ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS.
The following discussion and analysis of our
financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes
included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties.
Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors including,
but not limited to, those discussed under Item 1A, “Risk Factors.” The following analysis generally discusses 2025 and 2024
items and year-to-year comparisons between 2025 and 2024. Discussions of 2023 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023
that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results
of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on March 20, 2025.
Overview
QCi is a development stage company with limited
operations and revenue. The Company is developing quantum and ancillary non-quantum products for high-performance computing applications
based on proprietary photonics technology. QCi’s products are designed to operate at room temperature and low power at an affordable
cost in the areas of high-performance computing, sensing, and quantum cybersecurity. The Company has generated some revenue based on sales
of products and related services to date and is expanding its sales and marketing efforts. The Company’s development team includes
optical engineers, technicians, mathematicians, physicists, and software developers.
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Recent Developments
On December 15, 2025, we entered into a Stock Purchase Agreement (the
“Stock Purchase Agreement”) with Luminar Technologies, Inc., a Delaware corporation (the “Seller”) and Luminar,
pursuant to which, subject to the terms and conditions set forth in the Stock Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to acquire all of
the issued and outstanding shares of common stock of Luminar from the Seller (the “Luminar Acquisition”) for a total purchase
price of $110 million in cash (the “Purchase Price”). The Luminar Acquisition was completed on February 2, 2026. $11.0 million
of the Purchase Price was placed with an escrow agent in connection with the signing of the Stock Purchase Agreement. The escrowed amount
will remain with the escrow agent to cover certain limited indemnification obligations of the Seller pursuant to the Stock Purchase Agreement
until February 2, 2027.
The Seller, together with certain of its subsidiaries,
is a debtor in a voluntary Chapter 11 case before the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Texas (the “Bankruptcy
Court”), which commenced on December 15, 2025. Luminar is not a debtor in such Chapter 11 case and is operating in the ordinary
course of business. Upon Bankruptcy Court approval, the Company was designated as the “stalking horse” bidder in connection
with a sale of Luminar under Section 363 of the Bankruptcy Code. The Luminar Acquisition was conducted through a Bankruptcy Court-supervised
process pursuant to Bankruptcy Court-approved bidding procedures and was subject to the receipt of higher or better offers from competing
bidders at an auction, approval of the sale by the Bankruptcy Court, and the satisfaction of certain conditions.
Key Factors Affecting Our Performance
Macroeconomic conditions, including inflation,
interest rates and currency fluctuations, have directly and indirectly impacted, and could in the future materially impact, the Company’s
results of operations and financial condition. Our business may be affected by disruptions or delays to the federal government budget.
We are subject to a lengthy product commercialization timeline and a lengthy sales cycle. Beginning in the second quarter of 2025, new
U.S. tariffs were announced, including additional tariffs on imports from China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam and the EU,
among others. In response, several countries have imposed, or threatened to impose, reciprocal tariffs on imports from the U.S. and other
retaliatory measures. Various modifications to the U.S. tariffs have been announced and further changes could be made in the future, which
may include additional sector-based tariffs or other measures. Tariffs and other measures that are applied to the Company’s products
or their components can have a material adverse impact on the Company’s business, results of operations and financial condition,
including impacting the Company’s supply chain, components, pricing and gross margin. The ultimate impact remains uncertain and
will depend on several factors, including whether additional or incremental U.S. tariffs or other measures are announced or imposed, to
what extent other countries implement tariffs or other retaliatory measures in response, and the overall magnitude and duration of these
measures. Trade and other international disputes can have an adverse impact on the overall macroeconomic environment and result in shifts
and reductions in consumer spending and negative consumer sentiment for the Company’s products and services, all of which can further
adversely affect the Company’s business and results of operations.
