10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

WASHINGTON, DC 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024

For the transition period from ________________ to ________________

Commission File Number: 001-40672

RANI THERAPEUTICS HOLDINGS, INC.

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)

2051 Ringwood AvenueSan Jose, California 95131

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (408) 457-3700

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class TradingSymbol(s) Name of each exchange on which registered

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐ Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☒ Smaller reporting company ☒

Emerging growth company ☒

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☐

If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates as of June 28, 2024, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $51.9 million, based on the closing price of the registrant’s common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market of $3.80 per share.

As of March 26, 2025, the registrant had 33,509,827 shares of Class A common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding, 23,971,852 shares of Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding and no shares of Class C common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, outstanding. Certain holders of units of the registrant’s consolidated subsidiary, Rani Therapeutics, LLC, who do not hold shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock can exchange their units of Rani Therapeutics, LLC for 1,229,630 shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The information required by Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, to the extent not set forth herein, is incorporated herein by reference from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to the Annual Meeting of Stockholders to be held in 2025, which definitive proxy statement shall be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission within 120 days after the end of the registrant's fiscal year ended December 31, 2024.

Table of Contents

Page

Forward-Looking Statements 3

PART I.

Item 1. Business 7

Item 1A. Risk Factors 41

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 101

Item 1C. Cybersecurity 102

Item 2. Properties 103

Item 3. Legal Proceedings 103

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 103

PART II.

Item 6. [Reserved] 104

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk 117

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 118

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 147

Item 9B. Other Information 148

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections 148

PART III.

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 149

Item 11. Executive Compensation 149

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services 149

Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules 150

Unless otherwise stated or the context otherwise requires, throughout this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the terms “we,” “us,” and “our,” and similar references refer to Rani Therapeutics Holdings, Inc. (“Rani Holdings”) and its consolidated subsidiary, Rani Therapeutics, LLC (“Rani LLC”).

We use Rani, Rani Therapeutics, RaniPill, the Rani Therapeutics logo, the R logo and other marks as trademarks in the United States and other countries. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains references to our trademarks and service marks and to those belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks and trade names referred to in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including logos, artwork, and other visual displays, may appear without the ® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate in any way that we will not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights, or the rights of the applicable licensor to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other entities’ trade names, trademarks, or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other entity.

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K, including the section titled "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," contains forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including statements regarding our future results of operations and consolidated financial position, business strategy, product candidates, planned preclinical studies and clinical trials, results of clinical trials, research and development costs, manufacturing costs, regulatory approvals, development and advancement of our oral delivery technology, timing and likelihood of success, potential partnering activities as well as plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other important factors that are in some cases beyond our control and may cause our actual results, performance, or achievements to be materially different from any future results, performance, or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “could,” “intend,” “target,” “project,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “seek,” “aim,” or “continue” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include, but are not limited to, statements about:

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the progress and focus of our current and future clinical trials in the United States and abroad, and the reporting of data from those trials;

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our ability to advance product candidates into and successfully complete clinical trials;

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the beneficial characteristics, safety, efficacy, and therapeutic effects of our product candidates;

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our potential and ability to successfully manufacture and supply our product candidates for clinical trials and for commercial use, if approved;

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our ability to complete development of the RaniPill HC or any redesign and conduct additional preclinical and clinical studies of the RaniPill HC or any future design of the RaniPill capsule to accommodate target payloads that are larger than the payload capacity of the RaniPill GO capsule used to date for clinical studies of our product candidates;

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our ability to further develop and expand our platform technology;

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our ability to utilize our technology platform to generate and advance additional product candidates;

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the accuracy of our estimates regarding expenses, future revenue, capital requirements, and needs for additional financing;

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our financial performance;

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our ability to continue as a going concern;

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our plans relating to commercializing our product candidates, if approved;

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our ability to selectively enter into strategic partnership and the expected potential benefits thereof;

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the implementation of our strategic plans for our business and product candidates;

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our ability to continue to scale and optimize our manufacturing processes, including by expanding our use of automation;

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our estimates of the number of patients in the United States who suffer from the indications we target and the number of patients that will enroll in our clinical trials;

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the size of the market opportunity for our product candidates in each of the indications we target;

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our ability to continue to innovate and expand our intellectual property by developing new applications of the RaniPill capsule;

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our plans and ability to obtain or protect intellectual property rights, including extensions of existing patent terms where available;

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the scope of protection we are able to establish and maintain for intellectual property rights, including our technology platform and product candidates;

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the sufficiency of our existing cash and cash equivalents to fund our future operating expenses and capital expenditure requirements;

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our ability to realize savings from any restructuring plans or cost-containment measures we propose to implement;

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developments relating to our competitors and our industry, including competing product candidates and therapies;

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our realization of any benefit from our organizational structure, taking into account our obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement (defined herein) and the impact of any payments required to be made thereunder on our liquidity and financial condition; and

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our expectations regarding the period during which we will qualify as an emerging growth company under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”).

These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties, and assumptions described in the section titled “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, you should not rely on these forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in our forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Except as required by applicable law, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements contained herein, whether as a result of any new information, future events, or otherwise.

In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all potentially available relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and you are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.

Summary of Risk Factors

Below is a summary of the principal factors that make an investment in our common stock speculative or risky. This summary does not address all of the risks that we face. Additional discussion of the risks summarized in this risk factor summary, and other risks that we face, can be found below under the heading “Risk Factors” and should be carefully considered, together with other information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), before making investment decisions regarding our Class A common stock. See “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements.”

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There is substantial doubt regarding our ability to continue as a going concern. We will need to raise additional funding, which may not be available on acceptable terms. If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed, we may be forced to delay, limit, reduce or terminate our product development programs or other operations.

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We have incurred operating losses since our inception and expect to incur significant losses for the foreseeable future. We may never generate any revenue from commercial products or become profitable or, if we achieve profitability, we may not be able to sustain it.

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We are an early clinical stage biopharmaceutical company with no approved products and no historical commercial product revenue, which makes it difficult to assess our future prospects and financial results.

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Our existing indebtedness contains restrictions that limit our flexibility in operating our business. In addition, we may be required to make a prepayment or repay our outstanding indebtedness earlier than we expect.

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We are early in our development efforts and have only a limited number of product candidates in clinical development and our other product candidates are still in preclinical development. If we are unable to advance our product candidates through clinical development, obtain regulatory approval and ultimately commercialize our product candidates, or experience significant delays in doing so, our business will be materially harmed.

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Clinical development is a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results. Clinical failure can occur at any stage of clinical development.

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As an organization, we have conducted limited early clinical development, have not submitted an investigational new drug application, (“IND”), to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”), and we have never conducted later-stage clinical trials or submitted a Biologics License Application (“BLA”) or New Drug Application (“NDA”), and may be unable to do so for any of our product candidates.

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Because we have multiple product candidates in our clinical pipeline and are considering a variety of target indications, we may expend our limited resources to pursue a particular product candidate and fail to capitalize on product candidates or indications that may be more profitable or for which there is a greater likelihood of success.

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Product candidates comprising a biologic within the RaniPill capsule employ novel technologies that have not yet been approved by the FDA or comparable foreign regulatory authorities, and we anticipate that our applications will have to be submitted as original, standalone BLAs. These regulatory authorities have limited experience in evaluating our technologies and product candidates. Our novel technologies also make it difficult to predict the time and cost of product candidate development.

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We have limited clinical data on our product candidates to indicate whether they are safe or effective for long-term use in humans.

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Our collaboration agreement with ProGen Co., Ltd. includes certain restrictions and obligations that may limit our flexibility in developing and commercializing RT-114 or require us to bear costs we otherwise would not incur or did not expect to incur.

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We depend on third-party suppliers for key materials used in our manufacturing processes as well as for the manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients (“APIs”) and drug substances. The loss of third-party suppliers or their inability to supply us with adequate materials and APIs or drug substances could prevent or delay the conduct of our clinical trials and the commercialization of our products, if approved, and could harm our business.

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Our high-capacity oral delivery device, RaniPill HC, is in early stages of development, and it is subject to the inherent risks and uncertainties of developing a novel, innovative technology. Our efforts to develop RaniPill HC may not be successful.

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We have conducted and may in the future conduct clinical trials for current or future product candidates outside the United States, and the FDA and comparable foreign regulatory authorities may not accept data from such trials.

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We face significant competition from other biotherapeutics and pharmaceutical companies, and our operating results will suffer if we fail to compete effectively.

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Our future success depends on our ability to retain our executive officers and to attract, retain and motivate highly qualified personnel. If we are not successful in attracting and retaining highly qualified personnel, we may not be able to successfully implement our business strategy.

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Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to build and maintain our intellectual property portfolio.

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We are a holding company and our principal asset is our interest in Rani LLC. Accordingly, we will depend on distributions from Rani LLC to pay our taxes, expenses (including payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement) and dividends. Rani LLC’s ability to make such distributions may be subject to various limitations and restrictions.

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Rani LLC may make distributions of cash to us substantially in excess of the amounts we use to make distributions to our stockholders and pay our expenses (including our taxes and payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement). To the extent we do not distribute such excess cash as dividends on our Class A common stock, the holders of units of Rani LLC would benefit from any value attributable to such cash as a result of their ownership of Class A common stock upon an exchange or redemption of their units of Rani LLC.

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The multi-class structure of our common stock has the effect of concentrating voting control, which will limit your ability to influence the outcome of important transactions, including a change in control.

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Our principal stockholders and management own a significant percentage of our stock and are able to exert significant control over matters subject to stockholder approval and may prevent other stockholders from influencing significant corporate decisions.

PART I

Item 1. Business

Overview

We are a clinical stage biotherapeutics company focusing on advancing technologies to enable the administration of biologics and drugs orally, to provide patients, physicians, and healthcare systems with a convenient alternative to painful injections. We are advancing a portfolio of oral therapeutics using our proprietary delivery technology and we are actively pursuing partnering the technology with third party biopharmaceutical companies for the oral delivery of their biologics and drugs.

Our technology comprises a drug-agnostic oral delivery platform, the RaniPill capsule, which is designed to deliver a wide variety of drug substances, including antibodies, proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides. We have two configurations of the platform – the RaniPill GO and the RaniPill HC. The RaniPill GO is designed to deliver up to a 3 mg dose of drug in microtablet form with high bioavailability. We have completed three Phase 1 clinical trials using the RaniPill GO. We are also developing a high-capacity version of the RaniPill capsule known as the RaniPill HC, which is intended to enable delivery of drug payloads up to 200μL in liquid form with high bioavailability. We have tested preclinically the RaniPill HC with multiple therapeutics, including antibodies and a peptide. We intend to initiate clinical testing of the RaniPill HC in mid-2025.

We believe the RaniPill capsule technology could enable us to deliver most biologics currently on the market with convenient, oral dosing.

Data Overview

We have completed three Phase 1 clinical trials with the RaniPill capsule technology. In February 2024, we announced completion of a Phase 1 clinical trial with RT-111, a RaniPill GO capsule containing our proprietary formulation of an ustekinumab biosimilar supplied by Celltrion, Inc. (“Celltrion”), in Australia. The study evaluated the safety and tolerability of a single administration of RT-111 in healthy adult volunteers. The study met all its endpoints, RT-111 was well tolerated and delivered ustekinumab biosimilar with high bioavailability. No serious adverse events were reported in the study.

In 2022, we completed a Phase 1 clinical trial with RT-102, a RaniPill GO capsule containing our proprietary formulation of parathyroid hormone (1-34) (“PTH”), in Australia. The study involved a single-ascending dose portion and a seven-day repeat-dose portion. The Phase 1 study met all of its endpoints, RT-102 was well tolerated and delivered PTH with high bioavailability (more than 300% greater bioavailability than subcutaneous injection of Forteo (teriparatide)). No serious adverse events were reported in the study. In 2019, we completed a Phase 1 study with RT-101, a RaniPill GO capsule containing our proprietary formulation of octreotide, in Australia. The Phase 1 study met all of its endpoints, RT-101 was well tolerated and delivered octreotide with high bioavailability (comparable to subcutaneous injection of octreotide). No serious adverse events were reported in the study.

As of December 31, 2024, we have administered the RaniPill capsule 233 times to 146 human subjects in clinical trials, including seven-day repeat-dosing in ten subjects in our Phase 1 study of RT-102. This is in addition to oral administrations of the RaniPill capsule, without a drug or needle, in non-significant risk studies. In our clinical studies, our product candidates were generally well tolerated and no serious adverse events were observed.

