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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read together with the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results may differ materially from these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors. We discuss factors that we believe could cause or contribute to these differences below and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including those set forth in the sections of this Annual Report on Form 10-K titled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

Overview

We are an innovative revenue-generating company focused on acquiring, developing and commercializing non-opioid management products for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. We believe that our innovative non-opioid product portfolio has the potential to provide effective pain management therapies that can have a transformative impact on patients’ lives. We target indications with high unmet needs and large market opportunities with non-opioid therapies for the treatment of patients with acute and chronic pain and are dedicated to advancing and improving patient outcomes. We launched our first commercial product in October 2018 and are developing our late-stage pipeline. Our commercial product, ZTlido, is a prescription lidocaine topical product approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) for the relief of neuropathic pain associated with post-herpetic neuralgia (“PHN”), which is a form of post-shingles nerve pain. ZTlido possesses novel delivery and adhesion technology designed to address many of the limitations of current prescription lidocaine patches by providing significantly improved adhesion and continuous pain relief throughout the 12-hour administration period. We market ZTlido through a dedicated sales force of approximately 65 people, targeting 10,000 primary care physicians, pain specialists, neurologists and palliative care physicians who we believe treat the majority of PHN patients. We in-licensed the exclusive right to commercialize GLOPERBA (colchicine USP) oral solution, an FDA-approved prophylactic treatment for painful gout flares in adults, in the United States of America (“U.S.” or the “United States”). We expect to commercialize GLOPERBA in the first half of 2024 and believe we are well positioned to market and distribute the product. In February 2023, we acquired the rights to patents, trademarks, regulatory approvals and other rights related to ELYXYB (celecoxib oral solution) and its commercialization in the U.S. and Canada. In April 2023, we launched ELYXYB in the U.S. for the treatment of acute migraine, with or without aura, in adults. We filed a New Drug Submission (“NDS”) to Health Canada’s Pharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Bureau of Cardiology, Allergy and Neurological Sciences for the approval of ELYXYB® for acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in Canada.

Our development pipeline consists of three product candidates, (i) SP-102 (“SEMDEXA”) (10 mg, dexamethasone sodium phosphate viscous gel), novel, viscous gel formulation of a widely used corticosteroid for epidural injections to treat lumbosacral radicular pain or sciatica with completed Phase 3 study, (ii) SP-103 (lidocaine topical system) 5.4%, a Phase 2, next-generation, triple-strength formulation of ZTlido, for the treatment of chronic neck pain and for which we have completed a Phase 2 trial in LBP in the third quarter of 2023, and (iii) SP-104 (4.5 mg, low-dose naltrexone hydrochloride delayed-release capsules), a novel low-dose delayed-release naltrexone hydrochloride formulation for treatment of fibromyalgia, for which Phase 1 trials were completed in the second quarter of 2022 and a Phase 2 clinical trial is expected to commence in 2024.

SEMDEXA has been granted fast track designation by the FDA and, if approved, could become the first FDA-approved alternative to off-label epidural steroid injections, which are administered over 12 million times annually in the United States. We have completed a pivotal Phase 3 study with final results received in March 2022, which results reflected achievement of primary and secondary endpoints. SP-103 has also been granted fast track designation by the FDA for LBP. We received our SP-103 Phase 2 top-line results in August 2023 and the trial achieved its objectives characterizing safety, tolerability and preliminary efficacy of SP-103 in acute LBP associated with muscle spasms. SP-103 was safe and well tolerated. Increase of lidocaine load in topical system by three times, compared with approved ZTlido, 5.4% vs. 1.8%, did not result in signs of systemic toxicity or increased application site reactions with daily applications over one month treatment. We will continue to analyze the SP-103 Phase 2 trial data along with an investigator study of ZTlido in patients with neck pain completed in the second half of 2023, which also has shown promising top-line efficacy and safety results. SP-103, if approved, could become the first FDA-approved lidocaine topical product for the treatment of chronic neck pain. SP-103 is a triple-strength lidocaine topical system designed to deliver a dose of lidocaine three times higher than any lidocaine topical product that we are aware of, either approved or in development. We are examining SP-103 as a treatment for chronic neck pain, a condition with high unmet need which we expect could affect over 20 million patients in the United States as of 2023. Once the data analysis has been completed from both studies, we will request end of Phase 2 meeting with the FDA to discuss next steps to Phase 3.

We currently contract with third parties for the manufacture, assembly, testing, packaging, storage and distribution of our products. We obtain our commercial supply of certain of our products, the clinical supply of our product candidates and certain of the raw materials used in our product candidates from sole or single source suppliers and manufacturers. Prior to April 2022, we relied on a single third-party logistics distribution provider, Cardinal Health 105, for ZTlido distribution in the United States. Cardinal Health 105 purchased

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and shipped ZTlido to customer wholesale distribution centers. Cardinal Health 105 also performed order management services on our behalf. On April 2, 2022, we announced the expansion of our direct distribution network to national and regional wholesalers and pharmacies. Cardinal Health 105 will continue to provide traditional third-party logistics functions for us.

Since our inception, we have invested substantial efforts and financial resources on acquiring product and technology rights while building our intellectual property portfolio and infrastructure. In June 2022, we in-licensed the exclusive right to commercialize GLOPERBA (colchicine USP) oral solution, an FDA-approved prophylactic treatment for painful gout flares in adults, in the U.S. In February 2023, we acquired rights to FDA-approved ELYXYB (celecoxib oral solution) in the U.S. and Canada for the acute treatment of migraine. We intend to continue to explore and evaluate additional opportunities such as these to grow our business. We have incurred significant operating losses as a result of such investment efforts, including the development of SEMDEXA, conducting of Phase 3 trials for SEMDEXA, and the development of SP-103 and SP-104. Our ability to generate revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend on the successful commercialization of our products, ZTlido, GLOPERBA and ELYXYB, and the development of our product candidates. We had a net loss of $114.3 million, $23.4 million and $88.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 respectively. As of December 31, 2023, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $490.2 million. As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $3.9 million. Our management has concluded that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued. See Note 2 titled “Liquidity and Going Concern” to our consolidated financial statements and our independent registered public accounting firm report included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

We expect to continue to make investments in our sales and marketing organization and expand digital marketing efforts to broaden awareness of ZTlido, GLOPERBA and ELYXYB and in research and development, clinical trials and regulatory affairs to develop our product candidates, SEMDEXA, SP-103 and SP-104. As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until we can generate significant revenue, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, government contracts or other strategic transactions. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If adequate funds on acceptable terms are not available when needed, we may be required to reduce the scope of the commercialization of ZTlido, GLOPERBA and ELYXYB or delay, scale back or discontinue the development of one or more of our product candidates.

Recent Development

On February 29, 2024, we entered into an underwriting agreement (the “Underwriting Agreement”) with Rodman & Renshaw LLC and StockBlock Securities LLC, as the representatives (the “Representatives”) of the underwriters named in Schedule A (the “Underwriters”). Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, we agreed to sell, in an underwritten offering (the “Bought Deal Offering”), 5,882,353 shares (the “Firm Shares”) of the Common Stock, and accompanying common warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 5,882,353 shares of Common Stock (the “Firm Warrants”). Pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, we also granted the Underwriters an option for a period of 30 days from the date of the Underwriting Agreement to purchase up to 882,352 additional shares of Common Stock (the “Optional Shares”, and together with the Firm Shares, the “Shares”) and/or common warrants to purchase up to 882,352 shares of Common Stock (the “Optional Warrants”, and together with the Firm Warrants, the “Common Warrants”) that may be purchased by the Underwriters, at a price per Optional Share of $1.5548 and a price per Optional Warrant of $0.0092, which amounts reflect the public offering price of $1.69 per Optional Share and $0.01 per Optional Warrant, less underwriting discounts and commissions, as applicable (the “Underwriters’ Option”). Each Firm Share was sold together with a Firm Warrant at a combined public offering price of $1.70. The combined price per Firm Share and accompanying Firm Warrant paid by the Underwriters was $1.564, which amount reflects the combined public offering price of $1.70, less underwriting discounts and commissions.

Subject to certain ownership limitations, the Common Warrants are exercisable immediately from the date of issuance, will expire on the five-year anniversary of the date of issuance and have an exercise price of $1.70 per share. The exercise price of the Common Warrants is subject to certain adjustments, including (but not limited to) for stock dividends, stock splits, combinations and reclassifications of the Common Stock.

In connection with the Bought Deal Offering, we agreed, pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement, to issue the Representatives warrants (the “Representative Warrants”, and together with the Common Warrants, the “Warrants”) to purchase up to an aggregate of 470,588 shares of Common Stock (which represents 8.0% of the aggregate number of Firm Shares sold in the Bought Deal Offering), or up to an aggregate of 541,176 shares of Common Stock if the Underwriters exercise the Underwriters’ Option in full. The Representative Warrants are immediately exercisable and have the same terms as the Common Warrants described above, except that the exercise price of the Representative Warrants is $2.125 per share, which represents 125% of the combined public offering price per Firm Share and accompanying Firm Warrant. We also agreed to pay certain expenses of the Representatives in connection with the Bought Deal Offering, including their legal fees and out-of-pocket expenses up to $200,000 and up to $15,950 for clearing expenses.

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The Shares, the Warrants and the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Warrants were offered and sold by us pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3, which was originally filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”) on December 22, 2023, as amended, and was declared effective on January 11, 2024 (File No. 333-276245), a base prospectus dated January 11, 2024, and a final prospectus supplement dated February 29, 2024.

Sorrento Chapter 11 Filing

On February 13, 2023, Sorrento, together with its wholly owned direct subsidiary, Scintilla Pharmaceuticals, Inc., commenced voluntary proceedings under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas. The Chapter 11 proceedings are jointly administered under the caption In re Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., et al. While we were previously majority-owned by Sorrento, we were not a debtor in Sorrento’s voluntary Chapter 11 filing. As of December 31, 2023, Sorrento no longer holds a majority of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock entitled to vote. As of December 31, 2023, we had a $3.2 million receivable from Sorrento, which was fully reserved. We evaluate the collectability of this receivable on a quarterly basis.

Components of Our Results of Operations

Net Revenue

Net revenue consists of product sales of ZTlido and ELYXYB in the United States. For product sales of ZTlido and ELYXYB, we record gross-to-net sales adjustments for government and commercial rebates, chargebacks, wholesaler and distributor fees, sales returns, special marketing programs, and prompt payment discounts. We expect that any net revenue we generate will fluctuate from year to year as a result of the unpredictability of the demand for our product.

Operating Costs and Expenses

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue consists of the cost of purchasing ZTlido and ELYXYB from our manufacturing partners, inventory write-downs related to expiration dates for on-hand inventory, cost of shipments, and royalty payments to our manufacturers. We expect the cost of revenue to fluctuate with related sales revenue.

