Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition to historical consolidated financial information, the following discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs. Our actual results could differ materially from those discussed in the forward-looking statements. You should review the sections titled “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” for a discussion of forward-looking statements and in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors” for a discussion of factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a growing cancer genomics company transforming the development of next-generation therapies by providing more comprehensive molecular data about each patient’s cancer and immune response. We designed our NeXT Platform to adapt to the complex and evolving understanding of cancer, providing our biopharmaceutical customers with information on all of the approximately 20,000 human genes, together with the immune system, in contrast to many cancer panels that cover roughly only 50 to 500 genes. In parallel with the development of our platform technology, we have also pursued business within the population sequencing market, and we have provided whole genome sequencing services under contract with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (the “VA”) Million Veteran Program (the “VA MVP”), which has enabled us to innovate, scale our operational infrastructure, and achieve greater efficiencies in our lab. In September 2020, we announced receipt of a new task order from the VA MVP with an approximate value of up to $31 million. The cumulative value of task orders received from the VA MVP since inception is approximately $175 million, approximately $132.5 million of which we had recognized as revenue as of December 31, 2020.

In August 2020, we launched NeXT Liquid Biopsy, which is a liquid biopsy assay that analyzes all of the approximately 20,000 human genes versus the more narrowly focused liquid biopsy assays that are currently available. By combining technological innovation, operational scale, and regulatory differentiation, our NeXT Platform is designed to help our customers obtain new insights into the mechanisms of response and resistance to therapy as well as new potential therapeutic targets. Our platform enhances the ability of biopharmaceutical companies to unlock the potential of conducting translational research in the clinic rather than with pre-clinical animal models or cancer cell lines. We also announced in January 2020 a diagnostic test, NeXT Dx Test, which is based on our NeXT Platform, that we envision being used initially by both leading clinical cancer centers as well as biopharmaceutical companies. Most recently, in December 2020, we launched two new capabilities that are integrated into our NeXT Platform: our Systemic HLA Epitope Ranking Pan Algorithm (“SHERPA”) machine learning-based tool for the comprehensive identification and characterization of cancer neoantigens, as well as our Neoantigen Presentation Score (“NEOPS”) for predicting cancer immunotherapy response. SHERPA enables the development of new neoantigen-based diagnostic biomarkers, such as our NEOPS, and novel personalized therapies.

We have the capacity to sequence and analyze approximately 200 trillion bases of DNA per week in our facility. We believe our capacity for this is already larger than the sequencing capacities of most cancer genomics companies, and we continue to build automation and other infrastructure to scale further as demand increases and in support of our NeXT Liquid Biopsy. To date, we have sequenced more than 150,000 human samples, of which more than 100,000 were whole human genomes.

On August 14, 2020, we completed a follow-on equity offering in which we issued and sold 6,578,947 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $19.00 per share. We received net proceeds of $117.5 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. We also incurred $0.4 million of offering expenses, including legal, accounting, printing and other offering-related costs.

Subsequent to the fiscal period ended December 31, 2020 covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K, on January 29, 2021, we completed another follow-on equity offering in which we issued and sold 3,950,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $38.00 per share. We received net proceeds of $141.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. The underwriters exercised their option to purchase an additional 592,500 shares shortly thereafter, resulting in additional net proceeds to us of $21.2 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. In total, we raised net proceeds of $162.3 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. We also incurred an estimated $0.4 million of offering expenses, including legal, accounting, printing and other offering-related costs.

Our operations have been impacted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. While the state and county reopening and health orders applicable to us allow for continued operation of so-called Essential Businesses, which includes certain critical healthcare operations and services, we have substantially closed our office facilities and limited access to our laboratory facilities to protect our employees and to comply with the provisions described within the orders. We provided temporary increased pay to certain laboratory personnel in the second quarter for their work during the COVID-19 pandemic. Such increased pay was not provided in the third or fourth quarters, but we may decide to resume increased pay in the future. The previous shelter-in-place order and current reopening and health orders have negatively impacted productivity, disrupted our business, and slowed research and development activities due to us limiting access to our laboratory space that would otherwise be used by our research and development group, and, to the extent such orders remain in place, they may continue to cause such effects on our operations. The reopening and health orders may disrupt the ability of our suppliers to fulfill our purchase orders in a timely manner or at all. Additionally, we are aware of increased demand in the market for certain consumables used in COVID-19 test kits. We use such consumables in our operations, and we may face difficulties in acquiring such consumables if our suppliers prioritize orders related to COVID-19. Several of our customers, including the VA MVP, were delayed in sending us samples in the second and third quarters due to the inability to collect or ship samples during the

COVID-19 pandemic, and these and additional customers may be disrupted from collecting samples or sending purchase orders and samples to us in the future. Many of our customers, potential customers and potential partners have also put in place policies restricting visitors from other companies, and therefore our sales team and members of management have been unable to meet such parties in person, which may result in reduced acquisition of new customers, fewer orders from existing customers, and fewer potential partnering opportunities. If our laboratory employees were to contract COVID-19, we may significantly curtail our laboratory operations or pause operations altogether until the imminent health risk to our employees subsided. Such disruptions in our operations, and our customers’ and suppliers’ operations, may continue to adversely affect revenues and operating results.

The global COVID-19 pandemic continues to rapidly evolve and to present serious health risks. While authorities in some areas have lifted or relaxed certain of the restrictions described above, in some cases they have subsequently re-imposed various restrictions after observing an increased rate of COVID-19 cases; for example, in December 2020, state and local authorities in California reinstated shelter-in-place orders in light of the increasing rate of COVID-19 cases and shortage of intensive care unit beds across the state. Furthermore, there is no guarantee when or if all such restrictions will be eliminated, such that we and our customers, manufacturers and suppliers will be able to safely resume operations consistent with our pre-COVID-19 operations. Vaccines against COVID-19 have been approved by the FDA and other regulatory authorities, but there is uncertainty as to when these vaccines will be widely available to our employees and the population at large and how quickly and to what extent the vaccines will impact the COVID-19 pandemic.

While the extent of the impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic on our business and financial results is uncertain, a continued and prolonged public health crisis such as the COVID-19 pandemic could have a material negative impact on our business, financial condition, and operating results.

Factors Affecting Our Performance

We believe there are several important factors that have impacted, and that we expect will continue to impact, our operating performance and results of operations, including:

Components of Operating Results

Revenues

We derive our revenues primarily from sequencing and data analysis services to support the development of next-generation cancer therapies and to support large-scale genetic research programs. We support our customers by providing high-accuracy, validated genomic sequencing and advanced analytics. Many of these analytics are related to state-of-the-art biomarkers, including those relevant to immuno-oncology therapeutics such as checkpoint inhibitors.

Our revenues are primarily generated through contracts with companies in the pharmaceutical industry, healthcare organizations, and government entities. Our ability to increase our revenues will depend on our ability to further penetrate this market. To do this, we are developing a growing set of state-of-the-art products, advancing our operational infrastructure, expanding our international presence, building our regulatory credentials, and expanding our targeted marketing efforts. Unlike diagnostic or therapeutic companies, we have not to date sought reimbursement through traditional healthcare payors. We sell through a small direct sales force.

We derive a substantial portion of our current and expected future revenues from sales of our DNA sequencing and data analysis services to the VA MVP. Our contract with the VA MVP does not include specific testing turnaround times. Therefore, we have the ability to modulate the volume of samples processed for the VA MVP up or down to complement sample volumes from all other customers, which can vary from period to period.

We have one reportable segment from the sale of sequencing and data analysis services. Substantially all of our revenues to date have been derived from sales in the United States.

Costs and Expenses

Costs of revenues

Costs of revenues consist of raw materials costs, personnel costs (salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, payroll taxes, and benefits), laboratory supplies and consumables, depreciation and maintenance on equipment, and allocated facilities and information technology (“IT”) costs. We expect costs of revenues to increase as our revenues grow, and in the short term costs of revenues may outpace revenue growth as we invest in expanding our laboratory capacity, but over time the cost per sample processed is expected to decrease due to economies of scale we may gain as volume increases, automation initiatives, and other cost reductions.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for the research and development of our products. These expenses consist primarily of personnel costs (salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, payroll taxes, and benefits), laboratory supplies and consumables, costs of purchasing samples for research purposes, depreciation and maintenance on equipment, and allocated facilities and IT costs. We include in research and development expenses the costs to further develop software we use to operate our laboratory, analyze the data it generates, and automate our operations. These expenses also include costs associated with our collaborations, which we expect to increase over time.

We expense our research and development expenses in the period in which they are incurred. We expect to increase our research and development expenses as we continue to develop new products.

Selling, general, and administrative expenses

Selling expenses consist of personnel costs (salaries, commissions, bonuses, stock-based compensation, payroll taxes, and benefits), customer support expenses, direct marketing expenses, and market research. Our general and administrative expenses include costs for our executive, accounting, finance, legal, and human resources functions. These expenses consist of personnel costs (salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, payroll taxes, and benefits), corporate insurance, audit and legal expenses, consulting costs, and allocated facilities and IT costs. We expense all selling, general and administrative expenses as incurred.

We expect our selling expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars, primarily driven by our efforts to expand our commercial capability and to expand our brand awareness and customer base through targeted marketing initiatives with an increased presence both within and outside the United States. We also expect general and administrative expenses to increase as we scale our operations.

Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on our cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments. Interest income increased significantly beginning in the second half of 2019 as a result of us investing proceeds from the initial public offering of our common stock in June 2019 (our “IPO”). More recently, interest income has been adversely impacted by recent declines in yields on debt securities. We expect that our interest income will continue to decline in the near future as the decline in yields is expected to more than offset the increased investments balances after our August 2020 and January 2021 follow-on offerings.

Interest Expense

Previously, interest expense primarily consisted of cash and non-cash interest costs related to our term loan, convertible promissory notes, revolving loan and security agreement (the “Revolving Loan”) with TriplePoint Capital LLC (“TriplePoint”), and growth capital loan (the “Growth Capital Loan”) with TriplePoint. After the payoff of our Growth Capital Loan in August 2019, we no longer have any outstanding debt and have not incurred material interest expense from that point forward.

