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Item 1A. Risk Factors

An investment in our common stock is subject to risks inherent in our business. Before making an investment decision, you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below together with all of the other information included in this report. In addition to the risks and uncertainties described below, other risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. The value or market price of our common stock could decline due to any of these identified or other risks, and you could lose all or part of your investment. The risks below also include forward-looking statements. This report is qualified in its entirety by these risk factors.

Risks Related to Macroeconomic Conditions

Our business may be adversely affected by downturns in the national and the regional economies on which we depend.

Substantially all of our loans are to businesses and individuals in the states of Washington and Oregon. A decline in the economies of the seven counties in which we operate, including the Portland, Oregon metropolitan area, which we consider to be our primary market area, could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects. Weakness in the global economy and global supply chain issues have adversely affected many businesses operating in our markets that are dependent upon international trade. Changes in agreements or relationships between the U.S. and other countries may also affect these businesses.

A deterioration in economic conditions in the market areas we serve could result in the following consequences, any of which could have a materially adverse impact on our business, financial condition, liquidity and results of operations:

● loan delinquencies, problem assets and foreclosures may increase;

● we may increase our allowance for loan losses;

● the amount of our low-cost or non-interest bearing deposits may decrease.

Many of the loans in our portfolio are secured by real estate. A decline in local economic conditions may have a greater effect on our earnings and capital than on the earnings and capital of larger financial institutions whose real estate loan portfolios are geographically diverse. Deterioration in the real estate markets where collateral for a mortgage loan is located could negatively affect the borrower’s ability to repay the loan and the value of the collateral securing the loan. Real estate values are affected by various other factors, including changes in general or regional economic conditions, governmental rules or policies and natural disasters such as earthquakes and tornadoes. If we are required to liquidate a significant amount of collateral during a period of reduced real estate values, our financial condition and profitability could be adversely affected.

Inflationary pressures and rising prices may affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Inflation has risen sharply since the end of 2021 to levels not seen in more than 40 years. Small to medium-sized businesses may be impacted more during periods of high inflation as they are not able to leverage economies of scale to mitigate cost pressures compared to larger businesses. Consequently, the ability of our business customers to repay their loans may deteriorate, and in some cases this deterioration may occur quickly, which would adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, a prolonged period of inflation could cause wages and other costs to the Company to increase, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to our Lending Activities

Our real estate construction loans are based upon estimates of costs and the value of the completed project, and as with land loans may be more difficult to liquidate, if necessary.

We make construction and land loans primarily to builders to finance the construction of single and multifamily homes, subdivisions, as well as commercial properties, a portion of which are originated whether or not the collateral property underlying

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the loan is under contract for sale. At March 31, 2023, real estate construction and land loans totaled $54.2 million, or 5.37% of our total loan portfolio, and was comprised of $18.2 million of speculative and presold construction loans, $6.4 million of land loans and $29.6 million of commercial/multi-family construction loans.

In general, construction and land lending involve additional risks when compared with other lending because of the inherent difficulty in estimating a property’s value both before and at completion of the project, as well as the estimated cost of the project and the time needed to sell the property at completion. Construction costs may exceed original estimates as a result of increased materials, labor or other costs. Because of the uncertainties inherent in estimating construction costs, as well as the market value of the completed project and the effects of governmental regulation on real property, it is relatively difficult to evaluate accurately the total funds required to complete a project and the related loan-to-value ratio. Changes in the demand, such as for new housing and higher than anticipated building costs may cause actual results to vary significantly from those estimated. For these reasons, this type of lending also typically involves higher loan principal amounts and is often concentrated with a small number of builders. A downturn in housing, or the real estate market, could increase loan delinquencies, defaults and foreclosures, and significantly impair the value of our collateral and our ability to sell the collateral upon foreclosure. Some of our builders have more than one loan outstanding with us and also have residential mortgage loans for rental properties with us. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose us to a significantly greater risk of loss.

Construction loans often involve the disbursement of funds with repayment substantially dependent on the success of the ultimate project and the ability of the borrower to sell or lease the property or obtain permanent take-out financing, rather than the ability of the borrower or guarantor to repay principal and interest. Moreover, during the term of most of our construction loans, no payment from the borrower is required since the accumulated interest is added to the principal of the loan through an interest reserve. If our appraisal of the value of a completed project proves to be overstated, we may have inadequate security for the repayment of the loan upon completion of construction of the project and may incur a loss. Because construction loans require active monitoring of the building process, including cost comparisons and on-site inspections, these loans are more difficult and costly to monitor.

Increases in market rates of interest also may have a more pronounced effect on construction loans by rapidly increasing the end-purchasers’ borrowing costs, thereby reducing the overall demand for the project. Properties under construction are often difficult to sell and typically must be completed in order to be successfully sold which also complicates the process of working out problem construction loans. This may require us to advance additional funds and/or contract with another builder to complete construction. Furthermore, in the case of speculative construction loans, there is the added risk associated with identifying an end-purchaser for the finished project.

Loans on land under development or raw land held for future construction, including lot loans made to individuals for the future construction of a residence also pose additional risk because of the lack of income being produced by the property and the potential illiquid nature of the collateral. These risks can be significantly impacted by supply and demand conditions. As a result, this type of lending often involves the disbursement of substantial funds with repayment dependent on the success of the ultimate project and the ability of the borrower to develop, sell or lease the property, rather than the ability of the borrower or guarantor to independently repay principal and interest. There were no non-performing real estate construction and land loans at March 31, 2023. A material increase in non-performing real estate construction and land loans could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operation.

Commercial and multi-family real estate lending involves higher risks than real estate one-to-four family and other consumer lending, which exposes us to increased lending risks.

While commercial and multi-family real estate lending is typically more profitable than real estate one-to-four family lending, it is generally more sensitive to regional and local economic conditions, making loss levels more difficult to predict. Collateral evaluation and financial statement analysis in these types of loans requires a more detailed analysis at the time of loan underwriting and on an ongoing basis. At March 31, 2023, we had $620.3 million of commercial and multi-family real estate loans, representing 61.49% of our total loan portfolio.

Commercial and multi-family real estate loans typically involve higher principal amounts than other types of loans and some of our commercial borrowers have more than one loan outstanding with us. Consequently, an adverse development with respect to one loan or one credit relationship can expose us to a significantly greater risk of loss compared to an adverse development with respect to a one-to-four family residential loan. Repayment on these loans is dependent upon income generated, or expected to be generated, by the property securing the loan in amounts sufficient to cover operating expenses and debt service, which may be

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adversely affected by changes in the economy or local market conditions. For example, if the cash flow from the borrower’s project is reduced as a result of leases not being obtained or renewed, the borrower’s ability to repay the loan may be impaired. Commercial and multi-family mortgage loans also expose a lender to greater credit risk than loans secured by one-to-four family residential real estate because the collateral securing these loans typically cannot be sold as easily as residential real estate. In addition, many of our commercial and multi-family real estate loans are not fully amortizing and contain large balloon payments upon maturity. Such balloon payments may require the borrower to either sell or refinance the underlying property in order to make the payment, which may increase the risk of default or non-payment.

A secondary market for most types of commercial real estate and multi-family loans is not readily liquid, so we have less opportunity to mitigate credit risk by selling part or all of our interest in these loans. As a result of these characteristics, if we foreclose on a commercial or multi-family real estate loan, our holding period for the collateral typically is longer than for one-to-four family residential mortgage loans because there are fewer potential purchasers of the collateral. Accordingly, charge-offs on commercial and multi-family real estate loans may be larger on a per loan basis than those incurred with our residential or consumer loan portfolios.

Our business may be adversely affected by credit risk associated with residential property and declining property values.

At March 31, 2023, $99.7 million, or 9.88% of our total loan portfolio, consisted of real estate one-to-four family loans and home equity loans. Our first-lien real estate one-to-four family loans are primarily made based on the repayment ability of the borrower and the collateral securing these loans. Home equity lines of credit generally entail greater risk than do real estate one-to-four family loans where we are in the first-lien position. For those home equity lines secured by a second mortgage, it is less likely that we will be successful in recovering all of our loan proceeds in the event of default. Our foreclosure on these loans requires that the value of the property be sufficient to cover the repayment of the first mortgage loan, as well as the costs associated with foreclosure.

This type of lending is generally sensitive to regional and local economic conditions that significantly impact the ability of borrowers to meet their loan payment obligations, making loss levels difficult to predict. A downturn in the economy or the housing market in our market areas or a rapid increase in interest rates may reduce the value of the real estate collateral securing these types of loans and increase the risk that we would incur losses if borrowers default on their loans. Residential loans with high combined loan-to-value ratios generally will be more sensitive to declining property values than those with lower combined loan-to-value ratios and therefore may experience a higher incidence of default and severity of losses. In addition, if the borrowers sell their homes, the borrowers may be unable to repay their loans in full from the sale proceeds. As a result, these loans may experience higher rates of delinquencies, defaults and losses, which will in turn adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

Repayment of our commercial business loans is often dependent on the cash flows of the borrower, which may be unpredictable, and the collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value.

At March 31, 2023, commercial business loans totaled $232.9 million, or 23.08% of total loans. Our commercial business loans are primarily made based on the cash flow of the borrower and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower. The borrowers’ cash flow may be unpredictable, and collateral securing these loans may fluctuate in value. This collateral may consist of equipment, inventory, accounts receivable, or other business assets. In the case of loans secured by accounts receivable, the availability of funds for the repayment of these loans may be substantially dependent on the ability of the borrower to collect amounts due from its customers. Other collateral securing loans may depreciate over time, may be difficult to appraise, may be illiquid and may fluctuate in value based on the specific type of business and equipment. As a result, the availability of funds for the repayment of commercial business loans may be substantially dependent on the success of the business itself which, in turn, is often dependent in part upon general economic conditions and secondarily on the underlying collateral provided by the borrower.

Our allowance for loan losses may prove to be insufficient to absorb losses in our loan portfolio. Future additions to our allowance for loan losses, as well as charge-offs in excess of reserves, will reduce our earnings.

Lending money is a substantial part of our business and each loan carries a certain risk that it will not be repaid in accordance with its terms or that any underlying collateral will not be sufficient to assure repayment. This risk is affected by, among other things:

● the cash flow of the borrower and/or the project being financed;

● the duration of the loan;

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● the credit history of a particular borrower; and

● changes in economic and industry conditions.

We maintain an allowance for loan losses, which is a reserve established through a provision for loan losses charged to expense, which we believe is appropriate to provide for probable losses in our loan portfolio. The amount of this allowance is determined by management through periodic reviews and consideration of several factors, including, but not limited to:

The determination of the appropriate level of the allowance for loan losses inherently involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires us to make significant estimates of current credit risks and future trends, all of which may undergo material changes. If our estimates are incorrect, the allowance for loan losses may not be sufficient to cover losses inherent in our loan portfolio, resulting in the need for increases in our allowance for loan losses through the provision for losses on loans which is charged against income. Deterioration in economic conditions affecting borrowers, new information regarding existing loans, identification of additional problem loans and other factors, both within and outside of our control, may also require an increase in the allowance for loan losses. Additionally, pursuant to our growth strategy, management recognizes that significant new growth in loan portfolios, new loan products and the refinancing of existing loans can result in portfolios comprised of unseasoned loans that may not perform in a historical or projected manner and will increase the risk that our allowance may be insufficient to absorb losses without significant additional provisions. Further, bank regulatory agencies periodically review our allowance for loan losses and may require an increase in the provision for possible loan losses or the recognition of further loan charge-offs based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination.

In addition, the FASB has adopted an accounting standard referred to as Current Expected Credit Loss, or CECL, which requires financial institutions to determine periodic estimates of lifetime expected credit losses on loans and recognize the expected credit losses as allowances for credit losses. This will change the current method of providing allowances for credit losses only when they have been incurred and are probable, which is expected to require us to adjust our allowance for loan losses and greatly increase the types of data we need to collect and review to determine the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses. This accounting pronouncement is applicable to us effective April 1, 2023. As of the adoption and day one measurement date of April 1, 2023, the Company expects to record a one-time cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings, net of income taxes, on the consolidated balance sheet. Also, as required by CECL, the Company reviewed the held-to-maturity debt securities portfolio and determined the expected losses were immaterial. The magnitude of the change in the Company’s allowance for credit losses at the adoption date will depend upon the nature and characteristics of the portfolio at the adoption date, as well as macroeconomic conditions and forecasts at that time, other management judgements, and continued refinement and validation of the model and methodologies. See also, Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements - Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements contained in Item 8 of this report. The federal banking regulators, including the Federal Reserve and the FDIC, have adopted a rule that gives a banking organization the option to phase in over a three- year period the day-one adverse effects of CECL on its regulatory capital.