Research and Development

Research and development expenses are expensed when incurred and consist primarily of costs incurred for our research activities, including the development of our product candidates, and include:

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costs related to clinical trials;

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salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation expense for personnel engaged in research and development functions; and

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costs related to outside consultants.

We expect our research and development expenses to increase, as we will incur incremental expenses associated with our product candidates that are currently under development and in clinical trials. Product candidates in later stages of clinical development generally have higher development costs, primarily due to the increased size and duration of later-stage clinical trials. Accordingly, we expect to incur significant research and development expenses in connection with our clinical trials for SEMDEXA, SP-103 and SP-104.

Selling, General and Administrative

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of costs related to our contract sales force, salaries and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel in our executive, marketing, finance, corporate and business development and administrative functions. Selling, general and administrative expenses also include professional fees for legal, patent, accounting, auditing, tax and consulting services, travel expenses and facility-related expenses, which include direct depreciation costs, and allocated expenses from Sorrento for director and officer insurance as well as employee health benefits through the consummation of the transactions pursuant to the Sorrento SPA on September 21, 2023.

We expect that our selling, general and administrative expenses will vary year over year in the future as we adapt our commercial strategies to changes in the business environment. We also expect to incur increased expenses as a result of operating as a public company, including expenses related to compliance with the rules and regulations of the SEC, listing standards applicable to companies

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listed on a national securities exchange, additional insurance expenses, investor relations activities and other administrative and professional services. We also expect to adjust the size of our administrative, finance and legal functions to adapt to the changes above and the anticipated growth of our business.

Intangible Amortization

Intangible amortization expense consists of the amortization expense of intangible assets recognized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets. Our intangible assets, excluding goodwill, are composed of patent rights, acquired technology, acquired licenses and assembled workforce.

Other (Income) Expense

Loss (Gain) on Derivative Liability

Loss (Gain) on derivative liability includes the remeasurement of the derivative warrant liability. See Note 4 titled “Fair Value Measurements” to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Change in Fair Value of Debt and Liability Instruments

Change in fair value of debt and liability instruments includes the remeasurement of the convertible debentures (the “Convertible Debentures”) issued to YA II, Ltd. (“Yorkville”) pursuant to that certain securities purchase agreement dated as of March 21, 2023 and amended on October 11, 2023, between Yorkville and us (the “Yorkville SPA”) and a senior secured promissory note to Oramed Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Oramed”) issued in September 2023 in the principal amount of $101.9 million (the “Oramed Note”). See Note 4 titled “Fair Value Measurements” to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Interest Expense

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 consists of interest related to the Revolving Facility. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 consists of interest related to the senior secured notes issued by Scilex Pharma in September 2018 (the “Scilex Pharma Notes”) and related party note payables to Sorrento.

Loss on Foreign Currency Exchange

Loss on foreign currency exchange relates to foreign exchange losses on payments made to our foreign supplier, Itochu, a manufacturer and supplier of lidocaine tape products, including ZTlido and SP-103.

Results of Operations

The following tables summarize our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Statements of Operations Data:

Operating costs and expenses:

Other (income) expense:

Change in fair value of debt and liability instruments 7,189 — 7,189

Gain on debt extinguishment, net — (28,634 ) 28,634

Loss on foreign currency exchange 118 66 52

Income tax expense 13 4 9

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For financial information and discussions pertaining to the year ended December 31, 2021, refer to the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 7, 2023.

Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2023 and 2022

Net Revenue

Net revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $46.7 million and $38.0 million, respectively. The increase of $8.7 million was driven by the increase in gross product sales of ZTlido by approximately 55% and launch of ELYXYB with sales commencing in April 2023, offset by an increase in rebates.

Cost of Revenue

Cost of revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $15.7 million and $10.8 million, respectively. The increase of $4.9 million was primarily due to an increase in gross product sales of approximately 61% for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022, and royalty expense of $8.6 million and $4.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, that started to accrue in the second quarter of 2022.

Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes research and development expenses by project for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

GLOPERBA

ELYXYB

Research and development expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $12.7 million and $9.0 million, respectively. The $3.7 million increase was primarily attributed to the costs associated with planning for Phase 2 clinical trials of SP-104 and development costs of our new products GLOPERBA and ELYXYB for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $119.6 million and $64.9 million,

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respectively. The increase of approximately $54.7 million was primarily due to a $16.8 million increase in advisory expenses, which primarily includes an aggregate of $9.4 million fees paid to Hudson Bay Capital Management LP (“Hudson Bay”), Cove Lane Onshore Fund, LLC (“Cove Lane”) and HBC Investments LLC (“HBC” and collectively, the “Hudson Bay Parties”) (which amount includes shares of Common Stock worth approximately $0.8 million at the date of issuance), a $16.6 million increase in personnel expense due to increase in headcount, a 7% merit increase starting January 2023 and new stock-based compensation from January 2023 and October 2023 equity grants, a $10.1 million increase in legal expenses primarily related to an assumption of third-party legal fees and expenses in connection with recent financing transactions, a $4.4 million increase in contracted services, a $3.5 million increase in marketing expense, a $1.4 million increase in travel and business development expenses, and a $1.9 million increase in other expenses.

Intangible Amortization Expense

Intangible amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $4.1 million and $3.9 million, respectively. The increase of $0.2 million is related to the amortization of the acquired exclusive license of GLOPERBA.

Loss (Gain) on Derivative Liability

Loss (gain) on derivative liability for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $0.5 million and $(8.3) million, respectively. The loss recognized during the year ended December 31, 2023 was attributed to the change in the fair value of the derivative warrant liability associated with the Private Warrants. The gain recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributed to the change in the fair value of the derivative liability pertaining to the Scilex Pharma Notes, as described in Note 4 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on March 7, 2023, taking into account a risk adjusted sales forecast and the derivative warrant liability associated with the Private Warrants assumed in the Business Combination.

Change in Fair Value of Debt and Liability Instruments

Change in fair value of debt and liability instruments for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $7.2 million and nil, respectively. The change in fair value of $7.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 was attributed to the Convertible Debentures and the Oramed Note. The Convertible Debentures were issued in March and April 2023 in an aggregate principal amount of $25.0 million, of which the principal amount of $4.4 million remained outstanding as of December 31, 2023. The Oramed Note was issued in September 2023 in the principal amount of $101.9 million, of which the principal amount of $96.9 million remained outstanding as of December 31, 2023.

Gain on Debt Extinguishment, Net

Gain on debt extinguishment, net for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was nil and $28.6 million, respectively. The gain recognized during the year ended December 31, 2022 was attributed to Scilex Pharma’s repurchase of the Scilex Pharma Notes of $20.0 million and $41.4 million in February 2022 and June 2022, respectively, as well as the early paydown provision of such Scilex Pharma Notes of $39.7 million in September 2022 (see Note 7 titled “Debt” included in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 7, 2023 for additional information).

Interest Expense, Net

Interest expense for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was $1.1 million and $9.6 million, respectively. The decrease was attributed to the repayment of Scilex Pharma Notes in September 2022 and the conversion of related party notes payable to Sorrento that were outstanding as of the closing of the Business Combination into shares of Preferred Stock and Common Stock in November 2022 in connection with the closing of the Business Combination. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023 consists of interest related to the Revolving Facility.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2023, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $3.9 million.

We have funded our operations primarily through the Yorkville financing pursuant to the A&R Yorkville Purchase Agreement (as defined below), the B. Riley financing pursuant to the B. Riley Purchase Agreement, the Revolving Facility, the issuance of the Convertible Debentures and the issuance of the Oramed Note in 2023. We also have deferred consideration related to the GLOPERBA license acquired in 2022. The following table summarizes the aggregate indebtedness of these issuances as of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 (in thousands):

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Oramed Note (Outstanding Principal Balance: $96.9 million) $ 104,089 $ —

Convertible Debentures (Outstanding Principal Balance: $4.4 million) 4,340 —

Revolving Facility 17,038 —

Deferred Consideration with Romeg 3,386 3,651

The Oramed Note

As of December 31, 2023, we have $104.1 million outstanding under the Oramed Note pursuant to the Scilex-Oramed SPA (see Note 7 titled “Debt”to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information).

Convertible Debentures

As of December 31, 2023, we have $4.3 million in Convertible Debentures outstanding pursuant to the Yorkville SPA (see Note 7 titled “Debt”to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information).

Revolving Facility

As of December 31, 2023, we have $17.0 million outstanding under the Revolving Facility (see Note 7 titled “Debt”to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information).

Deferred Consideration

As of December 31, 2023, we have $3.4 million of deferred consideration related to minimum royalty payments that were included in the initial measurement of consideration transferred for the GLOPERBA license. Deferred consideration minimum royalty payments began in July 2023.

ZTlido and ELYXYB Royalties

In February 2013, Scilex Pharma became a party to a product development agreement (as amended, the “Product Development Agreement”) with Itochu and Oishi Koseido Co., Ltd. (“Oishi”, and together with Itochu, the “Developers”), pursuant to which the Developers will manufacture and supply lidocaine tape products, including ZTlido and SP-103, for Scilex Pharma. Pursuant to the Product Development Agreement, Scilex Pharma is required to make aggregate royalty payments between 25% and 35% to the Developers based on net profits. During the year ended December 31, 2023, Scilex Pharma made royalty payments in the amount of $8.3 million. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, Scilex Pharma had ending balances of accrued royalty payables of $2.4 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

In February 2023, we entered into an asset purchase agreement to acquire the rights to certain patents, trademarks, regulatory approvals, data, contracts, and other rights related to ELYXYB and its commercialization in the United States and Canada (the “ELYXYB Territory”). We are obligated to make quarterly royalty payments on net sales of ELYXYB in the ELYXYB Territory that range from high single digits to the low double digits on net sales based on the volume of sales. In April 2023, we launched ELYXYB in the U.S. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we made royalty payments in the amount of $26.0 thousand As of December 31, 2023, we had ending balances of accrued royalty payables of $5.0 thousand.

Contingent Consideration

We have $280.0 million, $13.0 million and $23.0 million in aggregate contingent consideration obligations in connection with the SEMDEXA, GLOPERBA and SP-104 acquisitions, respectively, that are contingent upon achieving certain specified milestones or the occurrence of certain events. Contingent consideration obligations are comprised of regulatory milestones and additional payments that will be due upon the achievement of certain amounts of net sales (see Note 3 titled “Acquisitions” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information).