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Results of Operations
Our results of operations for the years ended
December 31, 2025 and 2024 is as follows (in thousands, except percentages):
Year Ended December 31,
Revenue:
Gross profit margin 10 % 30 %
Operating expenses:
Non-operating income and (expense):
Change in fair value of derivative liability 11,750 (40,532 ) 129 %
Total non-operating income (expense), net 32,403 (42,605 ) (176 )%
Revenues
The Company’s revenues during the years ended December 31, 2025
and 2024 consisted of (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Revenues for the year ended December 31, 2025
were $682 thousand compared to $373 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2024, an increase of $309 thousand, or 83%. Revenue was derived
from sales of hardware products and professional services in 2025 and 2024, in each case provided to multiple commercial and government
customers under multi-month contracts. Product revenue increased substantially compared to 2024 due to successful sales of vibrometer
and quantum networking devices which were delivered during 2025. During 2025 we were able to sell more off the shelf products as opposed
to 2024 where we mostly provided services to create bespoke solutions for our customers. The year-over-year change was driven by changes
in the number of, size of and level of effort performed on active customer proof of concept and research and development services and
customer hardware contracts. In 2025, the Company continued to execute its business strategy to provide quantum-ready solutions for solving
real-world problems. While we have made significant progress toward this overarching objective, the generation of revenue from customers
has been slow to develop, in part due to the fact that quantum computing is a cutting-edge technology for most potential customers, who
are therefore proceeding cautiously with small, exploratory contracts to better understand its applicability to their requirements. Accordingly,
the Company has focused on providing professional services and research and development offerings to introduce customers to quantum-based
solutions to their operating needs as well as on customer education and building customer awareness as a means to generating sales. We
have developed and released multiple products, including commercial and research and development offerings and foundry services for TFLN
Optical Chips manufacturing that we are now in the process of marketing. As a result, we expect product revenues to continue to increase
going forward. The Company also started to recognize revenue for cloud-based access to the Dirac-3 quantum optimization system during
2025.
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Cost of Revenues
Cost of revenue,
which consists of direct labor expenses, primarily salary costs for engineering and solutions staff delivering services, and other direct
component costs for custom hardware on research and development contracts, was $615 thousand for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared
to $261 thousand for the prior year, an increase of $354 thousand, or 136%. Cost of revenues for each of the years ended December 31,
2025 and 2024 consists primarily of salary expense. The increase for 2025 was primarily due to the increases in direct labor expenses
on R&D services contracts and custom hardware contracts, an increase in production overhead, and increased other direct costs (primarily
parts and materials) required to perform on the contracts during the 2025 compared to the prior year.
Gross Margin
Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2025
was $67 thousand compared to $112 thousand for the prior year, a decrease of $45 thousand, or 40%. On a percentage basis, gross margin
was 10%, a decrease of 20% year-over-year. The decrease in gross margin was largely due to higher than anticipated direct labor expenses
required to complete the assembly and test of the first unit of a new hardware product. Cost information from the production of the first
unit will be used in adjusting pricing of subsequent product sales. Our lack of a scaled and distributed base of revenue generation by
product and sales channel can result in significant differences in gross margin between reporting periods. We anticipate product gross
margins will improve as we build additional units of each product.
Operating Expenses
Operating expenses of approximately $51.1 million
during the year ended December 31, 2025 increased as compared to approximately $26.0 million in 2024 primarily as a result of higher research
and development expenses, sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expenses, as set forth in the below tables (in thousands,
except percentages).
Year Ended December 31, %
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Research and development expenses consist primarily
of labor expenses for employees that primarily engage in research and development efforts and non-labor expenses for the development of
hardware products and supporting software. We focus the bulk of our research and development activities on the continued development of
existing products and the development of new offerings for emerging market opportunities.
Research and development expenses during the year ended December 31,
2025 increased $9.2 million or 81% compared with 2024 primarily due to higher headcount and related payroll costs, higher recurring lab
equipment and consumables costs, and higher depreciation for long-lived laboratory equipment, partially offset by lower hosting services
expenses and lower stock based compensation expense. The Company is aggressively pursuing its technology roadmap and has hired additional
scientists, engineers and technicians in order to accelerate the development of key technologies and products.
Year Ended December 31, %
Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily
of employee compensation as well as customer lead generation activities, tradeshow participation, advertising and other marketing and
selling costs.
Sales and marketing expenses during the year ended
December 31, 2025 increased $1.6 million or 89% compared with 2024 primarily due to increases in the sales staff, higher tradeshow and
travel-related costs and increased marketing program costs. During the year ended December 31, 2025 the sales and marketing team participated
in 1or 2 conferences and trade shows per month, compared to 1 or 2 trade shows per quarter during 2024, including greater participation
in international quantum technology events, resulting in higher travel expenses.