Loss on Debt Extinguishment

We incurred a loss on debt extinguishment in 2018 resulting from changes in the maturity dates of the convertible notes issued in 2017. We also incurred a loss on debt extinguishment in 2019 upon the payoff of the Growth Capital Loan. See Note 6 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other income (expense), net consists primarily of foreign currency exchange gains and losses. In 2019, other income (expense), net also consisted of changes in fair value of convertible preferred stock warrant liability. Due to the conversion of convertible preferred stock warrants to common stock warrants upon our IPO, changes in fair value of such warrants are no longer recorded through income since our IPO. See Note 10 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further discussion of this item. We expect our foreign currency gains and losses to continue to fluctuate in the future due to changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Trend Financial Information

The following selected consolidated financial data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and the notes thereto in Item 8 of Part II, “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”. Historical results are not necessarily indicative of future results.

Year Ended December 31,

Costs and expenses

Loss on debt extinguishment — (1,704 ) (4,658 ) —

Provision for income taxes (57 ) (9 ) (7 ) (5 )

Net loss per share, basic and diluted $ (1.20 ) $ (1.39 ) $ (6.49 ) $ (7.78 )

December 31,

Consolidated Balance Sheet Data: (in thousands)

Redeemable convertible preferred stock — — 89,404 75,995

Results of Operations

This section of this Annual Report on Form 10-K generally discusses 2020 and 2019 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2020 and 2019. Discussions of 2018 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2019 and 2018 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2019.

Revenues

The following table shows revenues by customer type (in thousands):

Years Ended December 31, Change

The following table shows concentration of revenues by customer:

Year Ended December 31,

Pfizer Inc. * 13% 10%

Merck & Co., Inc. * * 12%

* Less than 10% of revenues

VA MVP

The increase in revenues from the VA MVP in 2020 was driven by an increase in the volume of samples we tested in the period. This increase was driven by a significant rise in the number of samples we received from the VA MVP for testing during 2020 compared to those received for testing during 2019. Our increasingly automated laboratory has supported this higher level of sample volumes.

All Other Customers

The increase in revenues from all other customers in 2020 was driven primarily by an increase in the volume of samples we tested in the period. Approximately $1.0 million of the increase was attributed to a new biobank customer and $0.65 million of the increase in revenues was related to the completion of a research collaboration with a biopharmaceutical customer in the gene therapy space. Approximately one-third of total revenues from all other customers were derived from our NeXT Platform products, whereas revenues from NeXT products in 2019 were insignificant.

Costs and Expenses

Year Ended December 31, Change

(in thousands)

Costs of revenues

The increase in costs of revenues in 2020 was primarily due to the increase in revenue volume, including from the VA MVP, discussed above. The cost components related to the increase in costs of revenues were a $10.3 million increase in raw materials due primarily to higher VA MVP sample volumes; a $2.3 million increase related to personnel-related costs; a $0.9 million increase in depreciation and maintenance costs due to our additions of laboratory equipment; a $0.8 million increase in the cost of laboratory supplies and consumables; a $0.6 million increase in IT and facility costs; and a $0.5 million increase in other costs. Costs of revenues increased more than revenues primarily due to increased raw materials costs and the addition of laboratory personnel in anticipation of higher future laboratory throughput.

Research and development

The increase in research and development in 2020 was primarily due to development of new products and capabilities (such as those noted in the Factors Affecting Our Performance section above) and lab automation efforts, and consisted of an increase of $6.1 million in personnel-related costs; a $0.9 million increase in IT and facilities costs; and a $0.7 million increase in other costs, partially offset by a $1.5 million decrease in laboratory supplies and consumables for research and development projects.

Selling, general and administrative

The increase in selling, general and administrative in 2020 was due to a $8.8 million increase in personnel-related costs primarily related to increased headcount to support expansion of our commercial team; a $3.0 million increase in professional services primarily related to public company-related costs (including corporate insurance, audit fees, and legal expenses), partially offset by a $0.2 million decrease in other costs.

Interest Income, Interest Expense, Loss on Debt Extinguishment and Other Income (Expense), Net

Year Ended December 31, Change

(in thousands)

Loss on debt extinguishment — (1,704 ) (4,658 ) (63 )%

Other income (expense), net (24 ) (1,440 ) 150

Interest income

The decrease in interest income in 2020 was driven by declines in yields on debt securities, partially offset by higher average cash and investment balances subsequent to our follow-on offering in August 2020.

Interest expense

Interest expense in 2019 included cash and non-cash interest expense related to the Revolving Loan and Growth Capital Loan. The Revolving Loan was paid off in late March 2019 with proceeds from the Growth Capital Loan. The Growth Capital Loan was fully repaid in August 2019. Since we repaid the Growth Capital Loan, we have had no outstanding debt and therefore did not incur significant interest expense in 2020.

Loss on debt extinguishment

The $1.7 million loss on debt extinguishment in 2019 resulted from the extinguishment of our $20 million Growth Capital Loan facility.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Other expense in 2020 was primarily comprised of foreign currency remeasurements. Other expense in 2019 was primarily comprised of increases in the fair values of warrants for Series B and Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock as a result of increases to the estimated fair value of our equity during the period.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following tables present selected financial information and statistics as of and for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 (in thousands):

December 31,

Year Ended December 31,

From our inception through December 31, 2020, we have funded our operations primarily from $117.5 million in net proceeds from our follow-on offering in August 2020, $144.0 million in net proceeds from our IPO in June 2019, and $89.6 million from issuance of redeemable convertible preferred stock, as well as cash from operations and debt financing. As of December 31, 2020, we had cash and cash equivalents in the amount of $68.5 million and short-term investments in the amount of $134.8 million.

We have incurred net losses since our inception. We anticipate that our current cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, together with cash provided by operating activities, are sufficient to fund our near-term capital and operating needs for at least the next 12 months.

We have based these future funding requirements on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could utilize our available capital resources sooner than we expect. If our available cash balances, net proceeds from the offerings and anticipated cash flow from operations are insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, including because of lower demand for our services or other risks described in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, we may seek to sell additional common or preferred equity or convertible debt securities, enter into an additional credit facility or another form of third-party funding or seek other debt financing. The sale of equity and convertible debt securities may result in dilution to our stockholders and, in the case of preferred equity securities or convertible debt, those securities could provide for rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock. The terms of debt securities issued or borrowings pursuant to a credit agreement could impose significant restrictions on our operations. Additional capital may not be available on reasonable terms, or at all.

Our short-term investments portfolio is primarily invested in highly rated securities, with the primary objective of minimizing the potential risk of principal loss. Our investment policy generally requires securities to be investment grade and limits the amount of credit exposure to any one issuer.

During 2020, cash used in operating activities of $42.7 million was a result of $41.3 million of net loss and the net negative change in operating assets and liabilities of $17.2 million ($14.9 million of which was related to reductions in outstanding customer prepayments as we fulfilled the related revenue contracts), partially offset by non-cash adjustments to net income of $15.8 million (the most significant non-cash expenses for us in 2020 were $8.2 million of stock-based compensation and $5.8 million of depreciation and amortization).

During 2019, cash used by operating activities of $18.1 million was a result of $25.1 million of net loss and the net negative change in operating assets and liabilities of $7.3 million, partially offset by non-cash negative adjustments to net income of $14.3 million.

During 2020, cash used in investing activities was $65.1 million due to net purchases of short-term investments of $61.9 million and $3.2 million acquisitions of property and equipment used for our sequencing and data analysis services. Cash provided by financing activities of $121.3 million during the same period consisted of $117.5 million net proceeds from our August 2020 follow-on offering, $2.8 million proceeds from stock option exercises, and $1.4 million proceeds from ESPP purchases, partially offset by $0.4 million payments in offering costs.

During 2019, cash used by investing activities of $81.6 million consisted of net purchases of short-term investments of $73.2 million and cash used to acquire property and equipment of $8.4 million. Cash provided by financing activities of $134.9 million during 2019 consisted primarily of $139.8 million of proceeds from our IPO, net of underwriting discounts and commissions, $1.4 million of proceeds from issuance of common stock under employee stock plans, and net proceeds from the issuance of a Growth Capital Loan of $20.0 million, partially offset by cash used to repay a revolving loan and issue and repay the Growth Capital Loan of $26.3 million.

Material Cash Requirements for Known Contractual and Other Obligations

The following is a description of commitments for capital expenditures and other known and reasonably likely cash requirements as of December 31, 2020. We anticipate fulfilling such commitments with our existing cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments, which amounted to $203.3 million as of December 31, 2020.

Our non-cancellable operating lease payments were $15.5 million as of December 31, 2020. The timing of these future payments, by year, can be found in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Note 7, “Leases.”

We had capital expenditures commitments in the amount of approximately $1.7 million as of December 31, 2020, which was comprised primarily of laboratory equipment and computer equipment. Such purchases will likely occur within the first half of 2021. Furthermore, overall capital expenditures in 2021 will likely exceed total capital expenditures in 2020.

We previously entered into various forms of convertible debt and revolving loans to finance our operations prior to our IPO. We paid off all remaining debt in August 2019 and have incurred no additional debt since. Further information regarding the Company’s debt issuances and payment commitments can be found in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Note 6, “Borrowings.”

Certain of our customers prepay us for a portion of the services that they expect to order from us before they place purchase orders and we deliver those services. In some cases, this prepayment can be substantial and may be paid months or a year or more in advance of these customers providing samples to us and before our delivery of the services to which some or all of the deposit relates.

As of December 31, 2020, we had approximately $21.0 million in customer deposits, including $18.4 million from one customer. We are generally not required by our contracts to retain these deposits in cash or otherwise and we have generally used these deposits to make capital expenditures and fund our operations. When a customer that has prepaid us for future services cancels its contract with us or reduces the level of services that it expects to receive, we are required to repay that customer’s deposit with little or no notice. We do not expect to refund material amounts of cash under such circumstances.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues, costs and expenses, and related disclosures. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

An accounting policy is deemed to be critical if it requires an accounting estimate to be made based on assumptions about matters that are highly uncertain at the time the estimate is made, if different estimates reasonably could have been used, or if changes in the estimate that are reasonably possible could materially impact the financial statements. We believe that the assumptions and estimates associated with the accounting policies discussed below have the greatest potential impact on our consolidated financial statements. Therefore, we consider these to be our critical accounting policies and estimates.