Standby Equity Purchase Agreements

On November 17, 2022, we entered into a standby equity purchase agreement (the “Original Purchase Agreement”) with Yorkville. On February 8, 2023, we entered into an amended and restated standby equity purchase agreement with Yorkville (the “A&R Yorkville Purchase Agreement”), amending, restating and superseding the Original Purchase Agreement. Pursuant to the A&R Yorkville Purchase

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Agreement, we have the right, but not the obligation, to sell to Yorkville up to $500.0 million of shares of Common Stock at our request during the 36 months following the date on which the initial registration statement filed with respect to the shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant thereto was declared effective by the SEC, subject to the terms therein. The registration statement filed with the SEC in connection with the Original Purchase Agreement was initially declared effective by the SEC on December 9, 2022 and we are now able to offer and sell shares of our Common Stock under that agreement, subject to the limitations set forth therein. As of December 31, 2023, we have sold 11,552,074 shares of Common Stock under the A&R Yorkville Purchase Agreement for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $32.3 million.

On January 8, 2023, we entered into the B. Riley Purchase Agreement (together with the A&R Yorkville Purchase Agreement, the “Standby Equity Purchase Agreements”) with B. Riley, pursuant to which we had the right, but not the obligation, to sell to B. Riley up to $500.0 million of shares of Common Stock at our request during the 36 months following the date on which the initial registration statement filed with respect to the shares of Common Stock issuable pursuant thereto was declared effective by the SEC, subject to the terms therein. The registration statement filed with the SEC in connection with the B. Riley Purchase Agreement was initially declared effective by the SEC on January 20, 2023 and we were able to offer and sell shares of our Common Stock under that agreement, subject to the limitations set forth therein and the limitations set forth in the Convertible Debentures. As of December 31, 2023, we had sold 1,414,554 shares of Common Stock pursuant to advances under the B. Riley Purchase Agreement for aggregate net proceeds of approximately $3.2 million. On, and effective as of, February 16, 2024, we and B. Riley mutually agreed to terminate the B. Riley Purchase Agreement.

At-the-Market Sales Agreement

On December 22, 2023, we entered into a Sales Agreement (the “ATM Sales Agreement”) with B. Riley Securities, Inc., Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. and H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (the “Sales Agents”). Pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement, we may offer and sell (the “Offering”) shares of Common Stock up to $170,000,000 (the "ATM Shares"), through or to the Sales Agents as part of the Offering. We have no obligation to sell any shares of Common Stock under the ATM Sales Agreement and may suspend offers at any time. The Offering will be terminated upon (i) the election of the Sales Agents upon the occurrence of certain adverse events, (ii) three business days’ advance notice from us to the Sales Agents or a Sales Agent to us, or (iii) the sale of all $170,000,000 of shares of Common Stock thereunder. The ATM Shares offered and sold in the Offering will be issued pursuant to our Shelf S-3 Registration Statement. The ATM Shares may be offered only by means of a prospectus forming a part of the Shelf S-3 Registration Statement. The Sales Agents are entitled to a commission equal to 3.0% of the gross proceeds from each sale of shares of Common Stock. We will also reimburse the Sales Agents for certain expenses and have agreed to provide indemnification and contribution to the Sales Agents against certain civil liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. As of December 31, 2023, no sales of Common Stock had been made under the ATM Sales Agreement.

Future Liquidity Needs

We have based our anticipated operating capital requirements on assumptions that may prove to be incorrect and we may use all our available capital resources sooner than we expect. The amount and timing of our future funding requirements will depend on many factors, some of which are outside of our control, including but not limited to:

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the costs and expenses associated with our ongoing commercialization efforts for ZTlido, GLOPERBA and ELYXYB;

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the degree of success we experience in commercializing ZTlido, GLOPERBA and ELYXYB;

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the revenue generated by sales of ZTlido, GLOPERBA, ELYXYB and other products that may be approved, if any;

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the scope, progress, results and costs of conducting studies and clinical trials for our product candidates, SEMDEXA, SP-103 and SP-104;

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the timing of, and the costs involved in, obtaining regulatory approvals for our product candidates;

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the costs of manufacturing ZTlido, GLOPERBA, ELYXYB and our product candidates;

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the timing and amount of any milestone, royalty or other payments we are required to make pursuant to any current or future collaboration or license agreements;

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our ability to maintain existing, and establish new, strategic collaborations, licensing or other arrangements and the financial terms of any such agreements, including the timing and amount of any future milestone, royalty or other payments due under any such agreement;

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the extent to which ZTlido, GLOPERBA, ELYXYB or any of our product candidates, if approved for commercialization, is adopted by the physician community;

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our need to expand our research and development activities;

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the costs of acquiring, licensing or investing in businesses, product candidates and technologies;

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the effect of competing products and product candidates and other market developments;

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the number and types of future products we develop and commercialize;

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any product liability or other lawsuits related to our products;

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the expenses needed to attract, hire and retain skilled personnel;

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the costs associated with being a public company;

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our need to implement additional internal systems and infrastructure, including financial and reporting systems;

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the costs of preparing, filing and prosecuting patent applications and maintaining, enforcing and defending intellectual property-related claims; and

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the extent and scope of our general and administrative expenses.

Should our sales of ZTlido, GLOPERBA, ELYXYB and other product candidates not materialize at the anticipated rate contemplated in our business plan, we will need to raise additional capital in order to continue to fund our research and development, including our plans for clinical and preclinical trials and new product development, as well as to fund operations generally. We will seek to raise additional funds through various potential sources, such as equity and debt financings and license agreements. As discussed above, following the completion of the Business Combination, we entered into the A&R Yorkville Purchase Agreement, the B. Riley Purchase Agreement (which was terminated in February 2024), the Yorkville SPA, the eCapital Credit Agreement and the ATM Sales Agreement. The registration statements filed with the SEC in connection with the Original Purchase Agreement, the Convertible Debentures and the Shelf S-3 Registration Statement were initially declared effective by the SEC on December 9, 2022, April 19, 2023 and January 11, 2024, respectively, and we are now able to offer and sell shares of our Common Stock under the A&R Yorkville Purchase Agreement and the ATM Sales Agreement, subject to any limitations set forth therein, which will provide us with an additional source of liquidity. We have issued all of the Convertible Debentures under the Yorkville SPA.

In addition to the liquidity provided by revenue generating products, advances under the A&R Yorkville Purchase Agreement, the issuance of the Convertible Debentures under the Yorkville SPA and the issuance of the Common Stock under the ATM Sales Agreement, as of December 31, 2023, we will receive up to an aggregate of approximately $120.4 million from the exercise of the Private Warrants and public warrants to purchase Common Stock (the “Public Warrants”, and together with the Private Warrants, the “ SPAC Warrants”) (at an exercise price of $11.50 per share of Common Stock), assuming the exercise in full of all of the SPAC Warrants for cash, but will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the shares of our Common Stock issuable upon such exercise. However, our ability to generate proceeds will depend on the market price of our Common Stock. If the price of our Common Stock remains below $11.50 per share, we believe warrant holders will be unlikely to cash exercise their SPAC Warrants, resulting in little or no cash proceeds to us.

We can give no assurances that we will be able to secure additional sources of funds to support our operations on acceptable terms, or at all, or, if such funds are available to us, that such additional financing will be sufficient to meet our needs. These conditions, among others, raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern. If we raise additional funds by issuing equity or convertible debt securities, including pursuant to the A&R Yorkville Purchase Agreement and the ATM Sales Agreement, or as we have done pursuant to the Convertible Debentures and the Oramed Note, it could result in dilution to our existing stockholders or increased fixed payment obligations. In addition, as a condition to providing additional funds to us, future investors may demand, and may be granted, rights superior to those of existing stockholders. If we incur additional indebtedness, we could become subject to covenants that would restrict our operations and potentially impair our competitiveness, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt, limitations on our ability to acquire, sell or license intellectual property rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business. Additionally, any future collaborations we enter into with third parties may provide capital in the near term but we may have to relinquish valuable rights to ZTlido, GLOPERBA, ELYXYB, or our product candidates or grant licenses on terms that are not favorable to us. Any of the foregoing could significantly harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we are unable to raise additional capital in sufficient amounts or on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to reduce the scope of the commercialization of ZTlido, GLOPERBA or ELYXYB or delay, scale back or discontinue the development of one or more of our product candidates.

We may also need to take certain other actions to allow us to maintain our projected cash and projected financial position including but not limited to, additional reductions in general and administrative costs, sales and marketing costs, suspension or winding down of clinical development programs for SP-102, SP-103 and SP-104 and other discretionary costs. Although we believe such plans, if executed and coupled with the above described sources of liquidity, should provide us with financing to meet our needs, successful completion of such plans is dependent on factors outside of our control.

We anticipate that we will continue to incur net losses into the foreseeable future as we support our clinical development to expand approved indications, continue our development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, and expand our corporate infrastructure. As a result, we have concluded that there is substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued. See Note 2 titled “Liquidity and Going Concern” to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. Our existing cash and cash equivalents, proceeds from the Revolving Facility, proceeds from the issuance of the Convertible Debentures, proceeds from the issuance of the Oramed Note and the issuance of the Common Stock pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement and any advances made

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under the A&R Yorkville Purchase Agreement may be insufficient to enable us to fund our operating expenses, capital expenditure requirements, and to service our debt obligations (whether under the Oramed Note, the Convertible Debentures or otherwise) for at least the next 12 months. If these sources are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we may seek to raise additional funds through equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, government contracts or other strategic transactions.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our cash flows for each of the periods presented (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Cash Flow Data:

Net cash used for operating activities $ (20,707 ) $ (21,258 )

Net cash used for investing activities (330 ) (2,067 )

Net cash proceeds from financing activities 23,582 21,171

Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash $ 2,545 $ (2,154 )

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used for operating activities was approximately $20.7 million, attributable to our net loss of $114.3 million, partially offset by other non-cash reconciling items of $27.9 million related to loss on derivative liabilities, stock-based compensation, change in fair value of debt and liability instruments, depreciation and amortization and non-cash operating lease cost, and changes in operating assets and liabilities that provided $65.7 million of cash.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used for operating activities was approximately $21.3 million, primarily from our net loss of $23.4 million, other non-cash reconciling items of $43.6 million related to depreciation and amortization, stock-based compensation, non-cash operating lease cost, non-cash interest for debt issuance costs and debt discount, interest payments related to the debt discount on the Scilex Pharma Notes, net gain on debt extinguishment, and a gain on derivative liabilities and offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities that provided $45.7 million of cash.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash used for investing activities was approximately $0.3 million, related to payments of deferred consideration for Romeg intangible asset acquisition and $30.0 thousand attributed to cash paid for property and equipment purchases.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash used for investing activities was approximately $2.1 million attributed to cash paid for the acquisition of GLOPERBA licenses from Romeg and $7.0 thousand attributed to cash paid for property and equipment purchases.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

For the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $23.6 million and is primarily related to $86.4 million in gross proceeds from the Revolving Facility between Scilex Pharma and eCapital Healthcare Corp., $35.5 million in proceeds from the Standby Equity Purchase Agreements, $24.0 million in proceeds from the Convertible Debentures and $1.1 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options and warrants, partially offset by $89.6 million repayment of the borrowings under the Revolving Facility, Convertible Debentures, and Oramed Note, $20.0 million capital distribution to Sorrento, $10.0 million cash consideration paid for the Purchased Securities, $2.0 million payment of the transaction costs related to the Scilex-Oramed SPA and the Sorrento SPA and $1.8 million payment of the transaction costs related to the Business Combination and debt issuance costs.