Any increases in the provision for loan losses will result in a decrease in net income and may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, liquidity and capital.

Risks Related to Market and Interest Rate Changes

Changes in interest rates may reduce our net interest income and may result in higher defaults in a rising rate environment.

Our earnings and cash flows are largely dependent upon our net interest income, which is the difference, or spread, between the interest earned on loans, securities and other interest-earning assets and the interest paid on deposits, borrowings, and other interest-bearing liabilities. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors that are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies, in particular, the Federal Reserve. Since March 2022, in response to inflation, the Federal Open Market Committee (“FOMC”) of the Federal Reserve has increased the target range for the federal funds rate by 475 basis points, including 50 basis points during the first quarter of 2023, to a range of 4.75% to 5.00% as of March 31, 2023. In May 2023, the FOMC increased the target range for the federal funds rate another 25 basis

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points to a range of 5.00% to 5.25%. If the FOMC further increases the targeted federal funds rates, overall interest rates will likely continue to rise, which will positively impact our net interest income but may negatively impact the housing market by reducing refinancing activity, new home purchases and the U.S. economy. In addition, as previously discussed, inflationary pressures will increase our operational costs and could have a significant negative effect on our borrowers, especially our business borrowers, and the values of collateral securing loans which could negatively affect our financial performance.

We principally manage interest rate risk by managing our volume and mix of our earning assets and funding liabilities. If the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings increase at a faster rate than the interest rates received on loans and other investments, our net interest income, and therefore earnings, could be adversely affected. Earnings could also be adversely affected if the interest rates received on loans and other investments fall more quickly than the interest rates paid on deposits and other borrowings. In a changing interest rate environment, we may not be able to manage this risk effectively. If we are unable to manage interest rate risk effectively, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially affected.

Changes in interest rates could also have a negative impact on our results of operations by reducing the ability of borrowers to repay their current loan obligations or by reducing our margins and profitability. Our net interest margin is the difference between the yield we earn on our assets and the interest rate we pay for deposits and our other sources of funding. Changes in interest rates—up or down—could adversely affect our net interest margin and, as a result, our net interest income. Although the yields we earn on our assets and our funding costs tend to move in the same direction in response to changes in interest rates, one can rise or fall faster than the other, causing our net interest margin to expand or contract. Our liabilities tend to be shorter in duration than our assets, so they may adjust faster in response to changes in interest rates. As a result, when interest rates rise, our funding costs may rise faster than the yield we earn on our assets, causing our net interest margin to contract until the yield catches up. Changes in the slope of the “yield curve”—or the spread between short-term and long-term interest rates—could also reduce our net interest margin. Normally, the yield curve is upward sloping, meaning short-term rates are lower than long-term rates. Because our liabilities tend to be shorter in duration than our assets, when the yield curve flattens or even inverts, we could experience pressure on our net interest margin as our cost of funds increases relative to the yield we can earn on our assets. Also, interest rate decreases can lead to increased prepayments of loans and mortgage-backed securities as borrowers refinance their loans to reduce borrowing costs. Under these circumstances, we are subject to reinvestment risk as we may have to redeploy such repayment proceeds into lower yielding investments, which would likely hurt our income.

A sustained increase in market interest rates could adversely affect our earnings. A significant portion of our loans have fixed interest rates and longer terms than our deposits and borrowings. As is the case with many financial institutions, our emphasis on increasing the development of core deposits, those deposits bearing no or a relatively low rate of interest with no stated maturity date, has resulted in our having a significant amount of these deposits which have a shorter duration than our assets. At March 31, 2023, we had $404.9 million in non-interest bearing demand deposits and $84.6 million in certificates of deposit that mature within one year. We would incur a higher cost of funds to retain these deposits in a rising interest rate environment. Our net interest income could be adversely affected if the rates we pay on deposits and borrowings increase more rapidly than the rates we earn on loans. In addition, a substantial amount of our home equity lines of credit have adjustable interest rates. As a result, these loans may experience a higher rate of default in a rising interest rate environment.

Changes in interest rates also affect the value of our securities portfolio. Generally, the fair value of fixed-rate securities fluctuates inversely with changes in interest rates. Unrealized gains and losses on securities available for sale are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity, net of tax. Decreases in the fair value of securities available for sale resulting from increases in interest rates could have an adverse effect on stockholders’ equity. At March 31, 2023, we recorded an $18.3 million accumulated other comprehensive loss, which is reflected as a reduction to stockholders’ equity.

Although management believes it has implemented effective asset and liability management strategies to reduce the potential effects of changes in interest rates on our results of operations, any substantial, unexpected or prolonged change in market interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. Also, our interest rate risk modeling techniques and assumptions likely may not fully predict or capture the impact of actual interest rate changes on our consolidated balance sheet or projected operating results. See Item 7A., “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk,” of this Form 10-K.

We may incur losses on our securities portfolio as a result of changes in interest rates.

Factors beyond our control can significantly influence the fair value of securities in our portfolio and can cause potential adverse changes to the fair value of these securities. These factors include, but are not limited to, rating agency actions in respect to the

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securities, defaults by, or other adverse events affecting, the issuer or with respect to the underlying securities, and changes in market interest rates and continued instability in the capital markets. Any of these factors, among others, could cause other-than-temporary impairments and realized and/or unrealized losses in future periods and declines in other comprehensive income, which could have a material effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The process for determining whether impairment of a security is other-than-temporary usually requires complex, subjective judgments about the future financial performance and liquidity of the issuer and any collateral underlying the security to assess the probability of receiving all contractual principal and interest payments on the security. There can be no assurance that the declines in market value will not result in other-than-temporary impairments of these assets, and would lead to accounting charges that could have a material adverse effect on our net income and capital levels. For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, we did not incur any other-than-temporary impairments on our securities portfolio.

Revenue from broker loan fees is sensitive to changes in economic conditions, decreased economic activity, a slowdown in the housing market, higher interest rates or new legislation which may adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Our mortgage brokerage operations provide additional non-interest income. The Company employs commissioned brokers who originate mortgage loans (including construction loans) for various mortgage companies. The loans brokered to mortgage companies are closed in the name of, and funded by, the purchasing mortgage company and are not originated as an asset of the Company. In return, the Company receives a fee ranging from 1.5% to 2.0% of the loan amount that it shares with the commissioned broker. The prevailing interest rate environment has a strong influence on the loan volume and amount of fees generated from our mortgage brokerage activity. In general, during periods of rising interest rates, the volume of loans and the amount of brokered loan fees included in non-interest income generally decrease as a result of slower mortgage loan demand. Conversely, during periods of falling interest rates, the volume of loans and the amount of brokered loan fees generally increase as a result of the increased mortgage loan demand.

A general decline in economic conditions may adversely affect the fees generated by our asset management company.

To the extent our asset management clients and their assets become adversely affected by weak economic and stock market conditions, they may choose to withdraw the amount of assets managed by us and the value of their assets may decline. Our asset management revenues are based on the value of the assets we manage. If our clients withdraw assets or the value of their assets decline, the revenues generated by the Trust Company will be adversely affected.

Risks Related to Regulatory, Legal and Compliance Matters

The continued focus on increasing our commercial real estate loan portfolio may subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny.

The FDIC, the Federal Reserve and the OCC have promulgated joint guidance on sound risk management practices for financial institutions with concentrations in commercial real estate lending. Under this guidance, a financial institution that, like us, is actively involved in commercial real estate lending should perform a risk assessment to identify concentrations. A financial institution may have a concentration in commercial real estate lending if, among other factors (i) total reported loans for construction, land development, and other land represent 100% or more of total capital, or (ii) total reported loans secured by multi-family and non-farm residential properties, loans for construction, land development and other land, and loans otherwise sensitive to the general commercial real estate market, including loans to commercial real estate related entities, represent 300% or more of total capital. Based on these criteria, the Bank determined that it did not have a concentration in commercial real estate lending as total loans for multifamily, non-farm/non-residential, construction, land development and other land represented 285% of total risk-based capital at March 31, 2023. The particular focus of the guidance is on exposure to commercial real estate loans that are dependent on the cash flow from the real estate held as collateral and that are likely to be at greater risk to conditions in the commercial real estate market (as opposed to real estate collateral held as a secondary source of repayment or as an abundance of caution). The purpose of the guidance is to guide banks in developing risk management practices and capital levels commensurate with the level and nature of real estate concentrations. The guidance states that management should employ heightened risk management practices including board and management oversight and strategic planning, development of underwriting standards, risk assessment and monitoring through market analysis and stress testing.While we believe we have implemented policies and procedures with respect to our commercial real estate loan portfolio consistent with this guidance, bank regulators could require us to implement additional policies and procedures consistent with their interpretation of the guidance that may result in additional costs to us.

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We operate in a highly regulated environment and may be adversely affected by changes in federal and state laws and regulations.

The financial services industry is extensively regulated. Federal and state banking regulations are designed primarily to protect the deposit insurance funds and consumers, not to benefit a company’s shareholders. These regulations may sometimes impose significant limitations on operations. Regulatory authorities have extensive discretion in connection with their supervisory and enforcement activities, including the imposition of restrictions on the operation of an institution, the classification of assets by the institution and the adequacy of an institution’s allowance for loan losses. These bank regulators also have the ability to impose conditions in the approval of merger and acquisition transactions. The significant federal and state banking regulations that affect us are described under the heading “Item 1. Business-Regulation” in Item I of this Form 10-K. These regulations, along with the currently existing tax, accounting, securities, insurance, and monetary laws, regulations, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations control the methods by which financial institutions conduct business, implement strategic initiatives and tax compliance, and govern financial reporting and disclosures. These laws, regulations, rules, standards, policies, and interpretations are constantly evolving and may change significantly over time. Any new regulations or legislation, change in existing regulations or oversight, whether a change in regulatory policy or a change in a regulator’s interpretation of a law or regulation, may require us to invest significant management attention and resources to make any necessary changes to operations to comply and could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, actions by regulatory agencies or significant litigation against us may lead to penalties that materially affect us. Further, changes in accounting standards can be both difficult to predict and involve judgment and discretion in their interpretation by us and our independent registered public accounting firm. These accounting changes could materially impact, potentially even retroactively, how we report our financial condition and results of our operations as could our interpretation of those changes.

Non-compliance with the USA PATRIOT Act, Bank Secrecy Act, or other laws and regulations could result in fines or sanctions and limit our ability to get regulatory approval of acquisitions.

The USA PATRIOT Act and Bank Secrecy Acts require financial institutions to develop programs to prevent financial institutions from being used for money laundering and terrorist activities. Failure to comply with these regulations could result in fines or sanctions and limit our ability to get regulatory approval of acquisitions. Recently, several banking institutions have received large fines for non-compliance with these laws and regulations. While we have developed policies and procedures designed to assist in compliance with these laws and regulations, no assurance can be given that these policies and procedures will be effective in preventing violations of these laws and regulations. Failure to maintain and implement adequate programs to combat money laundering and terrorist financing could also have serious reputational consequences for us. Any of these results could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.

If our enterprise risk management framework is not effective at mitigating risk and loss to us, we could suffer unexpected losses and our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Our enterprise risk management framework seeks to achieve an appropriate balance between risk and return, which is critical to optimizing shareholder value. We have established processes and procedures intended to identify, measure, monitor, report, analyze and control the types of risk to which we are subject. These risks include, among others, liquidity, credit, market, interest rate, operational, legal and compliance, and reputational risk. Our framework also includes financial or other modeling methodologies that involve management assumptions and judgment. We also maintain a compliance program to identify, measure, assess, and report on our adherence to applicable laws, policies and procedures. While we assess and improve these programs on an ongoing basis, there can be no assurance that our risk management or compliance programs, along with other related controls, will effectively mitigate risk under all circumstances, or that it will adequately mitigate any risk or loss to us. However, as with any risk management framework, there are inherent limitations to our risk management strategies as they may exist, or develop in the future, including risks that we have not appropriately anticipated or identified. If our risk management framework proves ineffective, we could suffer unexpected losses and our business, financial condition, results of operations or growth prospects could be materially adversely affected. We may also be subject to potentially adverse regulatory consequences.

Climate change and related legislative and regulatory initiatives may materially affect the Company’s business and results of operations.

The effects of climate change continue to create an alarming level of concern for the state of the global environment. As a result, the global business community has increased its political and social awareness surrounding the issue, and the United States has entered into international agreements in an attempt to reduce global temperatures, such as reentering the Paris Agreement. Further,

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the U.S. Congress, state legislatures and federal and state regulatory agencies continue to propose numerous initiatives to supplement the global effort to combat climate change. Similar and even more expansive initiatives are expected under the current administration, including potentially increasing supervisory expectations with respect to banks’ risk management practices, accounting for the effects of climate change in stress testing scenarios and systemic risk assessments, revising expectations for credit portfolio concentrations based on climate-related factors and encouraging investment by banks in climate-related initiatives and lending to communities disproportionately impacted by the effects of climate change. The lack of empirical data surrounding the credit and other financial risks posed by climate change render it difficult, or even impossible, to predict how specifically climate change may impact our financial condition and results of operations; however, the physical effects of climate change may also directly impact us. Specifically, unpredictable and more frequent weather disasters may adversely impact the real property, and/or the value of the real property, securing the loans in our portfolios. Additionally, if insurance obtained by our borrowers is insufficient to cover any losses sustained to the collateral, or if insurance coverage is otherwise unavailable to our borrowers, the collateral securing our loans may be negatively impacted by climate change, natural disasters and related events, which could impact our financial condition and results of operations. Further, the effects of climate change may negatively impact regional and local economic activity, which could lead to an adverse effect on our customers and impact the communities in which we operate. Overall, climate change, its effects and the resulting, unknown impact could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Cybersecurity, Data and Fraud

We are subject to certain risks in connection with our use of technology.

Our security measures may not be sufficient to mitigate the risk of a cyber-attack. Communications and information systems are essential to the conduct of our business, as we use such systems to manage our customer relationships, our general ledger and virtually all other aspects of our business. Our operations rely on the secure processing, storage, and transmission of confidential and other information in our computer systems and networks. Although we take protective measures and endeavor to modify them as circumstances warrant, the security of our computer systems, software, and networks may be vulnerable to breaches, fraudulent or unauthorized access, denial or degradation of service attacks, misuse, computer viruses, malware or other malicious code and cyber-attacks that could have a security impact. If one or more of these events occur, this could jeopardize our or our customers’ confidential and other information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, our computer systems and networks, or otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in our operations or the operations of our customers or counterparties. We may be required to expend significant additional resources to modify our protective measures or to investigate and remediate vulnerabilities or other exposures, and we may be subject to litigation and financial losses that are either not insured against or not fully covered through any insurance maintained by us. We could also suffer significant reputational damage.

Further, our cardholders use their debit and credit cards to make purchases from third parties or through third-party processing services. As such, we are subject to risk from data breaches of such third-party’s information systems or their payment processors. Such a data security breach could compromise our account information. The payment methods that we offer also subject us to potential fraud and theft by criminals, who are becoming increasingly more sophisticated, seeking to obtain unauthorized access to or exploit weaknesses that may exist in the payment systems. If we fail to comply with applicable rules or requirements for the payment methods we accept, or if payment-related data is compromised due to a breach or misuse of data, we may be liable for losses associated with reimbursing our clients for such fraudulent transactions on clients’ card accounts, as well as costs incurred by payment card issuing banks and other third parties or may be subject to fines and higher transaction fees, or our ability to accept or facilitate certain types of payments may be impaired. We may also incur other costs related to data security breaches, such as replacing cards associated with compromised card accounts. In addition, our customers could lose confidence in certain payment types, which may result in a shift to other payment types or potential changes to our payment systems that may result in higher costs.

Breaches of information security also may occur through intentional or unintentional acts by those having access to our systems or our clients’ or counterparties’ confidential information, including employees. The Company is continuously working to install new and upgrade its existing information technology systems and provide employee awareness training around phishing, malware, and other cyber risks to further protect the Company against cyber risks and security breaches.

There continues to be a rise in electronic fraudulent activity, security breaches and cyber-attacks within the financial services industry, especially in the commercial banking sector due to cyber criminals targeting commercial bank accounts. We are regularly the target of attempted cyber and other security threats and must continuously monitor and develop our information technology networks and infrastructure to prevent, detect, address and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access, misuse, computer viruses and other events that could have a security impact. Insider or employee cyber and security threats are increasingly a concern for

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companies, including ours. We are not aware that we have experienced any material misappropriation, loss or other unauthorized disclosure of confidential or personally identifiable information as a result of a cyber-security breach or other act, however, some of our clients may have been affected by third-party breaches, which could increase their risks of identity theft, credit card fraud and other fraudulent activity that could involve their accounts with us.

Security breaches in our internet banking activities could further expose us to possible liability and damage our reputation. Increases in criminal activity levels and sophistication, advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries, vulnerabilities in third-party technologies (including browsers and operating systems) or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of the technology, processes and controls that we use to prevent fraudulent transactions and to protect data about us, our clients and underlying transactions. Any compromise of our security could deter customers from using our internet banking services that involve the transmission of confidential information. We rely on standard internet security systems to provide the security and authentication necessary to effect secure transmission of data. Although we have developed and continue to invest in systems and processes that are designed to detect and prevent security breaches and cyber-attacks and periodically test our security, these precautions may not protect our systems from compromises or breaches of our security measures, and could result in losses to us or our clients, our loss of business and/or clients, damage to our reputation, the incurrence of additional expenses, disruption to our business, our inability to grow our online services or other businesses, additional regulatory scrutiny or penalties, or our exposure to civil litigation and possible financial liability, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our security measures may not protect us from system failures or interruptions. While we have established policies and procedures to prevent or limit the impact of systems failures and interruptions, there can be no assurance that such events will not occur or that they will be adequately addressed if they do. In addition, we outsource certain aspects of our data processing and other operational functions to certain third-party providers. While the Company selects third-party vendors carefully, it does not control their actions. If our third-party providers encounter difficulties, including those resulting from breakdowns or other disruptions in communication services provided by a vendor, failure of a vendor to handle current or higher transaction volumes, cyber-attacks and security breaches or if we otherwise have difficulty in communicating with them, our ability to adequately process and account for transactions could be affected, and our ability to deliver products and services to our customers and otherwise conduct our business operations could be adversely impacted. Replacing these third-party vendors could also entail significant delay and expense. Threats to information security also exist in the processing of customer information through various other vendors and their personnel.

We cannot assure that such breaches, failures or interruptions will not occur or, if they do occur, that they will be adequately addressed by us or the third parties on which we rely. We may not be insured against all types of losses as a result of third-party failures and insurance coverage may be inadequate to cover all losses resulting from breaches, system failures or other disruptions. If any of our third-party service providers experience financial, operational or technological difficulties, or if there is any other disruption in our relationships with them, we may be required to identify alternative sources of such services, and we cannot assure that we could negotiate terms that are as favorable to us, or could obtain services with similar functionality as found in our existing systems without the need to expend substantial resources, if at all. Further, the occurrence of any systems failure or interruption could damage our reputation and result in a loss of customers and business, could subject us to additional regulatory scrutiny, or could expose us to legal liability. Any of these occurrences could have a materially adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

The board of directors oversees the risk management process, including the risk of cybersecurity, and engages with management on cybersecurity issues.

Our business may be adversely affected by an increasing prevalence of fraud and other financial crimes.

As a bank, we are susceptible to fraudulent activity that may be committed against us or our clients, which may result in financial losses or increased costs to us or our clients, disclosure or misuse of our information or our client information, misappropriation of assets, privacy breaches against our clients, litigation or damage to our reputation. Such fraudulent activity may take many forms, including check fraud, electronic fraud, wire fraud, phishing, social engineering and other dishonest acts. Nationally, reported incidents of fraud and other financial crimes have increased. We have also experienced losses due to apparent fraud and other financial crimes. While we have policies and procedures designed to prevent such losses, there can be no assurance that such losses will not occur.

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Risks Related to Accounting Matters

The Company’s reported financial results depend on management’s selection of accounting methods and certain assumptions and estimates, which, if incorrect, could cause unexpected losses in the future.

The Company’s accounting policies and methods are fundamental to how the Company records and reports its financial condition and results of operations. The Company’s management must exercise judgment in selecting and applying many of these accounting policies and methods so they comply with GAAP and reflect management’s judgment regarding the most appropriate manner to report the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. In some cases, management must select the accounting policy or method to apply from two or more alternatives, any of which might be reasonable under the circumstances, yet might result in the Company’s reporting materially different results than would have been reported under a different alternative.

Certain accounting policies are critical to presenting the Company’s financial condition and results of operations. They require management to make difficult, subjective or complex judgments about matters that are uncertain. Materially different amounts could be reported under different conditions or using different assumptions or estimates. These critical accounting estimates include, but are not limited to the allowance for loan losses, the valuation of investment securities, goodwill valuation and the calculation of income taxes, including tax provisions and realization of deferred tax assets; and the fair value of assets and liabilities. Because of the uncertainty of estimates involved in these matters, the Company may be required, among other things, to significantly increase the allowance for loan losses, sustain credit losses that are significantly higher than the reserve provided, and/or record a write-off of goodwill as a result of impairment. For more information, refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Critical Accounting Estimates” contained in this Form 10-K.

We may experience future goodwill impairment, which could reduce our earnings.

We performed our annual goodwill impairment test as of October 31, 2022, and the test concluded that recorded goodwill was not impaired. Our assessment of the fair value of goodwill is based on an evaluation of current purchase transactions, discounted cash flows from forecasted earnings, our current market capitalization, and a valuation of our assets. Our evaluation of the fair value of goodwill involves a substantial amount of judgment. If our judgment was incorrect, or if events or circumstances change, and an impairment of goodwill was deemed to exist, we would be required to write down our goodwill resulting in a charge to earnings, which would adversely affect our results of operations, perhaps materially; however, it would have no impact on our liquidity, operations or regulatory capital. We performed a qualitative assessment of goodwill at March 31, 2023 and concluded that recorded goodwill was not impaired. Our test of goodwill for potential impairment is based on a qualitative assessment by management that takes into consideration macroeconomic conditions, industry and market conditions, cost or margin factors, financial performance and share price.

Risks Related to our Business and Industry General

We rely on other companies to provide key components of our business infrastructure.

We rely on numerous external vendors to provide us with products and services necessary to maintain our day-to-day operations. Accordingly, our operations are exposed to risk that these vendors will not perform in accordance with the contracted arrangements under service level agreements. The failure of an external vendor to perform in accordance with the contracted arrangements under service level agreements because of changes in the vendor’s organizational structure, financial condition, support for existing products and services or strategic focus or for any other reason, could be disruptive to our operations, which in turn could have a material negative impact on our financial condition and results of operations. We also could be adversely affected to the extent such an agreement is not renewed by the third-party vendor or is renewed on terms less favorable to us. Additionally, the bank regulatory agencies expect financial institutions to be responsible for all aspects of our vendors’ performance, including aspects which they delegate to third parties. Disruptions or failures in the physical infrastructure or operating systems that support our business and clients, or cyber-attacks or security breaches of the networks, systems or devices that our clients use to access our products and services could result in client attrition, regulatory fines, penalties or intervention, reputational damage, reimbursement or other compensation costs, and/or additional compliance costs, any of which could materially adversely affect our results of operations or financial condition.

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We will be required to transition from the use of LIBOR in the future.

We have junior subordinated debentures indexed to LIBOR to calculate the interest rate. ICE Benchmark Administration, the authorized and regulated administrator of LIBOR, ended publication of the one-week and two-month U.S. Dollar (“USD”) LIBOR tenors on December 31, 2021 and the remaining USD LIBOR tenors will end publication in June 2023. Financial services regulators and industry groups have collaborated to develop alternate reference rate indices or reference rates. The transition to a new reference rate requires changes to contracts, risk and pricing models, valuation tools, systems, product design and hedging strategies. At this time, no consensus exists as to what rate or rates may become acceptable alternatives to LIBOR (with the exception of overnight repurchase agreements, which are expected to be based on the Secured Overnight Financing Rate, or SOFR). The language in our LIBOR-based contracts and financial instruments has developed over time and may have various events that trigger when a successor rate to the designated rate would be selected. If a trigger is satisfied, contracts and financial instruments may give the calculation agent discretion over the substitute index or indices for the calculation of interest rates to be selected. The implementation of a substitute index or indices for the calculation of interest rates under our agreements may result in incurring significant expenses in effecting the transition, may result in reduced loan balances if the substitute index or indices is not accepted and may result in disputes or litigation with customers and creditors over the appropriateness or comparability to LIBOR of the substitute index or indices, which could have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

Ineffective liquidity management could adversely affect our financial results and condition.

Liquidity is essential to our business. We rely on a number of different sources in order to meet our potential liquidity demands. Our primary sources of liquidity are increases in deposit accounts, cash flows from loan payments and our securities portfolio. Borrowings also provide us with a source of funds to meet liquidity demands. An inability to raise funds through deposits, borrowings, the sale of loans or investment securities, or other sources could have a substantial negative effect on our liquidity. Our access to funding sources in amounts adequate to finance our activities or on terms which are acceptable to us could be impaired by factors that affect us specifically, or the financial services industry or economy in general. Factors that could detrimentally impact our access to liquidity sources include a decrease in the level of our business activity as a result of a downturn in the Washington or Oregon markets in which our loans are concentrated, negative operating results, or adverse regulatory action against us. Our ability to borrow could also be impaired by factors that are not specific to us, such as a disruption in the financial markets or negative views and expectations about the prospects for the financial services industry or deterioration in credit markets. Any decline in available funding in amounts adequate to finance our activities or on terms which are acceptable could adversely impact our ability to originate loans, invest in securities, meet our expenses or fulfill obligations such as repaying our borrowings or meeting deposit withdraw demands, any of which could, in turn, have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. See “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations - Liquidity” of this Form 10-K.

Additionally, collateralized public funds are bank deposits of state and local municipalities. These deposits are required to be secured by certain investment grade securities to ensure repayment, which on the one hand tends to reduce our contingent liquidity risk by making these funds somewhat less credit sensitive, but on the other hand reduces standby liquidity by restricting the potential liquidity of the pledged collateral. Although these funds historically have been a relatively stable source of funds for us, availability depends on the individual municipality’s fiscal policies and cash flow needs.

Our branching strategy may cause our expenses to increase faster than revenues.

Since June 2020, we opened three new branches in Clark County, Washington and may open additional branches in our market area in the future. The success of our branch expansion strategy is contingent upon numerous factors, such as our ability to secure managerial resources, hire and retain qualified personnel and implement effective marketing strategies. The opening of new branches may not increase the volume of our loans and deposits as quickly or to the degree that we hope and opening new branches will increase our operating expenses. On average, de novo branches do not become profitable until three to four years after opening. Further, the projected timeline and the estimated dollar amounts involved in opening de novo branches could differ significantly from actual results. We may not successfully manage the costs and implementation risks associated with our branching strategy. Accordingly, any new branch may negatively impact our earnings for some period of time until the branch reaches certain economies of scale. Finally, there is a risk that our new branches will not be successful even after they have been established.

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Our growth or future losses may require us to raise additional capital in the future, but that capital may not be available when it is needed or the cost of that capital may be very high.

We are required by federal regulatory authorities to maintain adequate levels of capital to support our operations. Our ability to raise additional capital, if needed, will depend on conditions in the capital markets at that time, which are outside our control, and on our financial condition and performance. Accordingly, we cannot make assurances that we will be able to raise additional capital if needed on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all. If we cannot raise additional capital when needed, our ability to further expand our operations could be materially impaired and our financial condition and liquidity could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, any additional capital we obtain may result in the dilution of the interests of existing holders of our common stock. Further, if we are unable to raise additional capital when required by our bank regulators, we may be subject to adverse regulatory action.

If we fail to meet the expectations of our stakeholders with respect to our environmental, social and governance (“ESG”) practices, including those relating to sustainability, it may have an adverse effect on our reputation and results of operation.

Our reputation may also be negatively impacted by our diversity, equity and inclusion (“DEI”) efforts if they fall short of expectations. In addition, various private third-party organizations have developed ratings processes for evaluating companies on their approach to ESG and DEI matters. These ratings may be used by some investors to assist with their investment and voting decisions. Any unfavorable ratings may lead to reputational damage and negative sentiment among our investors and other stakeholders. Furthermore, increased ESG related compliance costs could result in increases to our overall operational costs. Failure to adapt to or comply with regulatory requirements or investor or stakeholder expectations and standards could negatively impact our reputation, ability to do business with certain partners, and our stock price. New government regulations could also result in new or more stringent forms of ESG oversight and expanding mandatory and voluntary reporting, diligence, and disclosure.

Competition with other financial institutions could adversely affect our profitability.

Although we consider ourselves competitive in our market areas, we face intense competition in both making loans and attracting deposits. Price competition for loans and deposits might result in our earning less on our loans and paying more on our deposits, which reduces net interest income. Some of the institutions with which we compete have substantially greater resources than we have and may offer services that we do not provide. We expect competition to increase in the future as a result of legislative, regulatory and technological changes and the continuing trend of consolidation in the financial services industry. Our profitability will depend upon our continued ability to compete successfully in our market areas.

Our ability to retain and recruit key management personnel and bankers is critical to the success of our business strategy and any failure to do so could impair our customer relationships and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Competition for qualified employees and personnel in the banking industry is intense and there are a limited number of qualified persons with knowledge of, and experience in, the community banking industry where the Bank conducts its business. The process of recruiting personnel with the combination of skills and attributes required to carry out our strategies is often lengthy. Our success depends to a significant degree upon our ability to attract and retain qualified management, loan origination, finance, administrative, marketing and technical personnel and upon the continued contributions of our management and personnel. In particular, our success has been and continues to be highly dependent upon the abilities of key executives, including our President and Chief Executive Officer, and certain other employees. Our ability to retain and grow our loans, deposits, and fee income depends upon the business generation capabilities, reputation, and relationship management skills of our lenders. If we were to lose the services of any of our bankers, including successful bankers employed by banks that we may acquire, to a new or existing competitor, or otherwise, we may not be able to retain valuable relationships and some of our customers could choose to use the services of a competitor instead of our services. In addition, our success has been and continues to be highly dependent upon the services of our directors, many of whom are at or nearing retirement age, and we may not be able to identify and attract suitable candidates to replace such directors.

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Managing reputational risk is important to attracting and maintaining customers, investors and employees.

Threats to our reputation can come from many sources, including adverse sentiment about financial institutions generally, unethical practices, employee misconduct, failure to deliver minimum standards of service or quality or operational failures due to integration or conversion challenges as a result of acquisitions we undertake, compliance deficiencies, and questionable or fraudulent activities of our customers. We have policies and procedures in place to protect our reputation and promote ethical conduct, but these policies and procedures may not be fully effective. Negative publicity regarding our business, employees, or customers, with or without merit, may result in the loss of customers, investors and employees, costly litigation, a decline in revenues and increased governmental regulation.

We rely on dividends from the Bank for substantially all of our revenue at the holding company level.

Riverview is a separate legal entity from its subsidiaries and does not have significant operations of its own. The long-term ability of Riverview to pay dividends to its stockholders and debt payments is based primarily upon the ability of the Bank to make capital distributions to Riverview, and also on the availability of cash at the holding company level. The availability of dividends from the Bank is limited by the Bank’s earnings and capital, as well as various statutes and regulations. In the event the Bank is unable to pay dividends to us, we may not be able to pay dividends on our common stock or make payments on our outstanding debt. Consequently, the inability to receive dividends from the Bank could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and future prospects. Also, our right to participate in a distribution of assets upon a subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization is subject to the prior claims of the subsidiary’s creditors.

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Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

The executive offices of the Company are located in downtown Vancouver, Washington at 900 Washington Street. The Company’s operational center is also located in Vancouver, Washington (both offices are leased). At March 31, 2023, the Bank had ten offices located in Clark County, Washington (four of which are leased), two offices in Klickitat County, Washington and one office in Skamania County, Washington. The Bank also has two offices in Multnomah County, Oregon, one leased office in Washington County, Oregon and one office in Marion County, Oregon. In addition, at March 31, 2023, the Trust Company had one office as part of the executive offices leased and one leased office in Clackamas County, Oregon. In the opinion of management, all properties are adequately covered by insurance, are in a good state of repair and are appropriately designed for their present and future use.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Periodically, there have been various claims and lawsuits involving the Company, such as claims to enforce liens, condemnation proceedings on properties in which the Company holds security interests, claims involving the making and servicing of real property loans and other issues incident to the Company’s business. The Company is not a party to any pending legal proceedings that it believes would have a material adverse effect on the financial condition, results of operations or liquidity of the Company.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Market Information and Holders

The Company’s common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “RVSB.” At June 14, 2023, there were 554 stockholders of record and an estimated 2,999 holders in nominee or “street name” through various brokerage firms.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchases

On November 17, 2022, the Company announced that its Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program (the “November 2022 repurchase program”). Under the November 2022 repurchase program, the Company was authorized to repurchase up to $2.5 million of the Company’s outstanding shares of common stock, in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions, over a period beginning on November 28, 2022 and continuing until the earlier of the completion of the authorized level of repurchases or May 28, 2023, depending upon market conditions. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had repurchased 285,172 shares, or $1.9 million, of the Company’s outstanding shares at an average price of $6.74 per share. Shares repurchased under the November 2022 repurchase program are retired as settled.

The actual timing, number and value of shares repurchased under the November 2022 repurchase program will depend on a number of factors, including constraints specified in any Rule 10b5-1 plan, price, general business and market conditions, and alternative investment opportunities. The share repurchase program does not obligate us to acquire any specific number of shares in any period, and may be expanded, extended, modified or discontinued by our Board of Directors at any time.

The following table sets forth the Company’s repurchases of its outstanding common stock under the November 2022 repurchase program during the three months ended March 31, 2023:

Total Dollar Maximum Dollar Value

Total Average Value Purchased of Shares that

Number of Price as Part of Publicly May Yet Be Purchased

Shares Paid per Announced Stock Under the Stock

Period Purchased Share Repurchase Program Repurchase Program

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The equity compensation plan information presented in Part III, Item 12 of this Form 10-K is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 6. [Reserved]

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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

General

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations is intended to assist in understanding the financial condition and results of operations of the Company. The information contained in this section should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes thereto contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K and the other sections contained in this Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Estimates

We prepare our consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP. In doing so, we have to make estimates and assumptions. Our critical accounting estimates are those estimates that involve a significant level of uncertainty at the time the estimate was made, and changes in the estimate that are reasonably likely to occur from period to period, or use of different estimates that we reasonably could have used in the current period, would have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations. Accordingly, actual results could differ materially from our estimates. We base our estimates on past experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, and we evaluate these estimates on an ongoing basis. We have reviewed our critical accounting estimates with the audit committee of our Board of Directors.

The Company has identified policies that due to the significant level of judgement, estimation and assumptions inherent in those policies are critical to an understanding of the Company’s consolidated financial statements. These policies include our accounting policies related to the methodology for the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the valuation of investment securities and goodwill valuations. The following is a discussion of the critical accounting estimates involved with those accounting policies.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is considered a critical accounting policy by management because of the high degree of judgment involved, the subjectivity of the assumptions used, and the potential for changes in the economic environment that could result in changes to the amount of the recorded allowance for loan losses. The provision for loan losses reflects the amount required to maintain the allowance for loan losses at an appropriate level based upon management’s evaluation of the adequacy of general and specific loss reserves. Determining the amount of the allowance for loan losses involves a high degree of judgment. Among the material estimates required to establish the allowance for loan losses are: overall economic conditions; value of collateral; strength of guarantors; loss exposure at default; the amount and timing of future cash flows on impaired loans; and determination of loss factors to be applied to the various elements of the portfolio. All of these estimates are susceptible to significant change. Based on the analysis of the allowance for loan losses, the amount of the allowance for loan losses is increased by the provision for loan losses and decreased by a recapture of loan losses and are charged against current period earnings.

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level sufficient to provide for probable losses based on evaluating known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio and upon our continuing analysis of the factors underlying the quality of the loan portfolio. The allowance for loan losses is comprised of a general component, a specific component and an unallocated component. The general component is based on historical loss experience applied to loan segments adjusted by qualitative factors. These qualitative factors include: lending policies and procedures, including underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices; national and local economic trends and conditions; nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans; experience, ability, and depth of lending management and staff; volume and severity of past due, classified and non-accrual loans as well as other loan modifications; quality of the Company’s loan review system; existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations; changes in the value of underlying collateral; and other external factors. The specific component relates to loans that been evaluated for impairment because all contractual amounts of principal and interest will not be paid as scheduled. Based on this impairment analysis, a specific reserve may be established. An unallocated portion is established for uncertainties that may not be identified in either the general or specific component of the allowance for loan losses. The allowance for loan losses is based upon factors and trends identified by us at the time financial statements are prepared. Although we use the best information available, future adjustments to the allowance for loan losses may be necessary due to economic, operating, regulatory and other conditions beyond our control. While we believe the estimates and assumptions used in our determination of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses are reasonable, there can be no assurance that such estimates and assumptions will not be proven incorrect in the future, or that the actual amount of future provisions will not exceed the amount of past provisions or that any increased provisions that may be required will not adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

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Valuation of Investment Securities.

The Company determines the estimated fair value of certain assets that are classified as Level 3 under the fair value hierarchy established under GAAP. These Level 3 assets are valued using significant unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity and that are significant to the estimated fair value of the assets. These Level 3 assets are certain loans measured for impairment for which there is neither an active market for identical assets from which to determine fair value, nor is there sufficient, current market information about similar assets to use as observable, corroborated data for all significant inputs in a valuation model. Under these circumstances, the estimated fair values of these assets are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, appraisals, and other valuation methods in accordance with accounting standards, for which the determination of fair value requires significant management judgment or estimation.

Valuations using models or other techniques are dependent upon assumptions used for the significant inputs. Where market data is available, the inputs used for valuation reflect that information as of the valuation date. In periods of extreme volatility, lessened liquidity or in illiquid markets, there may be more variability in market pricing or a lack of market data to use in the valuation process. Judgment is then applied in formulating those inputs.

Certain loans included in the loan portfolio were deemed impaired at March 31, 2023. Accordingly, loans measured for impairment were classified as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy as there is no active market for these loans. Measuring impairment of a loan requires judgment and estimates, and the eventual outcomes may differ from those estimates. Impairment was measured based on a number of factors, including recent independent appraisals which are further reduced for estimated selling costs or by estimating the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the loan’s effective interest rate.

For additional information on our Level 1, 2 and 3 fair value measurements see Note 15 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Goodwill Valuation

Goodwill is initially recorded when the purchase price paid for an acquisition exceeds the estimated fair value of the net identified tangible and intangible assets acquired. Goodwill is presumed to have an indefinite useful life and is tested, at least annually, for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company has two reporting units, the Bank and the Trust Company, for purposes of evaluating goodwill for impairment. All of the Company’s goodwill has been allocated to the Bank reporting unit. The Company performs an annual review in the third quarter of each fiscal year, or more frequently if indications of potential impairment exist, to determine if the recorded goodwill is impaired. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, goodwill at the reporting unit level is not considered impaired and no additional analysis is necessary. If the carrying value of the reporting unit is greater than its fair value, there is an indication that impairment may exist and additional analysis must be performed to measure the amount of impairment loss, if any. The amount of impairment is determined by comparing the implied fair value of the reporting unit’s goodwill to the carrying value of the goodwill in the same manner as if the reporting unit was being acquired in a business combination. Specifically, the Company would allocate the fair value to all of the assets and liabilities of the reporting unit, including unrecognized intangible assets, in a hypothetical analysis that would calculate the implied fair value of goodwill. If the implied fair value of goodwill is less than the recorded goodwill, the Company would record an impairment charge for the difference.

A significant amount of judgment is involved in determining if an indicator of impairment has occurred. Such indicators may include, among others: a significant decline in our expected future cash flows; a sustained, significant decline in our stock price and market capitalization; a significant adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate; adverse action or assessment by a regulator; and unanticipated competition. Any adverse change in these factors could have a significant impact on the recoverability of these assets and could have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test as of October 31, 2022. The goodwill impairment test involves a two-step process. Step one of the goodwill impairment test estimates the fair value of the reporting unit utilizing the allocation of corporate value approach, the income approach, the whole bank transaction approach and the market approach in order to derive an enterprise value of the Company. The allocation of corporate value approach applies the aggregate market value of the Company and divides it among the reporting units. A key assumption in this approach is the control premium applied to the aggregate market value. A control premium is utilized as the value of a company from the perspective of a controlling interest is generally higher than the widely quoted market price per share. The Company used an expected control premium of 30%, which was based on comparable transactional history. The income approach uses a reporting unit’s projection of estimated operating results and cash flows that are discounted using a rate that reflects current market conditions. The projection uses management’s best estimates of

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economic and market conditions over the projected period including growth rates in loans and deposits, estimates of future expected changes in net interest margins and cash expenditures. Assumptions used by the Company in its discounted cash flow model (income approach) included an annual revenue growth rate that approximated 2.0%, a net interest margin that approximated 3.7% and a return on assets that ranged from 1.22% to 1.30% (average of 1.26%). In addition to utilizing the above projections of estimated operating results, key assumptions used to determine the fair value estimate under the income approach were the discount rate of 18.33% utilized for our cash flow estimates and a terminal value estimated at 1.43 times the ending book value of the reporting unit. The Company used a build-up approach in developing the discount rate that included: an assessment of the risk-free interest rate, the rate of return expected from publicly traded stocks, the industry the Company operates in and the size of the Company. The whole bank transaction approach estimates fair value by applying key financial variables in transactions involving acquisitions of similar institutions. The market approach estimates fair value by applying tangible book value multiples to the reporting unit’s operating performance. The multiples are derived from comparable publicly traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics of the reporting unit. In applying the market approach method, the Company selected four publicly traded comparable institutions. After selecting comparable institutions, the Company derived the fair value of the reporting unit by completing a comparative analysis of the relationship between their financial metrics listed above and their market values utilizing a market multiple of 1.0 times book value, a market multiple of 1.1 times tangible book value and an earnings multiple of 10 times. The Company calculated a fair value of its reporting unit of $192.0 million using the corporate value approach, $169.2 million using the income approach and $230.0 million using the market approach, with a final concluded value of $197.0 million, with equal weight given to the income approach, the market approach and the corporate value approach. The results of the Company’s step one test indicated that the reporting unit’s fair value was greater than its carrying value and therefore no impairment of goodwill exists.

The Company also completed a qualitative assessment of goodwill as of March 31, 2023 and concluded that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the Bank (the reporting unit), exceeds its carrying value at that date. Even though the Company determined that there was no goodwill impairment, a sustained decline in the value of its stock price as well as values of other financial institutions, declines in revenue for the Company beyond our current forecasts, significant adverse changes in the operating environment for the financial industry or an increase in the value of our assets without an increase in the value of the reporting unit may result in a future impairment charge.

It is also possible that changes in circumstances existing at the measurement date or at other times in the future, or in the numerous estimates associated with management’s judgments, assumptions and estimates made in assessing the fair value of our goodwill, could result in an impairment charge of a portion or all of our goodwill. If the Company recorded an impairment charge, its financial position and results of operations would be adversely affected; however, such an impairment charge would have no impact on our liquidity, operations or regulatory capital.

For additional information concerning critical accounting policies, see Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in "Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data." and the following:

Operating Strategy and Selected Financial Information

Fiscal year 2024 marks the 100th anniversary for Riverview Bank, which opened for business in 1923. Our primary business strategy is to provide comprehensive banking and related financial services within our primary market area. The Company’s goal is to deliver returns to shareholders by increasing higher-yielding assets (in particular, commercial real estate and commercial business loans), increasing core deposit balances, managing problem assets, reducing expenses, hiring experienced employees with a commercial lending focus and exploring expansion opportunities. The Company seeks to achieve these results by focusing on the following objectives:

Execution of our Business Plan. The Company is focused on increasing its loan portfolio, especially higher yielding commercial and construction loans, and its core deposits by expanding its customer base throughout its primary market areas. While the Company historically emphasized residential real estate lending, since 1998 it has been diversifying its loan portfolio through the expansion of its commercial and construction loan portfolios. At March 31, 2023, commercial and construction loans represented 89.9% of total loans. Commercial lending, including commercial real estate loans, typically involves more credit risk than residential lending, justifying higher interest margins and fees on loans which can increase the loan portfolio’s profitability. In addition, by emphasizing total relationship banking, the Company intends to deepen the relationships with its customers and increase individual customer profitability through cross-marketing programs, which allows the Company to better identify lending opportunities and services for customers. To build its core deposit base, the Company will continue to utilize additional product offerings, technology and a focus on customer service in working toward this goal. The Company will also continue to seek to expand its franchise through de novo branches, the selective acquisition of individual branches, loan purchases and whole bank

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transactions that meet its investment and market objectives. In this regard, the Company recently opened three new branches located in Clark County, Washington, to complement its existing branch network.

Maintaining Strong Asset Quality. The Company believes that strong asset quality is a key to long-term financial success. The Company has actively managed delinquent loans and nonperforming assets by aggressively pursuing the collection of consumer debts, marketing saleable properties upon foreclosure or repossession, and through work-outs of classified assets and loan charge-offs. The Company’s approach to credit management uses well defined policies and procedures and disciplined underwriting criteria resulting in our strong asset quality and credit metrics in fiscal year 2023. Although the Company intends to prudently increase the percentage of its assets consisting of higher-yielding commercial real estate, real estate construction and commercial business loans, which offer higher risk-adjusted returns, shorter maturities and more sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations, the Company intends to manage credit exposure through the use of experienced bankers in these areas and a conservative approach to its lending.

Introduction of New Products and Services. The Company continuously reviews new products and services to provide its customers more financial options. All new technology and services are generally reviewed for business development and cost saving purposes. The Company continues to experience growth in customer use of its online banking services, where the Bank provides a full array of traditional cash management products as well as online banking products including mobile banking, mobile deposit, bill pay, e-statements, and text banking. The products are tailored to meet the needs of small to medium size businesses and households in the markets we serve. The Company intends to selectively add other products to further diversify revenue sources and to capture more of each customer’s banking relationship by cross selling loan and deposit products and additional services, including services provided through the Trust Company to increase its fee income. Assets under management by the Trust Company totaled $890.6 million and $1.3 billion at March 31, 2023 and March 31, 2022, respectively. The Company also offers a third-party identity theft product to its customers. The identity theft product assists our customers in monitoring their credit and includes an identity theft restoration service.

Attracting Core Deposits and Other Deposit Products. The Company offers personal checking, savings and money-market accounts, which generally are lower-cost sources of funds than certificates of deposit and are less likely to be withdrawn when interest rates fluctuate. To build its core deposit base, the Company has sought to reduce its dependence on traditional higher cost deposits in favor of stable lower cost core deposits to fund loan growth and decrease its reliance on other wholesale funding sources, including brokered deposits, FHLB advances and FRB borrowings. The Company believes that its continued focus on building customer relationships will help to increase the level of core deposits and locally-based retail certificates of deposit. In addition, the Company intends to increase demand deposits by growing business banking relationships through expanded product lines tailored to meet its target business customers’ needs. The Company maintains technology-based products to encourage the growth of lower cost deposits, such as personal financial management, business cash management, and business remote deposit products, that enable it to meet its customers’ cash management needs and compete effectively with banks of all sizes. Core branch deposits decreased $250.1 million at March 31, 2023 compared to March 31, 2022 due to deposit pricing pressures in our markets, resulting in the Company’s use of higher costing FHLB advances during fiscal 2023. Core branch deposits accounted for 97.5% of total deposits at March 31, 2023 compared to 96.8% at March 31, 2022.