Revenue Recognition

We generate our revenues from selling sequencing and data analysis services. We agree to provide services to our customers through a contract, which may be in the form of a combination of a signed agreement, statement of work and/or a purchase order.

We have evaluated the performance obligations contained in contracts with customers to determine whether any of the performance obligations are distinct, such that the customers can benefit from the obligations on their own, and whether the obligations can be separately identifiable from other obligations in the contract. For the significant majority of our contracts to date, the customer orders a specified quantity of a sequencing; therefore, the delivery of the ordered quantity per the purchase order is accounted for as one performance obligation. Our contracts include only one performance obligation—the delivery of the sequencing and data analysis services to the customer.

Fees for our sequencing and data analysis services are predominantly based on a fixed price per sample. The fixed prices identified in the arrangements only change if a pricing amendment is agreed with a customer. In limited cases we provide our customers a discount if samples received above a certain volume are purchased. In such cases, the discount applies prospectively. We have analyzed such discounts if they represent a material right provided to a customer. We have concluded that such discounts do not represent a material right provided to a customer since they are not deemed to be incremental to the pricing offered to the customer or are not enforceable options to acquire additional goods. As a result, these discounts do not constitute a material right and do not meet the definition of a separate performance obligation. We do not offer retrospective discounts or rebates. Accordingly, all of the transaction price, net of any discounts, is allocated to one performance obligation. Therefore, upon delivery of the services, there are no remaining performance obligations.

Contracts that contain multiple distinct performance obligations would require an allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on a relative stand-alone selling price basis. Sometimes we deliver sequencing results in two or more batches; however, since the quantity delivered per batch of each individual test per sales order in these instances is in the same ratio as in the original sales order, allocating the transaction price on a relative stand-alone selling price basis would have no impact on the revenue recognized in any period presented.

We recognize revenue when control of the promised services is transferred to our customers. Management applies judgment in evaluating when a customer obtains control of the promised service, which is when the sequencing and data analysis service results are delivered to customers, at an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services. Revenue is recorded net of sales or other transaction taxes collected from clients and remitted to taxing authorities.

A customer contract liability will arise when we have received payments from its customers in advance, but has not yet provided genome and exome sequencing and data analysis services to a customer and satisfied its performance obligations. We record a customer contract liability for performance obligations outstanding related to payments received in advance for customer deposits. We expect to satisfy these remaining performance obligations and recognize the related revenues upon providing sequencing and data analysis services.

All of our revenues and trade receivables are generated from contracts with customers and substantially all of our revenues are derived from U.S. domestic operations. The following section describes the accounting policies that we believe have significant judgment, or changes in judgment, as a result of adopting ASC Topic 606.

Payment Terms

Payment terms and conditions vary by contract and customer. Our standard payment terms are typically less than 90 days from the date of invoice. In instances where the timing of our revenue recognition differs from the timing of its invoicing, we have determined that our contracts do not include a significant financing component. The primary purposes of our invoicing terms are to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our services and provide payment protection for us.

Stock-Based Compensation

We account for stock-based compensation arrangements with employees, using a fair value-based method, for costs related to all stock-based payments including stock options and stock awards. Our determination of the fair value of stock options on the date of grant utilizes the Black-Scholes option-pricing model.

The fair value of the option granted is recognized over the period during which an optionee is required to provide services in exchange for the option award, known as the requisite service period which usually is the vesting period, on a straight-line basis.

Estimating the fair value of equity-settled awards as of the grant date using valuation models, such as the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, is affected by assumptions regarding a number of complex variables. Changes in the assumptions can materially affect the fair value and ultimately how much stock-based compensation expense is recognized. These inputs are subjective and generally require significant analysis and judgment to develop.

We estimated the fair value of the time-based employee stock options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the date of grant with the following assumptions:

Common Stock Valuations

The estimated fair value of the common stock underlying our stock options was determined at each grant date by our board of directors, with input from management. All options to purchase shares of our common stock are intended to be exercisable at a price per share not less than the per-share fair value of our common stock underlying those options on the date of grant.

In the absence of a public trading market for our common stock prior to our IPO, on each grant date, we developed an estimate of the fair value of our common stock based on the information known to us on the date of grant, upon a review of any recent events and their potential impact on the estimated fair value per share of the common stock, and in part on input from an independent third-party valuation firm. As provided in Section 409A of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), we generally relied on our valuations for up to 12 months unless we experienced a material event that would have affected the estimated fair value per common share.

Our valuations of our common stock were determined in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Aid, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation (the “Practice Aid”). The methodology to determine the fair value of our common stock included estimating the fair value of the enterprise using the “backsolve” method, which estimates the fair value of our company by reference to the value and preferences of our last round of financing, as well as our capitalization.

The assumptions used to determine the estimated fair value of our common stock were based on numerous objective and subjective factors, combined with management’s judgment, including external market conditions affecting the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry and trends within the industry:

• our stage of development;

• equity market conditions affecting comparable public companies; and

The Practice Aid identifies various available methods for allocating enterprise value across classes and series of capital stock to determine the estimated fair value of common stock at each valuation date. In accordance with the Practice Aid, we considered the following methods:

Based on our early stage of development and other relevant factors, we considered all three approaches and chose to apply both income and market approaches in our analyses. We determined these approaches were the most appropriate methods for allocating our enterprise value to determine the estimated fair value of our common stock for valuations performed for periods up to our IPO. In determining the estimated fair value of our common stock, our board of directors also considered the fact that our stockholders could not freely trade our common stock in the public markets. Accordingly, we applied discounts to reflect the lack of marketability of our common stock based on the weighted-average expected time to liquidity. The estimated fair value of our common stock at each grant date reflected a non-marketability discount partially based on the anticipated likelihood and timing of a future liquidity event.

Following our IPO, our board of directors determines the fair value of our common stock based on the closing quoted market price of our common stock on the date of grant.

JOBS Act Accounting Election

We are an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have irrevocably elected not to avail ourselves of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards, and therefore, we will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See the sections titled “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies—Recent Accounting Pronouncements” and “—Recent Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted” in Note 2 to our consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

As a “smaller reporting company”, we are not required to provide the information under this item.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Page

Consolidated Balance Sheets 72

Consolidated Statements of Operations 73

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss 74

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 76

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 77

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm 96

PERSONALIS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

December 31, December 31,

Assets

Current assets

Inventory and other deferred costs 5,639 4,606

Prepaid expenses and other current assets 5,441 3,383

Operating lease right-of-use assets 10,271 1,845

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Current liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities 11,301 6,648

Long-term operating lease liabilities 8,541 639

Other long-term liabilities 720 —

Commitments and Contingencies (Note 12)

Stockholders’ equity

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) 22 (6 )

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 244,842 $ 157,291

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

PERSONALIS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(in thousands, except share and per share data)

Year Ended December 31,

Costs and expenses

Loss on debt extinguishment — (1,704 ) (4,658 )

Other income (expense), net (24 ) (1,440 ) 150

Provision for income taxes (57 ) (9 ) (7 )

Net loss per share, basic and diluted $ (1.20 ) $ (1.39 ) $ (6.49 )

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

PERSONALIS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(in thousands)

Year Ended December 31,

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax

Foreign currency translation adjustment 12 3 (5 )

Change in unrealized gain on available-for-sale debt securities 16 6 —

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

PERSONALIS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF REDEEMABLE CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY (DEFICIT)

(in thousands, except share data)

Redeemable Accumulated Total

Convertible Additional Other Stockholders'

Preferred Stock Common Stock Paid-In Comprehensive Accumulated Equity

Shares Amount Shares Amount Capital Income (Loss) Deficit (Deficit)

Proceeds from exercise of stock options — — 33,840 — 99 — — 99

Stock-based compensation — — — — 1,317 — — 1,317

Foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — (5 ) — (5 )

Issuance of common stock warrants — — — — 572 — — 572

Exercise of common stock warrants — — 207,712 — 8 — — 8

Proceeds from exercise of stock options — — 287,932 — 713 — — 713

Proceeds from Employee Stock Purchase Plan purchases — — 77,684 — 684 684

Stock-based compensation — — — — 4,858 — — 4,858

Foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — 3 — 3

Unrealized gain on available-for-sale debt securities — — — — — 6 — 6

Exercise of common stock warrants — — 79,772 — — — — —

Restricted stock units vested — — 130,945 — — — — —

Stock-based compensation — — — — 8,238 — — 8,238

Foreign currency translation adjustment — — — — — 12 — 12

Unrealized gain on available-for-sale debt securities — — — — — 16 — 16

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

PERSONALIS, INC.

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(in thousands)

Year Ended December 31,

Cash flows from operating activities:

Noncash operating lease cost 1,409 982 —

Amortization of premium (discount) on short-term investments 391 (39 ) —

Loss on debt extinguishment — 1,704 4,658

Change in fair value of compound derivative instrument — — (574 )

Accretion of noncash interest and debt reduction — 156 1,188

Changes in operating assets and liabilities

Inventory and other deferred costs (1,076 ) (1,174 ) (2,068 )

Prepaid expenses and other current assets (2,312 ) (2,559 ) (1,265 )

Operating lease liabilities (850 ) (1,048 ) —

Other long-term liabilities 720 — (99 )

Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities (42,653 ) (18,069 ) 5,572

Cash flows from investing activities:

Purchases of available-for-sale debt securities (161,775 ) (78,897 ) —

Proceeds from maturities of available-for-sale debt securities 99,878 5,700 —

Purchases of property and equipment (3,246 ) (8,382 ) (7,852 )

Cash flows from financing activities:

Payments of costs related to public offerings (435 ) (4,197 ) —

Proceeds from exercise or settlement of equity awards 4,203 1,396 76

Proceeds from borrowings — 20,000 —

Payments of borrowing costs — (490 ) —

Repayments under borrowing arrangements — (25,000 ) (645 )

Debt extinguishment costs — (794 ) —

Effect of exchange rates on cash flows and cash equivalents 7 2 (2 )

Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:

Cash paid for interest $ — $ 1,257 $ 698

Income taxes paid 35 6 7

Supplemental disclosures of noncash investing and financing activities:

Convertible Notes conversion on September 20, 2018 (see Note 6) — — 13,431

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

PERSONALIS, INC.