For the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by financing activities was approximately $21.2 million and is primarily related to $62.5 million in proceeds from related party note payables, $51.9 million in proceeds from related party payables, $9.8 million in proceeds from the revolving loan we previously had with CNH Finance Fund I., L.P. (the “CNH Revolving Loan”), $3.4 million in proceeds from the Business Combination, and $0.1 million in proceeds from the exercise of stock options offset by $84.8 million repayment of the Scilex Pharma Notes, $18.8 million repayment on the CNH Revolving Loan, and $2.9 million on transaction costs payment related to the Business Combination.

Critical Accounting Estimates

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This management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based upon our consolidated financial statements which are prepared in accordance with the accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. We continually evaluate our estimates and judgments and base them on historical experience and other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Materially different results can occur as circumstances change and additional information becomes known.

We believe the following accounting policies and estimates are most critical to aid in understanding and evaluating our reported financial results.

Revenue Recognition

Our revenue to date has been generated from product sales of ZTlido and ELYXYB in the United States. We do not have significant costs associated with obtaining contracts with our customers.

We recognize revenue when control of the products is transferred to the customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive from the customers in exchange for those products. In accordance with FASB ASC Topic 606 “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”, this process involves identifying the contract with a customer, determining the performance obligations in the contract and the contract price, allocating the contract price to the distinct performance obligations in the contract and recognizing revenue when the performance obligations have been satisfied. A performance obligation is considered distinct from other obligations in a contract when it provides a benefit to the customer either on its own or together with other resources that are readily available to the customer and is separately identified in the contract. We consider a performance obligation satisfied once we have transferred control of a good or service to the customer, meaning the customer has the ability to use and obtain the benefit of the good or service. We recognize revenue for satisfied performance obligations only when we determine there are no uncertainties regarding payment terms or transfer of control.

Our performance obligations with respect to sales of ZTlido and ELYXYB are satisfied at a certain point in time, and we consider control to have transferred upon delivery to the customer, because, upon delivery, the customer has legal title to the asset, physical possession of the asset has been transferred to the customer, the customer has significant risks and rewards in connection with ownership of the asset, and we have a present right to payment from the customer at that time. Invoicing typically occurs upon shipment and the length of time between invoicing and the date on which payment is due is not significant.

Revenues from product sales are recorded net of reserves established for commercial and government rebates, fees, and chargebacks, wholesaler and distributor fees, sales returns and prompt payment discounts. Such variable consideration is estimated in the period of the sale and is estimated using a most likely amount approach based primarily upon provisions included in our customer contracts, customary industry practices and current government regulations.

Rebates and Chargebacks

Rebates are discounts that we pay under either government or private health care programs. Government rebate programs include state Medicaid drug rebate programs, the Medicare coverage gap discount programs and the Tricare programs. Commercial rebate and fee programs relate to contractual agreements with commercial healthcare providers, under which we pay rebates and fees for access to and position on that provider’s patient drug formulary. Rebates and chargebacks paid under government programs are generally mandated under law, whereas private rebates and fees are generally contractually negotiated with commercial healthcare providers. Both types of rebates vary over time. We record a reduction to gross product sales at the time the customer takes title to the product based on estimates of expected rebate claims. We monitor the sales trends and adjust for these rebates on a regular basis to reflect the most recent rebate experience and contractual obligations. Reserves for rebates and chargebacks are recorded as accrued rebates and fees under current liabilities within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

Prompt Payment Discounts

We provide our customers with prompt payment discounts which may result in adjustments to the price that is invoiced for the product transferred, in the case that payments are made within a defined period. The prompt payment discount reserve is based on actual gross sales and contractual discount rates. Reserves for prompt payment discounts are included in accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets.

Service Fees

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We compensate our customers and others in the distribution chain for wholesaler and distribution services. The Company has determined such services received are not distinct from our sale of products to the customers, and therefore, these payments have been recorded as a reduction of revenue.

Product Returns

We are obligated to accept the return of products sold that are damaged or do not meet certain specifications. We currently estimate our product returns using historical trends and product return rates typically experienced in the industry and record this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized.

Co-payment Assistance

Patients who have commercial insurance or pay cash and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co- payment assistance. We accrue for co-payment assistance based on actual program participation and estimates of program redemption using data provided by third-party administrators.

Derivative Liability

Derivative liabilities are recorded on our consolidated balance sheets at their fair value on the date of issuance and are revalued on each balance sheet date until such instruments are exercised or expire, with changes in the fair value between reporting periods recorded as other income or expense.

Upon the closing of the Business Combination, the Company assumed a derivative warrant liability of $2.5 million related to Private Warrants (See Note 8 titled “Stockholders’ Equity”to our Consolidated Financial Statements in the Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 filed with the SEC on March 7, 2023 for additional information). The warrant liability associated with the Private Warrants was valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which is considered to be Level 3 fair value measurement. The primary unobservable input utilized in determining the fair value of the warrant is the expected volatility of the Common Stock. The expected volatility assumption is based on historical volatilities of comparable companies whose share prices are publicly available as well as the implied volatility of the Public Warrants.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718 “Compensation – Stock Compensation”, which establishes accounting for equity instruments exchanged for employee and consulting services. Under such provisions, stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the calculated fair value of the award, and is recognized as an expense, under the straight-line-method, over the employee’s requisite service period (generally the vesting period of the equity grant) or non-employee’s vesting period. We account for forfeitures as incurred.

For purposes of determining the inputs used in the calculation of stock-based compensation, the Company determines the expected life assumption for options issued using the simplified method, which is an average of the contractual term of the option and its ordinary vesting period since the Company does not have historic exercise behavior. Then the Company determines an estimate of option volatility based on an assessment of historical volatilities of comparable companies whose share prices are publicly available. We use these estimates as variables in the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Depending upon the number of stock options granted, any fluctuations in these calculations could have a material effect on the results presented in our consolidated statement of operations.

Convertible Debentures and the Oramed Note

We elected the fair value option to account for the Convertible Debentures in an aggregate principal amount of up to $25.0 million that were issued in March and April 2023 and for the Oramed Note in the principal amount of $101.9 million that was issued in September 2023. The Convertible Debentures and the Oramed Note are discussed in Note 7 titled “Debt” of the Notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. These instruments are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs. We employ the Binomial Lattice Model valuation technique and a discounted cash flow model to measure the fair value of the Convertible Debentures and the Oramed Note, respectively, with any changes in fair value recorded as change in fair value of debt and liability instruments in the consolidated statements of operations, except for changes due to instrument-specific credit risk, if any, which are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. Interest expense related to these financial instruments is included in the changes in fair value.

129

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 titled “Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation” of the Notes to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of recent accounting pronouncements.

Emerging Growth Company

An “emerging growth company” as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the JOBS Act, is eligible to take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act exempts emerging growth companies from being required to comply with new or revised financial accounting standards until private companies (that is, those that have not had a Securities Act registration statement declared effective or do not have a class of securities registered under the Exchange Act) are required to comply with the new or revised financial accounting standards. The JOBS Act provides that a company can elect to opt out of the extended transition period and comply with the requirements that apply to non-emerging growth companies but any such election to opt out is irrevocable. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards and, therefore, will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. As a result, changes in rules of U.S. generally accepted accounting principles or their interpretation, the adoption of new guidance or the application of existing guidance to changes in Scilex’s business could significantly affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, we are in the process of evaluating the benefits of relying on the other exemptions and reduced reporting requirements provided by the JOBS Act. Subject to certain conditions set forth in the JOBS Act, as an emerging growth company we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements and other burdens that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include, but are not limited to:

•

an exemption from compliance with the requirement to obtain an attestation and report from our auditors on the assessment of our internal control over financial reporting pursuant to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as amended (the “Sarbanes-Oxley Act”);

•

an exemption from compliance with any new requirements adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board requiring mandatory audit firm rotation;

•

reduced disclosure about our executive compensation arrangements in our periodic reports, proxy statements and registration statements; and

•

exemptions from the requirements of holding non-binding advisory votes on executive compensation or golden parachute arrangements.

Scilex qualifies and will remain as an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (a) following the fifth anniversary of the closing of the IPO, (b) in which Scilex has total annual gross revenue of at least $1.235 billion, or (c) in which Scilex is deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of the common equity of Scilex that is held by non-affiliates equals or exceeds $700 million as of the last business day of its most recently completed second fiscal quarter; and (ii) the date on which Scilex has issued more than $1.00 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period. References herein to “emerging growth company” have the meaning associated with it in the JOBS Act.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to market risk is confined to our cash and cash equivalents. We have cash and cash equivalents and invest primarily in high-quality money market funds, which we believe are subject to limited credit risk. Due to the low risk profile of our investments, an immediate 10% change in interest rates would not have a material effect on the fair market value of our portfolio.

Concentration Risk

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we purchased inventory from our sole supplier, Itochu. This exposes us to concentration of customer and supplier risk. We monitor the financial condition of our customers, limit our credit exposure by setting credit limits, and have not experienced any credit losses for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We did not have, during the periods presented, and we do not currently have, any off-balance sheet arrangements, as defined under applicable SEC rules.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Our consolidated financial statements and supplementary data required by this item are set forth at the pages indicated in Item 15(a)(1) and (a)(2), respectively, of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

We maintain disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s regulations, rules and forms and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal officers, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

In designing and evaluating our disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures. As required by Rule 13a-15(b) promulgated by the SEC under the Exchange Act, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on the foregoing, our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Remediation of Previously Reported Material Weaknesses

A material weakness is a deficiency, or combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting (“ICFR”), such that a reasonable possibility exists that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements would not be prevented or detected

131

on a timely basis. As previously reported in Item 9A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022, management identified a material weakness in our ICFR. The material weakness related to a lack of sufficient accounting resources with appropriate experience and technical expertise to effectively execute controls over certain judgmental and technical accounting areas. As a result, we identified that certain of our control activities in the areas of revenues, debt, business combination and derivative liabilities did not operate effectively and therefore, were deficient and the combination of the aforementioned deficiencies were deemed to represent a material weakness in our ICFR as of December 31, 2022.

