances that any such financing will be available on acceptable terms, if at all.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, which require us to make estimates, judgments and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of certain assets, liabilities, revenues, expenses and related disclosures and contingencies. We evaluate estimates used in preparation of our financial statements on a continual basis, including estimates related to the following:

Purchase Accounting: We account for our acquisitions under the purchase method of accounting. The total cost of acquisitions is allocated to the underlying net assets, based on their respective estimated fair values as of the acquisition date. The excess of consideration paid over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair values of the net assets acquired and liabilities assumed requires management’s judgment and often involves the use of significant estimates including assumptions with respect to future cash inflows and outflows, discount rates, asset lives and market multiples, among other items.

Broadcast Licenses and Goodwill: As of December 31, 2024, we have recorded approximately $91,497,000 in broadcast licenses and $19,229,000 in goodwill, which represents 50% of our total assets. In assessing the recoverability of these assets, we must conduct impairment testing and charge to operations an impairment expense only in the periods in which the carrying value of these assets is more than their fair value. We conduct the impairment testing of broadcast licenses and goodwill annually or more frequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired.

There was no impairment of broadcast licenses or goodwill in 2024 or 2023.

We believe our estimate of the value of our broadcast licenses is a critical accounting estimate as the value is significant in relation to our total assets, and our estimate of the value uses assumptions that incorporate variables based on past experiences and judgments about future operating performance of our stations. These variables include but are not limited to: (1) the forecast growth rate of each radio market, including population, household income, retail sales and other expenditures that would influence advertising expenditures; (2) market share and profit margin of an average station within a market; (3) estimated capital start-up costs and losses incurred during the early years; (4) risk-adjusted discount rate; (5) the likely media competition within the market area; and (6) terminal values. Changes in our estimates of the fair value of these assets could result in material future period write-downs in the carrying value of our broadcast licenses. For illustrative purposes only, during our 2024 impairment test had the fair values of each of our broadcasting licenses been lower by 10% we would have recorded an additional broadcast license impairment of approximately $108,000; had the fair values of each of our broadcasting licenses been lower by 20%, we would have recorded an additional broadcast license impairment of approximately $335,000; and had the fair value of our broadcasting licenses been lower by 30%, we would have recorded an additional broadcast license impairment of approximately $714,000.

Additionally, our estimate of the value of our goodwill is a critical accounting estimate and our estimate of the value uses assumptions that incorporate variables based on past experiences and judgments about future operating performance. We believe we have made reasonable estimates and assumptions to calculate the estimated fair value of our goodwill, however, these estimates and assumptions are highly judgmental in nature. Our estimated fair value of our goodwill exceeds our carrying value by 22%. Actual results can be materially different from estimate and assumptions. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those projected by the industry or by us, of if events occur or circumstances changes that would reduce the estimated fair value of our goodwill below the carrying value, we may recognize future impairment charges, the amount of which may be material. For illustrative purposes only, if the discount rate increased by 1.0%, the estimated fair value of our goodwill would only exceed our carrying value by 13%.

Tax Provisions: Our estimates of income taxes and the significant items giving rise to the deferred tax assets and liabilities are shown in the notes to our consolidated financial statements and reflect our assessment of actual future taxes to be paid on items reflected in the financial statements, giving consideration to both timing and probability of these estimates. Actual income taxes could vary from these estimates due to future changes in income tax law or results from the final review of our tax returns by federal, state or foreign tax authorities. We use our judgment to determine whether it is more likely than not that our deferred tax assets will be realized. Deferred tax assets are reduced by valuation

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allowances if the Company believes it is more than likely than not that some portion or the entire asset will not be realized.

Market Risk and Risk Management Policies

Our earnings are affected by changes in short-term interest rates as a result of our long-term debt arrangements. If we had borrowings against our long-term debt arrangements, in the event of an adverse change in interest rates, management may take actions to mitigate our exposure.

Inflation

The impact of inflation on our operations has not been significant to date. We are however, starting to see the effects of higher inflation starting to impact costs of most goods and services. There can be no assurance that a high rate of inflation in the future would not have an adverse effect on our operations.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Recent accounting pronouncements are described in Note 1 to the accompanying financial statements.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Information appearing under the caption “Market Risk and Risk Management Policies” in Item 7 is hereby incorporated by reference.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The financial statements attached hereto are filed as part of this annual report.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

As of the end of the period covered by this report, the Company carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company’s management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”). The term “disclosures controls and procedures” as defined and amended by the Exchange Act, means controls and other procedures of a company that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include, without limitation, controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed by a company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the company’s management, including its principal executive and principal financial officers, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving their objectives. Based upon the evaluation performed as of December 31 2024, as a result of the material weakness in internal control over financial reporting described below in Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures over financial reporting were not effective as of such date.

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Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rule 13a-15(f). Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework as set forth in Internal Control — Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Based on our evaluation, management concluded that our Company did not maintain effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 due to the material weakness described below.

Material Weaknesses in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Management has determined that the Company has the following material weakness in its internal control over financial reporting:

Ineffective Controls over Broadcast Revenue Reconciliations – a lack of effectively designed and implemented monitoring controls over recorded broadcast revenue combined with a lack of segregation of duties within the Traffic Management system that did not restrict or monitor users’ access privileges commensurate with their assigned authority and responsibility.

Ineffective Controls over Digital Revenue Reconciliations – a lack of effectively designed and implemented monitoring controls over recorded digital revenue, including procedures over the retention of documentation to ensure existence, completeness and accuracy of data used to support accounts related to revenue and accounts receivable in the financial statement close process.

Remediation Plans

Management is actively engaged in the implementation of remediation plans to address the controls contributing to the material weakness. The remediation actions include, but are not limited to, the following:

Ineffective Controls over Broadcast Revenue Reconciliations – Enhance the monitoring controls over revenue reconciliation procedures, re-assess user access privileges and ensure that certain users conflict of duties within the system are appropriately mitigated through such monitoring controls.

Ineffective Controls over Digital Revenue Reconciliations – Evaluate and enhance design and implementation of digital process-level controls over the existence, completeness and accuracy of data included in various reports provided from third party providers that support our digital revenue accounts. Ensure retention of revenue reconciliation documentation and review by management.

We believe these measures will effectively remediate the control deficiencies, but management is assessing the need for any additional steps to remediate the underlying causes that give rise to this material weakness. The material weakness will not be considered remediated until the applicable controls operate for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that these controls are operating effectively. There is no assurance that

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additional remediation steps will not be necessary. Our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024 has been audited by Crowe LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report which appears below.

Notwithstanding the identified material weakness, Management believes the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K fairly present, in all material respects, our results of operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2024 and our financial condition as of such date, in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Except as set forth above, there were no changes in our internal controls over financial reporting during the year ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal controls over financial reporting.

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Item 9B. Other Information

None.

Items 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Not applicable.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information contained in our Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s fiscal year. See also Item 1. Business — Information About Our Executive Officers.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference to the information contained in our Proxy Statement for the 2025 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the Company’s fiscal year.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)1. Financial Statements

The following consolidated financial statements attached hereto are filed as part of this annual report:

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 173) 48

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 1195) 51

Consolidated Financial Statements:

— Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 52

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 56

2. Financial Statement Schedules

Schedule II Valuation and Qualifying Accounts is disclosed in Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements attached hereto and filed as part of this annual report. All other schedules for which provision are made in the applicable accounting regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission are not required under the related instructions or are inapplicable and therefore have been omitted.

3. Exhibits

The Exhibits filed in response to Item 601 of Regulation S-K are listed in the Exhibit Index, which is incorporated herein by reference.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Saga Communications, Inc.

Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Saga Communications, Inc. (the "Company") as of December 31, 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). We also have audited the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2024 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also, in our opinion, because of the effects of the material weakness discussed in the following paragraph, the Company has not maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework: (2013) issued by COSO.

A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The following material weaknesshas been identified and included in management's report.

We considered this material weakness identified above in determining the nature, timing, and extent of audit tests applied in our audit of the 2024 financial statements, and our opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting does not affect our opinion on the financial statements.

Basis for Opinions

The Company’s management is responsible for these financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements and an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) ("PCAOB") and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit of the financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as

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evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Goodwill Impairment Evaluation

As disclosed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company’s consolidated goodwill balance was $19.2 million as of December 31, 2024. Management performs an annual quantitative impairment test during the fourth quarter of each year, or more frequently when it is determined that events and circumstances indicate that it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. The Company has one reporting unit for goodwill impairment testing purposes. Impairment of goodwill is assessed by comparing the estimated fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. Fair value is estimated by management using an income approach. Management’s cash flow projections for its goodwill impairment testing included significant judgments and assumptions relating to projected revenues and projected revenue growth rates, projected operating margins, projected general and administrative expenses and the discount rate.

We considered auditing the evaluation of goodwill for impairment to be a critical audit matter because it involved a high degree of subjectivity in evaluating management’s estimates, judgments, and significant assumptions, as well as significant audit effort due to complexity in the aggregation and evaluation of significant amounts of data and the use of valuation specialists.

Our audit procedures related to the evaluation of goodwill for impairment included the following:

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● Substantively testing management’s process, including:

/s/ Crowe LLP

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2024

Fort Lauderdale, Florida

March 31, 2025

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of

Saga Communications, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheet of Saga Communications, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023, and the related consolidated statements of income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Saga Communications, Inc. at December 31, 2023, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall consolidated financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We served as the Company’s auditor from 2015 through 2023.

/s/ UHY LLP

Sterling Heights, Michigan

March 15, 2024, except for the effects of the tables reflecting the impact of the revisions for the year ended December 31, 2023, discussed in Note 2 (not presented herein) to the consolidated financial statements appearing under Item 8 of the Company’s annual report (Form 10-K) as to which the date is March 31, 2025.

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Saga Communications, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except par value)

December 31,

(In thousands)

Assets

Current assets:

Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,606 2,451

Barter transactions 752 843

Other assets:

Liabilities and shareholders’ equity

Current liabilities:

Accrued expenses:

Accrued payroll and payroll taxes 5,542 5,318

Dividend payable — 12,505

Barter transactions 930 924

Long-term debt 5,000 —

Commitments and contingencies (Note 11, 13 and 15) — —

Shareholders’ equity:

Preferred stock, 1,500 shares authorized, none issued and outstanding — —

Common stock:

Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 221,725 $ 232,213

See accompanying notes.

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Saga Communications, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Income

Years Ended December 31,

(In thousands, except per share data)

Operating expenses:

Corporate general and administrative 12,611 10,966

Other operating expense (income), net 1,048 120

Other (income) expenses:

Income before income tax expense 4,570 12,875

Income tax (benefit) expense:

Earnings per share:

Weighted average common shares 6,075 6,045

Weighted average common and common equivalent shares 6,075 6,045

Dividends declared per share $ 1.60 $ 3.00

See accompanying notes.

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Saga Communications, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

Years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

Class A Class B Additional Total

Common Stock Common Stock Paid-In Retained Treasury Shareholders’

Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Earnings Stock Equity

(In thousands)

Net income — — — — — 9,500 — 9,500

Issuance of restricted stock 140 2 — — (2) — — —

Dividends declared per common share — — — — — (18,625) — (18,625)

Purchase of shares held in treasury — — — — — — (227) (227)

Net income — — — — — 3,460 — 3,460

Issuance of restricted stock 177 2 — — (2) — — —

Forfeiture of restricted stock (1) — — — — — — —

Dividends declared per common share — — — — — (10,015) — (10,015)

Purchase of shares held in treasury — — — — — — (290) (290)

401(k) plan contribution — — — — (207) — 475 268

See accompanying notes.

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Saga Communications, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

Years Ended December 31,

(In thousands)

Statement of Cash Flows

Cash flows from operating activities:

Depreciation and amortization 5,283 5,055

Deferred income tax (benefit) expense (115) 385

Amortization of deferred costs 36 36

Compensation expense related to restricted stock awards 1,950 1,116

Provision for credit losses 983 —

Loss on sale of assets, net 1,048 120

(Gain) on insurance claims (383) —

Other (gain), net (1,133) (119)

Barter (revenue) expense, net 89 50

Deferred and other compensation (230) (100)

Changes in assets and liabilities, net of business acquisition:

Decrease (increase) in receivables and prepaid expenses 1,263 (1,303)

Net cash provided by operating activities 13,772 15,379

Cash flows from investing activities:

Purchase of short-term investments (19,660) (20,728)

Redemption of short-term investments 20,728 20,723

Acquisition of broadcast properties (5,711) —

Proceeds from sale and disposal of assets 203 1,747

Proceeds from redemption of investments and other 1,526 —

Other investing activities (3) 117

Net cash used in investing activities (6,684) (2,497)

Cash flows from financing activities:

Proceeds from long-term debt 5,000 —

Purchase of treasury shares (290) (227)

Net cash used in financing activities (17,810) (20,102)

Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents (10,722) (7,220)

Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period 29,582 36,802

Cash and cash equivalents, end of period $ 18,860 $ 29,582

See accompanying notes.

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Saga Communications, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Business

Saga Communications, Inc. is a media company whose business is devoted to acquiring, developing and operating broadcast properties including opportunities complimentary to our core radio business including digital, e-commerce and non-traditional revenue initiatives. We currently own or operated eighty-two FM, thirty-one AM radio stations and seventy-nine metro signals, serving twenty-eight markets throughout the United States.

Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Saga Communications, Inc. and our wholly-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (GAAP) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Our accounting estimates require the use of judgment as future events and the effect of these events cannot be predicted with certainty. The accounting estimates may change as new events occur, as more experience is acquired and as more information is obtained. We evaluate and update assumptions and estimates on an ongoing basis and may use outside experts to assist in the our evaluation, as considered necessary. Actual results may differ from estimates provided and there may be changes to those estimates in the future periods.

Concentration of Risk

Certain cash deposits with financial institutions may at times exceed FDIC insurance limits.

SGA US Equity

SGA · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Item 2. Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Item 9B. Other Information

Items 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

SGA US Equity☆

SGA · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Item 1C. Cybersecurity

Item 2. Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Shareholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Item 9B. Other Information

Items 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

Item 11. Executive Compensation

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Shareholder Matters

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

SGA US Equity