Year Ended December 31, %
General and administrative expenses consist primarily
of compensation expenses for employees performing administrative functions, and professional fees incurred for legal, auditing and other
consulting services.
General and administrative expenses during the
year ended December 31, 2025 increased $14.3 million or 111% compared with 2024 primarily due to higher employee and advisor-related expenses
relating to development and implementation of internal financial controls, expansion of accounting staff, increased recruiting fees and
legal expenses related to multiple financings, mergers and acquisition activity, and ongoing litigation.
Non-operating Income (Expense)
The following table summarizes our non-operating
income (expense) for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands, except percentages).
Year Ended December 31 %
Change in fair value of derivative and warrant liability 11,750 (40,532 ) 129 %
Interest and other income, net, during the year ended December 31,
2025 increased $20,295 or 4,798% compared with 2024 primarily due to the Company maintaining higher cash balances in mutual funds, deposit
and money market accounts, U.S. Treasuries and corporate bonds during as a result of the substantial amount of new funding the Company
raised in 2025.
Interest expense during the year ended December
31, 2025 decreased $2,431 or 97% compared with 2024 primarily due to a decrease of interest on financial liabilities as the related borrowings
were paid off during 2024. Interest expense during the year ended December 31, 2025 is related to late payroll tax filings.
Change in fair value of derivative and warrant liability during the
year ended December 31, 2025 increased $52,282 or 129% compared with 2024 as a result of the change in the fair value of the QPhoton Warrant
Liability (as defined below). The change in value of the warrant liability is a non-cash charge comprised of mark-to-market adjustments
for the QPhoton Warrants (as defined below). Future mark-to-market adjustments may result in losses if the Company’s stock price
increases above the Company’s closing bid price of $10.26 per share on December 31, 2025; such adjustments may alternatively result
in gains if the closing bid share price of the Company’s common stock decreases. See Note 12, Capital Stock, in the accompanying
notes to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report for additional information on the QPhoton Warrants
The loss on change in value of derivative liability is entirely comprised
of mark-to-market adjustments for the QPhoton Warrants, as defined below in the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements
appearing elsewhere in this report, which had no carrying value as of December 31, 2023. Future mark-to-market adjustments may result
in continued losses if the price of the Company’s common stock increases above the closing bid price of $16.55 per share at December
31, 2024; such adjustments may alternatively result in gains if the closing bid share price of the Company’s common stock decreases.
See Note 12, Capital Stock, in the accompanying notes to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this report
for additional information on the QPhoton Warrants.
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Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have incurred net losses and experienced negative cash flows from
operations since inception. During the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company raised net proceeds of $1,475.1 million through the private
placement of equity. The Company has no lines of credit or short-term debt obligations outstanding. We expect to incur additional losses
and higher operating expenses for the foreseeable future as we continue to invest in research and development and go-to-market programs.
We also expect to incur additional integration and scaling costs associated with the LSI acquisition. As of December 31, 2025, the Company
had cash and cash equivalents of $737.9 million and short-term and long-term investments of $782.5 million.
We believe that our existing cash, cash equivalents
and investments will be sufficient to meet our working capital and capital expenditure needs for at least the next twelve months, although
we may choose to take advantage of opportunistic capital raising or refinancing transactions at any time.
Our primary uses of cash are to fund and invest
in our operations as we continue to grow our business. We will require a significant amount of cash for continued investment in our Foundry
Services offering, including but not limited to future-identified space for expansion of our AZ Chips Facility, as well as the construction
or acquisition of a high-volume chip manufacturing facility, as well as ongoing research and development for our non-linear quantum optical
products and photonics chips. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from sales or subscriptions of our hardware offerings,
we expect to finance our operating and investing needs through our cash and cash equivalents and, equity and/or debt financings or other
capital sources, including but not limited to U.S. government grant and loan programs. We may, however, be unable to raise sufficient
funds or enter into such other arrangements, when needed, on favorable terms, or at all. In particular, uncertain and unfavorable conditions
in the United States and global macroeconomic environment, including inflationary pressures, interest rates, bank failures, and financial
and credit market fluctuations, could reduce our ability to access capital on favorable terms, or at all. To the extent that we raise
additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of our stockholders will be, or could
be, diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our common
stockholders. Debt financing and equity financing, if available, may involve agreements that include covenants limiting or restricting
our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we are
unable to raise additional funds through equity or debt financings when needed, we may be required to delay, limit, or substantially reduce
our product development and go-to-market efforts. There can be no assurances that the Company will be able to secure additional equity
and/or debt investments or achieve an adequate sales level. We believe, however, that the Company’s existing cash and cash equivalents,
together with any cash generated from operations and the proceeds from any additional equity or debt issuances will be sufficient to meet
the Company’s liquidity needs for at least the next 12 months.