In response to the material weaknesses, and as previously disclosed in Item 9A of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, we implemented the following additional measures as part of the remediation process:

(i)

recruiting and employing personnel with appropriate experience and technical expertise to enhance management’s assessment of judgmental and technical accounting areas,

(ii)

conducting additional training for staff involved in judgmental and technical accounting areas, and

(iii)

engaging additional independent third-party technical consultants to assist in performing accounting analyses of complex transactions.

The applicable measures have been implemented for a sufficient period of time and management has concluded, through testing, that the enhanced controls are operating effectively, and that the material weakness was remediated as of December 31, 2023.

Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate ICFR as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our ICFR is designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. GAAP. Under the supervision of and with the participation of our Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, our management assessed the effectiveness of our ICFR as of December 31, 2023, based on the criteria set forth in the Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on this assessment, management has concluded that our ICFR was effective as of December 31, 2023.

This Annual Report on Form 10-K does not include an attestation report of our independent registered public accounting firm on our ICFR. Management’s report was not subject to attestation by the Company’s registered public accounting firm because the JOBS Act permits emerging growth companies such as our company to provide only management’s report in the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

Because of its inherent limitations, ICFR may not prevent or detect misstatements. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation. Accordingly, our controls and procedures are designed to provide reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of our control system are met. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

As described above, we have taken steps to remediate the material weaknesses in our ICFR. Other than in connection with the remediation process described above, there were no changes in our ICFR (as defined by Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the quarter ended December 31, 2023, that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our ICFR.

132

Item 9B. Other Information.

During the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2023, none of our directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) under the Exchange Act) adopted or terminated a “Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement” or “non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement,” as those terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information contained in the Company’s definitive proxy statement relating to the 2024 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the “2024 Proxy Statement”), which we expect to file not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. To the extent that we do not file the 2024 Proxy Statement by such date, we will file an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K that includes the information required by this Item 10.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement, which we expect to file not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. To the extent that we do not file the 2024 Proxy Statement by such date, we will file an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K that includes the information required by this Item 11.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement, which we expect to file not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. To the extent that we do not file the 2024 Proxy Statement by such date, we will file an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K that includes the information required by this Item 12.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement, which we expect to file not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. To the extent that we do not file the 2024 Proxy Statement by such date, we will file an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K that includes the information required by this Item 13.

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

The information required by this item is incorporated by reference from the information contained in the 2024 Proxy Statement, which we expect to file not later than 120 days after the end of the fiscal year covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. To the extent that we do not file the 2024 Proxy Statement by such date, we will file an amendment to this Annual Report on Form 10-K that includes the information required by this Item 14.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

(a)(1) Financial Statements

Reference is made to the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements of Scilex Holding Company appearing on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

(a)(2) All other schedules not listed above have been omitted because of the absence of conditions under which they are required, or because the required information is included in the consolidated financial statements or the notes thereto.

(a)(3) Exhibits

Exhibit Number Description

135

Exhibit Number Description

4.7+ Description of Securities of Scilex Holding Company.

136

Exhibit Number Description

137

Exhibit Number Description

138

Exhibit Number Description

139

Exhibit Number Description

19.1+ Scilex Holding Company Insider Trading Policy.

24.1 Power of Attorney (included on the signature page hereto).

97.1+ Scilex Holding Company Clawback Policy.

101.INS+ Inline XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH+ Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL+ Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF+ Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB+ Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Labels Linkbase Document.

101.PRE+ Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

* Indicates management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

+ Filed herewith.

^ Certain identified information has been omitted pursuant to Item 601(b)(10) of Regulation S-K because such information is both (i) not material and (ii) information that the Registrant treats as private or confidential. The Registrant hereby undertakes to furnish supplemental copies of the unredacted exhibit upon request by the SEC.

# Certain of the exhibits and schedules to this Exhibit have been omitted in accordance with Regulation S-K Item 601. The Registrant agrees to furnish a copy of all omitted exhibits and schedules to the SEC upon its request.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

140

None.

141

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

March 11, 2024 Scilex Holding Company

By: /s/ Jaisim Shah

Jaisim ShahChief Executive Officer and President (Principal Executive Officer)

By: /s/ Stephen Ma

Stephen MaChief Financial Officer(Principal Financial Officer)

POWER OF ATTORNEY

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below hereby constitutes and appoints, jointly and severally, each of Jaisim Shah and Stephen Ma, acting alone or together with another attorney-in-fact, as his attorney-in-fact, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, granting unto said attorneys-in-fact full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in connection therewith as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact, or his substitute, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name Title Date

/s/ Jaisim Shah Chief Executive Officer, President and Director March 11, 2024

Jaisim Shah (Principal Executive Officer)

/s/ Stephen Ma Chief Financial Officer March 11, 2024

Stephen Ma (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

/s/ Henry Ji, Ph.D. Executive Chairperson and Director March 11, 2024

Henry Ji, Ph.D.

/s/ Dorman Followwill Director March 11, 2024

Dorman Followwill

/s/ Jay Chun Director March 11, 2024

Jay Chun, M.D., Ph.D.

/s/ David Lemus Director March 11, 2024

David Lemus

/s/ Yue Alexander Wu Director March 11, 2024

Yue Alexander Wu, Ph.D.

142

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 F-3

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-8

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the stockholders and the Board of Directors of

Scilex Holding Company

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Scilex Holding Company (the Company) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the related consolidated statements of operations, stockholders’ (deficit)/equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

The Company’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 2 to the financial statements, the Company has negative working capital, has suffered losses from operations, has recurring negative cash flows from operations, and has stated that substantial doubt exists about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s evaluation of the events and conditions and management’s plans regarding these matters are also described in Note 2. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2020.

San Diego, California

March 11, 2024

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PART I—FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Financial Statements

SCILEX HOLDING COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except for par value and share amounts)

ASSETS

Current assets:

Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,921 $ 2,184

Property and equipment, net 722 772

Operating lease right-of-use asset 2,943 1,131

LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) EQUITY

Current liabilities:

Current portion of deferred consideration 491 264

Current portion of operating lease liabilities 759 745

Long-term portion of deferred consideration 2,895 3,387

Debt, net of issuance costs 17,038 —

Operating lease liabilities 2,237 665

Other long-term liabilities 179 163

Commitments and contingencies (See Note 11)

Stockholders’ (deficit) equity:

Total liabilities and stockholders’ (deficit) equity $ 101,309 $ 86,527

See accompanying notes to audited consolidated financial statements

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SCILEX HOLDING COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In thousands, except for net loss per share amounts)

Year Ended December 31,

Operating costs and expenses:

Other (income) expense:

Loss (gain) on derivative liability 512 (8,310 ) 300

Change in fair value of debt and liability instruments 7,189 — —

(Gain) loss on debt extinguishment, net — (28,634 ) 12,463

Scilex Pharma Notes principal increase — — 28,000

Loss on foreign currency exchange 118 66 54

Income tax expense 13 4 5

See accompanying notes to audited consolidated financial statements

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SCILEX HOLDING COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ (DEFICIT) / EQUITY

(In thousands)

Preferred Stock Common Stock Additional Accumulated Treasury Stock Stockholders’

Stock-based compensation — — — — 5,822 — — — 5,822

Adjustment to shares issued in Semnur Acquisition — — — — 409 — — — 409

Stock options exercised — — 202 — 96 — — — 96

Aardvark SP-104 discount amortization — — — — (35 ) — — — (35 )

Stock-based compensation — — — — 5,280 — — — 5,280

Disbursement of funds to Sorrento — — — — (20,000 ) — — — (20,000 )

Issuance of Penny Warrants — — — — 10,401 — — — 10,401

Retainer shares issued — — 4,000 1 — — — — 1

Issuance of common stock upon warrants exercise — — 45 — 521 — — — 521

Stock options exercised — — 365 — 614 — — — 614

Stock-based compensation — — — — 14,596 — — — 14,596

See accompanying notes to audited consolidated financial statements

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SCILEX HOLDING COMPANY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)

Year Ended December 31,

Operating activities

Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used for operating activities:

Amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discount 65 3,142 7,909

Scilex Pharma Notes principal increase — — 28,000

(Gain) loss on debt extinguishment, net — (28,634 ) 12,463

Issuance of shares under Settlement Agreement 750 — —

Loss (gain) on derivative liability 512 (8,310 ) 300

Forfeitures of private warrants — 1,697 —

Change in fair value of debt and liability instruments 7,189 — —

Other 57 — —

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

Other long-term assets 855 350 —

Other long-term liabilities 16 163 —

Investing activities

Purchase of property and equipment (30 ) (7 ) —

Net cash used for investing activities (330 ) (2,067 ) —

Financing activities

Proceeds from issuance of Convertible Debentures 24,000 — —

Repayment of Convertible Debentures (15,625 ) — —

Proceeds from issuance of Revolving Facility 86,354 — —

Repayment of Revolving Facility (69,001 ) — —

Repayment of Oramed Note (5,000 ) — —

Transaction costs paid related to the Business Combination (1,372 ) (2,949 ) —

Payments of debt issuance costs (380 ) — —

Disbursement of funds to Sorrento (20,000 ) — —

Cash consideration paid in connection with share repurchase (10,000 ) — —

Transaction costs paid in connection with share repurchase (1,987 ) — —

Proceeds from the Business Combination — 3,375 —

Proceeds from stock options and warrants exercised 1,135 96 —

Proceeds from related party payable — 51,900 47,850

Proceeds from related party note payable — 62,500 14,700

Repayment of principal on the Scilex Pharma Notes — (84,808 ) (33,387 )

Net change in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 2,545 (2,154 ) (501 )

Supplemental disclosure:

Cash paid for interest $ 1,426 $ — $ —

Non-cash investing and financing activities

Conversion of Convertible Debentures into common stock $ 7,735 $ — $ —

Oramed Note issuance at fair value $ 106,252 $ — $ —

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Year Ended December 31,

Deferred consideration for Romeg intangible asset acquisition $ — $ 3,650 $ —

Scilex Pharma Notes principal increase $ — $ — $ 28,000

Transaction costs obligation assumed by Sorrento $ — $ 5,148 $ —

See accompanying notes to audited consolidated financial statements

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SCILEX HOLDING COMPANY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Nature of Operations and Basis of Presentation

Organization and Principal Activities

Scilex Holding Company (“Scilex” and together with its wholly owned subsidiaries, the “Company”) is the successor entity to Vickers Vantage Corp. I (“Vickers”), a special purpose acquisition company. The Company is an innovative revenue-generating company focused on acquiring, developing and commercializing non-opioid pain management products for the treatment of acute and chronic pain. The Company was originally formed in 2019 and currently has five wholly owned subsidiaries, Scilex Inc. (“Legacy Scilex”), Scilex Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Scilex Pharma”), Semnur Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Semnur”), SCLX DRE Holdings LLC and SCLX Stock Acquisition JV LLC. The business combination with Vickers (the “Business Combination”) was closed in November 2022.