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Note 1. Company and Nature of Business

Personalis, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in Delaware on February 21, 2011 and began operations in September 2011. The Company formed a wholly owned subsidiary, Personalis (UK) Ltd., in August 2013 and a wholly owned subsidiary, Shanghai Personalis Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (which is referred to as “Personalis (Shanghai) Ltd” herein), in October 2020. The Company is a growing cancer genomics company transforming the development of next-generation therapies by providing more comprehensive molecular data about each patient’s cancer and immune response. The Company provides sequencing and data analysis services to support the development of cancer therapies. The Company also provides sequencing and data analysis services to support population sequencing initiatives, which accounts for the majority of revenues. Cancer genomic services are sold primarily to pharmaceutical companies, biopharmaceutical companies, universities, non-profits, and government entities, while services for population sequencing initiatives are sold primarily to government entities. The principal markets for the Company’s services are the United States and Europe. In June 2020, the Company began partnering with a clinical genomics and life sciences company headquartered in China as a means to expand business operations into China. The Company operates and manages its business as one reportable operating segment, which is the sale of sequencing and data analysis services.

The Company has incurred losses to date and expects to incur additional losses for the foreseeable future. The Company continues to invest the majority of its resources in the development and growth of its business, including investments in product development and sales and marketing efforts. The Company’s activities have been financed to date primarily through the sale of equity securities and cash from operations.

Note 2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“U.S. GAAP”) and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) regarding annual reporting. The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Personalis, Inc. and its wholly owned subsidiaries, Personalis (UK) Ltd. and Personalis (Shanghai) Ltd. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The Company began presenting “Long-term operating lease liabilities” and “Operating lease liabilities” separately in the consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of cash flows, respectively, in 2020. Amounts reported in previous periods were reclassified to conform to the current presentation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The estimates include, but are not limited to, useful lives assigned to long-lived assets, the valuation of common and convertible redeemable preferred stock and related warrants and options, the valuation of the compound derivative instrument, the valuation of stock-based awards, and provisions for income taxes and contingencies. Actual results could differ from these estimates, and such differences could be material to the Company’s consolidated financial position and results of operations.

Reverse Stock Split

On June 4, 2019, the Company filed an amendment to the Company’s amended and restated certificate of incorporation to effect a reverse split of shares of the Company’s common stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock on a four-for-one basis (the “Reverse Stock Split”). The par value of the common stock and redeemable convertible preferred stock was not adjusted as a result of the Reverse Stock Split. All references to common stock, options to purchase common stock, share data, per share data, redeemable convertible preferred stock and related information contained in these consolidated financial statements have been retrospectively adjusted to reflect the effect of the Reverse Stock Split for all periods presented.

Initial Public Offering

On June 24, 2019, the Company completed an initial public offering (“IPO”) in which it issued and sold 9,109,725 shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $17.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $139.8 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions and offering expenses. Offering expenses were $4.2 million and consisted of fees and expenses incurred in connection with the sale of the Company’s common stock in the IPO, including legal, accounting, printing, and other IPO-related costs.

A warrant to purchase 188,643 shares of our common stock was exercised prior to completion of the IPO. In addition, in connection with the IPO, all shares of the Company’s then-outstanding redeemable convertible preferred stock were automatically

converted into18,474,703 shares of the Company’s common stock, and all then-outstanding warrants to purchase the Company’s convertible preferred stock were automatically converted into warrants to purchase 84,585 shares of the Company’s common stock, all of which were exercised as of December 31, 2020 (see Note 10).

Follow-On Offering

On August 14, 2020, the Company completed a follow-on offering in which it issued and sold 6,578,947 shares of its common stock at a public offering price of $19.00 per share. The Company received net proceeds of $117.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts, commissions, and offering expenses. Offering expenses were $0.4 million consisting of legal, accounting, printing and other offering-related costs.

Concentration of Credit Risk and Other Risks and Uncertainties

The Company is subject to credit risk from its portfolio of cash and cash equivalents. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are deposited with high-quality financial institutions. Deposits at these institutions may, at times, exceed federally insured limits. Management believes these financial institutions are financially sound and, accordingly, that minimal credit risk exists. The Company has not experienced any losses on its deposits of cash and cash equivalents.

The Company also invests in investment‐grade debt instruments and has policy limits for the amount it can invest in any one type of security, except for securities issued or guaranteed by the U.S. government. The goals of the Company’s investment policy are as follows: preservation of principal; liquidity of investments sufficient to meet cash flow requirements; avoidance of inappropriate concentration and credit risk; competitive after‐tax rate of returns; and fiduciary control of cash and investments. Under its investment policy, the Company limits the amounts invested in such securities by credit rating, maturity, investment type, and issuer. As a result, management believes that these financial instruments do not expose the Company to any significant concentrations of credit risk.

The Company purchases various reagents and sequencing materials from sole source suppliers. Any extended interruption in the supply of these materials could result in the Company’s inability to secure sufficient materials to conduct business and meet customer demand.

The Company routinely assesses the creditworthiness of its customers and does not require collateral. The Company has not experienced any material losses related to receivables from individual customers, or groups of customers. The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts, which was $0.1 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019. During the year ended December 31, 2019, bad debt expense was $0.1 million and included in selling, general and administrative expenses. The Company had no bad debt expense in 2020 and 2018.

Significant customers are those that represent more than 10% of the Company’s total revenues or accounts receivable balance at each respective balance sheet date. For each significant customer, revenue as a percentage of total revenues and accounts receivable as a percentage of total accounts receivable are as follows:

Revenues Accounts Receivable

Year Ended December 31, December 31,

Merck & Co., Inc. * * 12% 59% *

Indivumed GmbH * * * * 30%

* Less than 10% of revenues or accounts receivable

Revenue Recognition

The Company applies the revenue recognition guidance in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (“Topic 606”).

Revenue Recognition

The revenue guidance provides a five-step framework through which revenue is recognized when control of promised goods or services is transferred to a customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. To determine revenue recognition for arrangements that the Company concludes are within the scope of Topic 606, management performs the following five steps: (i) identifies the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identifies the performance obligations in the contract(s); (iii) determines the transaction price, including whether there are any constraints on variable consideration; (iv) allocates the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (v) recognizes revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies a performance obligation. At contract inception, once a contract is determined to be within the scope of the new revenue standard, the Company assesses whether individual goods or services promised within each contract are distinct and, therefore, represent separate performance obligations.

The Company derives revenues from sequencing and data analysis services to support the development of personalized cancer vaccines and other next-generation cancer immunotherapies, as well as to support population sequencing initiatives. The Company’s contracts are in the form of a combination of signed agreements, statements of work, and/or purchase orders. Under Topic 606, the Company accounts for a contract with a customer when there is approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance, and it is probable that the Company will collect substantially all of the consideration to which it will be entitled.

The sequencing and data analysis services are the only distinct services that meet the definition of a performance obligation and are accounted for as one performance obligation under Topic 606. The Company recognizes revenue from such services at the point in time when control of the test results is transferred to the customer. The Company has elected to exclude all sales and value added taxes from the measurement of the transaction price. Sequencing and data analysis services are based on a fixed price per test.

Payment terms and conditions vary by contract and customer. The Company’s standard payment terms are less than 90 days from the invoice date. In instances where the timing of the Company’s revenue recognition differs from the timing of its invoicing, the Company does not assess whether a contract has a significant financing component if the expectation at contract inception is such that the period between payment by the customer and the transfer of the promised services to the customer will be one year or less. After assessing each of its revenue-generating arrangements to determine whether a significant financing component exists, the Company concluded that a significant financing component does not exist in any of its arrangements. The primary purpose of the Company’s invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing the Company’s services and to provide payment protection for the Company.

Practical Expedients and Exemptions

As a practical expedient, the Company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining contracts, such as sales commissions, as an expense when incurred since the amortization period of the asset the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. Sales commissions are recorded within selling, general, and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Costs of Revenues

Costs of revenues consist of raw materials costs, personnel costs (salaries, bonuses, benefits, payroll taxes, and stock-based compensation), laboratory supplies and consumables, depreciation and maintenance on equipment, and allocated facilities and information technology costs.

Research and Development Expenses

The Company charges research and development costs to expenses as incurred, including lab and automation development costs. The expenses primarily consist of personnel costs (salaries, bonuses, stock-based compensation, payroll taxes, and benefits), laboratory supplies and consumables, costs of purchasing samples for research purposes, depreciation and maintenance on equipment, and allocated facilities and information technology costs.

Stock-Based Compensation

For options granted to employees, non-employees, and directors, stock-based compensation is measured at grant date based on the fair value of the award. The Company determines the grant-date fair value of the options using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, except for certain performance-based awards for which an alternative valuation method may be used. The Company determines the fair value of restricted stock unit awards using the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The grant-date fair value of awards is amortized over the employees’ requisite service period on a straight-line basis, or the non-employees’ vesting period as the goods are received or services rendered. Forfeitures are accounted for as they occur. Additionally, the Company’s 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan is deemed to be a compensatory plan and therefore is included in stock-based compensation expense.

Inputs used in Black-Scholes option-pricing models to measure fair value of options are summarized as follows:

Expected Term. The expected term is calculated using the simplified method, which is available if there is insufficient historical data about exercise patterns and post-vesting employment termination behavior. The simplified method is based on the vesting period and the contractual term for each grant, or for each vesting tranche for awards with graded vesting. The midpoint of the vesting date and the maximum contractual expiration date is used as the expected term under this method. For awards with multiple vesting tranches, the times from grant until the midpoints for each of the tranches may be averaged to provide an overall expected term.

Expected Volatility. The Company used an average historical stock price volatility of a peer group of publicly traded companies to be representative of its expected future stock price volatility, as the Company did not have sufficient trading history for its common stock. For purposes of identifying these peer companies, the Company considered the industry, stage of development, size, and financial leverage of potential comparable companies. For each grant, the Company measured historical volatility over a period equivalent to the expected term.

Risk-Free Interest Rate. The risk-free interest rate is based on the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero-coupon issues with remaining terms equivalent to the expected term of a stock award.

Expected Dividend Rate. The Company has not paid and does not anticipate paying any dividends in the near future. Accordingly, the Company has estimated the dividend yield to be zero.

Foreign Currency Translation

The Company considers the functional currencies of its foreign subsidiaries to be the local currency. Assets and liabilities recorded in foreign currencies are translated at the exchange rate as of the balance sheet date, and costs and expenses are translated at average exchange rates in effect during the period. Equity transactions are translated using historical exchange rates. The effects of foreign currency translation adjustments are recorded as a separate component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated balance sheets.

Comprehensive Loss

Comprehensive loss includes all changes in equity (net assets) during the period from nonowner sources. The Company’s comprehensive loss consists of its net loss, its cumulative translation adjustments, and its unrealized gains or losses on available-for-sale debt securities.

Income Taxes

The Company uses the asset and liability method under ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, in accounting for income taxes. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the estimated future tax consequences attributable to differences between the consolidated financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. Deferred tax expenses or benefits are the result of changes in the deferred tax assets and liabilities. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets where it is more likely than not that the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

ASC Topic 740 clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in the financial statements. ASC Topic 740 provides that a tax benefit from an uncertain tax position may be recognized when it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained upon audit, including resolutions of any related appeals or litigation processes, based on the technical merits of the position. ASC Topic 740 also provides guidance on measurement, derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the income tax expense line in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations. Accrued interest and penalties are included within the related liability line in the consolidated balance sheets.

Net Loss per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per common share is calculated by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock outstanding during the period, without consideration of potentially dilutive securities. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss attributable to common stockholders by the weighted-average number of shares of common stock and potentially dilutive securities outstanding for the period. For purposes of the diluted net loss per share calculation, the redeemable convertible preferred stock, convertible preferred stock warrants, common stock warrants, common stock subject to repurchase, and equity awards are considered to be potentially dilutive securities. Basic and diluted net loss attributable to common stockholders per share is presented in conformity with the two-class method required for participating securities as the redeemable convertible preferred stock is considered a participating security. The Company’s participating securities do not have a contractual obligation to share in the Company’s losses. As such, the net loss is attributed entirely to common stockholders. Because the Company has reported a net loss for the reporting periods presented, the diluted net loss per common share is the same as basic net loss per common share for those periods.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents consist of highly liquid investments with maturities at the time of purchase of three months or less. Cash equivalents include bank demand deposits and money market accounts that invest primarily in cash, U.S. Treasury bills, notes, and other obligations issued or guaranteed as to principal and interest by the U.S. Government, its agencies or instrumentalities, and repurchase agreements secured by such obligations or cash. Cash equivalents also include commercial paper, which are marketable debt securities recorded at fair value and accounted for in the same manner as other marketable debt securities described below.

Short-term Investments

The Company’s investments in marketable debt securities are classified as available-for-sale and recorded at fair value. Investments with original maturities of greater than three months and remaining maturities of less than one year are classified as short-term investments. Investments with maturities beyond one year may be classified as short-term based on their highly liquid nature and because such marketable securities represent the investment of cash that is available for current operations. Short-term investments primarily consist of U.S. agency bonds, commercial paper, corporate bonds, asset-backed securities, and U.S. treasuries.

Unrealized gains and losses are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders’ equity. Any discount or premium arising at purchase is accreted or amortized to interest income or expense. Realized gains and losses and declines in fair value, if any, judged to be other than temporary are reported in other income (expense), net. When securities are sold, any associated unrealized gain or loss initially recorded as a separate component of stockholders’ equity is reclassified out of stockholders’ equity on a specific-identification basis and recorded in earnings for the period.

The Company periodically evaluates whether declines in fair values of its investments below their book values are other-than-temporary. This evaluation consists of several qualitative and quantitative factors regarding the severity and duration of the unrealized loss as well as the Company’s ability and intent to hold the marketable security until a forecasted recovery occurs. Factors considered include quoted market prices, recent financial results and operating trends, implied values from any recent transactions or offers of investee securities, credit quality of debt instrument issuers, other publicly available information that may affect the value of the marketable security, duration and severity of the decline in value, and management’s strategy and intentions for holding the marketable security. To date, the Company has not recorded any impairment charges on its marketable securities related to other-than-temporary declines in market value.

Fair Value Measurements

Financial assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the reporting date. The hierarchy below lists three levels of fair value based on the extent to which inputs used in measuring fair value are observable in the market. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect market assumptions made by the reporting entity.

The three-level hierarchy for the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value is briefly summarized as follows:

Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible to the reporting entity at the measurement date for identical assets and liabilities.

Level 2 — Inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities that are observable either directly or indirectly for substantially the full term of the asset or liability. Level 2 inputs include the following:

• Quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs for the assets or liabilities (i.e., supported by little or no market activity). Level 3 inputs include management’s own assumptions about the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk).

This hierarchy requires the Company to use observable market data, when available, and to minimize the use of unobservable inputs when determining fair value.

Accounts Receivable, Net

Trade accounts receivable are recorded at the invoiced amount and are noninterest bearing. At each reporting period, management reviews all outstanding customer balances to determine if the facts and circumstances of each customer relationship indicate the need for a reserve. A reserve is recorded when it is probable that a loss has been incurred based on past events and conditions existing at the date of the financial statements, and the loss is reasonably estimated.

Inventory and Other Deferred Costs

Inventory, consisting of supplies used in the Company’s genomic analysis contracts, are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined using actual costs, on a first-in, first-out basis.

Other deferred costs relate to work in process for costs incurred on genomic analysis contracts that have not been completed or recognized as revenues. Other deferred costs represent materials used in sequencing services, labor, and overhead allocations.

Property and Equipment, Net

Property and equipment are recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization, and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the related assets, which is generally three to five years for computer equipment, two years for software, three years for furniture and equipment, and five years for machinery and equipment. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the lease term or the estimated useful life of the related asset. Upon retirement or sale, the cost and related accumulated depreciation and amortization are removed from the consolidated balance sheet, and the resulting gain or loss is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations. Maintenance and repairs that are not considered improvements and do not extend the useful lives of the assets are charged to expense as incurred.

Construction-in-process assets consist primarily of computer equipment and machinery and equipment that have not yet been placed in service. These assets are stated at cost and are not depreciated. Once the assets are placed into service, assets are reclassified to the appropriate asset class based on their nature and depreciated in accordance with the useful lives above.

Leases

The Company categorizes leases with contractual terms longer than twelve months as either operating or finance leases. Finance leases are generally those leases that allow the Company to substantially utilize or pay for the entire asset over its estimated life. All other leases are categorized as operating leases. As of December 31, 2020, the Company had no finance leases.

Certain lease contracts include obligations to pay for other services, such as maintenance. The Company elected to account for these other services as a component of the lease (i.e., the Company elected the practical expedient not to separate lease and non-lease components).

Lease liabilities are recognized at the present value of the fixed lease payments, reduced by landlord incentives, using a discount rate based on the Company’s current borrowing rate at the lease commencement date, adjusted for various factors including level of collateralization and term (the “incremental borrowing rate”), unless the rate implicit in the lease is readily determinable. The current portion of lease liabilities is included in “Accrued and other current liabilities.” Lease assets are recognized based on the initial present value of the fixed lease payments, reduced by landlord incentives, plus any direct costs from executing the leases or lease prepayments reclassified from “Other long-term assets” upon lease commencement. Lease assets are presented as “Operating lease right-of-use assets” as a long-term asset. Leasehold improvements are capitalized at cost and amortized over the lesser of their expected useful life or the lease term. Costs associated with operating lease assets are recognized on a straight-line basis within operating expenses over the term of the lease.

The Company has made an accounting policy election not to recognize right-of-use assets and lease liabilities that arise from leases with a term of 12 months or less. Lease payments are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

In June 2016, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, which amends the impairment model by requiring entities to use a forward-looking approach based on expected losses to estimate credit losses on certain types of financial instruments, including trade receivables. The accounting update also made minor changes to the impairment model for available-for-sale debt securities. In November of 2019, the FASB delayed the effective date for Smaller Reporting Companies to the first quarter of 2023. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the new guidance on its consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The Company will apply the new guidance by means of a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective.

JOBS Act Accounting Election

The Company is an emerging growth company, as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has irrevocably elected not to avail itself of this exemption from new or revised accounting standards, and therefore, the Company will be subject to the same new or revised accounting standards as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies.

Note 3. Revenues

The following table presents the Company’s revenues disaggregated by customer type (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Revenues from countries outside of the United States, based on the billing addresses of customers, represented 5%, 4%, and 3% of the Company’s revenues for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018, respectively.

Contract Assets and Liabilities

Contract assets as of December 31, 2020 were immaterial. The Company had no contract assets as of December 31, 2019.

The Company’s contract liabilities consist of customer deposits in excess of revenues recognized and are presented as current liabilities in the consolidated balance sheets.

The balance of contract liabilities was $21.0 million and $36.0 million as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively. Revenues recognized in 2020, 2019, and 2018 that were included in the contract liability balance at the beginning of each reporting period were $33.8million, $35.4 million, and $16.0 million, respectively.

Revenues allocated to remaining performance obligations represent contracted revenues that have not yet been recognized (“contracted not recognized revenues”), which include VA MVP contract liabilities and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized as revenues in future periods. Contracted not recognized revenues were $43.5 million as of December 31, 2020, which the Company expects to recognize as revenues within approximately three quarters. The Company has elected the optional exemption that allows for the exclusion of contracts with an original expected duration of one year or less.

Note 4. Balance Sheet Details

Inventory and other deferred costs consist of the following (in thousands):

December 31,

Total inventory and other deferred costs $ 5,639 $ 4,606

Property and equipment, net consists of the following (in thousands):

December 31,

Computer software costs 278 198

Construction in progress 322 234

Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization (14,514 ) (9,047 )

Depreciation and amortization expense for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018 was $5.8 million, $4.7 million, and $3.1 million, respectively.

Accrued and other current liabilities consist of the following (in thousands):

December 31,

Other current liabilities 407 241

Total accrued and other current liabilities $ 11,301 $ 6,648

Note 5. Fair Value Measurements

The following tables show the Company’s financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis and the level of inputs used in such measurements as of December 31, 2020 and 2019 (in thousands):

Adjusted Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair Value Fair Value Level

Assets

Cash and cash equivalents:

Short-term investments:

Adjusted Cost Unrealized Gains Unrealized Losses Fair Value Fair Value Level

Assets

Cash and cash equivalents:

Short-term investments:

U.S. government securities 4,011 — — 4,011 Level 2

Asset-backed securities 4,598 — — 4,598 Level 2

There have been no realized gains or losses on sales of marketable securities for the periods presented. No security has been in an unrealized loss position for 12 months or greater. The Company determined that it did have the ability and intent to hold all marketable securities that have been in a continuous loss position until maturity or recovery. As of December 31, 2020, the Company does not consider any of its marketable debt securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired.

The Company’s marketable debt securities at December 31, 2020 have maturities due in one year or less, except for debt securities with an aggregate cost basis and fair value of $21.1 million that have maturities ranging from 14 months to 23 months.

The Black-Scholes option-pricing model was used to estimate the fair value of the convertible preferred stock warrants at the date of issuance and at each subsequent consolidated balance sheet date. The fair value of the convertible preferred stock warrants was also estimated at the time of conversion to common stock warrants (see Note 10). Under this option-pricing model, convertible preferred stock warrants were valued by creating a series of call options with exercise prices based on the liquidation preferences and

conversion terms of each equity class. The values of the redeemable convertible preferred stock and common stock are inferred by analyzing these options.

The fair value of each convertible preferred stock warrant was estimated using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model with the assumptions described below. Upon conversion to common stock warrants in the second quarter of 2019 (see Note 10), no further fair value measurements were made. Therefore, there is no activity with respect to periods after the second quarter of 2019. For the periods indicated, the Company has limited historical volatility information available, and the expected volatility was based on actual volatility for comparable public companies projected over the expected terms of the warrants. The Company did not apply a forfeiture rate to the warrants as there is not enough historical information available to estimate such a rate. The risk-free interest rate was based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve over the expected term of the warrants.

Period Ended Year Ended

Dividend yield –% –%

The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 3 financial instruments (in thousands):

Warrant Liability Derivative Asset Derivative Liability

Initial fair value of derivative asset — 623 —

Elimination as a result of debt extinguishment — (526 ) —

Change in fair value 1,403 — —

Balance — December 31, 2019 $ — $ — $ —

Note 6. Borrowings

There were no amounts outstanding under financing arrangements as of December 31, 2020 or 2019. Below are descriptions of borrowings that were outstanding for at least part of either the year ended December 31, 2019 or the year ended December 31, 2018.

Term Loan

In September 2014, the Company entered into a loan and security agreement with Silicon Valley Bank to borrow up to $3.0 million under an equipment loan to be secured by the equipment financed (the “Term Loan”). On October 3, 2014, the Company borrowed $2.4 million under the Term Loan. The Term Loan required 12 interest-only payments, followed by 36 equal monthly installments of principal, plus interest, which began on October 3, 2015.

In connection with the Term Loan, the Company issued to the bank a warrant exercisable for ten years from the date of grant to purchase 22,489 shares of the Company’s Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock at an exercise price of $4.60 per share, which was exercised in June 2019 (see Note 10).

The estimated fair value of the warrants upon draw down of $0.1 million was based on the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company recorded the fair value of the warrant at issuance as a reduction in the debt-carrying value and as a warrant liability. The debt-carrying value reduction was accreted using the effective interest method as additional interest expense over the contractual period of four years for the Term Loan.

Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $0.1 million. On September 30, 2018, the Term Loan was repaid in full.

Convertible Notes

On June 29, 2017, the Company entered into a convertible promissory note agreement with certain existing redeemable convertible preferred stockholders and third parties (collectively, the “Investors”) for the issuance of convertible promissory notes with a face value of $12.2 million (the “Convertible Notes”). Under the terms of the Convertible Notes agreement, the Convertible Notes bore interest of 8.00% per annum, with a maturity date of June 28, 2018. In the event that the Company issued and sold shares of its equity securities (the “Equity Securities”) to Investors on or before the maturity date in an equity financing with total proceeds to the Company of not less than $10 million (including the conversion of the Convertible Notes or other convertible securities issued for capital raising

purposes) (a “Qualified Financing”), then the outstanding principal amount of the Convertible Notes and any unpaid accrued interest would have automatically converted in whole without any further action by the holder into such Equity Securities sold in the Qualified Financing at a conversion price equal to the price paid per share for Equity Securities by the Investors in the Qualified Financing multiplied by 0.8. If the Company consummated a change of control while the Convertible Notes remained outstanding, the Company would have repaid the holders in cash an amount equal to 150% of the outstanding principal amount of the Convertible Notes, plus any unpaid accrued interest on the original principal. The Convertible Notes had customary events of default.

Certain conversion and redemption features of the Convertible Notes met the requirements for separate accounting and were accounted for as a single, compound derivative instrument. The compound derivative instrument was recorded at fair value at inception and was subject to remeasurement to fair value at each consolidated balance sheet date, with any changes in fair value recognized in the consolidated statements of operations as other income (expense), net. The estimated fair value of the compound derivative instrument was $0.5 million at issuance and was recorded as a reduction in the carrying value of the Convertible Notes and as a single, compound derivative liability. The Convertible Notes carrying value reduction was accreted using the effective interest method as interest expense over the Convertible Notes contractual period of one year. The Convertible Notes had an effective interest rate of 12.69% per year.

On May 31, 2018, the original maturity date for the Convertible Notes was extended to June 28, 2019 (previously June 28, 2018). The maturity date extension was deemed substantial and was accounted for as a debt extinguishment. In connection with the debt extinguishment on May 31, 2018, the fair value of the Convertible Notes was allocated between the carrying amount of the Convertible Notes and accrued interest of $13.1 million, a compound derivative asset of $0.6 million, and an equity component of $3.9 million, which was credited to additional paid-in capital within the consolidated statements of redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity (deficit). A $3.3 million loss on debt extinguishment was also recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. The new carrying value of the Convertible Notes was accreted using the effective interest method as interest expense over the new contractual period of 1.1 years.

On August 20, 2018, the maturity date for the Convertible Notes was extended to September 20, 2018 (previously June 28, 2019). The term change was deemed substantial and was accounted for as a debt extinguishment. In connection with the debt extinguishment on August 20, 2018, the fair value of the Convertible Notes was allocated between the new carrying amount of the Convertible Notes and accrued interest of $13.4 million, and an equity component of $0.8 million, which resulted in a credit to additional paid-in capital. Upon modification, the compound derivative asset was eliminated. A $0.8 million loss on debt extinguishment was also recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. The new carrying value of Convertible Notes was accreted using the effective interest method as interest expense over the new contractual period of one month.

On September 20, 2018, upon the maturity of the Convertible Notes, the carrying amount, including accrued interest of $13.4 million, was converted into 1,667,997 shares of the Company’s Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock at a conversion price equal to $8.052 per share. No gain or loss was recorded on the conversion.

The Convertible Notes interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2018 was $0.9 million.

Revolving Loan

In June 2017, the Company entered into a $10.0 million revolving loan and security agreement (the “Revolving Loan”) with TriplePoint Capital LLC (“TriplePoint”). The Company borrowed $5.0 million under the Revolving Loan. Borrowings under the Revolving Loan bear an interest rate of prime, plus 6.75%. The Revolving Loan also has a 5.5% end of term loan payment on the highest outstanding principal amount. The Revolving Loan requires monthly interest-only payments until the maturity date. The Revolving Loan’s original maturity date was December 31, 2018, and in December 2018 the maturity date was further extended until March 22, 2019. Upon determining that the change in cash flows between the previous and revised credit facility was not greater than 10%, the Company accounted for the transaction as a debt modification.

In connection with the Revolving Loan, the Company issued to TriplePoint a warrant to purchase up to 62,096 shares of the Company’s Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock at an exercise price of $8.052 per share, which was exercised in August 2020 (see Note 10).

The estimated fair value of the warrant upon draw down of $0.1 million was based on the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The Company recorded the fair value of the warrant at issuance as a reduction in the debt-carrying value and as a warrant liability. The debt-carrying value reduction was accreted using the effective interest method as additional interest expense over the contractual period of 1.5 years for the Revolving Loan.

The Revolving Loan had an effective interest rate of 19.22% per year. Interest expense was $0.2 million and $0.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2019 and 2018, respectively. On March 22, 2019, this Revolving Loan was repaid in full.

Growth Capital Loan

On March 22, 2019, the Company entered into a growth capital loan (the “Growth Capital Loan”) with TriplePoint to provide for a $20.0 million growth capital loan facility and had drawn down the full $20.0 million available under the facility. The Company used $5.1 million of the Growth Capital Loan to repay, in its entirety, all amounts outstanding under the Revolving Loan. Borrowings under the Growth Capital Loan bore interest at a floating rate of prime, plus 5.00% for borrowings up to $15.0 million and the prime rate plus 6.50% for borrowings greater than $15.0 million. Under the agreement, the Company was required to make monthly interest-only payments through April 1, 2020 and was required to make 36 equal monthly payments of principal, plus accrued interest, from April 1, 2020 through March 1, 2023, when all unpaid principal and interest was to become due and payable. The agreement allowed voluntary prepayment of all, but not part, of the outstanding principal at any time prior to the maturity date, subject to a prepayment fee of 1.00% of the outstanding balance if prepaid in months one through 12 of the loan term. In addition to the final payment, the Company paid an amount equal to 2.75% of each principal amount drawn under this Growth Capital Loan facility.

In connection with the Growth Capital Loan, the Company issued a warrant to purchase 65,502 shares of common stock to TriplePoint at an exercise price of $9.16 per share, which was exercised in August 2020 (see Note 11). The Company recorded the issuance-date fair value of the warrant of $0.6 million and fees paid to TriplePoint of $0.3 million as a debt discount, which was amortized over the term of the Growth Capital Loan using the effective interest rate method.

Upon issuance, the Growth Capital Loan had an effective interest rate of 15.23% per year. Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2019 was $1.0 million.

On August 14, 2019, the Company paid off the Growth Capital Loan in its entirety. In connection with this debt repayment, the Company recorded a $1.7 million loss on extinguishment of debt in the consolidated statements of operations.

Note 7. Leases

In February 2015, the Company entered into a noncancelable operating lease for approximately 31,280 square feet of space used for its current laboratory and corporate headquarters. In April 2020, the Company extended the lease term. The lease expires on November 30, 2027 and includes an option to extend the term for a period of three years with rent payments equal to then current fair market rental for the space. The Company determined the extension option is not reasonably certain to be exercised. The lease contains a leasehold improvement incentive and escalating rent payments.

In August 2019, the Company entered into a noncancelable operating lease for a co-located data center space. The lease expires on August 31, 2022 and includes an option to extend the term for a period of three years immediately following the expiration of the term with rent payments to be negotiated upon such a renewal. The Company determined the extension is not reasonably certain to be exercised. In April 2020, the lease was modified to increase the data center space available for the Company’s use for the remainder of the lease term.

Operating lease cost for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 was $2.3 million and $1.1 million, respectively.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company’s operating leases had a weighted-average remaining lease term of 6.4 years and a weighted-average discount rate of 10.7%. The Company’s discount rates are based on estimates of its incremental borrowing rate, as the discount rates implicit in the Company’s lease cannot be readily determined. Future lease payments under operating leases as of December 31, 2020 were as follows (in thousands):

Amount

Total future minimum lease payments 15,472

Less: imputed interest (4,486 )

Present value of future minimum lease payments 10,986

Less: current portion of operating lease liability (2,445 )

Long-term operating lease liabilities $ 8,541

Cash paid for operating lease liabilities, included in cash flow from operating activities in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, was $1.7 million and $1.2 million, respectively. Right-of-use assets obtained in exchange for new operating lease liabilities, during 2020 and 2019, were $9.8 million and $2.8 million, respectively, including the impact of adopting ASU 2016-02, Leases (Topic 842) in the first quarter of 2019.

Note 8. Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock

Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock, Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock, and Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock (collectively the “Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock”) outstanding consisted of the following as of December 31, 2018 and as of immediately prior to the automatic conversion of the Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock into common stock:

(in thousands)

Immediately prior to the closing of the Company’s IPO, all shares of the Company’s then-outstanding Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock, as shown in the table above, automatically converted on a one-for-one basis into an aggregate of 18,474,703 shares of common stock. The Reverse Stock Split was effected on a holder-by-holder basis with no fractional shares issued, which resulted in 39 fewer shares of common stock issued as compared to the amounts shown in the above table.

Note 9. Stock-Based Compensation

2011 Equity Incentive Plan

In 2011, the Company established its 2011 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2011 Plan”) that provided for the granting of stock options to employees and nonemployees of the Company. Under the 2011 Plan, the Company had the ability to issue incentive stock options (“ISOs”), nonstatutory stock options (“NSOs”), stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, and restricted stock unit awards (“RSUs”). Options under the 2011 Plan could be granted for periods of up to 10 years. The ISOs could be granted at a price per share not less than the fair value at the date of grant.

For stock option grants issued prior to December 31, 2015, the Company allowed employees to exercise options granted under the 2011 Plan prior to vesting (early exercise of stock options). The unvested shares were subject to the Company’s repurchase rights at the original purchase price. Initially, the proceeds were recorded as an accrued liability from the early exercise of stock options and reclassified to common stock as the Company’s repurchase rights lapsed. There were no unvested shares subject to the Company’s repurchase rights as of December 31, 2020 and 2019.

2019 Equity Incentive Plan

The Company’s board of directors adopted and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2019 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2019 Plan”) in May 2019 and June 2019, respectively. The 2019 Plan became effective in June 2019 in connection with the Company’s IPO, and no further grants will be made under the 2011 Plan. Shares reserved and remaining available for issuance under the 2011 Plan were added to the 2019 Plan reserve upon its effectiveness.

The 2019 Plan provides for the grant of ISOs, NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, RSUs, performance-based stock awards, and other forms of equity compensation. Additionally, the 2019 Plan provides for the grant of performance cash awards. ISOs may be granted only to the Company’s employees and to any of the Company’s parent or subsidiary corporation’s employees. All other awards may be granted to employees, including officers, and to non-employee directors and consultants of the Company and any of the Company’s affiliates. The exercise price of a stock option generally cannot be less than 100% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Options under the 2019 Plan may be granted for periods of up to 10 years.

2020 Inducement Plan

The Compensation Committee of the Company’s board of directors adopted the 2020 Inducement Plan (the “Inducement Plan”) in May 2020, which became effective upon adoption. The Inducement Plan was adopted without stockholder approval, as permitted by the Nasdaq Stock Market rules. The Inducement Plan provides for the grant of equity-based awards, including NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, RSUs, performance-based stock awards, and other forms of equity compensation, and its terms are substantially similar to the stockholder-approved 2019 Plan. In accordance with relevant Nasdaq Listing Rules, awards under the Inducement Plan may only be made to individuals not previously employees or non-employee directors of the

Company (or following such individuals’ bona fide period of non-employment with the Company), as an inducement material to the individuals entry into employment with the Company.

2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan

The Company’s board of directors adopted and the Company’s stockholders approved the 2019 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (the “ESPP”) in May 2019 and June 2019, respectively. Subject to any plan limitations, the ESPP allows eligible employees to contribute, normally through payroll deductions, up to 15% of their earnings for the purchase of the Company’s common stock at a discounted price per share. The price at which common stock is purchased under the ESPP is equal to 85% of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the first or last day of the offering period, whichever is lower. The ESPP provides for separate six-month offering periods beginning on May 1 and November 1 of each year.

Shares of common stock available for issuance under the Company’s equity incentive plans at December 31, 2020 and December 31, 2019 were as follows:

December 31,

Reserved and available for issuance under the Inducement Plan 800,700 —

Reserved and available for issuance under the ESPP 320,582 172,316

Stock Option Activity

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity (excluding performance-based stock option activity summarized further below) under the 2011 Plan, 2019 Plan, and Inducement Plan for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019 and 2018 is as follows:

Outstanding Options

Options granted to new hires generally vest over a four-year period, with 25% vesting at the end of one year and the remaining vesting monthly thereafter. Options granted as merit awards generally vest monthly over a three- or four-year period.

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options granted was $7.17, $8.00, and $5.68 per share for the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, respectively. As of December 31, 2020, the unrecognized stock-based compensation of unvested options was $13.3 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.7 years.

Valuation of Stock Options

The Company estimated the fair value of stock options (excluding performance-based stock options discussed below) using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The fair value of stock options is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards. The fair value of stock options was estimated using the following weighted-average assumptions:

Year Ended December 31,

Dividend yield –% –% –%

Performance-Based Stock Option Activity

Pursuant to the 2019 Plan, in March 2020, the Company’s board of directors granted the Company’s Chief Executive Officer a performance-based stock option (“PSO”) to purchase 421,000 shares of common stock. The PSO was subject to the Chief Executive Officer’s continued service to the Company through the date of vesting and, if the performance condition were not met within 10 years from the date of grant, the PSO would be canceled. The shares subject to the PSO would vest in full if the Company’s average market capitalization is equal to or greater than $1 billion over a 30 calendar day period. Upon a change in control, the vesting of the shares subject to the PSO would accelerate on a pro rata basis based on the price per share in such change in control transaction multiplied by the price per share at such time divided by $1 billion, with up to 100% of the shares eligible for such accelerated vesting.

A summary of the Company’s performance-based stock option activity under the 2019 Plan for the year ended December 31, 2020 is as follows:

Outstanding Performance-Based Options

Balance—December 31, 2019 — $ — — $ —

Options exercised —

Options cancelled —

The aggregate intrinsic value of unexercised stock options is calculated as the difference between the closing price of the Company’s common stock of $36.61 on December 31, 2020 and the exercise price of the underlying stock options. During the last quarter of 2020, the Company’s average market capitalization was equal to or greater than $1 billion over a 30 calendar day period and the PSO vested in full. As of December 31, 2020, there is no remaining unrecognized stock-based compensation cost.

Valuation of Performance-Based Stock Options

The Company estimated the fair value of the PSO using a Monte Carlo Model and the following assumptions and estimates:

Performance period (in years) 10.00

Derived service period (in years) 4.55

Risk-free interest rate 1.02 %

Dividend yield –%

Estimated fair value (per share) $ 3.31

Restricted Stock Units Activity

A summary of the Company’s RSU activity under the 2019 Plan and Inducement Plan for the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019 is as follows:

Unvested Restricted Stock Units

Balance—December 31, 2018 — $ —

RSUs vested — —

RSUs cancelled — —

The Company granted RSUs to employees to receive shares of the Company’s common stock. The RSUs awarded are subject to each individual’s continued service to the Company through each applicable vesting date. RSUs granted to new hires generally vest annually over a four-year period. RSUs granted as merit awards generally vest semi-annually over a three-year period, or in some cases quarterly over a three-year period. The Company accounted for the fair value of the RSUs using the closing market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant.

The aggregate fair value of unvested RSUs is calculated using the closing price of the Company’s common stock of $36.61 on December 31, 2020. As of December 31, 2020, the unrecognized stock-based compensation cost of unvested RSUs was $5.9 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 2.9 years.

The Company’s default tax withholding method for RSUs is the sell-to-cover method, in which shares with a market value equivalent to the tax withholding obligation are sold on behalf of the holder of the RSUs upon vesting and settlement to cover the tax withholding liability and the cash proceeds from such sales are remitted by the Company to taxing authorities.

ESPP Activity and Valuation

During the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, 164,164 and 77,684 shares of common stock were purchased, respectively, under the ESPP. The following assumptions were used to calculate the stock-based compensation for each stock purchase right granted under the ESPP during 2020: expected term of 0.5 years; expected volatility of 65.15 – 102.10%; risk-free interest rate of 0.1%; and a zero dividend yield. The resulting grant-date fair values were $8.12 and $4.29. The following assumptions were used to calculate the stock-based compensation for each stock purchase right granted under the ESPP during 2019: expected term of 0.4 – 0.5 years; expected volatility of 59.06 – 59.91%; risk-free interest rate of 1.6% - 2.1%; and a zero dividend yield. The resulting grant-date fair values were $3.48 and $5.01.

Stock-based Compensation Expense

The following is a summary of stock-based compensation expense by function (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Total stock-based compensation expense $ 8,238 $ 4,858 $ 1,317

The following is a summary of stock-based compensation expense by function (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Performance-based stock options 1,392 280 —

Total stock-based compensation expense $ 8,238 $ 4,858 $ 1,317

Note 10. Redeemable Convertible Preferred Stock Warrants

In September 2014, in connection with the Term Loan (see Note 6), the Company issued a warrant to purchase 22,489 shares of its Series B redeemable convertible preferred stock at an exercise price of $4.60 per share. In June 2017, as additional consideration for the Revolving Loan (see Note 6), the Company issued a warrant to purchase up to 62,096 shares of its Series C redeemable convertible preferred stock at an exercise price of $8.052.

At initial recognition, the convertible preferred stock warrants were recorded at their estimated fair values ($0.1 million each initially) and were subject to remeasurement at each consolidated balance sheet date, with changes in fair value recognized as a component of net income. See Note 5 for the estimated fair values and changes in fair values relating to periods presented.

Immediately prior to the closing of the Company’s IPO, the redeemable convertible preferred stock warrants automatically converted to common stock warrants. As a result of the automatic conversion of the redeemable convertible preferred stock warrants to common stock warrants, the Company revalued the redeemable convertible preferred stock warrants as of the completion of the IPO and reclassified the outstanding preferred stock warrant liability balance to additional paid-in capital with no further remeasurements as the common stock warrants are now deemed permanent equity. The fair value transferred to additional paid-in capital was $2.1 million.

Subsequent to the conversion to a common stock warrant and before the end of the Company’s second quarter ended June 30, 2019, the warrant for 22,489 shares was exercised. The Company issued 19,069 shares of common stock as the warrant allowed a net share settlement. Separately, the warrant for 62,096 shares issued in June 2017 was exercised in August 2020. The Company issued 40,357 shares of common stock as the warrant allowed for a net share settlement.

Note 11. Common Stock Warrants

In connection with the sale of Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock in August 2011, the Company issued a warrant to purchase 188,643 shares of common stock to an investor who purchased Series A redeemable convertible preferred stock in August 2011 at an exercise price of $0.04 per share. The Company recorded the issuance-date fair value of the warrant of $0.1 million in equity as the warrant met all criteria for equity classification. The common stock warrant was exercised in June 2019 prior to the Company’s IPO and is no longer outstanding.

In connection with the Growth Capital Loan agreement (see Note 6), the Company issued a warrant to purchase 65,502 shares of common stock to the lender at an exercise price of $9.16 per share. The Company recorded the issuance-date fair value of the warrant of $0.6 million in equity as the warrant met all criteria for equity classification. The warrant was exercised in September 2020 and is no longer outstanding. The Company issued 39,415 shares of common stock as the warrant allowed for a net share settlement.

Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies

Contingencies

The Company is subject to claims and assessments from time to time in the ordinary course of business. Accruals for litigation and contingencies are reflected in the consolidated financial statements based on management’s assessment, including the advice of legal counsel, of the expected outcome of litigation or other dispute resolution proceedings and/or the expected resolution of contingencies. Liabilities for estimated losses are accrued if the potential losses from any claims or legal proceedings are considered probable and the amounts can be reasonably estimated. Significant judgment is required in both the determination of probability of loss and the determination as to whether the amount can be reasonably estimated. Accruals are based only on information available at the time of the assessment due to the uncertain nature of such matters. As additional information becomes available, management reassesses potential liabilities related to pending claims and litigation and may revise its previous estimates, which could materially affect the Company’s consolidated results of operations in a given period. As of December 31, 2020, the Company was not involved in any material legal proceedings.

Indemnification

In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnifications. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but that have not yet been made. To date, the Company has not paid any claims or been required to defend any action related to its indemnification obligations. However, the Company may record charges in the future as a result of these indemnification obligations.

Note 13. Net Loss per Share Attributable to Common Stockholders

Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing the net loss by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Because the Company reported a net loss for all periods presented, the number of shares used to calculate diluted net loss per common share is the same as the number of shares used to calculate basic net loss per common share for those periods presented because the potentially dilutive shares would have been antidilutive if included in the calculation.

The following table sets forth the computation of basic and diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders (in thousands, except share and per share data):

Year Ended December 31,

Numerator:

Net loss attributable to common stockholders $ (41,280 ) $ (25,084 ) $ (19,886 )

Denominator:

Less: weighted-average shares subject to repurchase — (485 ) (359 )

The following outstanding shares of potentially dilutive securities were excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per share attributable to common stockholders for the periods presented because including them would have been antidilutive:

Year Ended December 31,

Redeemable convertible preferred stock — — 18,474,742

Series B preferred stock warrant — — 22,489

Series C preferred stock warrant — — 62,096

Unvested early exercised common stock options — — 262

Note 14. Income Taxes

For financial reporting purposes, loss before income taxes includes the following components (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes consists of the following (in thousands):

Year Ended December 31,

Current:

Federal $ — $ — $ —

Provision for income taxes $ 57 $ 9 $ 7

Income tax provision related to continuing operations differ from the amounts computed by applying the statutory income tax rate of 21% to pretax loss in 2020, 2019, and 2018 as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Expected tax (benefit) at federal statutory rate (21 )% (21 )% (21 )%

Effect of:

State taxes (10 )% (8 )% (3 )%

Change in valuation allowance 38 % 28 % 21 %

Stock-based compensation (4 )% 2 % 1 %

Research and development credit (3 )% (3 )% (3 )%

Debt extinguishment – % – % 4 %

Other – % 2 % 1 %

Effective tax rate – % – % – %

Tax Law Changes

On March 27, 2020, the U.S. government enacted the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), which includes several U.S. income tax provisions related to, among other things, net operating loss carrybacks, alternative minimum tax credits, modifications to interest expense limitations, and an option to defer payroll tax payments for a limited period. Based on the guidance in the CARES Act, the Company deferred the payment of $0.7 million of certain payroll taxes to be paid in the future. The other provisions of the CARES Act did not have a significant impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities

Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of loss and credit carryforwards and temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets for federal and state income taxes are as follows (in thousands):

December 31,

Deferred tax assets:

Research and development credits 8,455 6,190

Operating lease liabilities 3,198 574

Deferred tax liabilities:

Property and equipment (612 ) (875 )

Operating lease right-of-use assets (2,990 ) (529 )

Net deferred tax liabilities $ (3,602 ) $ (1,404 )

Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon future earnings, if any, the timing and amount of which are uncertain. Because of the Company’s lack of U.S. earnings history, the net U.S. deferred tax assets have been fully offset by a valuation allowance. The valuation allowance increased by $16.8 million and $7.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, respectively.

Net Operating Loss and Tax Credit Carryforwards

As of December 31, 2020, the Company had a net operating loss carryforward for federal income tax purposes of approximately $159.2 million, portions of which will begin to expire in 2031. The Company had a total state net operating loss carryforward of approximately $112.7 million, which will begin to expire in 2031. Utilization of some of the federal and state net operating loss and credit carryforwards are subject to annual limitations due to the “change in ownership” provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and similar state provisions. The annual limitations may result in the expiration of net operating losses and credits before utilization.

As of December 31, 2020, the Company has federal credits of approximately $4.2 million, which will begin to expire in 2031 and state research credits of approximately $4.3 million, which have no expiration date. These tax credits are subject to the same limitations discussed above.

Unrecognized Tax Benefits

The Company has incurred net operating losses since inception and does not have any significant unrecognized tax benefits. The Company’s policy is to include interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, within the provision for taxes in the consolidated statements of operations. If the Company is eventually able to recognize its uncertain positions, the effective tax rate would be reduced. The Company currently has a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax asset, which would impact the timing of the effective tax rate benefit should any of these uncertain tax positions be favorably settled in the future. Any adjustments to the Company’s uncertain tax positions would result in an adjustment of net operating loss or tax credit carryforwards rather than resulting in a cash outlay.

The Company files U.S. federal income tax returns and various state income tax returns. Because of net operating losses and research credit carryovers, substantially all the Company’s tax years remain open to examination.

The Company has the following activity relating to unrecognized tax benefits (in thousands):

December 31,

Gross increase—tax provision in current period 567 389

Although it is reasonably possible that certain unrecognized tax benefits may increase or decrease within the next 12 months due to tax examination changes, settlement activities, expirations of statute of limitations, or the impact on recognition and measurement considerations related to the results of published tax cases or other similar activities, the Company does not anticipate any significant changes to unrecognized tax benefits over the next 12 months. During the years ended December 31, 2020, 2019, and 2018, no interest or penalties were required to be recognized relating to unrecognized tax benefits.

Note 15. Subsequent Events

Subsequent to the annual period ended December 31, 2020 covered by this Annual Report, on January 29, 2021, we completed a follow-on offering in which we issued and sold 3,950,000 shares of common stock at a public offering price of $38.00 per share. We received net proceeds of $141.1 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. The underwriters of the offering exercised their option to purchase an additional 592,500 shares shortly thereafter, resulting in additional net proceeds to us of $21.2 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. In total, we raised net proceeds of $162.3 million after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions. We also incurred an estimated $0.4 million of offering expenses, including legal, accounting, printing and other offering-related costs.

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of Personalis, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Personalis, Inc. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive loss, redeemable convertible preferred stock and stockholders' equity (deficit), and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the "financial statements"). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2020 and 2019, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2020, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company's financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits, we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ DELOITTE & TOUCHE LLP

San Jose, California

February 25, 2021

PSNL US Equity

PSNL · 10-K · period ended 2020-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

PSNL US Equity☆

PSNL · 10-K · period ended 2020-12-31

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

PSNL US Equity