The following table summarizes total current assets,
liabilities and working capital at December 31, 2025, compared to December 31, 2024 (in thousands):
At December 31, 2025, we had working capital of
$1,122.7 million as compared to working capital of $74.6 million at December 31, 2024, an increase of $1,048.0 million. The increase in
working capital is primarily attributable to an increase in cash and available-for-sale debt securities from the net proceeds of our sales
of our sales of 86.3 million shares of common stock for an aggregate of $1,475.1 million during 2025.
On a long-term basis, our liquidity is dependent
on continuation and expansion of operations and receipt of revenues. Demand for the Company’s products and services will be dependent
on, among other things, market acceptance of our products and services, the technology market in general, and general economic conditions,
which are cyclical in nature. As revenues will be derived from the sales of our products and services, our business operations may be
adversely affected by the products and services offered by our competitors and any prolonged recession periods.
Cash Flows
The following table summarizes our cash flow for
the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 (in thousands):
Year Ended December 31,
Net cash used in operating activities $ (30,294 ) $ (16,213 )
Net cash used in investing activities (788,327 ) (6,036 )
Net increase in cash and cash equivalents $ 658,935 $ 76,886
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Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net cash used in operating activities for the years ended December
31, 2025 and 2024 was $30.3 million and $16.2 million, respectively, in each case primarily as a result of our net loss in each period
offset by noncash adjustments for stock-based compensation, mark-to-market valuation adjustments on derivative liabilities, and depreciation
and amortization.
Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities for the
years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $788.3 million and $6.0 million, respectively, and was attributable to our purchase of computer
hardware, laboratory equipment and TFLN Chips manufacturing equipment, as well as the purchase of $1,197.9 million in available-for-sale-debt
securities offset by $376.3 million in proceeds from sales of available-for-sale-debt securities.
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net cash provided by financing activities for
the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $1,477.6 million and $99.1 million, respectively. Cash flows provided by financing activities
during year ended December 31, 2025 were primarily attributable to net proceeds from our stock issuances.
On a long-term basis, our liquidity is dependent
on continuation and expansion of operations and receipt of revenues. Demand for the Company’s products and services will be dependent
on, among other things, market acceptance of our products and services, the technology market in general, and general economic conditions,
which are cyclical in nature. As revenues will be derived from the sales of our products and services, our business operations may be
adversely affected by the products and services offered by our competitors and any prolonged recession periods.
Critical Accounting Estimates
Certain of our accounting policies require the
application of significant judgment by our management, and such judgments are reflected in the amounts reported in our consolidated financial
statements. In applying these policies, our management uses judgment to determine the appropriate assumptions to be used in the determination
of estimates. Those estimates are based on our historical experience, terms of existing contracts, our observance of market trends, information
provided by our strategic partners and information available from other outside sources, as appropriate. Actual results may differ significantly
from the estimates contained in our consolidated financial statements.
Fair Value of Stock-based Compensation
We recognize stock-based compensation expense
for all share-based payment awards in accordance with ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. Stock-based compensation expense
for expected-to-vest awards is valued under the single-option approach and amortized on a straight-line basis, accounting for actual forfeitures
as they occur. We utilize the Black-Scholes pricing model in order to determine the fair value of stock-based option awards. The Black-Scholes
pricing model requires various highly subjective assumptions including volatility, expected option life, and risk-free interest rate.
The assumptions used in calculating the fair value of share-based payment awards represent management’s best estimates. These estimates
involve inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgment. If factors change and different assumptions are used, our stock-based
compensation expense could be materially different in the future.
Fair Value of Derivative Liability
Determining the fair market value of the QPhoton
Warrants, which were included in the merger consideration paid to the stockholders of QPhoton (the “QPhoton Merger Consideration”),
is a critical accounting estimate. The QPhoton Warrants are comprised of warrants to purchase up to 7,028,337 shares of the Company’s
common stock at an exercise price of $0.0001 per share (the “QPhoton Warrants”) and are exercisable when and if stock options
and warrants issued by the Company and outstanding as of June 15, 2022 are exercised. The Merger Consideration for shareholders Yuping
Huang and The Trustees of the Stevens Institute of Technology was issued in 2022. A third alleged shareholder, BV Advisory, rejected the
Merger Consideration and commenced litigation in Delaware Chancery Court (see Note 10, Contingencies - Legal Proceedings, in this
Form 10-K for additional information and Item 3, Legal Proceedings, in this Form 10-K for a full discussion). That litigation was
resolved in 2025. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, we had only issued 6,325,503 of the QPhoton Warrants. In determining
the fair market value of the QPhoton Warrants, the Company determines which underlying options and warrants are in-the-money or out-of-the-money
at period end by comparing to the bid price of the Company’s common stock, then accounts for changes period-over-period by realizing
a mark-to-market gain or loss for the period.
42
An additional critical accounting estimates involves
determining the fair value of the conversion features inherent in the Streeterville Convertible Note (the “Streeterville Derivative
Liability”), which involves inherent uncertainties and the application of management judgement. The Streeterville Derivative Liability
will be mark-to-market adjusted on a quarterly basis and accreted as interest expense while the Streeterville Convertible Note is outstanding.
The Streeterville Convertible Note was paid off in 2024.
Fair Market Value and Useful Life of Intangible
Assets
Determining the fair market value and useful life
of the intangible assets acquired by the Company through the QPhoton Merger is another critical accounting estimate. In the absence of
market pricing for the intangible assets, the Company relied on independent third-party appraisal experts and comparison with similar
transactions to arrive at estimates of value as well as useful life. The Company will perform periodic assessments of the intangible assets
for impairment, but if any of the initial estimates are incorrect, that could result in a calculation of amortization expense that is
too high or too low.
Valuation Allowances for Deferred Taxes
Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and
liabilities, and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits reflect management’s assessment of estimated current and future income taxes
to be paid. We are subject to income taxes in the United States. Significant judgments and estimates are required in determining the consolidated
income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities and reserves for unrecognized tax benefits.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities arise from
temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements,
which are expected to result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future. In evaluating our ability to recover our deferred tax assets
within the jurisdiction from which they arise, for all material jurisdictions, we consider all available positive and negative evidence,
including scheduled reversals of deferred tax balances, projected future taxable income, tax-planning strategies and results of recent
operations. In projecting future taxable income, we begin with historical results and incorporate assumptions about the amount of future
state, federal and foreign pretax operating income adjusted for items that do not have tax consequences. The assumptions about future
taxable income require significant judgment and are consistent with the plans and estimates we use to manage the underlying businesses.
In evaluating the objective evidence that historical results provide, we consider three years of cumulative operating results.
As of December 31, 2025,
we had federal and state net operating loss (“NOL”) carryforwards of approximately $158.1 million, or $27.1 million on a tax-effected
basis. We believe that it is more likely than not that the benefit from these NOL carryforwards will not be realized. Accordingly, we
have provided a full valuation allowance on any potential deferred tax assets relating to these NOL carryforwards. If our assumptions
change and we determine we will be able to realize these NOLs, the tax benefits relating to any reversal of the valuation allowance on
deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2025, will be accounted for as a reduction of income tax expense.
The calculation of our
tax liabilities involves evaluating uncertainties in the application of complex tax laws and regulations in a multitude of jurisdictions
across our global operations. ASC 740, Income Taxes, states that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized
when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including the resolution of any related appeals
or litigation processes, on the basis of the technical merits.
We record unrecognized tax benefits as liabilities
in accordance with ASC 740 and adjust these liabilities when our judgment changes as a result of the evaluation of new information not
previously available. Because of the complexity of some of these uncertainties, the ultimate resolution may result in a tax payment that
is materially different from our current estimate of the unrecognized tax benefit liabilities. These differences will be reflected as
increases or decreases to income tax expense in the period in which new information is made available.
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We believe that none of the unrecognized tax benefits may be recognized
by the end of 2026.
Legal and Other Contingencies
The outcomes of legal
proceedings and claims brought against us are subject to significant uncertainty. An estimated loss from a loss contingency such as a
legal proceeding or claim is accrued by a charge to income if it is probable that an asset has been impaired or a liability has been incurred
and the amount of the loss can be reasonably estimated. In determining whether a loss should be accrued we evaluate, among other factors,
the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to make a reasonable estimate of the amount of loss. Changes in these
factors could materially impact our consolidated financial statements.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES
ABOUT MARKET RISK.
We are exposed to market risks in the ordinary
course of our business. Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial
market prices and rates. Our market risk exposure is primarily the result of fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, interest
rates and inflation.
Interest Rate Risk
As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $737.9
million and investments in marketable securities of $379.4 million with maturities of less than one year. The goals of our investment
policy are liquidity and capital preservation. We believe that we do not have any material exposure to changes in the fair value of our
cash equivalents or marketable securities as a result of changes in interest rates due to the short-term nature of these assets. A hypothetical
100 basis point increase in interest rates as of December 31, 2025 would not have had a material impact on the fair value of our cash
equivalents or marketable securities due to their short-term maturities. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes
and have not used any derivative financial instruments to manage our interest rate risk exposure.
Foreign Currency Exchange Risk
All of our operations are based in the
United States and all of our sales transactions are currently denominated in U.S. dollars. However, due to our use of some
international vendors, an immaterial portion of our cost of sales and operating expenses are denominated in currencies other than
the U.S. dollar, principally the British Pound Sterling. Changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies
in which we incur expenses affect the translated value and relative level of sales and net income that we report from one period to
the next. During the year ended December 31, we incurred a loss on foreign exchange transactions of $9 thousand as compared to $0 in
2024. This amount was not material to our consolidated financial statements.
Impact of Inflation
We do not believe that inflation has had a material
effect on our business, results of operations, or financial condition. Nonetheless, if our costs were to become subject to significant
inflationary pressures it could diminish our margin thereby limiting our profits, especially if we are not able to fully offset such higher
costs. Our inability or failure to do so could harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.
Other Risks
We do not have material exposure to commodity
price risk, equity price risk, or other significant market risks.
ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY
DATA.
The financial statements and supplementary data
required by this item, including the report of our independent registered public accounting firm and the notes thereto, are included commencing
at page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K and incorporated herein by reference.
ITEM 9. CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS
ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE.
None.
ITEM 9A. CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such
term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed
in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is (1) recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods
specified in the SEC rules and forms and (2) accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive and principal
financial officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating our disclosure
controls and procedures, our management recognized that disclosure controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated,
can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of disclosure controls and procedures are met. Additionally,
in designing disclosure controls and procedures, our management was necessarily required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit
relationship of possible controls and procedures. The design of any disclosure controls and procedures also is based in part upon certain
assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated
goals under all potential future conditions.
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As of the end of the period covered by this Annual
Report on Form 10-K, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our principal
executive officer and our principal financial officer, of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on such evaluation,
our principal executive officer and principal financial officer concluded that as of December 31, 2025, our disclosure controls and procedures
were not effective due to the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting described below.
Report of Management on Internal Control over
Financial Reporting
Company management is responsible for establishing
and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting for the Company (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under
the Exchange Act). The Company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed by, or under the supervision of,
our principal executive and principal financial officers and effected by the Board, management and other personnel to provide reasonable
assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance
with generally accepted accounting principles.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal
control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods
are subject to the risks that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the
policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Company management has assessed the effectiveness
of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025. In making this assessment, management used the
criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework
(2013).
Based on this assessment, management has determined
that the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2025 due to the material weaknesses
noted below.
Material Weakness in Internal Control over
Financial Reporting
A material weakness,
as defined by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over
financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim financial statements
will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.
The ineffectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial
reporting was due to the following material weaknesses, which are common to many small companies with limited staff:
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The
material weakness in the control environment contributed to the following additional material weaknesses:
The material weaknesses
above did not result in a material misstatement to the consolidated financial statements as presented in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
The effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, has been audited by BPM LLP,
the Company's independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears in Part IV, Item 15 of this Annual
Report on Form 10-K.
Management’s Plan to Remediate the
Material Weaknesses
The Company has been implementing and continues to implement measures
designed to ensure that control deficiencies contributing to the material weaknesses are remediated, such that these controls are designed,
implemented, and operating effectively. During 2025, the Company strengthened its accounting function through the hiring of five full-time
accounting professionals, including a Controller and Manager of Technical Accounting, to enhance oversight, technical expertise, and execution
of key financial reporting processes. In addition to identifying and remediating design deficiencies in its processes, the Company has
formally documented its procedures for many of the significant accounting and financial reporting processes, including implementation
of procedures for revenue recognition and segregation of duties. The other remediation actions planned include:
We are committed to maintaining a strong internal
control environment and believe that these remediation efforts will represent significant improvements in our control environment. Our
management will continue to monitor and evaluate the relevance of our risk-based approach and the effectiveness of our internal controls
and procedures over financial reporting on an ongoing basis and is committed to taking further action and implementing additional enhancements
or improvements, as necessary and as funds allow.
46
Remediation of Previously
Identified Material Weakness
The previously identified
material weaknesses over inadequate controls related to revenue recognition and insufficient written policies and procedures for accounting
and financial reporting with respect to the requirements and application of both accounting principles generally accepted in the United
States of America and SEC Guidelines have been remediated.
Attestation Report
of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
The effectiveness of
the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, has been audited by BPM, an independent registered
public accounting firm, as stated in its report included herein.
Changes in Internal
Control over Financial Reporting
As discussed above, we
are implementing certain measures to remediate the remaining material weaknesses identified in the design and operation of our internal
control over financial reporting. Other than those measures, except for the changes discussed above, there have been no changes in our
internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the fiscal quarter
ended December 31, 2024 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial
reporting.
ITEM 9B. OTHER INFORMATION.
Rule 10b5-1 Trading
Plans
During the three months
ended December 31, 2025, certain executive officers and directors of the Company (each, a “Plan Participant”) entered
into Rule 10b5-1 trading plan (a “Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan”) to sell shares of the Company’s common stock, in each
case, subject to any applicable volume limitations. No shares were traded under the Trading Plan during the year ended December 31, 2025.
The table below provides
certain information regarding each Plan Participant’s Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan.
A
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan is a written document that pre-establishes the amounts, prices and dates (or formulas for determining the amounts,
prices and dates) of future purchases or sales of the Company’s common stock, including, if applicable, shares issued upon exercise
of stock options or vesting of restricted stock units.
Each Plan Participant’s
Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plan was adopted during an authorized trading period and when such Plan Participant was not in possession
of material non-public information and is intended to satisfy the affirmative defense of Rule 10b5-1(c) under the Exchange Act.
The information set
forth below is included for the purpose of providing disclosure under Item 5.02(e) of Form 8-K.
2026 Executive Compensation
Plan
On February 17, 2021,
the Board established an executive compensation framework for fiscal year 2026 (the “2026 Executive Compensation Framework”)
as part of its review of target incentive compensation for our executive officers.
Under the terms of the
2026 Executive Compensation Framework, each of the eligible executive officers are expected to have their salary targeted at the 25th
percentile average of comparable companies, as determined by our compensation consultant, Pearl Meyer & Partners, LLC. Eligible executive
officers may be eligible to receive a cash bonus that will vary in amount depending on our success in achieving certain performance targets
including with respect to achieving $30 million in revenue. In addition, eligible executive officers may also be eligible to receive long
term incentive equity grants comprised of 50% restricted stock units, 30% performance stock units (“PSU’s”) and 20%
stock options. PSU’s are based on three year targets comprised 50% of revenue and backlog and 50% total shareholder return. Individual
bonuses are computed based 50% on the company goal, 50% on individual goals. Our Board and/or our compensation committee retains full
discretion to modify or deviate from the framework described above. The foregoing description is intended to summarize our Board’s
current compensation framework and is not intended to constitute a binding compensatory plan or arrangement.
ITEM 9C. DISCLOSURE REGARDING FOREIGN JURISDICTIONS
THAT PREVENT INSPECTIONS.
Not applicable.
47
PART III
ITEM 10. DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
The information required by this item is incorporated
by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2026 annual meeting of stockholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed
with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2025.
ITEM 11. EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
The information required by this item is incorporated
by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2026 annual meeting of stockholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed
with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2025.
ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL
OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS.
The information required by this item is incorporated
by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2026 annual meeting of stockholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed
with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2025.
ITEM 13. CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED
TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE.
The information required by this item is incorporated
by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2026 annual meeting of stockholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed
with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2025.
ITEM 14. PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES.
The information required by this item is incorporated
by reference to our definitive proxy statement for our 2026 annual meeting of stockholders. The definitive proxy statement will be filed
with the SEC within 120 days after December 31, 2025.
48
PART IV
ITEM
15. EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULES.
Exhibit Reference Filed or Furnished
Number Exhibit Description Form Exhibit Filing Date Herewith
49
10.13* Quantum Computing, Inc. Non-Employee Director Compensation Policy X
21.1 List of Subsidiaries X
23.1 Consent of BPM LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm X
101.INS Inline XBRL Instance Document X
101.SCH Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Linkbase Document X
101.CAL Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document X
101.DEF Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document X
101.LAB Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document X
101.PRE Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document X
* Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.
50
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or
15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned,
thereunto duly authorized.
Date: March 2, 2026 Quantum Computing Inc.
By: /s/ Dr. Yuping Huang
Dr. Yuping Huang
Chief Executive Officer
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities
Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacity and on
the dates indicated.
Name Capacity Date
Yuping Huang (Principal Executive Officer)
/s/ Christopher Roberts Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer March 2, 2026
/s/ Michael Turmelle Director March 2, 2026
Michael Turmelle
/s/ Robert Fagenson Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors March 2, 2026
Robert Fagenson
/s/ Dr. Carl Weimer Director March 2, 2026
Dr. Carl Weimer
/s/ Dr. Javad Shabani Director March 2, 2026
Dr. Javad Shabani
/s/ Eric Schwartz Director March 2, 2026
Eric Schwartz
51
QUANTUM COMPUTING INC.
Index to the Consolidated
Financial Statements
Description Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 207) F-2
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 F-5
Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements F-9
F-1
REPORT
OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM
To the Board of Directors and
Stockholders of Quantum Computing, Inc.
Opinion
on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying
consolidated balance sheets of Quantum Computing, Inc. (a Delaware Corporation) and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as
of December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss, mezzanine and
stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes
(collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial
statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2025 and 2024,
and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in
conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards
of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the Company’s internal control over financial
reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued
by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated March 2, 2026, expressed an adverse opinion.
Basis
for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the
responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial
statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect
to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange
Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the
standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated
financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess
the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures
that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the
consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by
management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide
a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is
a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated
to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and
(2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter
in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit
matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
Valuation of Warrant Liabilities
As described in Note 12, on June 16,
2022, the Company merged with QPhoton, Inc., which was accounted for as a business combination using the acquisition method of accounting.
In conjunction with the merger, the Company issued warrants that become exercisable when and if stock options and warrants outstanding
as of the time of the merger are exercised. The Company is accounting for these warrants as a derivative liability and is valued at $7.8
million as of December 31, 2025 and resulted in a mark-to-market gain of $11.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2025.
The principal considerations for our determination
that performing procedures relating to the valuation of the derivative liability is a critical audit matter due to the significant amount
of judgment by management required in estimating the fair value of the warrants, including the use of valuation methodologies that were
sensitive to significant assumptions, specifically the probability of the underlying options and warrants being exercised, which is affected
by expected future market or economic conditions, which in turn led to significant auditor judgment, subjectivity and effort in performing
audit procedures and evaluating audit evidence relating to the analysis.
Addressing the matter involved performing procedures and evaluating