The Company launched its first commercial product in October 2018, ZTlido (lidocaine topical system) 1.8% (“ZTlido”), a prescription lidocaine topical system that is designed with novel technology to address the limitations of current prescription lidocaine therapies by providing significantly improved adhesion and continuous pain relief throughout the 12-hour administration period. The Company in-licensed the exclusive right to commercialize GLOPERBA (colchicine USP) oral solution (“GLOPERBA”), a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”)-approved prophylactic treatment for painful gout flares in adults, in the United States (“U.S.”). In February 2023, the Company acquired the rights related to ELYXYB (celecoxib oral solution) (“ELYXYB”) and the commercialization thereof in the U.S. and Canada. ELYXYB is a first-line treatment and the only FDA-approved, ready-to-use oral solution for the acute treatment of migraine, with or without aura, in adults. In April 2023, the Company launched ELYXYB in the U.S. The Company expects to commercialize GLOPERBA in the U.S. in the first half of 2024.

The Company is currently developing three product candidates, SP-102 (10 mg, dexamethasone sodium phosphate viscous gel), a novel, viscous gel formulation of a widely used corticosteroid for epidural injections to treat lumbosacral radicular pain, or sciatica for which the Company has completed a Phase 3 study (“SP-102” or “SEMDEXA”), SP-103 (lidocaine topical system) 5.4% (“SP-103”), a next-generation, triple-strength formulation of ZTlido, for the treatment of chronic neck pain and for which the Company has recently completed a Phase 2 trial in low back pain, and SP-104 (4.5 mg, low-dose naltrexone hydrochloride delayed-burst release low dose naltrexone hydrochloride capsules) (“SP-104”), a novel low-dose delayed-release naltrexone hydrochloride being developed for the treatment of fibromyalgia, for which Phase 1 trials were completed in the second quarter of 2022 and a Phase 2 clinical trial is expected to commence in 2024. Since inception, the Company has devoted substantially all of its efforts to the development of SP-102, SP-103 and SP-104, and the commercialization of ZTlido. In 2024, the Company will also devote efforts on the commercialization of GLOPERBA and ELYXYB.

Sorrento Chapter 11 Filing

On February 13, 2023, Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc. (“Sorrento”), the Company’s then-controlling stockholder, and Sorrento’s wholly owned direct subsidiary, Scintilla Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Scintilla” and together with Sorrento, the “Debtors”), commenced voluntary proceedings under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code (the “Bankruptcy Code”) in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas (the “Bankruptcy Court”). The Debtors’ Chapter 11 proceedings are jointly administered under the caption In re Sorrento Therapeutics, Inc., et al., Case Number 23-90085 (DRJ) (the “Chapter 11 Cases”). While the Company was majority-owned by Sorrento, the Company was not a debtor in the Chapter 11 Cases. As of December 31, 2023, Sorrento no longer holds a majority of the voting power of the Company’s outstanding capital stock entitled to vote. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had a $3.2 million receivable from Sorrento, which was fully reserved. The Company evaluates the collectability of this receivable on a quarterly basis.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and include all adjustments necessary for the fair presentation of the Company’s financial position for the periods presented.

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The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company as well as its wholly owned subsidiaries. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Segments

Operating segments are identified as components of an entity where separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assessing performance. The Company has determined that its chief operating decision maker is its Chief Executive Officer, as he is responsible for making decisions regarding the allocation of resources and assessing performance as well as for strategic operational decisions. The Company is engaged primarily in the development of non-opioid products focused on pain management based on its platform technologies and all sales are based in the United States. Accordingly, the Company has determined that it operates its business as a single reportable segment.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of these consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires the Company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of these consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of expenses during the reporting period. Management believes that these estimates are reasonable; however, actual results may differ from these estimates.

Customer Concentration Risk

Prior to April 2022, sales to the Company’s sole distributor represented 100% of net revenue. In April 2022, the Company announced the expansion of its direct distribution network to national and regional wholesalers and pharmacies. The Company had three and four customers during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, each of which individually generated 10% or more of the Company’s total revenue. These customers accounted for 85% and 83% of the Company’s revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, individually ranging from 22% to 32% and 19% to 24%, respectively. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, these customers represented 91% and 90% of the Company’s outstanding accounts receivable, respectively, individually ranging between 24% and 36% for both periods. Additionally, during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company purchased ZTlido inventory from its sole supplier, Itochu Chemical Frontier Corporation (“Itochu”). This exposes the Company to concentration of customer and supplier risk. The Company monitors the financial condition of its customers, limits its credit exposure by setting credit limits, and has not experienced any credit losses during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Fair Value Measurements

Financial assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis in the consolidated balance sheets. The carrying values of the Company’s financial assets and liabilities, including cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, prepaid and other current assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses approximate to their fair value due to the short-term nature of these instruments. The derivative warrant liability associated with the Private Warrants (as defined below) is valued using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, which is further discussed in Note 4. The Company elected the fair value option to account for the Convertible Debentures (as defined below) in an aggregate principal amount of up to $25.0 million that were issued in March and April 2023 and for the Oramed Note (as defined below) in the principal amount of $101.9 million that was issued in September 2023 (see Note 7 titled “Debt” below). These instruments are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs. The Binomial Lattice Model valuation technique and a discounted cash flow model were employed to measure the fair value of the Convertible Debentures and the Oramed Note, respectively. The Revolving Facility (as defined below) in an aggregate principal amount of up to $30.0 million was issued in June 2023 (see Note 7 titled “Debt” below). The Company accounts for the Revolving Facility using the amortized cost basis and recognizes interest expense over the expected term using the effective interest rate method. The carrying value of the Revolving Facility approximates its fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value are categorized based

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upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Hierarchical levels are directly related to the amount of subjectivity with the inputs to the valuation of these assets or liabilities as follows:

Level 1 - Observable inputs such as unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date;

Level 2 - Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) that are either directly or indirectly observable inputs for similar assets or liabilities. These include quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in active markets and quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; and

Level 3 - Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the fair value of the assets or liabilities.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash

The Company considers all highly liquid investments that are readily convertible into cash without penalty and with original maturities of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheets for cash and cash equivalents are valued at cost, which approximate their fair value.

Restricted cash as of December 31, 2023 consist of deposits placed in a segregated bank account as required under the terms of the Credit and Security Agreement, dated as of June 27, 2023, between Scilex Pharma and eCapital Healthcare Corp., which is discussed further in Note 7. Restricted cash is recorded as other long-term assets within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

The following table provides a reconciliation of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported within the consolidated balance sheets that together reflect the same amounts shown in the consolidated statements of cash flows (in thousands):

Cash and cash equivalents $ 3,921 $ 2,184

Restricted cash 808 —

Total cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash $ 4,729 $ 2,184

Accounts Receivable, Net

Accounts receivable are presented net of allowances for expected credit losses and prompt payment discounts. Accounts receivable consists of trade receivables from product sales to customers, which are generally unsecured. Estimated credit losses related to trade accounts receivable are recorded as general and administrative expenses and as an allowance for expected credit losses within accounts receivable, net. The Company reviews reserves and makes adjustments based on historical experience and known collectability issues and disputes. When internal collection efforts on accounts have been exhausted, the accounts are written off by reducing the allowance for expected credit losses.

Inventory

The Company determines inventory cost on a first-in, first-out basis. The Company reduces the carrying value of inventories to a lower of cost or net realizable value for those items that are potentially excess, obsolete or slow- moving. The Company reserves for excess and obsolete inventory based upon historical experience, sales trends, and specific categories of inventory and expiration dates for on-hand inventory. Inventory costs resulting from these adjustments are recognized as cost of sales in the period in which they are incurred. When future commercialization is considered probable and the future economic benefit is expected to be realized, based on management’s judgment, the Company capitalizes pre-launch inventory costs prior to regulatory approval. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company’s inventory was primarily comprised of finished goods.

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Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are carried at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation of property and equipment is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which are generally five to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of their estimated useful lives or the term of the respective lease on a straight-line basis. The cost of repairs and maintenance is expensed as incurred.

Acquisitions

The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that assets acquired, including in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) projects and liabilities assumed be recorded at their fair values as of the acquisition date on the Company`s consolidated balance sheets. Any excess of purchase price over the fair value of net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. The determination of estimated fair value requires the Company to make significant estimates and assumptions. As a result, the Company may record adjustments to the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed within the measurement period (up to one year from the acquisition date) with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Transaction costs associated with business combinations are expensed as they are incurred.

When the Company determines net assets acquired do not meet the definition of a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting, the transaction is accounted for as an acquisition of assets and, therefore, no goodwill is recorded and contingent consideration such as payments upon achievement of various developmental, regulatory and commercial milestones generally is not recognized at the acquisition date. In an asset acquisition, up-front payments allocated to IPR&D projects at the acquisition date and subsequent milestone payments are charged to expense in the Company`s consolidated statements of operations unless there is an alternative future use.

The Company has acquired and may continue to acquire the rights to develop and commercialize new product candidates. Intangible assets acquired in a business combination that are used for IPR&D activities are considered indefinite-lived until the completion or abandonment of the associated research and development efforts. Upon commercialization of the relevant research and development project, the Company amortizes the acquired IPR&D over its estimated useful life. Capitalized IPR&D is reviewed annually for impairment or more frequently as changes in circumstance or the occurrence of events suggest that the remaining value may not be recoverable.

Goodwill and Other Long-Lived Assets

Goodwill, which has an indefinite life, represents the excess cost over fair value of net assets acquired. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually during the fourth quarter, or more frequently if events occur indicating the potential for impairment. The Company has one reporting unit. During its goodwill impairment review, the Company may assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. The qualitative factors include, but are not limited to, macroeconomic conditions, industry and market considerations, and the overall financial performance of the Company. If, after assessing the totality of these qualitative factors, the Company determines that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of its reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then no additional assessment is deemed necessary. Otherwise, the Company performs a quantitative goodwill impairment test. The Company may also elect to bypass the qualitative assessment in a period and elect to proceed to perform the quantitative goodwill impairment test.

The Company evaluates its long-lived and intangible assets with definite lives, such as property and equipment, patent rights, and acquired technology, for impairment by considering competition by products prescribed for the same indication, the likelihood and estimated future entry of non-generic and generic competition with the same or similar indication and other related factors. The factors that drive the estimate of useful life are often uncertain and are reviewed on a periodic basis or when events occur that warrant review. Recoverability is measured by comparison of the assets’ book value to future net undiscounted cash flows that the assets are expected to generate to determine if a write-down to the recoverable amount is appropriate. If such assets are written down, an impairment will be recognized as the amount by which the book value of the asset group exceeds the recoverable amount.