Preclinically, we have tested 19 molecules in the RaniPill capsule, including ten antibodies, seven peptides, one Fc-fusion protein and one large protein. We have conducted preclinical testing of more than 7,000 RaniPill capsules in vivo and in vitro. In October 2023, we announced preclinical data from a 60-day, repeat oral-administration good laboratory practices (“GLP”) safety study of the RaniPill capsule in healthy animals. The RaniPill capsule was well tolerated with no treatment-related adverse events and all animals remained clinically healthy throughout the study.

As of January 1, 2025, we had tested more than 350 RaniPill HC devices in vivo including delivery of multiple different antibodies and peptides. We intend to initiate clinical testing of the RaniPill HC in mid-2025.

Business Update

Collaboration

In June 2024, we entered into a Collaboration Agreement (the “ProGen Collaboration Agreement”) with ProGen Co., Ltd. (“ProGen”). Under the ProGen Collaboration Agreement, the parties will collaborate to manufacture, develop, seek regulatory approvals for and, if approved, commercialize a product (RT-114) combining ProGen’s GLP-1/GLP-2 dual agonist compound, PG-102, and the RaniPill HC oral delivery device (the “Device”) in the field of weight management (including without limitation obesity, weight reduction and weight maintenance) in humans (the “ProGen Collaboration”).

Under the ProGen Collaboration Agreement, development costs, as well as operating profits and losses from the commercialization of the Product, will be equally shared by us and ProGen. We and ProGen each granted to the other party an exclusive right and license (except with respect to the other party’s affiliates and sublicensees) to certain intellectual property to develop RT-114 for weight management and an exclusive right and license to seek regulatory approval for, and to use, sell, offer to sell, import and commercialize RT-114 in their assigned territories. The parties share responsibility for the development of RT-114 worldwide, with Rani leading such development for preclinical activities through Phase 1 clinical trials. After initiation of the first Phase 2 clinical trial, we will lead development and commercialization of RT-114 in the United States, Canada, Europe (including the United Kingdom) and Australia, and ProGen will lead development and commercialization in all other countries. See “License and Evaluation Agreements – ProGen Co., Ltd.” below.

Financing

In October 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “October Securities Purchase Agreement”) with an institutional investor relating to the issuance and sale of: (i) 3,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock, (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 333,333 shares of Class A common stock, and (iii) Series C common warrants, which accompany the Class A common stock and pre-funded warrants, to purchase an aggregate of 3,333,333 shares of Class A common stock (the “October Offering”). The aggregate net proceeds from the October Offering totaled $9.4 million, after deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses payable by us, and excluding potential proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the pre-funded warrants and Series C common warrants issued in the October Offering. In October 2024, the pre-funded warrants were fully exercised for de minimis proceeds.

In July 2024, we entered into a securities purchase agreement (the “July Securities Purchase Agreement”) with an institutional investor relating to the issuance and sale of: (i) 2,800,000 shares of its Class A common stock, (ii) pre-funded warrants to purchase 446,753 shares of Class A common stock, (iii) Series A common warrants, which accompany the Class A common stock and pre-funded warrants, to purchase an aggregate of 3,246,753 shares of Class A common stock (the “Series A Warrants”) and (iv) Series B common warrants, which accompany the Class A common stock and pre-funded warrants, to purchase an aggregate of 3,246,753 shares of Class A common stock (the “July Offering”). Pursuant to the October Securities Purchase Agreement, the Series A Warrants from the July Offering were cancelled. The aggregate net proceeds from the July Offering totaled $8.9 million, after deducting placement agent fees and other offering expenses, and excluding potential proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the Series B common warrants issued in the July Offering. In August 2024, the pre-funded warrants were fully exercised for de minimis proceeds.

Preclinical Data

In March 2025, we announced preclinical data demonstrating bioequivalence of RT-114, a GLP-1/GLP-2 dual agonist (PG-102) delivered orally via the RaniPill capsule, to subcutaneously administered PG-102. RT-114 yielded a relative bioavailability of 111% compared to PG-102 delivered subcutaneously with comparable pharmacokinetic profiles and weight loss. RT-114 was well tolerated and was excreted without sequelae in all subjects. For information regarding the preclinical study and the RT-114 program, see the section titled “Our Pipeline Programs - RT-114: GLP-1/GLP-2 dual agonist for the treatment of obesity” for more information.

In February 2025, we announced preclinical data demonstrating successful oral delivery of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (“GLP-1”) agonist semaglutide via the RaniPill HC (“RT-116”). In the study, RT-116 demonstrated comparable bioavailability, pharmacokinetics and weight loss to subcutaneous (“SC”) administration of semaglutide. Further, RT-116 was well tolerated with no serious adverse events.

In October 2024, we announced new pharmacokinetic data from a preclinical study evaluating a GLP-1, GIP and glucagon receptors incretin triagonist with a delivery method mimicking the RaniPill route of administration. The preclinical study evaluated the pharmacokinetic (“PK”) and pharmacodynamic (“PD”) profiles of an incretin triagonist (GLP-1, GIP, glucagon

receptors) when delivered via an endoscope-guided transenteric administration to mimic the RaniPill route of administration, versus the traditional administration route of subcutaneous injection. The study was conducted in canines separated into two groups. In Group 1 (N=3), 0.12 mg/kg of drug was administered via transenteric delivery by endoscope. In Group 2 (N=5), 0.12 mg/kg of drug was administered by SC injection. Blood samples were collected over 2 weeks for analysis of serum drug concentrations and various PD and safety biomarkers.

A single dose of drug delivered via either transenteric or SC routes elicited rapid decreases in body weight and serum lipids. Weight loss observed following transenteric delivery was 9.7 ± 2.5 % versus 6.9 ± 2.1 % following SC injection and is believed to be due to early satiety leading to reduced caloric intake. Additionally, the bioavailability of drug delivered via the transenteric route was comparable to that of drug delivered via the SC route at the same dose. The drug was well tolerated in both groups with no serious adverse events (SAEs) observed or changes in safety markers examined.

Transenteric delivery yielded 80% relative bioavailability versus SC and differences between PK parameters (AUC, Cmax, Tmax) were not statistically significant.

CEO Compensation

In November 2023, the Company’s Board of Directors (“Board”) approved a reduction in the annual salary of Talat Imran, the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, from $520,000 to $100,000, effective November 1, 2023 through December 31, 2024 or until such time as the Company receives gross proceeds of $50,000,000 or more, in the aggregate, from equity financing and/or one or more non-dilutive strategic, licensing or partnering transactions (the “Financing Threshold”). In November 2024, the Board approved to extend the reduction in annual salary of Talat Imran through December 31, 2025 or until the Financing Threshold is met.

Pipeline Overview

The broad utility of the RaniPill capsule to enable the oral delivery of biologics and drugs provides us with a range of attractive development opportunities. We have prioritized development based on specific scientific, developmental, regulatory, and commercial considerations to optimize our portfolio of targeted product candidates. Our internal development targets are focused on well-characterized molecules with attractive commercial characteristics. We believe selection of these targets will allow us to potentially accelerate product approval and market launch, while also broadening patient, provider, and payor acceptance of the RaniPill capsule. In addition, we intend to enter into licenses and collaborations with biopharmaceutical companies for the use of our oral delivery technology to develop and commercialize oral versions of their biologics and drugs.

Below is a summary of our product candidate pipeline.

* Clinical timelines are subject to potential regulatory agency review delays.

** RT-114 is the subject of a worldwide collaboration with ProGen Co. Ltd.

***Ustekinumab and adalimumab biosimilars are supplied by Celltrion. Celltrion grants us a license and drug supply for each drug.

Our Pipeline Programs

RT-114: GLP-1/GLP-2 dual agonist for the treatment of obesity

Market overview

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that more than 2 in 5 adults (age 20 and over) in the U.S. have obesity based on data from 2017 to March 2020, which is more than 100 million people in the U.S. The global market for anti-obesity treatments is estimated to reach $100 billion by 2030. Several anti-obesity treatments are currently available, including GLP-1 agonist semaglutide (marketed as Wegovy® by Novo Nordisk A/S) and GLP-1/gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) tirzepatide (marketed as

Zepbound® by Eli Lilly & Co.). Many potential treatments are in development for obesity and weight management. A real-world study by Blue Health Intelligence found that more than 30% of GLP-1 users discontinue treatment within the first month of use and less than half of those prescribed stay on the medication for 12 weeks or more.

Our solution: RT-114

We are developing RT-114, a RaniPill capsule containing a GLP-1/GLP-2 dual agonist, for the treatment of obesity. We believe RT-114 may be differentiated from other obesity treatments with regards to tolerability and better preservation of lean mass. In addition, pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic data of the drug substance (“DS”) in RT-114 support potential dosing of oral RT-114 on a weekly schedule, which may improve patient compliance. We are targeting a profile for RT-114 of once a week oral dosing, potential for better tolerability with more frequent, smaller doses than injectables, potential for less frequent administration than oral competitors and less API required compared to chemistry-based oral molecules.

Preclinical

We are conducting preclinical studies with RT-114. RT-114 is the subject of a collaboration between ProGen and us. The drug substance used in RT-114 is a GLP-1/GLP-2 dual agonist known as PG-102 developed by ProGen. In March 2025, we announced preclinical data demonstrating bioequivalence of RT-114, PG-102 delivered orally via the RaniPill capsule, to subcutaneously administered PG-102. RT-114 yielded a relative bioavailability of 111% compared to PG-102 delivered subcutaneously with comparable pharmacokinetic profiles. RT-114 was well tolerated with no changes in drug-related safety profile compared to delivery and was excreted without sequelae in all subjects. Average peak weight loss was the same in both groups with greater variability with subcutaneous dosing (6.7% ± 0.5% for RT-114 and 6.7% ± 2.2% for subcutaneous PG-102).

ProGen’s preclinical studies demonstrated that treatment with PG-102 resulted in greater glycemic control while inducing a similar degree of body weight loss versus semaglutide and tirzepatide. ProGen presented results from its Phase 1 single-ascending dose study of PG-102 at the 2024 American Diabetes Association conference in which PG-102 showed a favorable safety profile with lower frequencies of gastrointestinal (“GI”) side effects compared to competitors’ trials in similar settings. In addition, preclinical studies of PG-102 have demonstrated in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model weight loss and improved body composition (fat versus lean mass loss) under similar weight loss condition compared to dapiglutide and tirzepatide.

**p<0.01. Data are shown in ±SEM

HFD=high fat diet.

Clinical

We intend to initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial of RT-114 in mid-2025.

RT-111: Ustekinumab for the treatment of inflammatory conditions

Market overview

Ustekinumab is currently approved by the FDA and European Medicines Agency (“EMA”) for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions under the brand name STELARA. STELARA (ustekinumab) is an interleukin-12 and interleukin-23 antagonist marketed by Janssen Biotech, Inc. with sales of approximately $6.4 billion in the United States and approximately $9.7 billion worldwide in 2022. The latest expiring United States patent for STELARA (ustekinumab) expired in 2023. In the United States, there were estimated to be seven million patients with psoriasis and three million patients with Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis in 2021.

Our solution: RT-111

We are developing RT-111, a RaniPill capsule containing an ustekinumab biosimilar, for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions. We entered into a License and Supply Agreement with Celltrion, under which we receive a license and supply of Celltrion’s ustekinumab biosimilar for development and commercialization worldwide, subject to a right of first negotiation for Celltrion following completion of a Phase 1 clinical trial that meets its primary endpoint(s).

Clinical trials

In February 2024, we announced positive topline results from a Phase 1 study of RT-111, which is being developed for the potential treatment of inflammatory conditions. The study met all of its endpoints and RT-111 was generally well tolerated with no serious adverse events noted. In the study, RT-111 orally delivered 0.5 mg and 0.75 mg of our proprietary formulation of ustekinumab biosimilar with high bioavailability.

Study Design

The single-center, open label Phase 1 study of RT-111 was conducted in Australia. The study evaluated the safety, and tolerability of a single administration of RT-111 in healthy adult volunteers. Of the 55 participants, 20 orally ingested RT-111 containing a single 0.5 mg dose of ustekinumab biosimilar and 20 orally ingested RT-111 containing a single 0.75 mg dose of ustekinumab biosimilar, while a control group of 15 participants received a single 0.5 mg subcutaneous injection of STELARA, a commercial formulation of ustekinumab for subcutaneous administration.

Safety Data

In the Phase 1 study, RT-111 was generally well tolerated, with no serious adverse events (“SAE”) noted during the study. None of the participants withdrew from the study due to any adverse event. Two subjects in the 0.5mg RT-111 group and one subject in the 0.5mg SC STELARA® group had mild, transient adverse events which resolved without any intervention. There was no meaningful difference in incidence of anti-drug antibodies via the RaniPill route of delivery compared to STELARA® SC injection.

Drug Signal Detected N=15 N=19 N=16

Number of ADA Positive Cases

Total ADA Positive* N 4 2 6

* ADA positive post dosing, increase in titer compared to pre-dose level

No participants reported difficulty swallowing the capsule and capsule remnants passed from all participants without sequelae.

Pharmacokinetics

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Oral RT-111 delivered 0.5mg and 0.75mg of ustekinumab biosimilar with high bioavailability (estimated bioavailability of 84% for 0.5mg RT-111 relative to 0.5mg SC STELARA®).

Bioavailability -- 84% --

Data are Mean ± SE from all subjects, including those with anti-drug antibodies. *p<0.0001 significantly different from SC group.

License and Supply Agreement

In January 2023, we announced entering into a License and Supply Agreement with Celltrion under which we receive a license and supply of Celltrion’s ustekinumab biosimilar for development and commercialization of RT-111 worldwide.

Next Steps

We intend to advance clinical development of RT-111 at higher doses.

RT-102: Parathyroid hormone (PTH) for the treatment of osteoporosis

Market overview

Osteoporosis is a bone disease where bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, leading to a decrease in bone strength that can increase the risk of fractures. Osteoporosis affects women and men of all races and ethnic groups. Osteoporosis can occur at any age, although the risk for developing the disease increases with age.

PTH is an effective bone-building treatment for osteoporosis. PTH is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates serum calcium concentration and promotes bone growth. PTH therapies are delivered by daily subcutaneous injections for up to two years. Approximately ten million Americans suffer from osteoporosis; however, we estimate that only a small fraction of this population is being treated with a form of PTH. While there may be other reasons for this, we believe that patient aversion to daily injections may be a major factor. As a result, non-bone-building and less effective antiresorptive drugs are used as first line therapies because they are available in oral form.

Teriparatide, a synthetic form of the natural human parathyroid hormone hPTH(1-34), is a PTH analog administered as a once-daily injection to treat osteoporosis, first developed by Eli Lilly and Company and sold under the brand name Forteo. Another PTH analog injectable is Tymlos by Radius Health, Inc., which was approved in 2017. A teriparatide biosimilar injectable by Pfenex, Inc. was approved in 2019. Annual sales revenue of PTH analogs and biosimilars globally in 2021 was approximately $2.0 billion.

Our solution: RT-102

We are developing RT-102, the RaniPill capsule containing our novel formulation of PTH, for oral treatment of osteoporosis. We have worldwide commercial rights to RT-102. In addition to the existing market, we believe there is an opportunity to expand the market by advancing RT-102 as a first line therapy for osteoporosis.

Preclinical pharmacodynamic study

We conducted a 6-week pharmacodynamic study of the RT-102 drug substance PTH (1-34) to evaluate the effect of daily RT-102 drug substance intraperitoneal injections on bone mineral density in a rodent model of osteoporosis. The study compared two control groups of rodents undergoing sham surgery (N=10) and ovariectomy (N=10) receiving no drug, to three overiectomized groups each dosed with 5 mcg/kg per day of either RT-102 DS (N=10), teriparatide (N=10), or abaloparatide (N=10).

The study found that, following six weeks of treatment:

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RT-102 DS increased bone mineral density (“BMD”) in a rat model of osteoporosis.

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RT-102 DS delivered via the intraperitoneal (“IP”) route of administration was biologically active comparable to subcutaneously injected PTH analogs.

Clinical trials

In 2022, we completed a Phase 1 clinical trial with RT-102 in Australia. The study involved a single-ascending dose portion (“Study Part 1”) and a seven-day repeat-dose portion (“Study Part 2”). The Phase 1 study met all of its endpoints, RT-102 was well tolerated and delivery yielded high bioavailability (more than 300% greater bioavailability than subcutaneous injection). No serious adverse events were reported in the study.

Study Part 1 - Topline Results

Study Design

The single-center, open label, Study Part 1 was conducted in Australia. The study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of RT-102 in healthy adult female volunteers. Of the 39 participants, 15 were administered RT-102 containing a single 20 μg dose of PTH and 14 were administered RT-102 containing a single 80 μg dose of PTH, while a control group of ten participants received a single 20 μg subcutaneous injection (SC) of Forteo (teriparatide), a commercial formulation of PTH for subcutaneous administration. The endpoints of the study were safety and tolerability, and measurements of serum concentrations of RT-102 in healthy adult female volunteers.

Safety Data

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In Study Part 1, RT-102 was generally well tolerated, with no RaniPill-related adverse events (“AEs”) observed in study participants:

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0% (0/15) of participants dosed with RT-102 20 μg experienced drug-related AEs.

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14% (2/14) of participants dosed with of RT-102 80 μg experienced drug-related AEs.

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50% (5/10) of participants dosed with 20 μg of Forteo SC experienced drug-related AEs.

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There were no serious adverse events (“SAEs”) noted during Study Part 1.

Per protocol, in instances where the RaniPill capsule did not exit the stomach within seven hours, participants were excluded from the study. Based on the exclusion criteria, three participants were excluded from Study Part 1, one of whom experienced bloating, and one additional subject was excluded due to vomiting the capsule intact. In all instances, the capsule remnants passed from all participants who ingested the RaniPill capsule.

Pharmacokinetics

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In Study Part 1, RT-102 (20 μg and 80 μg) orally delivered PTH with 300%-400% greater bioavailability than PTH delivered by Forteo SC (20 μg).

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RT-102 20 μg delivered PTH with lower, more sustained peak serum levels and higher area under the curve (“AUC”) than Forteo SC 20 μg.

Device Performance

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Two versions of the RaniPill capsule were used during Study Part 1: Version C, which was used in our prior Phase 1 study of octreotide (which also utilized a Version A and Version B); and Version D, the latest iteration of the RaniPill capsule.

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RaniPill Version D demonstrated a higher drug delivery success rate than Version C:

95% (20/21) of participants received successful drug delivery when ingesting RaniPill Version D.

75% (6/8) of participants received successful drug delivery when ingesting RaniPill Version C.

The device performance analysis does not include participants excluded from the study per protocol, as drug delivery was not measured in such participants.

Study Part 2 - Topline Results

Study Design

Study Part 2 was a continuation of Rani’s single-center, open-label Phase 1 study of RT-102 conducted in Australia. The study evaluated the safety and tolerability of once-daily administration of RT-102 containing 20 μg of PTH given repeatedly for seven consecutive days in ten healthy female volunteers (five of whom were post-menopausal). Complete pharmacokinetic profiles of PTH were obtained for each subject on Day 7.

Safety Data

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RT-102 was generally well tolerated, with no serious adverse events noted during the study

None of the participants withdrew from the repeat-dose study due to any adverse event related to the RaniPill capsule or due to difficulty swallowing the capsule

Two subjects had transient, mild-to-moderate adverse events which resolved without any intervention

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Device remnants were excreted without sequelae in all subjects

Pharmacokinetics

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RT-102 delivered 20 μg of PTH with high bioavailability (relative to 20 μg SC Forteo (teriparatide) in Study Part 1, confirming the high bioavailability of PTH delivered via the RaniPill capsule observed during Study Part 1.

Device Performance

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In all ten participants who completed seven days of daily, consecutive dosing, the RaniPill capsule demonstrated an overall drug delivery success rate of 91% over the seven days (drug sampling was done at three, six and nine hours after capsule swallowing on Days 1-6).

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On Day 7, with more frequent, serial drug sampling after capsule swallowing on that day, the drug delivery success rate was 100%.

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On Days 1 through 6, participants ate food three hours after administration of the RaniPill capsule. The number of successful deployments was comparable before and after food was consumed.

Regulatory

We have completed a pre-IND meeting with the FDA with respect to RT-102. Following feedback from the meeting, we believe that a 505(b)(2) pathway is suitable for the development of RT-102 in the U.S. In addition, we obtained guidance from the FDA on our preclinical and clinical development plans for RT-102. The next step for this program is to initiate a Phase 2 clinical trial of RT-102.

RT-105: Anti-TNF-alpha antibody for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Market overview

Anti-TNF-alpha antibodies such as adalimumab are used to treat a range of inflammatory disorders and are among the largest selling class of pharmaceutical drugs globally as measured by revenue. Adalimumab, sold by AbbVie Inc. under the brand name Humira, generated U.S. sales of approximately $7.14 billion in 2024. Adalimumab is approved by the FDA and EMA to treat a range of autoimmune conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and Crohn’s disease. In the U.S. alone, there are an estimated one and one-half million patients with rheumatoid arthritis, seven million with psoriasis, and three million with Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. At least eight Humira® biosimilars have entered the U.S. market including Yuflyma®, a high-concentration, citrate-free adalimumab biosimilar marketed by Celltrion.

Patients who use adalimumab administer the drug through a subcutaneous injection once every two weeks. Despite the painful injections required to administer it, adalimumab was the best-selling drug globally in 2020.

Our solution: RT-105

We are developing RT-105, the RaniPill capsule containing a formulation of adalimumab, for oral treatment of a host of inflammatory conditions, beginning with treatment of psoriatic arthritis and later expanding to other indications for which TNF-alpha inhibitors are approved. We believe that the development of an orally administered anti-TNF-alpha antibody represents a significant market opportunity. In June 2023, we entered into a License and Supply Agreement with Celltrion under which we receive an exclusive license and supply of Celltrion’s adalimumab biosimilar for development and commercialization of RT-105 worldwide, subject to a right of first negotiation for Celltrion.

Preclinical studies

We evaluated the performance of RT-105 containing an adalimumab biosimilar in awake canines and compared it to the performance of the adalimumab biosimilar given by way of subcutaneous and intravenous injection. The PK profile for RT-105 was comparable to the profile for subcutaneous administration, and mean bioavailability for RT-105 was 49%, compared to 46% with subcutaneous injection.

Clinical trials

Endoscopic administration of adalimumab into the jejunum of healthy human volunteers

To assess whether the observations from preclinical studies regarding absorption of adalimumab through the intestinal wall translate to clinical trials, we conducted an endoscopic study in humans. The study involved ten healthy volunteers and compared the PK of an approved formulation of adalimumab injected endoscopically into the jejunal intestinal wall, which mimics the RaniPill capsule route of administration, to that of an identical dose injected subcutaneously. Blood samples were obtained at prescribed intervals during a 14-day study period.

PK profiles were similar with no notable differences observed in either area under the curve (“AUC”) or maximum serum concentration (“Cmax”). The mean AUC was 62.7 ± 11.4 μg/ml*day*kg/mg for the subcutaneous group and 45.0 ± 29.0 μg/ml*day*kg/mg for the intrajejunal group. No serious adverse events were noted in this study, and adverse events of headache and flu-like symptoms after intrajejunal administration resolved within 48 hours. The results are consistent with data obtained in preclinical studies, confirming intrajejunal delivery as a viable route of delivery for adalimumab.

Next Steps

In November 2023, we announced the pausing of development of RT-105 as part of a strategic focusing of the business. The next milestone for this program will be to initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial of RT-105. Under the Celltrion Agreement for adalimumab, Celltrion will have a right to terminate the agreement if we do not initiate a Phase 1 clinical trial with RT-105, or fail to deliver to Celltrion topline data from a Phase 1 trial that meets its primary endpoint(s), within certain agreed time periods.

The Market and Our Strategy

More than half of the adult population of the U.S. has one or more chronic diseases. The affected population is expected to continue to grow as the population ages. Chronic conditions, including obesity, autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, cancers, and cardiovascular diseases are increasingly being treated with biologics. In 2023, eight of the ten highest revenue-producing drugs in the world were biologics. Current treatments using biologics are primarily via injections.

Biologics, the fastest growing segment of the drug industry, refers to a broad class of drugs that are derived from living sources. Biologics are distinguished from small molecules, like aspirin, which derive from chemistry. Biologics include, for example, recombinant therapeutic proteins, peptides, and monoclonal antibodies, as well as cell and gene therapies. The global biologics market size was calculated to be $511.0 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach $1.4 trillion by 2033.

Biologics must generally be administered through intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection. Patient aversion to injections has promoted a significant interest in the development of solutions to enable the oral delivery of biologics. However, a significant hurdle is the ability to achieve sufficient bioavailability with oral biologics to produce an intended therapeutic effect. Bioavailability refers to the proportion of a delivered dose that reaches the bloodstream in active form. Attempts at oral delivery of biotherapeutics have remained largely unsuccessful due to the rapid degradation and digestion of biologics in the gastrointestinal environment before they can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Our solution is a novel, proprietary and patented platform technology referred to as the RaniPill capsule, an orally ingestible pill designed to automatically deploy in the small intestine to administer a precise therapeutic dose of a biologic into the intestinal wall. Our several preclinical studies and clinical trials have demonstrated bioavailability of biologics dosed via the RaniPill capsule that is generally comparable to the bioavailability of biologics dosed subcutaneously, with high dosing accuracy: this level of bioavailability is significantly higher than any that has been demonstrated with respect to others’ attempts at oral delivery of biologics.

We are pursuing a number of clinical and preclinical pipeline programs utilizing our RaniPill capsule. We believe the RaniPill capsule has the potential to deliver more than 90 biologics currently on the market, including such biologics as semaglutide, dupilumab, pembrolizumab, etanercept, trastuzumab and secukinumab. We believe that oral biologics utilizing our RaniPill technology have the potential to disrupt the large and growing biologics market.

Our strategic vision is to disrupt and expand the market currently served by injectable only therapeutic biologics. We plan to do this by developing and advancing a pipeline of oral biologics therapies to unlock the value of these assets and to progress platform development and by actively pursuing partnering of the technology with third party biopharmaceutical companies for the oral delivery of their biologics and drugs. We also intend to explore opportunities to demonstrate the potential of the delivery platform in additional modalities and therapeutics areas. We believe that the RaniPill capsule has the potential to improve the lives of millions of patients with chronic diseases who currently depend on biologics and drugs available only as injections.

Our strategy includes the following aspects.

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Pursue validated and commercially established market opportunities. We intend to pursue high-value markets with biologics where we can develop differentiated products. We believe that these products will take market share from available therapies, while also expanding existing markets by reaching new patient populations that otherwise are not being treated by injectable biologics.

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Expand in-house manufacturing of the RaniPill capsule. We have vertically integrated our manufacturing, and plan to continue to scale and optimize our manufacturing processes by expanding our use of automation. For commercial scale manufacturing, we will consider engaging one or more third party contract manufacturers.

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Invest in RaniPill capsule capabilities. We intend to become a leader in oral biologics by continuing to invest in our technology, such as by expanding payload capacity to maximize the number of therapeutic targets and addressable markets.

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Expand our reach by selectively entering into strategic partnerships. We are actively exploring partnering of our RaniPill technology with third party biopharmaceutical companies for the oral delivery of their biologics and drugs.

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Continue to strengthen our intellectual property portfolio. Our patent portfolio has helped establish us as a leading oral biologics company. We plan to continue to innovate and expand our intellectual property by developing further innovations and new applications of the RaniPill capsule.

Rani LLC was founded by Mir Imran, our Chairman of the Board, who continues to contribute to our strategic planning and product development. Mir Imran has a background in medicine and engineering, is a prolific inventor and a serial entrepreneur, having founded more than 20 life sciences companies.

Our Platform Technology

Our technology comprises a drug-agnostic oral delivery platform, the RaniPill capsule, which is designed to deliver a wide variety of drug substances, including antibodies, proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides. We have two configurations of the platform – the RaniPill GO and the RaniPill HC. The RaniPill GO is designed to deliver up to a 3 mg dose of drug in microtablet form with high bioavailability. We are also developing a high-capacity version of the RaniPill capsule known as the RaniPill HC, which is intended to enable delivery of drug payloads up to 200μL in liquid form with high bioavailability.

Each of our product candidates is a RaniPill capsule containing a biologic. We may use the term RaniPill platform or RaniPill device herein to refer to the physical structure and/or mechanisms of the RaniPill capsule absent a biologic.

The RaniPill capsule

The RaniPill capsule is a versatile, drug-agnostic, orally ingestible pill approximately the size of a fish oil or calcium pill or a ‘000’-sized capsule.

RaniPill capsule in purple next to fish oil pills (gold) and calcium pills (white).

The capsule includes a proprietary coating designed to withstand stomach acid but dissolve in the jejunum portion of the small intestine. Dissolution of the coating leads to a series of steps that result in a biologic being delivered into the highly vascularized wall of the small intestine so that the biologic can be absorbed into the vasculature and enter the bloodstream.

The following illustrations depict the RaniPill HC capsule traversing through and deploying within a lumen of the intestine illustrated in cross section.

Panel A Panel B Panel C Panel D

Panel A: As the RaniPill capsule exits the stomach and enters the small intestine, the higher pH environment of around 6.5 in the jejunum begins to dissolve the coating.

Panel B: Dissolution of the coating exposes a balloon in the RaniPill capsule to intestinal fluid which results in the balloon self-inflating.

Panel C: Inflation of the balloon orients a microneedle contained within the balloon approximately perpendicular to the intestinal wall. The pressure in the balloon delivers drug through the microneedle, which is smaller than a grain of rice, into the intestinal wall. The microneedle dissolves in the moist tissue environment, and the drug is absorbed into the vasculature and thereby into the bloodstream.

Panel D: The balloon immediately deflates upon microneedle delivery and is excreted through normal digestive processes.

The RaniPill GO operates similar to the RaniPill HC except that it delivers a dissolvable microneedle containing a solid microtablet of drug instead of delivering the drug payload in liquid form.

Features and advantages of the RaniPill capsule

The RaniPill capsule is a result of years of internal research activities to develop and optimize specialized components and systems that make up the RaniPill capsule. Several advanced features are included in the RaniPill capsule, providing what we believe to be significant and sustainable competitive advantages in the field of oral delivery of biologics. Some of the features and advantages of the RaniPill capsule are listed below.

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High bioavailability and high dosing accuracy – Our studies conducted to date have demonstrated that the RaniPill capsule delivers biologics with high bioavailability and high dosing accuracy. This level of bioavailability is significantly higher than that of currently marketed chemistry-based oral biologics, the best attempts of which to our awareness have resulted in peptides being delivered with only low single-digit bioavailability.

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Protective coating avoids deployment in the stomach– The proprietary protective coating formulation is pH-sensitive, enabling the RaniPill capsule to maintain its integrity through the acidic environment in the stomach for deployment in the small intestine.

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Protection of the drug prior to delivery – The microneedle and drug are protected from intestinal fluid until delivery, and then the rapid injection of the microneedle into the intestinal wall and delivery of drug provides for little or no exposure of the microneedle or drug to intestinal fluid. This technique serves to overcome the body’s natural mechanisms that break down biologics in the harsh GI environment and thus block biologics from reaching the blood stream from within the intestine.

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Delivery in both fed and fasted states – The RaniPill capsule is designed to deliver the drug payload regardless of whether the patient ingests the RaniPill capsule with or without food, which we expect will allow for more flexible dosing regimens and improved patient adherence to a given regimen.

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Self-inflating balloon ensures reliable delivery – The proprietary self-inflating balloon is designed to provide optimal pressure to deliver the payload. In addition, the novel design of the balloon positions the microneedle approximately perpendicular to the intestinal wall for reliable drug delivery, with greater than 90% cumulative drug delivery success observed with the latest version of the RaniPill capsule used in our Phase 1 clinical trials of RT-102 and RT-111. The self-inflating balloon has been designed to minimize GI discomfort.

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Drug-agnostic design provides a standardized platform – The RaniPill capsule is designed to deliver any molecule irrespective of its molecular mass. This allows a single platform design to be used with multiple drugs.

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Optimized dosing regimen – Based on confirmed patient preference for oral delivery alternatives, we expect better treatment adherence with oral dosing versus injections, thus enabling a more clinically-favorable dosing regimen. For example, the RaniPill capsule may enable a regimen of small, more frequent doses, versus larger less frequent doses for injections, to improve treatment adherence. In addition, small, more frequent dosing may allow for therapeutic exposures to be maintained within a narrow range, whereas larger less frequent injection dosing can lead to large variations in therapeutic exposure, which may contribute to adverse events, loss of efficacy, and increased propensity for immunogenic response.

RaniPill HC

We continue to develop the RaniPill HC, a high-capacity RaniPill capsule designed to deliver drug payloads up to 200μL. As of January 1, 2025, we had tested more than 350 RaniPill HC devices in vivo including delivery of multiple different antibodies and peptides. We intend to initiate clinical testing of the RaniPill HC in mid-2025.

RT-114 Study

In March 2025, we announced preclinical data demonstrating bioequivalence of RT-114, a GLP-1/GLP-2 dual agonist (PG-102) delivered orally via the RaniPill HC, to subcutaneously administered PG-102. RT-114 yielded a relative bioavailability of 111% compared to PG-102 delivered subcutaneously with comparable pharmacokinetic profiles and weight loss. The RaniPill capsule was well tolerated with no changes in drug-related safety profile compared to subcutaneous delivery and was excreted without sequelae in all canines. RT-114 achieved a 90% delivery success rate (9 out of 10 canines). For information regarding the preclinical study and the RT-114 program, see the section titled “Our Pipeline Programs - RT-114: GLP-1/GLP-2 dual agonist for the treatment of obesity” for more information.”

Semaglutide Study

In February 2025, we announced results from a nonclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the GLP-1 agonist semaglutide administered via the RaniPill HC.

Study Design

The nonclinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study was conducted to examine the effects of semaglutide delivered orally via the RaniPill (RT-116) versus a subcutaneous injection comparator group. The 2x2 crossover study was conducted in two parts with a period of four weeks separating the two groups to evaluate the PK, PD and safety of RT-116. Eight canines were randomized into two groups who received 0.5mg of semaglutide delivered via oral administration of the RaniPill HC (N=4) or subcutaneous injection (N=4). Endpoints included plasma drug concentrations, body weight, food intake, lipid profile, and safety.

Data Highlights

Semaglutide was successfully delivered in 7 of 8 canines that received the RaniPill capsule. Semaglutide administered via the RaniPill capsule was well tolerated with no serious adverse events. Cmax, Tmax, and AUC were comparable for semglutide administered via RaniPill capsule and subcutaneous administration of semaglutide. Oral administration via the RaniPill capsule demonstrated bioavailability and biological activity comparable to subcutaneous administration. The relative bioavailability of oral semaglutide was 107% versus subcutaneous administration. Both groups saw comparable weight loss which appeared to be driven by decreased food intake that coincided with rises in plasma drug levels thus indicating there is a PD effect to treatment. Both groups saw comparable moderate decreases in serum triglycerides and cholesterol.

Previous Studies

In September 2023, we announced three positive preclinical studies which support the development of the RaniPill HC device.

Rani conducted two preclinical studies of the RaniPill HC containing 40ug of teriparatide. In the first study, two RaniPill HC capsules were orally administered to 5 awake canine subjects sequentially, with a second RaniPill HC capsule administered after the deployment of the previous device was confirmed. In the second study, a single RaniPill HC capsule was administered to ten awake canines.

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RaniPill HC achieved 18/20 successful drug delivery of teriparatide in the two studies, resulting in a cumulative 90% success rate.

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Successful drug delivery was confirmed by positive drug signal for teriparatide in serum.

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Devices used in these studies were separate iterations, and may not comprise all the same components expected in a final version.

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Rani also conducted an additional preclinical study of RaniPill HC containing Fe57 (iron) in 2 canine subjects.

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The RaniPill HC containing Fe57 showed a positive drug signal comparable to subcutaneous injection.

In October and November 2023, we announced the completion of two preclinical studies of the RaniPill HC with antibodies, adalimumab and dupilumab. In the two studies, the RaniPill HC achieved an oral delivery success rate of 100% (10/10). In one study, we tracked the serum concentrations of adalimumab, following the oral administration of the enteric-coated RaniPill HC capsule containing 11mg of Humira (adalimumab) to four canine models. In the second study, we tracked the serum concentrations of

dupilumab, following the oral administration of the enteric-coated RaniPill HC capsule containing 16.5mg of dupilumab to six canine models. In both studies, the RaniPill HC was well tolerated, all animals remained healthy throughout the study period with no clinical findings or adverse events, and all device remnants were excreted normally without sequelae.

Pharmacokinetics of Adalimumab (11mg) Delivered Orally via RaniPill HC Capsules to Awake Canines (N=4)

All Data are Means ± SE

Pharmacokinetics of Dupilumab (16.5mg) Delivered Orally via RaniPill HC Capsules to Awake Canines (N=6)

All Data are Means ± SE

Preliminary preclinical testing supports the potential for RaniPill HC to have high reliability, and initial analysis of drug delivery via the RaniPill HC shows a potential for mimicking parenteral (subcutaneous) administration.

60-Day GLP Study

We conducted a preclinical GLP study evaluating the safety and tolerability of the RaniPill drug delivery platform, following 60-day repeat oral administration of the test article, RT-100, in healthy animals. RT-100 is an enteric-coated capsule identical to RT-102, but instead of PTH contained the pharmaceutical excipient mannitol. The control group received a RaniPill capsule (Mock-RP) of similar weight to RT-100 but filled with potato starch. Male and female (1:1) animals were divided into two groups and were administered either Mock-RP (N=12) or RT-100 (N=24) once daily for 60 days, with half of the animals completing an additional 14-day clinical observation and safety evaluation period. RT-100 was well-tolerated with no treatment-related adverse events and all animals remained clinically healthy throughout the study.

Platform study in humans confirming reliable deployment in fed and fasted states

An initial clinical assessment of the RaniPill capsule (without a drug) was conducted to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the platform and to compare device performance in fed and fasted states in twenty healthy volunteers, divided into two groups of ten. In one group, the RaniPill capsule was administered under fasting conditions, while the other group was given the RaniPill capsule 45 minutes after consumption of a standardized meal. X-ray imaging was used to monitor transit of the device as well as its deployment. The evaluation involved the use of capsules that were not equipped with a drug or needle. The goals of this study were tolerability and effects of food on the RaniPill capsule’s functionality, as measured by the time required for the RaniPill capsule to reach and deploy in the small intestine.

The total transit time for the RaniPill capsule was longer in the fed group than in the fasted group because the capsule remained in the stomach longer in the fed group. However, food did not impact the deployment time of the RaniPill capsule. This was confirmed via radiographic tracking which showed successful balloon inflation, indicating both that the protective coating dissolved as designed and the balloon inflated as designed, regardless of the presence of matter in the lumen of the intestinal tract.

No volunteers reported difficulty in swallowing the capsule, nor did any study participant report experiencing pain or sensing an awareness upon balloon deployment.

Our Regulatory Pathways

Test, approval, manufacture, and sale of our products are subject to federal, state, local, and foreign statutes and regulations. We, along with our third-party contractors, will be required to navigate the various preclinical, clinical, and commercial approval requirements of the governing regulatory authorities of the countries in which we wish to conduct studies or seek approval or licensure of our product candidates. We detail the U.S. regulatory pathway in this section. In the United States, the FDA regulates biologic products such as ours under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FDCA”) and the Public Health Service Act (“PHSA”) and their implementing regulations. Other jurisdictions will have somewhat different requirements.

FDA centers: CDRH, CBER, CDER, OCP

Each of our product candidates includes the RaniPill platform and a biologic. The RaniPill platform, if marketed without a biologic, would be classified by the FDA as a device regulated by the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (“CDRH”). A biologic, if marketed without the RaniPill platform, would be classified by the FDA as either a “biological product” or a “drug.” Drugs and certain biological products, including monoclonal antibodies and proteins intended for therapeutic use, are regulated by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (“CDER”) and certain biological products, including vaccines, cellular products and gene therapy products, are regulated by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (“CBER”). The classification as biological product or drug would depend on the FDA’s definition of “biological product” with respect to the active ingredient of a product candidate at the time a request for regulatory license or approval is submitted to the FDA to market that product candidate. The FDA currently defines a biological product as “a virus, therapeutic serum, toxin, antitoxin, vaccine, blood, blood component or derivative, allergenic product, protein, or analogous product, or arsphenamine or derivative of arsphenamine (or any other trivalent organic arsenic compound), applicable to the prevention, treatment, or cure of a disease or condition of human beings,” and defines a protein as an “alpha amino acid polymer with a specific, defined sequence that is greater than 40 amino acids in size.”

Because our product candidates each include a device and a biologic, it is expected that each of our product candidates will be classified by the FDA as a combination product. The FDA is charged with assigning a center with primary jurisdiction, or a lead center, for review of a combination product. The designation of a lead center generally eliminates the need to receive approvals from more than one center. The determination of which center will be the lead center is based on the “primary mode of action” of the combination product, although the other centers may participate in review. The FDA has also established an Office of Combination Products, (“OCP”), which serves as a focal point for combination product issues for agency reviewers and industry. OCP is also responsible for developing guidance and regulations to clarify the regulation of combination products, and for assignment of the FDA center that has primary jurisdiction for review of combination products where the jurisdiction is unclear or in dispute.

It is expected that most of our product candidates will include a biologic within the FDA’s definition of “biological product” and some of our product candidates may include a biologic that will be considered a “drug.” CDER is the lead center for review of monoclonal antibodies and therapeutic proteins at this time, thus most of our product candidates will have CDER as the lead center.

For each product candidate, we will perform numerous preclinical laboratory tests and animal studies, as well as perform human clinical trials. Preclinical laboratory tests, preclinical animal studies, and/or clinical trials may be ongoing concurrently for a product candidate in focused studies to assess various properties of a formulation and/or the platform of the product candidate. Animal studies require pre-approval by an independent institutional review board (“IRB”) or ethics committee. Human studies in the United States require pre-approval by the FDA. For FDA approval of a human trial, if the trial will involve a biologic alone then an IND application will be needed, and if the trial will involve the RaniPill platform alone then an investigational device exemption (“IDE”) application will be needed. For a clinical trial in which the RaniPill platform will be used in combination with a biologic, we must submit an IDE application if the lead center is CDRH or an IND application if the lead center is CBER or CDER. For the RaniPill platform used in combination with a biologic, it is expected that CBER or CDER will be the lead center. IND and IDE applications are discussed in more detail below.

Approval or license to market the RaniPill capsule

The FDA has specified a BLA path for seeking a license to market a biological product and a new drug application path for seeking approval to market a drug. It is expected that most of our product candidates will follow the BLA path while some may follow the NDA path.

Our current pipeline includes well-characterized biologics that have been in clinical use for several years. We believe that we may be able to leverage the FDA’s prior conclusions of safety, purity, and potency for already-approved products in our own BLA or NDA. The degree to which we may be able to reduce the burden on our own development may depend on whether the API or drug substance is the same as the original approved product. Additionally, because certain products originally approved under an NDA have been reclassified by the FDA and would now follow a BLA pathway, it is unclear whether conclusions regarding such reclassified products can be leveraged in our BLA submissions. We intend to have the scope of the leverage that will be available from already-approved biologics clarified on a product-by-product basis for each product candidate in pre-IND meetings with the FDA.

We have completed a pre-IND meeting with the FDA with respect to RT-102. Following feedback from the meeting, we believe that a 505(b)(2) pathway is suitable for the development of RT-102 in the U.S.

CBER and CDER may ask for additional testing for specific biologics, disease indications, or patient populations.

Additional information regarding regulatory pathways is provided in the “Government Regulation” section below.

License and Evaluation Agreements

ProGen Co., Ltd.

In June 2024, we entered into the ProGen Collaboration Agreement with ProGen. Under the ProGen Collaboration Agreement, the parties will collaborate to manufacture, develop, seek regulatory approvals for and, if approved, commercialize a product (RT-114) combining ProGen’s GLP-1/GLP-2 dual agonist compound, PG-102, and the RaniPill HC oral delivery device in the field of weight management (including without limitation obesity, weight reduction and weight maintenance) in humans.

Each party has the right to opt-out of the ProGen Collaboration (“Opt-Out”) at any time upon prior written notice to the other party. Following an Opt-Out, the continuing party shall have sole right to develop, conduct regulatory activities for and commercialize RT-114 on a worldwide basis. The Opt-Out party shall share all development costs and operating profit (or loss) through the effective date of the Opt-Out, and all costs to complete the conduct of any clinical trials of RT-114 that have been initiated prior to delivery of the Opt-Out notice, even if the costs are incurred or the trials are completed after the effective date of the Opt-Out. The continuing party shall pay to the Opt-Out party low single to mid-single digit royalties on net sales of RT-114 made after the Opt-Out date depending on when the Opt-Out occurs.

Celltrion license and supply agreements

In January 2023, we entered into a License and Supply Agreement with Celltrion regarding its ustekinumab biosimilar, CT-P43 (the “Ustekinumab Celltrion Agreement"). In June 2023, we entered into a License and Supply Agreement with Celltrion regarding its adalimumab biosimilar (the “Adalimumab Celltrion Agreement” and together with the Ustekinumab Celltrion Agreement, the “Celltrion Agreements”). Under the Celltrion Agreements, Celltrion grants us an exclusive, worldwide, royalty-free license to certain intellectual property to make, use, sell, offer for sale, import and otherwise exploit RT-111 and RT-105 and to use certain information to support the manufacture, development and commercialization of RT-111 and RT-105. Celltrion will provide, and we will purchase, supply of ustekinumab biosimilar and adalimumab biosimilar at supply prices set forth in the respective Celltrion Agreement. We will obtain ustekiunmab biosimilar and adalimumab biosimilar exclusively from Celltrion for the manufacture, development and commercialization of RT-111 and RT-105, respectively, subject to a right to obtain supply from alternative sources under certain circumstances where Celltrion experiences supply disruption.

Under the Celltrion Agreements, we have sole right to manufacture, develop and commercialize RT-111 and RT-105 worldwide, subject to an exclusive right of first negotiation (“ROFN”) granted to Celltrion for each program. For each program, following our delivery to Celltrion of a data package consisting of topline safety information, pharmacokinetic results and device performance, and the raw data related to topline results from a Phase 1 clinical trial of such program that meets its primary endpoint(s), Celltrion will have 30 days to exercise its ROFN with respect to that program. If Celltrion timely exercises the ROFN, then Celltrion will have an exclusive period of 90 days to negotiate in good faith a definitive agreement with us for rights to clinically develop and commercialize the applicable program in territories selected by Celltrion. In the event Celltrion does not timely exercise the ROFN or Celltrion notifies us that it does not intend to exercise the ROFN or, after timely exercising the ROFN, notifies us that Celltrion withdraws its exercise of the ROFN, or the parties fail to enter into a definitive agreement for the development and commercialization of the applicable program within the exclusive negotiation period, then the ROFN regarding that program will terminate and we will have no further obligations under the Celltrion Agreements related to a ROFN for that program. The ROFN with respect to RT-111 has expired.

The Celltrion Agreements allocate rights between the parties with respect to inventions generated in performance of the agreement for the manufacture, development and commercialization of each of RT-111 and RT-105, respectively. Celltrion will own intellectual property generated in the programs solely related to its ustekinumab biosimilar or adalimumab biosimilar, respectively. We will own all other intellectual property generated in the programs, and we grant Celltrion an exclusive, worldwide license under such intellectual property solely for use with its ustekinumab biosimilar or adalimumab biosimilar, respectively. We will own all data related to the research, development, manufacture, regulatory activities and commercialization of RT-111 and RT-105 conducted by us. The Celltrion Agreements also contain customary representations, warranties and covenants, and mutual indemnification provisions. We have a right to terminate each agreement for convenience subject to certain notice periods. Celltrion has a right to terminate each agreement if we do not achieve certain development milestones with respect to that agreement, and each party has certain rights to terminate the applicable agreement for material breach or safety concerns regarding the ustekinumab biosimilar or RT-111, or adalimumab biosimilar or RT-105, respectively.

Evaluation agreement

In August 2024, we entered into a contract to conduct evaluation services of certain customer compounds for oral delivery using the RaniPill HC. This customer paid us an up-front payment of $0.6 million upon execution of the contract. Upon completion of the evaluation services, we are entitled to a final $0.6 million payment for an aggregate total of $1.2 million due under the contract. In addition, if agreed upon, the agreement allows for joint filing of certain intellectual property protection in which all associated expenses will be shared equally. The customer has the ability to terminate the agreement at any time by providing 10 days’ written notice after the effective date of the contract. The contract can be terminated for cause by either party based on uncured material breach by the other party. Upon early termination, all ongoing activities under the agreement and all mutual collaboration, development and commercialization licenses and sublicenses will terminate.

Manufacturing and Quality Assurance

We currently manufacture and assemble RaniPill capsules ourselves. We also inspect, package and ship finished products to support our clinical trials. We are intentionally pursuing a vertically integrated manufacturing strategy, which we believe offers significant advantages, including rapid product iteration, control over our product quality, and the ability to rapidly scale our manufacturing capacity. This capability also allows us to develop future generations of products while maintaining the confidentiality of our intellectual property.

Each RaniPill capsule is assembled through a process which involves a series of integrated, well-developed, and highly reproducible steps that have been optimized to consistently produce capsules of high reliability.

The RaniPill capsule manufacturing process

* Microtableting only applicable to drugs formulated for use in the RaniPill GO capsule.

For the RaniPill GO, a drug API or drug substance combined with excipients specific to the drug API or drug substance is lyophilized and compressed into a solid microtablet form. The microtablet (in the case of RaniPill GO) or liquid drug (in the case of RaniPill HC) is sealed inside a microsyringe under aseptic conditions. The microsyringe is incorporated in the RaniPill capsule, which is given a protective coating. Each of these steps in the manufacturing process has been subjected to rigorous testing and process qualification procedures to ensure manufacturing consistency. In the case of ustekinumab for RT-111 and adalimumab for RT-105, we obtain supply of drug substance from Celltrion under the Celltrion Agreements. In the case of PG-102 for RT-114, we obtain supply of drug substance from ProGen under the ProGen Collaboration Agreement. For other APIs or drug substances, we rely on non-exclusive, third-party relationships with several manufacturers for the drug API or drug substance. We maintain in-house capabilities related to the aseptic manufacturing, following FDA Current Good Manufacturing Practice (“cGMP”) regulations for drugs that contain minimum requirements for the methods, facilities, and controls used in manufacturing, processing, and packing of a drug product guidelines. Our personnel have significant technical, manufacturing, analytical, quality, regulatory, and project management experience to oversee our third-party manufacturers and to manage in-house manufacturing and quality operations in compliance with regulatory requirements.

The current semi-automated manufacturing process will be sufficient to support our currently planned clinical trials. In parallel, we are in the process of automating the entire manufacturing process, which we anticipate being complete by the time the RaniPill capsule is commercialized.

Commercialization

Markets

The key markets for our products, once approved, will be in the United States, Europe, and Asia.

Sales and supply infrastructure

Development of our product candidates includes identifying sources that can provide consistent quality and increasing quantities of APIs or drug substance to meet our needs through in vitro studies, preclinical studies, and clinical trials, and later into commercialization. We currently do not have agreements in place for long-term supplies of any API or drug substance, other than ustekinumab biosimilar for RT-111, adalimumab biosimilar for RT-105 and PG-102 for RT-114. Availability of API or drug substance supply may inform our decisions regarding which product candidates present the best development opportunities.

Currently we do not have any approved products. We intend to either develop the commercialization sales and supply infrastructure as our product candidates are approved, or partner with pharmaceutical companies or distributors for commercialization.

Coverage and reimbursement of approved products by third-party payors

Sales of any product, if approved, depend in part on the extent to which such product will be covered by third-party payors, such as federal, state, and foreign government healthcare programs, commercial insurance, and managed healthcare organizations, and the level of reimbursement, if any, for such product by the payors. Decisions regarding whether to cover a product, the extent of coverage, and the amount of reimbursement to be provided are made separately, and these decisions are made on a plan-by-plan basis because there is no uniform policy for coverage and reimbursement. As a result, one payor’s decision to cover a particular product does not ensure that other payors will also provide coverage for the product, or that any of the reimbursement rates will be adequate.

Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own coverage policy, formulary, and reimbursement rates, but also have their own methods and approval process apart from Medicare determinations. As a result, the coverage determination process is often a time-consuming and costly process that will require us to provide scientific, clinical, and/or cost-effectiveness support for the use of our products to each payor separately, with no assurance that coverage and adequate reimbursement will be applied consistently or obtained in the first instance.

For products administered under the supervision of a physician, obtaining coverage and adequate reimbursement may be particularly difficult because of the higher prices often associated with such drugs. Additionally, separate reimbursement for the treatment or procedure in which the product is used may not be available, which may impact physician utilization.

In addition, the U.S. government, state legislatures, and foreign governments have continued implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on coverage and reimbursement, and requirements for substitution of generic products when available. Third-party payors are increasingly challenging prices charged, examining medical necessity, and reviewing cost effectiveness in addition to questioning safety and efficacy. A decrease in, or decision to stop, payor reimbursement for a product could reduce physician prescribing of, and patient demand for, the product.

Competition

Our industry is highly competitive and subject to rapid and significant technological changes as researchers learn more about diseases and develop new technologies and treatments. Key competitive factors affecting the commercial success of product candidates we may develop are likely to be efficacy, safety and tolerability profile, reliability, convenience of administration, price, and reimbursement.

Broadly speaking, we will face competition from current and future (generic or biosimilar) manufacturers of the branded injectable versions of our pipeline drugs, manufacturers such as AbbVie Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, and Johnson & Johnson Innovative Medicine. However, we believe that oral biologics have the potential to take significant market share from current injectable therapies. We also believe that oral biologics have the potential to expand existing markets by an early reach into new patient populations that are averse to taking injections.

We are aware of certain other companies that are pursuing oral biologics through either device-based or chemistry-based technologies. We may also face competition from companies that develop oral small molecule therapeutics to the same biological targets as biologics incorporated into our RaniPill capsule. Early-stage device-based technologies such as the SOMA and LUMI from the Novo Nordisk-MIT collaboration were reported to be in early clinical and preclinical stages, respectively. Two other companies pursuing a device-based approach are Biograil ApS and Biora Therapeutics, Inc., both of which were reported to be in a preclinical stage of development. In December 2024, Biora announced that it is undertaking a Chapter 11 sale process. Chemistry-based oral delivery companies include, but are not limited to, Oramed Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Entera Bio Ltd., Protagonist Therapeutics, Inc., i2O Therapeutics, Intract Pharma, and two with recently approved oral peptide products – Mycapssa from Chiesi Farmaceutici SpA and Rybelsus from Novo Nordisk A/S. Chemistry-based approaches have limited applications because they work only for small peptides and, even then, with low (often less than 1%) bioavailability, far lower than injections. In contrast, our versatile technology is designed to deliver biologics, from small peptides to large proteins, irrespective of molecular mass and with bioavailability similar to that of injections.

We could also face competition from implantable device companies, such as Vivani Medical Inc., and gene and cell therapy companies. Our product candidates aim to treat chronic diseases. As a result, we also compete with curative therapies on the basis that they cure the chronic disease we are intending to treat.

Environmental impact

We have instituted policies and procedures related to appropriate chemical and biological material handling, use, and disposal in our facilities, and we train our employees on these policies and procedures.

Regulations in certain jurisdictions may require us to submit with our marketing approval request an environmental impact assessment related to our biologics, our RaniPill platform, or both. Such assessments could cause significant expenditures. We may be able to reduce expenditures related to these assessments for biologics already approved for marketing.

Intellectual Property

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to obtain and maintain protection for our current and future product candidates and the technologies used to develop and manufacture them. Our development efforts have enabled us to construct an extensive intellectual property portfolio that we believe provides us a competitive advantage. Our policy is to seek to protect our proprietary position through patents, trademarks, trade secrets, domain names, intellectual property assignment agreements, confidentiality agreements, and facility and network security measures. Some of our intellectual property is in-licensed. We believe that our intellectual property portfolio provides good coverage for our current and pipeline product candidates.

For information regarding the risks related to our intellectual property, see the section titled “Risk Factors— Risks Related to Our Intellectual Property.”

Patents

We have built a patent portfolio globally around several aspects of the current and future generations of our technology. We file new patent applications as we conduct research and development, initiate new programs and monitor the activities of others. Generally, issued patents are granted a term of 20 years from the earliest claimed non-provisional filing date if all fees continue to be paid. In some cases, the term of a United States patent may be shortened by terminal disclaimer, such that its term is reduced to end with that of an earlier-expiring patent. In some cases, U.S. patent term can be adjusted to recapture a portion of delay by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office (“USPTO”) in examining the patent application (patent term adjustment) or extended to account for term effectively lost as a result of the FDA regulatory review period (patent term extension), or both.

Our initial patent family has a priority date in 2009, with patent term expected to extend into at least 2030 if all fees are paid. This patent family claims many device aspects of the RaniPill platform, including aspects of the RaniPill GO and certain aspects of the RaniPill HC, and the delivery of a wide variety of biologics using the RaniPill platform. As of January 1, 2025, this patent family included patents issued in the United States and patents issued in other jurisdictions (in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the United Kingdom), with applications pending in the United States, Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Hong Kong, and Japan.

We also own several patent families directed to the RaniPill HC. These patent families have priority dates in 2020, 2022, 2023, 2024, and 2025, with patent term expected to extend into at least 2046 if all fees are paid. These patent families include claims directed to device aspects, devices containing specific biologics, methods of preparing such devices, and methods of delivering a wide variety of biologics using the RaniPill HC.

Our microtablet patent family includes claims covering the microtablets delivered by the RaniPill GO. This patent family has a priority date in 2014, includes several dozen granted patents and pending patent applications, and is expected to have patent terms extending into at least 2035 if all fees are paid. As of January 1, 2025, this patent family included patents issued in the United States and other jurisdictions (i.e., Australia, Canada, China, India and Japan), with applications pending in the United States, Australia, Canada, China, Europe, and Japan.

We own numerous additional patents and patent applications, with claims to additional biologics, pharmacologic properties of various biologics and other ingestible device technologies, with applications pending in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Mexico, and South Korea. Patents in these families are expected to expire between the late 2030s and mid 2040s if all fees are paid.

Trade secrets and other proprietary information

We rely in part on keeping our trade secrets and other proprietary information confidential. We protect proprietary information by executing confidentiality agreements and intellectual property assignment agreements with employees, and consulting or other contractual agreements with consultants, scientific advisors, sponsored researchers, contractors, and other collaborators, prior to commencement of our relationship with them. Confidentiality agreements limit use and disclosure of our confidential information during and after the relationship. Intellectual property assignment agreements require that all inventions resulting from work performed for us or relating to our business and conceived during the period of the relationship are our exclusive property. We take other appropriate precautions, such as physical and technological security measures, to guard against misappropriation of our proprietary information by third parties.

Government Regulation

Regulatory authorities at federal, state, and local levels, as well as in foreign countries, extensively regulate, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, quality control, import, export, safety, effectiveness, labeling, packaging, storage, distribution, record keeping, approval, advertising, promotion, marketing, post-approval monitoring, and post-approval reporting of products such as those we are developing. We, along with our third-party contractors and/or collaboration partners, will be required to navigate the various preclinical, clinical, and commercial approval requirements of the governing regulatory authorities of the countries in which we wish to conduct studies or seek approval or licensure of our product candidates. Failure to comply with applicable regulations at any time during the product development process or approval process or after approval may result in delays to the conduct of a study, regulatory review, or commercialization authorization, or may subject an applicant to administrative or judicial actions. In the United States, such actions could include, among other actions, refusal to allow proceeding with clinical trials, imposition of a clinical hold, refusal to approve pending applications, withdrawal of an approval, license suspension or revocation, issuance of untitled or warning letters, product recalls or withdrawals from the market, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, refusals of government contracts, restitution, disgorgement of profits, or civil or criminal investigations or penalties.

Current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”)

To obtain marketing approval for a candidate product, we must finalize processes for manufacturing the product in commercial quantities in accordance with cGMP requirements. These processes must address design, monitoring, control, and maintenance of manufacturing processes and facilities, and the implemented processes must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate. Our processes must, among other things, enable us to monitor several aspects of the interim and finished product, such as identity, purity, strength, quality, potency, and sterility as applicable. Additionally, stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life, and appropriate packaging must be selected and tested.

Preclinical and clinical development

For each product candidate, we perform numerous laboratory tests and preclinical animal studies, as well as human clinical trials. Preclinical laboratory tests, preclinical animal studies, and/or clinical trials may be ongoing concurrently for a product candidate in focused studies to assess various properties of a formulation and/or platform of the product candidate. Animal studies require pre-approval by an independent Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (“IACUC”). Human studies in the United States require pre-approval by the FDA and an independent IRB, requested by way of an IDE or IND for investigational products such as our product candidates.

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational product to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with current Good Clinical Practices (“GCP”), which includes the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent for their participation in any clinical trial. Clinical trials are conducted under protocols detailing, among other things, the objectives of the study, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety, and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Furthermore, an independent IRB or ethics committee for each site proposing to conduct the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial and its informed consent form before the clinical trial begins at that site, and an IRB or ethics committee must monitor the study until completed. An IRB is charged with protecting the welfare and rights of trial participants and considers such items as whether the risks to individuals participating in the clinical trials are minimized and are reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. Regulatory authorities, the IRB, or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk, the trial is not being performed in accordance with the investigational plan or associated protocols, or that the trial is unlikely to meet its stated objectives. Some studies also include oversight by an independent group of qualified experts organized by the clinical trial sponsor, known as a data safety monitoring board, which provides authorization for whether or not a study may move forward at designated check points based on access to certain data from the study and may halt the clinical trial if the data safety monitoring board determines that there is an unacceptable safety risk for subjects, no demonstration of efficacy, or other grounds. There are also requirements governing the reporting of ongoing preclinical studies, clinical trials, and clinical trial results to public registries. Sponsors of certain clinical trials of FDA-regulated products, including biologics, are required to register and disclose certain clinical trial information, which is publicly available at www.clinicaltrials.gov.

Human clinical trials are typically conducted in three phases that may be performed sequentially, in overlapping time frames, or in combination.

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Phase 1 includes the initial introduction of an investigational new drug into humans. Phase 1 studies may be conducted in patients or normal volunteer subjects. These studies are designed to determine the metabolism and pharmacologic actions of the drug in humans, the side effects associated with increasing doses, and, if possible, to gain early evidence on effectiveness. The total number of subjects included in Phase 1 studies varies with the drug but is generally in the range of 20 to 80.

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Phase 2 includes the controlled clinical studies conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug for a particular indication or indications in patients with the disease or condition under study and to determine the common short-term side effects and risks associated with the drug. Phase 2 studies are typically conducted in a relatively small number of patients, usually involving no more than several hundred subjects.

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Phase 3 studies are expanded controlled and uncontrolled trials. They are performed after preliminary evidence suggesting effectiveness of the drug has been obtained, and are intended to gather the additional information about effectiveness and safety that is needed to evaluate the overall benefit-risk relationship of the drug and to provide an adequate basis for physician labeling. Phase 3 studies usually include from several hundred to several thousand subjects.

For each of our product candidates, we may conduct Phase 1, Phase 2, and Phase 3 clinical trials of our formulation, the RaniPill platform, or the formulation in combination with the RaniPill platform.

In some cases, the FDA may require, or we may voluntarily pursue, additional clinical trials after a product is approved to gain more information about the product. These so-called Phase 4 studies may alternatively be made a condition to approval of the BLA or NDA. These trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication and further document clinical benefit in the case of drugs approved under certain regulatory programs, such as accelerated approval regulations. Failure to exhibit due diligence with regard to conducting Phase 4 clinical trials could result in withdrawal of approval for the associated product.

During all phases of clinical development, regulatory agencies require extensive monitoring and auditing of all clinical activities, clinical data, and clinical trial investigators. Progress reports detailing the results of the clinical trials, among other information, must be submitted at least annually to the FDA, and written IND or IDE safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and the investigators for serious and unexpected suspected adverse events, findings from other studies suggesting a significant risk to humans exposed to a particular or similar biologic, findings from animal or in vitro testing that suggest a significant risk for human subjects, and any clinically important increase in the rate of a serious suspected adverse reaction over that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure.

Investigational products

Prior to initiating a clinical trial in the United States of an investigational product such as for one of our product candidates, the FDA must grant authorization to proceed. A request for authorization is made by way of an IND or IDE application as applicable for the clinical trial.

An IND is a request for authorization from the FDA to administer an investigational new drug product to humans. The central focus of an IND submission is on the general investigational plan and the protocols to be used in associated preclinical studies and clinical trials. The IND also includes results of animal and in vitro studies already performed to assess toxicology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacology and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the product. The IND further includes chemistry, manufacturing, and controls information, and human data or literature to support the use of the investigational product.

An IDE is a request for authorization from the FDA to allow an investigational device to be used in a clinical trial to collect safety and effectiveness data. The IDE application must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory testing results, showing that it is safe to test the device in humans and that the testing protocol is scientifically sound.

An IND or IDE must become effective before human clinical trials may begin. The IND or IDE automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day period, raises safety concerns or questions about the proposed clinical trial. In such a case, the IND or IDE may be placed on clinical hold to resolve any outstanding concerns or questions before the clinical trial can begin.

The FDA’s approval of an IND or IDE does not bind the FDA to accept the results of the trial as sufficient to prove the stated conclusions, even if the trial meets its intended success criteria.

All clinical trials must be conducted in accordance with FDA regulations that govern investigational product labeling, prohibit promotion, and specify an array of recordkeeping, reporting, and monitoring responsibilities of study sponsors and study investigators. Required records and reports are subject to inspection by the FDA. Clinical trials must further comply with FDA regulations that govern institutional review board approval, informed consent, and other human subject protections.

An amendment to the existing IND or IDE must be made for subsequent protocol changes and also for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development.

Although the FDA Quality System Regulation does not fully apply to investigational products, the requirement for controls on design and development does apply. The sponsor also must manufacture the investigational product in conformity with the quality controls described in the IND or IDE application and any conditions of IND or IDE approval that FDA may impose with respect to manufacturing.

BLA/NDA review process

Following completion of clinical trials, data are analyzed to assess whether the investigational product is safe and effective for the proposed indicated use or uses. The results of preclinical studies and clinical trials are then submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA or BLA, along with proposed labeling, chemistry, and manufacturing information to ensure product quality and other relevant data. In short, the NDA or BLA is a request for approval to market the product candidate for one or more specified indications and must contain proof of safety and efficacy for a drug or safety, purity, and potency for a biological product. The application may include both negative and ambiguous results of preclinical studies and clinical trials, as well as positive findings. Data may come from company-sponsored clinical trials intended to test the safety and efficacy of a product’s use and/or from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators or cooperative clinical groups. To support marketing approval, the data submitted must be sufficient in quality and quantity to establish the safety and efficacy of the investigational product to the satisfaction of FDA. FDA approval of an NDA or BLA must be obtained before a drug or biologic may be marketed in the United States.

Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (“PDUFA”) and the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009 (“BPCI”), as amended, each NDA or BLA must be accompanied by a user fee. User fees may be adjusted on an annual basis. PDUFA also imposes an annual program fee for each marketed human drug or biologic. Biosimilar User Fee Amendments impose a user fee for a biosimilar development program at the time of the first meeting with the FDA or the initial IND submission, whichever occurs first. This fee must be paid annually.

The FDA reviews all submitted NDAs and BLAs before it accepts them for filing and may request additional information rather than accepting the NDA or BLA for filing. The FDA must make a decision on accepting an NDA or BLA for filing within 60 days of receipt. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth review of the NDA or BLA. Under the goals and policies agreed to by the FDA under PDUFA, the FDA has ten months from the filing date in which to complete its initial review and respond to the applicant, or six months if the submission is designated for priority review. The FDA does not always meet its PDUFA goal dates for standard and priority NDAs or BLAs, and the review process may be extended by FDA requests for additional information or clarification.

Before approving an NDA or BLA, the FDA will conduct a pre-approval inspection of the manufacturing facilities for the new product to determine whether they comply with cGMP requirements. The FDA will not approve the product unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. The FDA also may audit data from clinical trials to ensure compliance with GCP requirements. Additionally, the FDA may refer applications for novel drug products or drug products which present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation, and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions, if any. The FDA is not bound by recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations when making decisions on approval. The FDA likely will reanalyze the clinical trial data, which could result in extensive discussions between the FDA and the applicant during the review process. After the FDA evaluates an NDA or BLA, it will issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A Complete Response Letter indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete and the application will not be approved in its present form. A Complete Response Letter usually describes specific deficiencies in the NDA or BLA identified by the FDA. A Complete Response Letter may require additional clinical data, additional pivotal Phase 3 clinical trial(s), and/or other significant and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, preclinical studies, or manufacturing. If a Complete Response Letter is issued, the applicant may either resubmit the NDA or BLA addressing all of the deficiencies identified in the letter or withdraw the application. Even if such data and information are submitted, the FDA may decide that the NDA or BLA does not satisfy the criteria for approval. Data obtained from clinical trials are not always conclusive and the FDA may interpret data differently than we interpret the same data.

Pediatric Research Equity Act (PREA)

Under the Pediatric Research Equity Act (“PREA”), a BLA or NDA submission or supplement must contain data to assess the safety and efficacy of the product for the claimed indications in all relevant pediatric subpopulations and to support dosing and administration for each pediatric subpopulation for which the product is safe and effective. The FDCA requires that a sponsor who is planning to submit a marketing application for a product that includes a new active ingredient, new indication, new dosage form, new dosing regimen, or new route of administration submit an initial Pediatric Study Plan, (“PSP”), within 60 days of an end-of-Phase 2 meeting or as may be agreed between the sponsor and FDA. The initial PSP must include an outline of the pediatric study or studies that the sponsor plans to conduct, including study objectives and design, age groups, relevant endpoints, and statistical approach, or a justification for not including such detailed information, and any request for a deferral of pediatric assessments or a full or partial waiver of the requirement to provide data from pediatric studies along with supporting information. The FDA and the sponsor must reach agreement on the PSP. A sponsor can submit amendments to an agreed-upon initial PSP at any time if changes to the pediatric

plan need to be considered based on data collected from nonclinical studies, early phase clinical trials, and/or other clinical development programs. The FDA may, on its own initiative or at the request of the applicant, grant deferrals for submission of data or full or partial waivers.

Expedited development and review programs

The FDA has a number of programs intended to expedite the development or review of products that meet certain criteria. For example, presently the FDA has a fast-track designation, a priority review path, an accelerated approval path, and a breakthrough therapy designation. Any product submitted to the FDA for approval may be eligible for one or more of such FDA programs intended to expedite development and review. These expedited approvals do not change the standards for approval but may expedite the development or approval process. We may explore some of these opportunities for our product candidates as appropriate.

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New drugs may be eligible for fast-track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the disease or condition. Fast-track designation applies to the combination of the product and the specific indication for which it is being studied. The sponsor of a fast-track product has opportunities for more frequent interactions with the review team during product development, and the FDA may consider sections of the BLA or NDA for review on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted.

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A product is eligible for priority review if it has the potential to provide safe and effective therapy where no satisfactory alternative therapy exists or to provide a significant improvement in the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of a disease compared to marketed products. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of a BLA or NDA designated for priority review in an effort to facilitate the review. The FDA endeavors to review applications with priority review designations within six months of the filing date as compared to ten months for review of standard review designation under its current PDUFA review goals.

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Products intended to treat serious or life threatening diseases or conditions may be eligible for accelerated approval upon a determination that the product has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, has an effect on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, or that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. As a condition of approval, the FDA may require that a sponsor of a product receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled post-marketing clinical trials. In addition, the FDA currently requires pre-approval of promotional materials as a condition for accelerated approval, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product.

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The Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act established a category referred to as “breakthrough therapies.” A sponsor may seek FDA designation of a product candidate as a “breakthrough therapy” if the product is intended, alone or in combination with one or more other products, to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints.

Even if a product qualifies for one or more of these programs, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification or may decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.

Post-approval requirements

Any products manufactured or distributed by us pursuant to FDA approvals are subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to cGMP, quality controls, record-keeping, reporting of adverse experiences, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, and advertising and promotion of the product. After approval, most changes to the approved product, including adding new indications or other labeling claims, are subject to prior FDA review and approval. There also are continuing user fee requirements, under which the FDA assesses an annual program fee for each approved product. The FDA regulations require that products be manufactured in specific approved facilities and in accordance with cGMP. Biologics manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with cGMP, which impose certain organizational, procedural and documentation requirements with respect to manufacturing and quality assurance activities. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated, and, depending on the significance of the change, may require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP and impose reporting requirements upon us and any third-party manufacturers that we may decide to use. We are responsible for the selection and monitoring of qualified contract manufacturers, laboratories, and packagers, and, in certain circumstances, qualified suppliers to them. These facilities and, where applicable, their suppliers are subject to inspections by the FDA at any time,

and the discovery of violative conditions, including failure to conform to cGMP, could result in enforcement actions that interrupt the operation of any such facilities or the ability to distribute products manufactured, processed, or tested by them. Accordingly, we must continue to expend time, money, and effort on quality control for our own facilities and the facilities of others which contribute to the commercialization of our final product, to maintain compliance with cGMP and other aspects of regulatory compliance.

The FDA may withdraw approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information, imposition of post-market studies or clinical trials to assess new safety risks, or imposition of distribution restrictions or other restrictions under a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (“REMS”) program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:

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Restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of a product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market, or product recalls;

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Fines, warning letters, or holds on post-approval clinical trials;

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Refusal of the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications, or suspension or revocation of existing product approvals;

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Product seizure or detention, or refusal of the FDA to permit the import or export of products;

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Consent decrees, corporate integrity agreements, debarment, or exclusion from federal healthcare programs;

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Mandated modification of promotional materials and labeling and the issuance of corrective information;

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The issuance of safety alerts, Dear Healthcare Provider letters, press releases, and other communications containing warnings or other safety information about the product, and

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Injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.

The FDA closely regulates the marketing, labeling, advertising, and promotion of biologics. A company can make only those claims relating to safety, efficacy, purity, and potency that are approved by the FDA and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. However, companies may share truthful and not misleading information that is otherwise consistent with a product’s FDA approved labeling. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off-label uses. Failure to comply with these requirements can result in, among other things, one or more of adverse publicity, warning letters, corrective advertising, civil penalties, criminal penalties, government investigation, debarment, or exclusion from participation in federal health care programs. Physicians may prescribe legally available products for uses that are not described in the product’s labeling and that differ from those tested by us and approved by the FDA. Such off-label uses are common across medical specialties. Physicians may believe that such off-label uses are the best treatment for many patients in varied circumstances. The FDA does not regulate the practice of medicine by physicians or their choice of treatments. The FDA does, however, regulate manufacturer’s communications on the subject of off-label use of their products.

Orange Book; Purple Book

The FDA publishes the Orange Book for products following the NDA pathway and the Purple Book for products following the BLA pathway. Our product candidates will be listed in the Orange Book after approval for marketing or listed in the Purple Book after license for marketing, as applicable.

The Orange Book contains information about all FDA-approved drug products regulated by CDER and their exclusivities. The Orange Book also includes patent information. The applicant provides patent information to the FDA as part of its NDA, or after patent grant. Orange Book patent listing provides a 30 month stay of FDA approval of any generic submitted via an abbreviated new drug application (“ANDA”). An applicant submitting an ANDA must, for each patent listed against the approved drug in the Orange Book, either (i) state that the ANDA applicant is not seeking approval for a patented method of use, (ii) ask the FDA to delay approval until that patent is expired (a “Paragraph III” certification), or (iii) attest that the patent is invalid, unenforceable, or will not be infringed by the generic product (a “Paragraph IV” certification), which can trigger ANDA litigation over the associated patent.

The purple book contains information about all FDA-licensed biological products regulated by CDER, including licensed biosimilar and interchangeable products and their reference products, and FDA-licensed allergenic, cellular and gene therapy, hematologic, and vaccine products regulated by CBER. The Purple Book includes granted exclusivity information. The Purple Book also includes for each biological product a list of patents identified to a biosimilar applicant during biosimilar litigation under the BPCIA.

Exclusivities

Some of our product candidates may be eligible for exclusivities provided under various FDA programs. Exclusivity refers to certain delays and prohibitions on approval of competitor drugs available under an applicable statute that take effect upon FDA’s approval of a biologic or drug, or of certain supplements to the BLA or NDA. Exclusivities do not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process.

For an applicant to be able to take advantage of the Pediatric exclusivity, the FDA must make a written request for a pediatric study to be performed, although the applicant may request for the FDA to make the request for a pediatric study. After the study is performed, the applicant may request Pediatric exclusivity. If granted, 180 days of patent term are added to the patent term listed in the Orange Book.

With respect to other FDA exclusivity programs, in some cases the exclusivity programs will not apply to our product candidates due to our unique formulation or oral capsule technology, or it is unclear the extent to which they will apply, or they will not apply to most or all of the product candidates in our pipeline.

For exclusivity programs that apply to our product candidates, we will consider pursuing such exclusivities at the appropriate time. However, we do not expect any of the exclusivities to provide us significant competitive advantage. Exclusivities granted to our competitors could block approval and/or commercialization of one or more of our product candidates, possibly for several years.

Other healthcare laws and compliance requirements

Pharmaceutical companies are subject to additional healthcare regulation and enforcement by the federal government and by authorities in the states and foreign jurisdictions in which they conduct their business. Such laws include, without limitation: the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, the federal False Claims Act, the Sunshine Act, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, (“HIPAA”), and similar foreign, federal, and state fraud and abuse, transparency, and data privacy and security laws.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, persons and entities from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, to induce, or in return for, either the referral of an individual, or the purchase or recommendation of an item or service for which payment may be made under any federal healthcare program. The term remuneration has been interpreted broadly to include anything of value, including stock options. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute has been interpreted to apply to arrangements between pharmaceutical manufacturers on one hand and prescribers, purchasers, and formulary managers, among others, on the other. There are a number of statutory exceptions and regulatory safe harbors protecting some common activities from prosecution, but they are drawn narrowly and require strict compliance in order to offer protection. Our activities, including our engagement of consultants, may be alleged to be intended to induce prescribing, purchasing, or recommending and so may be subject to scrutiny if they do not qualify for an exception or safe harbor. Failure to meet all of the requirements of an applicable statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor does not make the conduct per se illegal under the federal Anti-Kickback Statute. Instead, the legality of the arrangement will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis based on a cumulative review of all relevant facts and circumstances. Our practices may not in all cases meet all of the criteria for protection under a statutory exception or regulatory safe harbor. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, a claim including items or service resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute can result in a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal False Claims Act.

Civil and criminal false claims laws, including the federal False Claims Act, which can be enforced through civil whistleblower or qui tam actions, and civil monetary penalty laws prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment to the federal government, including federal healthcare programs, that are false or fraudulent. For example, the federal False Claims Act prohibits any person or entity from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, a false claim for payment to the federal government or knowingly making, using, or causing to be made or used a false record or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim to the federal government.

The U.S. federal Physician Payments Sunshine Act requires applicable manufacturers of prescription drugs, devices, biological products, or medical supplies subject to FDA approval or clearance for which payment is available under Medicare, Medicaid, or the Children’s Health Insurance Program, with specific exceptions, to annually report to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) information related to certain payments or other transfers of value made to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists and chiropractors), other healthcare professionals (such as physician assistants and nurse practitioners), and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members.

HIPAA created additional federal criminal statutes that prohibit, among other things, executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third-party payors, and making false statements relating to healthcare matters. In addition, HIPAA, as amended the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009 (“HITECH”), and their implementing regulations, impose certain requirements on HIPAA covered entities, which include certain healthcare providers, healthcare clearinghouses, and health plans, and individuals and entities, known as business associates, and their covered subcontractors that provide services for or on behalf of the covered entities that involve individually identifiable health information as well as their covered subcontractors, relating to the privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information.

We are also subject to additional similar U.S. state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, which, in some cases, differ from each other in significant ways, and may not have the same effect, complicating compliance efforts.

If our operations are found to be in violation of any of such laws or any other governmental regulations that apply, we may be subject to penalties including, without limitation, significant civil, criminal, and administrative penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from participating in government-funded healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid or similar programs in other countries or jurisdictions, government investigations, consent decrees, corporate integrity agreements, integrity oversight and reporting obligations to resolve allegations of non-compliance, disgorgement, imprisonment, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and market share, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations.

Healthcare reform

The United States and some foreign jurisdictions are considering or have enacted a number of reform proposals to change the healthcare system. There is significant interest in promoting changes in healthcare systems with the stated goals of containing healthcare costs, improving quality, or expanding access.

In the United States, the pharmaceutical industry has been a particular focus of these efforts and has been significantly affected by federal and state legislative initiatives, including those designed to limit the pricing, coverage, and reimbursement of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products, especially under government-funded health care programs, and increased governmental control of drug pricing. For example, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (collectively, the “ACA”), which was enacted in March 2010, contains a number of provisions of particular import to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including, but not limited to, those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, a new methodology by which rebates owed by manufacturers under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program are calculated, and annual fees based on pharmaceutical companies’ share of sales to federal health care programs. There have been executive, judicial and Congressional challenges and amendments to certain aspects of the ACA. For example, on August 16, 2022, the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”) was signed into law, which among other things, extends enhanced subsidies for individuals purchasing health insurance coverage in Affordable Care Act marketplaces through plan year 2025. The IRA also eliminates the “donut hole” under the Medicare Part D program beginning in 2025 by significantly lowering the beneficiary maximum out-of-pocket cost and through a newly established manufacturer discount program. It is possible that the ACA will be subject to additional challenges in the future. It is unclear how such challenges and the healthcare reform measures of the second Trump administration will impact the ACA, or the impact any changes to the ACA may have on our ability to commercialize products or the prices we are able to obtain.

In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted in the United States since the ACA was enacted. These changes include aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of 2% per fiscal year pursuant to the Budget Control Act of 2011, which began in April 2013 and, due to subsequent legislative amendments to the statute, including the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, will remain in effect until 2032 unless additional Congressional action is taken. In addition, recently there has been heightened governmental scrutiny over the manner in which drug manufacturers set prices for their commercial products. At the federal level, the IRA, among other things, (i) directs the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) to negotiate the price of certain high-expenditure single-source biologics that have been on the market for at least 11 years covered under Medicare (the “Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program”) and (ii) imposes rebates under Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation. These provisions began to take effect progressively starting in fiscal year 2023. On August 15, 2024, HHS announced the agreed-upon prices of the first ten drugs that were subject to price negotiations, although the Medicare

Drug Price Negotiation Program is currently subject to legal challenges. On January 17, 2025, HHS selected fifteen additional products covered under Part D for price negotiation in 2024. Each year thereafter more Part B and Part D products will become subject to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program. Further, on December 8, 2023, the National Institute of Standards and Technology published for comment a Draft Interagency Guidance Framework for Considering the Exercise of March-In Rights which for the first time includes the price of a product as one factor an agency can use when deciding to exercise march-in rights. While march-in rights have not previously been exercised, it is uncertain if that will continue under the new framework. Individual states in the United States have also become increasingly aggressive in passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control drug pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures. The implementation of cost containment measures or other healthcare reforms may prevent us from being able to generate revenue, attain profitability, or commercialize our product candidates, if approved. At the state level, legislatures have increasingly passed legislation and implemented regulations designed to control pharmaceutical product pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, restrictions on certain product access and marketing cost disclosure and transparency measures, and, in some cases, designed to encourage importation from other countries and bulk purchasing.

Additional health reform measures may continue and affect our business in unknown ways, particularly given the recent change in administration. The current Trump administration is pursuing policies to reduce regulations and expenditures across government including at HHS, the FDA, CMS and related agencies. These actions, presently directed by executive orders or memoranda from the Office of Management and Budget, may propose policy changes that create additional uncertainty for our business. These actions may include, for example, directives to reduce agency workforce, rescinding a Biden administration executive order tasking the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation to consider new payment and healthcare models to limit drug spending and eliminating the Biden administration’s executive order that directed HHS to establishing an artificial intelligence (“AI”) task force and developing a strategic plan, and directing certain federal agencies to enforce existing law regarding hospital and price plan transparency and by standardizing prices across hospitals and health plans. Additionally, in its June 2024 decision in Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the longstanding Chevron doctrine, under which courts were required to give deference to regulatory agencies’ reasonable interpretations of ambiguous federal statutes. The Loper Bright decision could result in additional legal challenges to current regulations and guidance issued by federal agencies applicable to our operations, including those issued by the FDA. Congress may introduce and ultimately pass health care related legislation that could impact the drug approval process and make changes to the Medicare Drug Price Negotiation Program created under the IRA.

Data privacy and security obligations

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, receive, process, generate, use, transfer, disclose, make accessible, protect, secure, dispose of, transmit, share and store (“process”) proprietary, confidential and sensitive information, including personal data, intellectual property, trade secret, clinical trial data, and proprietary information owned or controlled by ourselves or third parties (collectively, sensitive data). Our data processing activities subject us to numerous data privacy and security obligations, including federal, state, local, and foreign laws, regulations, guidance, industry standards, external and internal privacy and security policies, contractual requirements, and other obligations related to data privacy and security. Such obligations may include, without limitation, the Federal Trade Commission Act, U.S. state comprehensive privacy laws, the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation 2016/679 (“EU GDPR”) and the United Kingdom’s GDPR (“UK GDPR”). Obligations related to the processing of personal data worldwide is rapidly evolving. The number and scope of data privacy and security laws, regulations and other obligations is changing, subject to differing applications and interpretations, and may be inconsistent among jurisdictions, or in conflict with other data processing obligations. Efforts to ensure that our current and future business operations and arrangements, including our relationship with our CROs, other vendors who process data on our behalf, and other third parties with whom we work comply with applicable data privacy and security obligations involve substantial costs.

Employees

As of December 31, 2024, we had 105 full-time employees and one part-time employee. The majority of our employees are based at our facilities in San Jose and Fremont, California, with a contingent of employees based outside of California. None of our employees are represented by a labor union or are a party to a collective bargaining agreement and we believe that we have good relations with our employees.

Organizational Transactions

Rani Holdings was formed as a Delaware corporation in April 2021 for the purpose of facilitating an initial public offering (“IPO”) of its Class A common stock, to facilitate certain organizational transactions, and to operate the business of Rani LLC and its consolidated subsidiary at such time, RMS. In connection with the IPO, we established a holding company structure with Rani Holdings as a holding company and its principal asset is the Class A common units (“Class A Units”) of Rani LLC that it owns. As the sole managing member of Rani LLC, Rani Holdings operates and controls all of Rani LLC’s operations, and through Rani LLC, conducts all of Rani LLC’s business.

In connection with the IPO, we were party to the following organizational transactions (the “Organizational Transactions”):

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Amended and restated Rani LLC’s operating agreement (the “Rani LLC Agreement”) to appoint Rani Holdings as the sole managing member of Rani LLC and effectuated an exchange of all outstanding interests in Rani LLC into Class A Units and an equal number of voting noneconomic Class B units.

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Amended and restated our certificate of incorporation to provide for the issuance of (i) Class A common stock, each share of which entitles its holders to one vote per share, (ii) Class B common stock, each share of which entitles its holders to ten votes per share on all matters presented to the Company's stockholders, (iii) Class C common stock, which has no voting rights, except as otherwise required by law and (iv) preferred stock.

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Certain holders of Class A Units tendered their Class A Units for shares of our Class A common stock. Certain holders of Class A Units continued to hold such Class A Units (“Continuing LLC Owners”) and received shares of our Class B common stock.

RANI US Equity

RANI · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

Item 1. Business

RANI US Equity☆

RANI · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

Item 1. Business

RANI US Equity