Recruiting and Retaining Highly Competent Personnel with a Focus on Commercial Lending. The Company’s ability to continue to attract and retain banking professionals with strong community relationships and significant knowledge of its markets will be a key to its success. The Company believes that it enhances its market position and adds profitable growth opportunities by focusing on hiring and retaining experienced bankers focused on owner occupied commercial real estate and commercial lending, and the deposit balances that accompany these relationships. The Company emphasizes to its employees the importance of delivering exemplary customer service and seeking opportunities to build further relationships with its customers. The goal is to compete with other financial service providers by relying on the strength of the Company’s customer service and relationship banking approach. The Company believes that one of its strengths is that its employees are also shareholders through the Company’s ESOP and 401(k) plans.

Selected Financial Data: The following financial condition data as of March 31, 2023 and 2022 and operating data and key financial ratios for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023, 2022, and 2021 have been derived from the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements. The information below is qualified in its entirety by the detailed information included elsewhere herein and should be read along with this “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and Item 8. “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” included in this Form 10-K.

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At March 31,

(In thousands)

FINANCIAL CONDITION DATA:

FHLB advances 123,754 —

Year Ended March 31,

(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

OPERATING DATA:

Provision for (recapture of) loan losses 750 (4,625) 6,300

Earnings per share:

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At or For the Years Ended March 31,

KEY FINANCIAL RATIOS:

Performance Ratios:

Return on average assets 1.08 % 1.31 % 0.74 %

Non-interest expense to average assets 2.36 2.20 2.56

Asset Quality Ratios:

Allowance for loan losses to total loans at end of period 1.52 1.47 2.03

Ratio of nonperforming assets to total assets 0.12 1.27 0.04

Ratio of nonperforming loans to total loans 0.18 2.23 0.06

Capital Ratios:

Common equity tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets 15.69 15.12 16.09

(1) Dividends per share divided by diluted earnings per share.

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Comparison of Financial Condition at March 31, 2023 and 2022

Cash and cash equivalents, including interest-earning accounts, totaled $22.0 million at March 31, 2023 compared to $241.4 million at March 31, 2022. The Company’s cash balances typically fluctuate based upon funding needs, deposit activity and investment securities purchases. Based on the Company’s asset/liability management program and liquidity objectives, the Company may deploy a portion of excess cash balances to purchase investment securities depending on the rate environment and other considerations. As a part of this strategy, the Company also invests a portion of its excess cash in short-term certificates of deposit held for investment, all of which are fully insured by the FDIC. Certificates of deposits held for investment totaled $249,000 at both March 31, 2023 and 2022.

Investment securities totaled $455.3 million and $418.9 million at March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was due to investment purchases, partially offset by normal pay downs, calls and maturities. During the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, purchases of investment securities totaled $81.8 million and $224.6 million, respectively. The Company primarily purchases a combination of securities backed by government agencies (FHLMC, FNMA, SBA or GNMA). At March 31, 2023, the Company determined that none of its investment securities required an OTTI charge. In the third quarter of fiscal 2022, the Company reassessed and transferred $85.8 million of U.S. government and agency securities from the available for sale classification to the held to maturity classification. The net unrealized after tax gain of $18,000 was deemed insignificant and the book balance of investment securities were transferred. No gains or losses were recognized at the time of the transfer. For additional information on the Company’s investment securities, see Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Loans receivable, net, totaled $993.5 million at March 31, 2023, compared to $975.9 million at March 31, 2022, an increase of $17.6 million. The increase was primarily attributed to increases in real estate construction loans of $23.6 million, commercial business loans of $4.8 million and real estate one-to-four family loans of $17.7 million. The increases in commercial business loans and real estate one-to-four family loans were attributable to the purchase of $28.7 million and $26.8 million of such loans, respectively. These increases were partially offset by decreases in commercial real estate, multi-family and land loans of $18.3 million, $4.4 million and $5.1 million, respectively, since March 31, 2022. In addition, these increases were offset by a decrease in SBA PPP loans related to forgiveness repayments. At March 31, 2023, SBA PPP loans, net of deferred fees which are included in the commercial business loan category were insignificant compared to $3.1 million at March 31, 2022.

The Company no longer originates real estate one-to-four family loans and will from time to time purchase these loans consistent with its asset/liability objectives. Additionally, the Company will purchase commercial business loans to supplement loan originations and diversify the commercial loan portfolio. These loans were originated by a third-party located outside of the Company’s primary market area and totaled $26.2 million and $14.7 million at March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The Company also purchases the guaranteed portion of SBA loans as a way to supplement loan originations, to further diversify its loan portfolio and earn a higher yield than earned on its cash or short-term investments. These SBA loans are originated through another financial institution located outside of the Company’s primary market area and are purchased with servicing retained by the seller. At March 31, 2023, the Company’s purchased SBA loan portfolio was $55.5 million compared to $59.4 million at March 31, 2022.

Goodwill was $27.1 million at both March 31, 2023 and 2022. For additional information on our goodwill impairment testing, see “Goodwill Valuation” included in this Item 7.

Prepaid expenses and other assets increased $3.6 million to $16.0 million at March 31, 2023 compared to $12.4 million at March 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a computer software contract for a new loan origination system that was executed in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2023.

Deposits decreased $268.7 million to $1.3 billion at March 31, 2023 compared to $1.5 billion at March 31, 2022 due to increased competition, pricing and an overall decrease in market liquidity. The decrease in deposits was attributable to reductions in non-interest-bearing accounts of $89.9 million, regular savings accounts of $84.9 million, money market accounts of $78.0 million and interest checking of $33.3 million. These decreases were partially offset by an increase of $17.5 million in certificates of deposit. The Company had no wholesale-brokered deposits at March 31, 2023 and 2022. Core branch deposits accounted for 97.5% of total deposits at March 31, 2023 compared to 96.8% at March 31, 2022. The Company plans to continue its focus on core deposits and on building customer relationships as opposed to obtaining deposits through the wholesale markets.

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FHLB advances increased to $123.8 million at March 31, 2023 and were comprised of overnight advances and a short-term borrowing of $73.8 million and $50.0 million, respectively. There were no outstanding FHLB advances at March 31, 2022. These FHLB advances were utilized to offset the decrease in deposit balances.

Shareholders’ equity decreased $2.0 million to $155.2 million at March 31, 2023 from $157.2 million at March 31, 2022. The decrease was mainly attributable to the increase in the accumulated other comprehensive loss related to the change in unrealized holding losses on securities available for sale, net of tax, of $8.4 million, the repurchase of 975,666 shares of common stock totaling $6.7 million, and the payment of cash dividends totaling $5.2 million. These decreases were partially offset by net income of $18.1 million.

Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended March 31, 2023 and 2022

Net Income. Net income was $18.1 million, or $0.83 per diluted share, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, compared to $21.8 million, or $0.98 per diluted share, for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The Company’s net income decreased primarily as a result of a provision for loan losses of $750,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to a $4.6 million recapture of loan losses for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. Non-interest expense increased to $39.4 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, compared to $36.7 million for the prior fiscal year as the Company recognized a $1.0 million gain on sale of premises and equipment during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, that was not present during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, as well as year over year increases in salary and employee benefits, occupancy and depreciation, and advertising and marketing expense. In addition,non-interest income decreased $550,000 as a result of a decrease in fees and service charges and a $500,000 BOLI death benefit received during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 that was not present during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, partially offset by an increase in asset management fees.

Net Interest Income. The Company’s profitability depends primarily on its net interest income, which is the difference between the income it receives on interest-earning assets and the interest paid on deposits and borrowings. When the rate earned on interest-earning assets equals or exceeds the rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities, this positive interest rate spread will generate net interest income. The Company’s results of operations are also significantly affected by general economic and competitive conditions, particularly changes in market interest rates, government legislation and regulation, and monetary and fiscal policies.

Net interest income for fiscal year 2023 increased $4.0 million, or 8.4%, to $51.6 million compared to $47.6 million in fiscal year 2022. The net interest margin for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 was 3.26% compared to 3.03% for the prior fiscal year. The increase in the net interest margin was primarily attributable to both the higher average balance and yield on investment securities compared to the legacy investment securities portfolios and an increase in the average yield on interest-bearing deposits in other banks balances between the periods reflecting the lagging benefit of variable rate interest-earning assets beginning to reprice higher following recent increases in market interest rates.

Interest and Dividend Income. Interest and dividend income increased $5.8 million to $55.7 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 from $49.8 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The increase was primarily related to the increase in interest income on the investment securities portfolio due to the overall increase in average balance of and yield on investment securities. Interest income on investment securities increased $3.8 million to $9.0 million at March 31, 2023 compared to $5.2 million at March 31, 2022. This increase was also attributable to the increase of $665,000 on interest and fees earned on loans receivable for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to the prior fiscal year due to the increase in the average balance of average net loans. The impact of the increase in the average net loans was offset by the decrease in the average yield on net loans by 28 basis points to 4.44% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, predominantly from higher deferred SBA PPP loan fees recognized from SBA PPP loans that were forgiven. SBA PPP loans had a favorable impact on our loan yields when SBA PPP loans are forgiven and the remaining deferred fees are recognized which increase the average net loan yield for fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 that were not present for the fiscal year-ended March 31, 2023. Interest and dividend income included $102,000 and $3.0 million of interest and fees related to SBA PPP loans for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The average balance of overnight cash balances positively impacted interest and dividend income due to the average yield on interest-bearing deposits at other banks which increased 161 basis points for fiscal year 2023 to 1.76% compared to 0.15% for fiscal year 2022.

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Interest Expense. Interest expense for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 totaled $4.1 million, a $1.9 million or 84.5% increase from $2.2 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The increase was primarily the result of an 18 basis point increase in the weighted average interest rate on interest-bearing liabilities and a $21.0 million increase in the average balance of FHLB advances for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to the prior fiscal year. The weighted average interest rate on interest-bearing deposits increased to 0.16% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 from 0.14% for the prior fiscal year. The average balance of interest-bearing deposits decreased $21.7 million to $965.7 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to $987.5 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. Although the weighted average interest rate increased on interest-bearing deposits due to the overall increase in the interest rate environment, this increase was partially offset by the decrease in the average balance of interest-bearing deposits.

Interest expense on borrowings increased $1.8 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to the prior fiscal year due to an increase in the average balance of FHLB advances. The average balance of FHLB advances increased to $21.0 million for fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to $3,000 for the same period in the prior year. The weighted average interest rate on FHLB advances increased to 4.88% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to 0.31% for the prior fiscal year. The weighted average interest rate on the junior subordinated debentures increased 281 basis points to 5.09% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to 2.28% for the prior fiscal year.

Provision for Loan Losses. The Company recorded a provision for loan losses of $750,000 and a recapture of loan losses of $4.6 million for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The provision for loan losses for the fiscal year 2023 was due to an isolated loan downgrade that affected the allowance for loan losses. The recapture of loan losses for fiscal year 2022 was primarily due to the improving economic conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic since March 31, 2021. Any future decline in national and local economic conditions could result in a material increase in the allowance for loan losses and may adversely affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.

At March 31, 2023, the Company had an allowance for loan losses of $15.3 million, or 1.52% of total loans, compared to $14.5 million, or 1.47% of total loans at March 31, 2022. Net recoveries were $36,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to net charge-offs of $30,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. Net recoveries and net charge-offs to average net loans were insignificant for the years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Impaired loans are subjected to an impairment analysis to determine an appropriate reserve amount to be held against each loan. As of March 31, 2023, the Company had identified $629,000 of impaired loans. Because the significant majority of the impaired loans are collateral dependent, nearly all of the specific allowances are calculated based on the estimated fair value of the collateral. Of those impaired loans, $534,000 have no specific valuation allowance as their estimated net collateral value is equal to or exceeds the carrying amount of the loan, which in some cases is the result of previous loan charge-offs. The remaining impaired loan of $95,000 has a specific valuation allowance of $6,000. Charge-offs on these impaired loans totaled $85,000 from their original loan balances. Based on a comprehensive analysis, management deemed the allowance for loan losses adequate to cover probable losses inherent in the loan portfolio at March 31, 2023. See Note 5 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding the allowance for loan losses.

Non-Interest Income. Non-interest income decreased $550,000 to $12.2 million for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 from $12.7 million for fiscal year 2022. The decrease is primarily due to a decrease in fees and service charges related to a decrease in brokered loan fees of $723,000. These decreases are partially offset by an increase in asset management fees of $627,000 due to an increase in custody fees of $930,000 and trust tax preparation fees of $76,000 partially offset by a decrease in irrevocable trust fees of $342,000 and agency fees of $126,000 during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. Additionally, non-interest income also included a BOLI death benefit on a former employee of $500,000 during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 that was not present for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023.

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Non-Interest Expense. Non-interest expense increased $2.7 million to $39.4 million for the year ended March 31, 2023 from $36.7 million for fiscal year 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase in salaries and employee benefits of $347,000 for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to the prior year and was mainly due to wage pressures, and the competitive landscape for attracting and retaining employees in the Company’s primary market. Additionally, occupancy and depreciation expense for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 increased mainly due to an increase in rent expense, depreciation expense and repair and maintenance expense as the Company continues to update and modernize certain branch locations. In addition, the increase in non-interest expense is due to the recognition of a $1.0 million gain on sale of premises and equipment related to a former branch building during the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, that was not present in the current fiscal year. Advertising and marketing expense increased $309,000 due to additional sponsorships and events as our local economy began to reopen when compared to the prior fiscal year. FDIC insurance premium expense increased $95,000 compared to the prior fiscal year primarily due to the increased FDIC assessment rate. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in data processing expense of $218,000 for fiscal year 2023 compared to the prior year due to a decreased cost associated with our core banking platform.

Income Taxes. The provision for income taxes was $5.6 million and $6.5 million for the fiscal years ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decrease in the provision for income taxes was due to lower pre-tax income for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to the same period in the prior year. The effective tax rate was 23.7% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to 22.8% for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022. The effective tax rate may be affected by the effects of apportioned income for state and local jurisdictions where we do business. The Company’s effective tax rate for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 was lower than its historical effective tax rate due to a non-taxable BOLI death benefit of $500,000 that was not present for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023. At March 31, 2023, the Company had a deferred tax asset of $10.3 million. As of March 31, 2023, management deemed that a deferred tax asset valuation allowance related to the Company’s deferred tax asset was not necessary. See Note 11 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K for further discussion of the Company’s income taxes.

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Average Balance Sheet. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, information regarding average balances of assets and liabilities as well as the total dollar amounts of interest income earned on average interest-earning assets and interest expense paid on average interest-bearing liabilities, resultant yields, interest rate spread, ratio of interest-earning assets to interest-bearing liabilities and net interest margin. Average balances for a period have been calculated using daily average balances during such period. Non-accruing loans were included in the average loan amounts outstanding. Loan fees, net, of $2.4 million, $5.5 million and $4.5 million were included in interest income for the years ended March 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Years Ended March 31,

Interest Interest Interest

Average and Yield/ Average and Yield/ Average and Yield/

Balance Dividends Cost Balance Dividends Cost Balance Dividends Cost

(Dollars in thousands)

Interest-earning assets:

Non-interest-earning assets:

Interest-bearing liabilities:

Non-interest-bearing liabilities:

Other liabilities 16,757 18,186 15,304

Interest rate spread 3.12 % 2.95 % 3.27 %

Net interest margin 3.26 % 3.03 % 3.41 %

Tax-Equivalent Adjustment (3) $ 83 $ 76 $ 41

(1) Includes non-accrual loans.

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Rate/Volume Analysis

The following table sets forth the effects of changing rates and volumes on net interest income of the Company for the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, and the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022 compared to the fiscal year ended March 31, 2021. Information is provided with respect to: (i) effects on interest income attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate); (ii) effects on interest income attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume); and (iii) changes in rate/volume (change in rate multiplied by change in volume). Variances that were insignificant have been allocated based upon the percentage relationship of changes in volume and changes in rate to the total net change (in thousands). The changes noted in the table below include tax equivalent adjustments, and as a result, will not agree to the amounts reflected on the Company’s consolidated statements of income for the categories that have been adjusted to reflect tax equivalent income.

Year Ended March 31,

Increase (Decrease) Due to Increase (Decrease) Due to

Total

Increase Total

Volume Rate (Decrease) Volume Rate Increase

Interest Income:

Other earning assets 32 2 34 (9) (20) (29)

Interest Expense:

Interest checking accounts 2 — 2 23 (21) 2

Junior subordinated debentures 2 755 757 2 (58) (56)

FHLB advances 1,027 — 1,027 (47) — (47)

Other interest-bearing liabilities (3) 1 (2) (3) (1) (4)

Asset and Liability Management

The Company’s principal financial objective is to achieve long-term profitability while reducing its exposure to fluctuating market interest rates. The Company has sought to reduce the exposure of its earnings to changes in market interest rates by attempting to manage the difference between asset and liability maturities and interest rates. The principal element in achieving this objective is to increase the interest rate sensitivity of the Company’s interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities. Interest rate sensitivity increases by originating and purchasing portfolio loans with interest rates subject to periodic adjustment to market conditions and fixed rate loans with shorter terms to maturity. The Company relies on retail deposits as its primary source of funds, but also has access to FHLB advances, FRB borrowings, and other wholesale facilities, as needed. Management believes retail deposits reduce the effects of interest rate fluctuations because they generally represent a stable source of funds. As part of its interest rate risk management strategy, the Company promotes transaction accounts and certificates of deposit with terms up to ten years.

The Company has adopted a strategy that is designed to maintain or improve the interest rate sensitivity of assets relative to its liabilities. The primary elements of this strategy involve: the origination of adjustable rate loans; increasing commercial loans, consumer loans that are adjustable rate and other short-term loans as a portion of total net loans receivable because of their generally shorter terms and higher yields than real estate one-to-four family loans; matching asset and liability maturities; and investing in short-term securities. The strategy for liabilities has been to shorten the maturities for both deposits and borrowings.

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The longer-term objective is to increase the proportion of non-interest-bearing demand deposits, low interest- bearing demand deposits, money market accounts, and savings deposits relative to certificates of deposit to reduce our overall cost of funds.

Consumer loans, such as home equity lines of credit and installment loans, commercial loans and construction loans typically have shorter terms and higher yields than real estate one-to-four family loans, and accordingly reduce the Company’s exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. Adjustable interest rate loans totaled $403.6 million or 40.00% of total loans at March 31, 2023 as compared to $438.1 million or 44.23% at March 31, 2022. Although the Company has sought to originate adjustable rate loans, the ability to originate and purchase such loans depends to a great extent on market interest rates and borrowers’ preferences. Particularly in lower interest rate environments, borrowers often prefer to obtain fixed-rate loans. See Item 1. “Business - Lending Activities – Real Estate Construction “ and “- Lending Activities - Consumer Lending.”

The Company may also invest in short-term to medium-term U.S. Government securities as well as mortgage-backed securities issued or guaranteed by U.S. Government agencies. At March 31, 2023, the combined investment portfolio carried at $455.3 million had an average life of 6.1 years. Adjustable rate mortgage-backed securities totaled $3.7 million at March 31, 2023 compared to $5.5 million at March 31, 2022. See Item 1. “Business – Investment Activities” for additional information.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is essential to our business. The objective of the Bank’s liquidity management is to maintain ample cash flows to meet obligations for depositor withdrawals, to fund the borrowing needs of loan customers, and to fund ongoing operations. Core relationship deposits are the primary source of the Bank’s liquidity. As such, the Bank focuses on deposit relationships with local consumer and business clients who maintain multiple accounts and services at the Bank.

Liquidity management is both a short and long-term responsibility of the Company’s management. The Company adjusts its investments in liquid assets based upon management’s assessment of (i) expected loan demand, (ii) projected loan sales, (iii) expected deposit flows, (iv) yields available on interest-bearing deposits and (v) its asset/liability management program objectives. Excess liquidity is invested generally in interest-bearing overnight deposits and other short-term government and agency obligations. If the Company requires funds beyond its ability to generate them internally, it has additional diversified and reliable sources of funds with the FHLB, the FRB and other wholesale facilities. These sources of funds may be used on a long or short-term basis to compensate for a reduction in other sources of funds or on a long-term basis to support lending activities.

The Company’s primary sources of funds are customer deposits, proceeds from principal and interest payments on loans, proceeds from the sale of loans, maturing securities, FHLB advances and FRB borrowings. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are a predictable source of funds, deposit flows and prepayment of mortgage loans and mortgage-backed securities are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition. Management believes that its focus on core relationship deposits coupled with access to borrowing through reliable counterparties provides reasonable and prudent assurance that ample liquidity is available. However, depositor or counterparty behavior could change in response to competition, economic or market situations or other unforeseen circumstances, which could have liquidity implications that may require different strategic or operational actions.

The Company must maintain an adequate level of liquidity to ensure the availability of sufficient funds for loan originations, deposit withdrawals and continuing operations, satisfy other financial commitments and take advantage of investment opportunities. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, the Bank used its sources of funds primarily to fund loan commitments and investment purchases. At March 31, 2023, cash and cash equivalents, certificates of deposit held for investment and available for sale investment securities totaled $233.8 million, or 14.7% of total assets. Management believes that the Company’s security portfolio is of high quality and its securities would therefore be marketable. The levels of these assets are dependent on the Company’s operating, financing, lending, and investing activities during any given period. The Bank generally maintains sufficient cash and short-term investments to meet short-term liquidity needs; however, its primary liquidity management practice is to manage short-term borrowings, consistent with its asset/liability objectives. In addition to these primary sources of funds, the Bank has several secondary borrowing sources available to meet potential funding requirements, including FRB borrowings and FHLB advances. At March 31, 2023, the Bank had no advances from the FRB and maintains a credit facility with the FRB with available borrowing capacity of $57.4 million, subject to sufficient collateral. At March 31, 2023, FHLB advances totaled $123.8 million and the Bank had an available borrowing capacity of $315.4 million, subject to sufficient collateral and stock investment. At March 31, 2023, the Bank had sufficient unpledged collateral to allow it to utilize its available borrowing capacity from the FRB and the FHLB. Borrowing capacity may, however, fluctuate based on acceptability and risk rating of loan collateral and counterparties could adjust discount rates applied to such collateral at their discretion.

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The Bank Term Funding Program (BTFP) was created by the Federal Reserve to support and make additional funding available to eligible depository institutions to help banks meet the needs of their depositors. Riverview has registered and is eligible to utilize the BTFP. Riverview does not intend to utilize the BTFP, but could do so should the need arise.

During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2023, deposits decreased $268.7 million. During the fiscal year ended March 31, 2022, deposits increased $187.8 million. An additional source of wholesale funding includes brokered certificates of deposit. While the Company has utilized brokered deposits from time to time, the Company historically has not extensively relied on brokered deposits to fund its operations. At March 31, 2023 and 2022, the Bank had no wholesale brokered deposits. The Bank also participates in the CDARS and ICS deposit products, which allow the Company to accept deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limit for a depositor and obtain “pass-through” insurance for the total deposit. The Bank’s CDARS and ICS balances were $22.8 million, or 1.8% of total deposits, and $66.3 million, or 4.3% of total deposits, at March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The combination of all the Bank’s funding sources gives the Bank available liquidity of $702.5 million, or 44.2% of total assets at March 31, 2023.

At March 31, 2023, the Company had total commitments of $144.4 million, which includes commitments to extend credit of $12.5 million, unused lines of credit totaling $93.7 million, undisbursed construction loans totaling $36.6 million, and standby letters of credit totaling $1.6 million. For additional information regarding future financial commitments, see Note 17 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K. The Company anticipates that it will have sufficient funds available to meet current loan commitments. Certificates of deposit that are scheduled to mature in less than one year from March 31, 2023 totaled $84.6 million. Historically, the Bank has been able to retain a significant amount of its deposits as they mature. Offsetting these cash outflows are scheduled loan maturities of less than one year totaling $37.0 million at March 31, 2023.

The Company incurs capital expenditures on an ongoing basis to expand and improve our product offerings, enhance and modernize our technology infrastructure, and to introduce new technology-based products to compete effectively in our markets. We evaluate capital expenditure projects based on a variety of factors, including expected strategic impacts (such as forecasted impact on revenue growth, productivity, expenses, service levels and customer retention) and our expected return on investment. The amount of capital investment is influenced by, among other things, current and projected demand for our services and products, cash flow generated by operating activities, cash required for other purposes and regulatory considerations. Based on our current capital allocation objectives, during fiscal 2024 we expect cash expenditures of approximately $3.7 million for capital investment in premises and equipment.

Riverview, as a separate legal entity from the Bank, must provide for its own liquidity. Sources of capital and liquidity for Riverview include distributions from the Bank and the issuance of debt or equity securities. Dividends and other capital distributions from the Bank are subject to regulatory notice. Management currently expects to continue the Company’s current practice of paying quarterly cash dividends on its common stock subject to the Board of Directors’ discretion to modify or terminate this practice at any time and for any reason without prior notice. The current quarterly common stock dividend rate is $0.06 per share, as approved by the Board of Directors, which management believes is a dividend rate per share which enables the Company to balance our multiple objectives of managing and investing in the Bank, and returning a substantial portion of the Company’s cash to its shareholders. Assuming continued payment during fiscal year 2024 at this rate of $0.06 per share, average total dividends paid each quarter would be approximately $1.3 million based on the number of the Company’s outstanding shares at March 31, 2023. At March 31, 2023, Riverview had $5.5 million in cash to meet its liquidity needs.

Bank holding companies and federally-insured state-chartered banks are required to maintain minimum levels of regulatory capital. At March 31, 2023, Riverview and the Bank were in compliance with all applicable capital requirements. For additional information, see Note 13 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 8 of this Form 10-K and Item 1. Business – Regulation and Supervision of the Bank.

New Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of new accounting pronouncements and their impact on the Company, see Note 1 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Our financial condition and operations are influenced significantly by general economic conditions, including the absolute level of interest rates as well as changes in interest rates and the slope of the yield curve. Our profitability is dependent to a large extent on our net interest income, which is the difference between the interest received from our interest-earning assets and the interest expense incurred on our interest-bearing liabilities. Our activities, like all financial institutions, inherently involve the assumption of interest rate risk. Interest rate risk is the risk that changes in market interest rates will have an adverse impact on the institution’s earnings and underlying economic value. Interest rate risk is determined by the maturity and repricing characteristics of an institution’s assets, liabilities and off-balance-sheet contracts. Interest rate risk is measured by the variability of financial performance and economic value resulting from changes in interest rates. Interest rate risk is the primary market risk affecting our financial performance.

Our Asset/Liability Management Committee (“ALCO”) is responsible for monitoring and reviewing asset/liability processes and interest rate risk exposure to determine the level of risk appropriate given our operating environment, business plan strategies, performance objectives, capital and liquidity constraints, and asset and liability allocation alternatives; and to manage our interest rate risk consistent with regulatory guidelines and policies approved by the Board of Directors. Through such management, we seek to reduce the vulnerability of our earnings and capital position to changes in the level of interest rates. Our actions in this regard are taken under the guidance of the ALCO, which is comprised of members of our senior management. The ALCO closely monitors our interest sensitivity exposure, asset and liability allocation decisions, liquidity and capital positions, and local and national economic conditions and attempts to structure the loan and investment portfolios and funding sources to maximize earnings within acceptable risk tolerances.

The Company does not maintain a trading account for any class of financial instrument nor does it engage in hedging activities or purchase high-risk derivative instruments. Furthermore, the Company is not subject to foreign currency exchange rate risk or commodity price risk. For information regarding the sensitivity to interest rate risk of the Company’s interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, see the tables under Item 1. “Business – Lending Activities,” “– Investment Activities” and “– Deposit Activities and Other Sources of Funds”.

The Company’s principal financial objective is to achieve long-term profitability while limiting its exposure to fluctuating market interest rates. The Company intends to reduce risk where appropriate but accepts a degree of risk when warranted by economic circumstances. The Company has sought to reduce the exposure of its earnings to changes in market interest rates by attempting to manage the mismatch between asset and liability maturities and interest rates. The principal element in achieving this objective is to increase the interest rate sensitivity of the Company’s interest-earning assets by retaining in its loan portfolio, short–term loans and loans with interest rates subject to periodic adjustments.

Consumer and commercial loans are originated and held in the loan portfolio as the short-term nature of these portfolio loans match durations more closely with the short-term nature of retail deposits such as interest checking, money market accounts and savings accounts. The Company relies on retail deposits as its primary source of funds. Management believes retail deposits reduce the effects of interest rate fluctuations because they generally represent a more stable source of funds. As part of its interest rate risk management strategy, the Company promotes transaction accounts and certificates of deposit with longer terms to maturity. Except for immediate short-term cash needs, and depending on the current interest rate environment, FHLB advances will have short or long-term maturities. FRB borrowings have short-term maturities. For additional information, see Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” contained herein.

A number of measures are utilized to monitor and manage interest rate risk, including simulation modeling and traditional interest rate gap analysis. While both methods provide an indication of risk for a given change in interest rates, the simulation model is primarily used to assess the impact on earnings that changes in interest rates may produce. Key assumptions in the model include cash flows and maturities of financial instruments, changes in market conditions, loan volumes and pricing, deposit sensitivity, consumer preferences and management’s capital leverage plans. These assumptions are inherently uncertain; therefore, the model cannot precisely estimate net interest income or precisely predict the impact of higher or lower interest rates on net interest income. Actual results may significantly differ from simulated results due to timing, magnitude and frequency of interest rate changes and changes in market conditions and specific strategies among other factors.

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The following table shows the approximate percentage change in net interest income as of March 31, 2023 over a 12 and 24-month period under several instantaneous changes in interest rate scenarios:

Percent change in net Percent change in net

interest income (12 interest income (24

Change in interest rates months) months)

Base case — 7.2 %

Down 200 basis points (0.1) % 2.3 %

Down 300 basis points (1.6) % (2.8) %

In general, interest-earning assets reprice faster than interest-bearing liabilities in a given period. However, due to a number of loans in our loan portfolio with fixed interest rates, our net interest income will be negatively impacted in a rising interest rate environment. In a rising interest rate environment, net interest income will decrease in year one as set forth in the table above as our interest-bearing liabilities are expected to continue to increase faster than interest-earning assets. In a falling interest rate environment, our net interest income will be positively impacted in the first 100 basis point movement as our interest-bearing liabilities decrease faster in relation to our interest-earning assets. We attempt to limit our interest rate risk through managing the repricing characteristics of our assets and liabilities.

As with any method of measuring interest rate risk, certain shortcomings are inherent in the method of analysis presented in the foregoing table. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods of repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in market rates. Additionally, certain assets, such as ARM loans, have features that restrict changes in interest rates on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Furthermore, in the event of a change in interest rates, expected rates of prepayments on loans and early withdrawals from certificates could deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the table.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

Consolidated Financial Statements for the Years Ended March 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

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Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 71

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of

Riverview Bancorp, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Riverview Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiary (collectively, “the Company”) as of March 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended March 31, 2023, and the related notes (collectively, “the financial statements”). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of March 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended March 31, 2023, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (U.S.).

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to an account or disclosures that is material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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Allowance for Loan Losses

Critical Audit Matter Description

As described in Notes 1 and 5 to the financial statements, the Company’s allowance for loan losses (ALL) is a valuation account that reflects the estimated loan losses based on known and inherent risks in the loan portfolio to the extent they are both probable and reasonable to estimate. The allowance for loan losses was approximately $15,309,000 as of March 31, 2023, which consists of specific and general components in the amounts of $6,000 and $15,303,000 million, respectively.

The specific component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. The Company measures impairment and the related asset-specific allowance for impaired loans based on the difference between the recorded investment of the loan and the present value of the expected future cash flows, discounted at the original effective interest rate of the loan. If the loan is collateral dependent, the Company measures impairment based upon the fair value of the underlying collateral, which the Company determines based on the current fair value of the collateral less estimated selling costs. Loans are identified as collateral dependent if the Company believes that collateral is the sole source of repayment.

The general component is based on historical losses, general economic conditions, and other qualitative risk factors both internal and external to the Company. The historical loss ratio and valuation allowance are established for each pool of similar loans and updated periodically based on actual charge-off experience and current events. The qualitative risk factors are generally determined by evaluating, among other things: (1) lending policies and procedures, including underwriting standards and collection, charge-off, and recovery practices; (2) national and local economic trends and conditions; (3) nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans; (4) experience, ability, and depth of lending management and staff; (5) volume and severity of past due, classified and nonaccrual loans as well as other loan modifications; (6) quality of the Company’s loan review system; (7) existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations; (8) changes in the value of underlying collateral, and (9) other external factors. The evaluation of the qualitative factor adjustments requires a significant amount of judgment by management and involves a high degree of subjectivity.

We identified the ALL as a critical audit matter because auditing the underlying qualitative factors required significant auditor judgment since amounts determined by management rely on analysis that is highly subjective and includes significant estimation uncertainty.

How the Critical Audit Matter Was Addressed in the Audit

The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included the following, among others:

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2015.

Lake Oswego, Oregon

June 14, 2023

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RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

AS OF MARCH 31, 2023 AND 2022

(In thousands, except share and per share data) 2023 2022

ASSETS

Certificates of deposit held for investment 249 249

Investment securities:

Available for sale, at estimated fair value 211,499 165,782

Prepaid expenses and other assets 15,950 12,396

Accrued interest receivable 4,790 4,650

Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) stock , at cost 6,867 2,019

Financing lease right-of-use ("ROU") assets 1,278 1,355

Deferred income taxes, net 10,286 7,501

Mortgage servicing rights, net — 34

Core deposit intangible ("CDI"), net 379 495

Bank owned life insurance ("BOLI") 31,785 30,964

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

LIABILITIES:

Accrued expenses and other liabilities 15,730 19,298

Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance 625 555

FHLB advances 123,754 —

Junior subordinated debentures 26,918 26,833

Finance lease liability 2,229 2,283

COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES (See Note 17)

SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY:

Common stock, $.01 par value; 50,000,000 shares authorized

Accumulated other comprehensive loss (18,310) (9,951)

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY $ 1,589,712 $ 1,740,096

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

FOR THE YEARS ENDED MARCH 31, 2023, 2022 AND 2021

(In thousands, except share and per share data) 2023 2022 2021

INTEREST AND DIVIDEND INCOME:

Interest on investment securities – taxable 8,784 5,001 2,422

Interest on investment securities – nontaxable 262 237 129

INTEREST EXPENSE:

Provision for (recapture of) loan losses 750 (4,625) 6,300

NON-INTEREST INCOME:

BOLI death benefit in excess of cash surrender value — 500 —

NON-INTEREST EXPENSE:

(Gain) loss on sale of premises and equipment, net — (993) 14

Earnings per common share:

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

FOR THE YEARS ENDED MARCH 31, 2023, 2022 AND 2021

Other comprehensive loss:

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

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RIVERVIEW BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

FOR THE YEARS ENDED MARCH 31, 2023, 2022 AND 2021

Accumulated

Additional Other

Common Stock Paid-In Retained Comprehensive

Exercise of stock options 20,000 1 49 — — 50

Common stock repurchased (295,900) (3) (1,444) — — (1,447)

Restricted stock grants 90,763 — — — — —

Restricted stock cancelled (7,913) — — — — —

Stock-based compensation expense — — 396 — — 396

Other comprehensive loss, net — — — — (2,259) (2,259)

Net income — — — 21,820 — 21,820

Exercise of stock options 6,000 — 17 (1) — 16

Common stock repurchased (278,148) (2) (1,938) — — (1,940)

Restricted stock grants 69,285 — — — — —

Restricted stock cancelled (20,976) — — — — —

Stock-based compensation expense — — 319 — — 319

Other comprehensive loss, net — — — — (9,791) (9,791)

Net income — — — 18,069 — 18,069

Exercise of stock options 1,511 — 4 — — 4

Common stock repurchased (975,666) (9) (6,697) — — (6,706)

Restricted stock grants and forfeited, net 68,719 — — — — —

Stock-based compensation expense — — 390 — — 390

Other comprehensive loss, net — — — — (8,359) (8,359)

RVSB US Equity

RVSB · 10-K · period ended 2023-03-31

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Item 2. Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

RVSB US Equity☆

RVSB · 10-K · period ended 2023-03-31

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

Item 2. Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Item 6. [Reserved]

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

RVSB US Equity