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Contingent Consideration

The fair value of contingent consideration liabilities assumed in business combinations is recorded as part of the purchase price consideration of the acquisition, and is determined using a discounted cash flow model or Monte Carlo simulation model. The significant inputs of such models are not observable in the market, such as certain financial metric growth rates, volatility rates, projections associated with applicable milestones, discount rates and the related probabilities and payment structure in the contingent consideration arrangement. Fair value adjustments to contingent consideration liabilities are recorded through operating expenses in the consolidated statement of operations. Other than contingent consideration that is accounted for in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity, and Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging, contingent consideration arrangements assumed in an asset acquisition will be measured and accrued when such contingency is resolved.

Public Warrants and Private Warrants

Upon completion of the Business Combination, the Company assumed public and private placement warrants to purchase Common Stock, each with an exercise price of $11.50 per share (“Public Warrants” and “Private Warrants”, respectively, and collectively, the “SPAC Warrants”) that were issued by Vickers in connection with its initial public offering (declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on January 11, 2021) whereby holders of the public and private placement warrants are entitled to acquire ordinary shares of Vickers.

Subsequent to the Business Combination, the Public Warrants were accounted for as equity per FASB ASC Subtopic No. 815-40, Contracts on an Entity’s Own Equity. Warrants classified as equity are recorded at their issuance cost and are not subject to remeasurement at each subsequent balance sheet date.

Subsequent to the Business Combination, the Private Warrants were accounted for as liabilities per ASC Subtopic 815-40. The Private Warrants are not considered indexed to the Company’s stock per ASC Subtopic 815-40 as the fair value calculation applicable upon a cashless exercise of a Private Warrant changes based upon the holder of the instrument, which is not an input to a valuation model for a fixed-for-fixed option contract. Therefore, Private Warrants are recognized as derivative liabilities at their estimated fair value on November 10, 2022, the date of the closing of the Business Combination, and are revalued at each subsequent balance sheet date, with fair value changes recognized in the statement of operations. The Company estimates the value of these warrants using a Black-Scholes option pricing formula.

Debt

The Company may enter into financing arrangements, the terms of which involve significant assumptions and estimates. This involves estimating future net product sales, determining interest expense, determining the amortization period of the debt discount, as well as determining the classification between current and long-term portions.

Convertible Debentures and the Oramed Note

The Company has elected the fair value option to account for the Convertible Debentures (as defined in Note 2 “Liquidity and Going Concern” below) that were issued in March and April 2023, as discussed further in Note 7. The Company has also elected the fair value option to account for the Oramed Note (as defined in Note 4 “Fair Value Measurements” below). The Company recorded the Convertible Debentures and the Oramed Note at fair value upon issuance with changes in fair value recorded as change in fair value of debt and liability instruments in the consolidated statements of operations, with the exception of changes in fair value due to instrument-specific credit risk, if any, which are recorded as a component of other comprehensive income. Interest expense related to these financial instruments is included in the changes in fair value. As a result of applying the fair value option, direct costs and fees related to the Convertible Debentures and the Oramed Note were expensed as incurred. The weighted-average interest rates for the short-term loans, including the Convertible Debentures and the Oramed Note, were 13.55% and nil for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

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Derivative Liabilities

Derivative liabilities are recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets at their fair value on the date of issuance and are revalued on each balance sheet date until such instruments are exercised or expire, with changes in the fair value between reporting periods recorded as other income or expense.

Research and Development Costs

The Company expenses the cost of research and development as incurred. Research and development expenses are comprised of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including clinical trial costs, manufacturing costs for both clinical and preclinical materials as well as other contracted services, license fees and other external costs. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods and services that will be used in future research and development activities are expensed when the activity is performed or when the goods have been received, rather than when payment is made, in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 730, Research and Development.

Income Taxes

The provisions of the FASB ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, address the determination of whether tax benefits claimed or expected to be claimed on a tax return should be recorded in the financial statements. Under ASC Subtopic 740-10, the Company may recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The Company has determined that it has uncertain tax positions.

The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method to compute the differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and the related financial amounts, using currently enacted tax rates.

The Company has deferred tax assets, which are subject to periodic recoverability assessments. Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that more likely than not will be realized. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company maintained a full valuation allowance against its deferred tax assets.

Leases

The Company determines if an arrangement is a lease at inception. Operating lease right-of-use (“ROU”) assets and liabilities are recognized at the commencement date based on the present value of lease payments over the lease term. As the Company’s leases do not provide an implicit rate, it uses its incremental borrowing rate based on the information available at the commencement date in determining the present value of lease payments. The operating lease ROU asset also includes any lease payments made and is reduced by lease incentives. The Company’s lease terms may include options to extend or terminate the lease when it is reasonably certain that the Company will exercise that option. Lease expense for lease payments is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term in selling, general and administrative expenses.

Revenue Recognition

The Company’s revenue is generated from product sales within the United States. The Company does not incur significant direct costs to obtain contracts with its customers.

Revenue from product sales is comprised of sales of ZTlido and ELYXYB. The Company’s performance obligation with respect to sales of ZTlido and ELYXYB is satisfied at a point in time, when control is transferred upon delivery of product to the customer. The Company considers control to have transferred upon delivery because the customer has legal title to the product, physical possession of the product has been transferred to the customer, the customer has significant risks and rewards of ownership of the product, and the Company has a present right to payment at that time. Invoicing typically occurs upon shipment and the length of time between invoicing and when payment is due is not significant. The aggregate dollar value of unfulfilled orders as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 were not material.

Revenues from product sales are recorded net of reserves established for commercial and government rebates, fees and chargebacks, wholesaler and distributor fees, sales returns and prompt payment discounts. Such variable

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consideration is estimated in the period of the sale and is estimated using a most likely amount approach based primarily upon provisions included in the Company’s customer contract, customary industry practices and current government regulations.

Rebates and Chargebacks

Rebates are discounts which the Company pays under either government or private health care programs. Government rebate programs include state Medicaid drug rebate programs, the Medicare coverage gap discount programs and the Tricare programs. Commercial rebate and fee programs relate to contractual agreements with commercial healthcare providers, under which the Company pays rebates and fees for access to and position on that provider’s patient drug formulary. Rebates and chargebacks paid under government programs are generally mandated under law, whereas private rebates and fees are generally contractually negotiated by the Company with commercial healthcare providers. Both types of rebates vary over time. The Company records a reduction to gross product sales at the time the customer takes title to the product based on estimates of expected rebate claims. The Company monitors the sales trends and adjusts for these rebates on a regular basis to reflect the most recent rebate experience and contractual obligations. Reserves for rebates and chargebacks are now separately presented as accrued rebates and fees under current liabilities within the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

Prompt Payment Discounts

The Company provides its customers with prompt payment discounts which may result in adjustments to the price that is invoiced for the product transferred, in the case that payments are made within a defined period. The prompt payment discount reserve is based on actual gross sales and contractual discount rates. Reserves for prompt payment discounts are included in accounts receivable, net on the consolidated balance sheets.

Service Fees

The Company compensates its customer and others in the distribution chain for wholesaler and distribution services. The Company has determined such services received to date are not distinct from the Company’s sale of products to the customer and, therefore, these payments have been recorded as a reduction of revenue.

Product Returns

The Company is obligated to accept the return of products sold that are expiring within six months, damaged or do not meet certain specifications. The Company may authorize the return of products sold in accordance with the term of its sales contracts, and estimates allowances for such amounts at the time of sale. The Company estimates the amount of its product sales that may be returned by its customer and records this estimate as a reduction of revenue in the period the related product revenue is recognized.

Co-Payment Assistance

Patients who have commercial insurance or pay cash and meet certain eligibility requirements may receive co- payment assistance. The Company accrues for co-payment assistance based on actual program participation and estimates of program redemption using data provided by third-party administrators.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718, Compensation – Stock Compensation which establishes accounting for equity instruments exchanged for employee and consulting services. Under such provisions, stock-based compensation cost is measured at the grant date, based on the calculated fair value of the award, and is recognized as an expense, under the straight-line method, over the employee’s requisite service period (generally the vesting period of the equity grant) or non-employee’s vesting period. The Company accounts for forfeitures as incurred.

For purposes of determining the inputs used in the calculation of stock-based compensation, the Company determines the expected life assumption for options issued using the simplified method, which is an average of the contractual

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term of the option and its ordinary vesting period since the Company does not have historic exercise behavior. Then the Company determines an estimate of option volatility based on an assessment of historical volatilities of comparable companies whose share prices are publicly available. The Company uses these estimates as variables in the Black-Scholes option pricing model. Depending upon the number of stock options granted, any fluctuations in these calculations could have a material effect on the results presented in our consolidated statement of operations.

Treasury Stock

The Company uses the cost method to account for repurchases of its stock. In the computation of net (loss) income per share, treasury shares are not included as part of the outstanding shares.

Net Loss per Share

Basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities. Net loss per share has been retrospectively adjusted for all periods presented prior to the Business Combination.

Under the two-class method, basic net loss per share attributable to common stockholders is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share attributable to common stockholders adjusts basic earnings per share for the potentially dilutive impact of stock options and warrants.

As the Company has reported losses for all periods presented, all potentially dilutive securities are antidilutive and accordingly, basic net loss per share equals diluted net loss per share.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In October 2021, FASB issued Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) 2021-08, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Accounting for Contract Assets and Contract Liabilities from Contracts with Customers (“ASU 2021-08”), which requires an acquirer in a business combination to recognize and measure contract assets and contract liabilities in accordance with ASC Topic 606. ASU 2021-08 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. ASU 2021-08 should be applied prospectively to business combinations occurring on or after the adoption date. The Company adopted this guidance as of January 1, 2023 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In June 2022, the FASB issued ASU 2022-03, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Fair Value Measurement of Equity Securities Subject to Contractual Sale Restrictions (“ASU 2022-03”), which clarifies that a contractual restriction on the sale of an equity security is not considered part of the unit of account of the equity security and, therefore, is not considered when measuring fair value. Recognizing such a restriction as a separate unit of account is also not permitted. ASU 2022-03 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2023, with early adoption permitted. The Company elected to early adopt this guidance as of January 1, 2023 and the adoption did not have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

2. Liquidity and Going Concern

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that the Company will continue as a going concern, which contemplates the realization of assets and satisfaction of liabilities in the normal course of business. Management has assessed the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for at least one year after the issuance date of the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

On November 17, 2022, the Company entered into a standby equity purchase agreement (the “Original Purchase Agreement”) with YA II PN, Ltd., a Cayman Islands exempt limited partnership (“Yorkville”). On February 8, 2023, the Company entered into an amended and restated standby equity purchase agreement with Yorkville (the “A&R Yorkville Purchase Agreement”), amending, restating and superseding the Original Purchase Agreement. On January 8, 2023, the Company entered into a standby equity purchase agreement (the “B. Riley Purchase Agreement” and together with A&R Yorkville Purchase Agreement, the “Standby Equity Purchase Agreements”) with B. Riley

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Principal Capital II, LLC (“B. Riley”). Pursuant to each of the Standby Equity Purchase Agreements, the Company has the right, but not the obligation, to sell to each of Yorkville and B. Riley up to $500.0 million of shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Common Stock”) at its request any time during the 36 months following the date on which the registration statement related to each such purchase agreement was initially declared effective by the SEC, subject to certain conditions, which are discussed further in Note 9. On, and effective as of, February 16, 2024, the Company and B. Riley mutually agreed to terminate the B. Riley Purchase Agreement.

As consideration for Yorkville’s and B. Riley’s respective commitment to purchase shares of Common Stock at the Company’s direction, the Company issued 250,000 commitment shares to each of Yorkville (the “Yorkville Commitment Shares”) and B. Riley (the “B. Riley Commitment Shares”).

On March 21, 2023, the Company entered into a securities purchase agreement with Yorkville (the “Yorkville SPA”), pursuant to which the Company would issue and sell to Yorkville convertible debentures in an aggregate principal amount of up to $25.0 million (the “Convertible Debentures”). As of December 31, 2023, Convertible Debentures in the principal amount of $25.0 million (for net cash proceeds of $24.0 million) were issued and sold pursuant to the Yorkville SPA, which is discussed further in Note 7.

On June 27, 2023, Scilex Pharma entered into a Credit and Security Agreement (the “eCapital Credit Agreement”) with eCapital Healthcare Corp. (the “Lender”), pursuant to which the Lender shall make available loans (the “Revolving Facility”) in an aggregate principal amount of up to $30.0 million (the “Facility Cap”). The proceeds of the Revolving Facility will be used for (i) transaction fees incurred in connection with the eCapital Credit Agreement, (ii) working capital needs of Scilex Pharma and (iii) other uses not prohibited under the eCapital Credit Agreement. As of December 31, 2023, the Company has an outstanding balance of $17.0 million under the Revolving Facility. See Note 7 for additional discussion of the terms of the eCapital Credit Agreement.

On December 22, 2023, the Company entered into a Sales Agreement (the “ATM Sales Agreement”) with B. Riley Securities, Inc., Cantor Fitzgerald & Co. and H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC (the “Sales Agents”). Pursuant to the ATM Sales Agreement, the Company may offer and sell (the “Offering”) shares of Common Stock up to $170,000,000 (the "ATM Shares"), through or to the Sales Agents as part of the Offering. The Company has no obligation to sell any shares of Common Stock under the ATM Sales Agreement and may suspend offers thereunder at any time. The Offering will terminate upon (i) the election of the Sales Agents upon the occurrence of certain adverse events, (ii) three business days’ advance notice from the Company to the Sales Agents or a Sales Agent to the Company, or (iii) the sale of all $170,000,000 of shares of Common Stock thereunder. As of December 31, 2023, no sales of Common Stock had been made under the ATM Sales Agreement.

As of December 31, 2023, the Company’s negative working capital was $203.6 million, including cash and cash equivalents of approximately $3.9 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company had operating losses of $105.4 million and cash flows used for operations of $20.7 million. The Company had an accumulated deficit of $490.2 million as of December 31, 2023.

The Company has plans to obtain additional resources to fund its currently planned operations and expenditures for at least twelve months from the issuance of these consolidated financial statements through a combination of equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, government contracts or other strategic transactions. The Company’s plans are also dependent upon the success of future sales of ZTlido and ELYXYB, among which ELYXYB is still in the early stages of commercialization, and the future commercialization of GLOPERBA.

Although the Company believes such plans, if executed, should provide the Company with financing to meet its needs, successful completion of such plans is dependent on factors outside the Company’s control. As a result, management has concluded that the aforementioned conditions, among other things, raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern for one year after the date the consolidated financial statements are issued.

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3. Acquisitions

SP-104 Acquisition

In May 2022, the Company acquired the Delayed Burst Release Low Dose Naltrexone asset and intellectual property rights for the treatment of chronic pain, fibromyalgia and chronic post-COVID syndrome (collectively, the “SP-104 Assets”). Pursuant to the acquisition provisions, the Company is obligated to pay Aardvark Therapeutics, Inc. (“Aardvark”) (i) $3.0 million upon initial approval by the FDA of a new drug application for the SP-104 Assets (which amount may be paid in shares of Common Stock or cash, in the Company’s sole discretion) (the “Development Milestone Payment”) and (ii) $20.0 million in cash, upon achievement of certain net sales by the Company of a commercial product that uses the SP-104 Assets (the “Sales Milestone Payment”). The Company will also pay Aardvark certain royalties in the single digits based on percentages of annual net sales by the Company of a commercial product that uses the SP-104 Assets.

The Sales Milestone Payment and sale volume-based future royalties were determined to meet a scope exception for derivative accounting and will not be recognized until the contingencies are realized. The Development Milestone Payment represents a liability, which will be measured at fair value for each reporting period. As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the contingent consideration associated with the Development Milestone Payment was $0.2 million, recorded in the other long-term liabilities.

GLOPERBA License Agreement

In June 2022, the Company entered into a license agreement (the “Romeg License Agreement”) with RxOmeg Therapeutics, LLC (a/k/a Romeg Therapeutics, Inc.) (“Romeg”). Pursuant to the Romeg License Agreement, among other things, Romeg granted the Company (a) a transferable license, with a right to sublicense, to (i) commercialize the pharmaceutical product comprising liquid formulations of colchicine for the prophylactic treatment of gout in adult humans (the “Initial Licensed Product” or “GLOPERBA”) in the United States (including its territories) (the “GLOPERBA Territory”), (ii) develop other products comprising the Initial Licensed Product as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (the “Licensed Products”) and commercialize any such products and (iii) manufacture Licensed Products anywhere in the world, solely for commercialization in the GLOPERBA Territory; and (b) an exclusive, transferable license, with a right to sublicense, to use the trademark GLOPERBA and logos, designs, translations, and modifications thereof in connection with the commercialization of the Initial Licensed Product solely in the GLOPERBA Territory. The Initial Licensed Product, GLOPERBA, was approved and made available in the United States in 2020.

As consideration for the license under the Romeg License Agreement, the Company paid Romeg an up-front license fee of $2.0 million, and has agreed to pay Romeg (a) upon the Company’s achievement of certain net sales milestones, certain milestone payments in the aggregate amount of up to $13.0 million, (b) certain royalties, at rates that do not exceed ten percent, based on annual net sales of the Licensed Products by the Company during the applicable royalty term under the Romeg License Agreement, and (c) minimum quarterly royalty payments totaling $7.1 million commencing on the first year anniversary of the effective date of the Romeg License Agreement and ending on the later of (i) expiration of the last-to-expire of the licensed patents covering the Licensed Products in the GLOPERBA Territory or (ii) the tenth anniversary of the effective date of the Romeg License Agreement.

In connection with the Romeg License Agreement, the Company recorded an intangible asset for acquired licenses of $5.7 million, which is comprised of the upfront license fee of $2.0 million and deferred consideration of $3.7 million that is the present value of the future minimum royalty payments and immaterial transaction costs. No contingent consideration was recognized as a liability or included in the fair value of the assets as of December 31, 2023 or December 31, 2022.

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ELYXYB Acquisition

On February 12, 2023, the Company entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “ELYXYB APA”) with BioDelivery Sciences International, Inc. (“BDSI”) and Collegium Pharmaceutical, Inc. (“Collegium”, and together with BDSI, the “Sellers”) to acquire the rights to certain patents, trademarks, regulatory approvals, data, contracts, and other rights related to ELYXYB and its commercialization in the United States and Canada (the “ELYXYB Territory”).

As consideration for the acquisition, the Company assumed various rights and obligations under the asset purchase agreement between BDSI and Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Limited, a company incorporated under the laws of India (“DRL”), dated August 3, 2021 (the “DRL APA”), including an irrevocable, royalty-free, exclusive license to know-how and patents of DRL related to ELYXYB and necessary or used to exploit ELYXYB in the ELYXYB Territory. No cash consideration was or will be payable to the Sellers for such acquisition; however, the obligations under the DRL APA that were assumed by the Company include contingent sales and regulatory milestone payments and sales royalties. The Company is also obligated to make quarterly royalty payments to DRL on net sales of ELYXYB in the ELYXYB Territory. In April 2023, the Company launched ELYXYB in the U.S. As of December 31, 2023, the Company had ending balances of accrued royalty payables of $5.0 thousand. As of December 31, 2023, no sales or regulatory milestone payments had been accrued as there were no potential milestones yet considered probable of achievement.

4. Fair Value Measurements

The following table presents the Company’s financial assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the level of inputs used in such measurements (in thousands):

Liabilities

Other long-term liabilities 179 — — 179

Total liabilities measured at fair value $ 110,126 $ — $ — $ 110,126

Liabilities

Derivative liabilities $ 1,231 $ — $ — $ 1,231

Other long-term liabilities 163 — — 163

Total liabilities measured at fair value $ 1,394 $ — $ — $ 1,394

The Oramed Note

In September 2023, the Company issued a senior secured promissory note to Oramed Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Oramed”) in the principal amount of $101.9 million (the “Oramed Note”) (see Note 7). The Company elected the fair value option to account for the Oramed Note with any changes in the fair value of the note recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. The Company uses a discounted cash flow model to determine the fair value of the Oramed Note based on Level 3 inputs. This methodology discounts the interest and principal payments using a risk-adjusted discount rate. The fair value as of December 31, 2023 was determined to be $104.1 million by applying a discount

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rate of 13.05%. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded $2.8 million in change in fair value of the Oramed Note.

Convertible Debentures

In March and April 2023, the Company issued the Convertible Debentures in the principal amount of $25.0 million (see Note 7). The Convertible Debentures are measured at fair value on a recurring basis using Level 3 inputs. The Company uses the Binomial Lattice Model valuation technique to measure the fair value of the Convertible Debentures with any changes in the fair value of the Convertible Debentures recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. Interest expense related to the Convertible Debentures is included in the changes in fair value. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recorded $4.4 million in change in fair value of the Convertible Debentures. A summary of inputs used in valuing the Convertible Debentures is as follows: