PMN US Equity☆

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

All references in this management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations, or MD&A, to the “Company”, “ProMIS”, “we”, “us”, or “our” refer to ProMIS Neurosciences Inc., unless otherwise indicated or the context requires otherwise. The following MD&A is prepared as of March 31, 2025 for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 (collectively, the “Financial Statements”), which have been prepared by management in accordance with United States generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) as issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”). All dollar amounts refer to United States dollars, except as stated otherwise.

Overview

We are applying our patented technology platform to build a portfolio of antibody therapies and therapeutic vaccines in neurodegenerative diseases and other protein-misfolding diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We believe these diseases share a common biologic cause — misfolded versions of proteins, that otherwise perform a normal function, becoming toxic and killing neurons, resulting in disease. ProMIS’ technology platform enables drug discovery through a combination of protein biology, physics and supercomputing. We believe this platform provides a potential advantage in selectively targeting the toxic misfolded proteins with therapeutics or detecting them with diagnostics.

We are developing a pipeline of antibodies aimed at selectively targeting misfolded toxic forms of proteins that drive neurodegenerative diseases without interfering with the essential functions of the same properly folded proteins. Our product candidates are PMN310, PMN267, and PMN442. Our lead product candidate is PMN310, a monoclonal antibody designed to treat AD by selectively targeting toxic, misfolded oligomers of amyloid-beta. PMN267 is our second lead product candidate targeting ALS. It has been shown in preclinical studies to selectively recognize misfolded, cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates without interacting with normal TDP-43. Misfolded TDP-43 is believed to play an important role in the development of ALS. In light of research suggesting that misfolded toxic a-syn is a primary driver of disease in synucleinopathies such as MSA and Parkinson’s disease, our third lead product candidate, PMN442 has shown robust binding to pathogenic a-syn oligomers and seeding fibrils in preclinical studies, with negligible binding to a-syn monomers and physiologic tetramers which are required for normal neuronal function. We also have earlier stage preclinical programs and a project to refine our discovery algorithm using machine learning as highlighted in the “Other Key Projects” section below.

We were incorporated on January 23, 2004 under the Canada Business Corporations Act (CBCA). On July 13, 2023, we continued our existence from a corporation incorporated under the CBCA into the Province of Ontario under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) (OBCA) (Continuance). The Continuance was approved by our shareholders at our 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on June 29, 2023. We have a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, ProMIS USA, which was incorporated in January 2016 in the State of Delaware. ProMIS USA has had no material activity and has no material financial impact on our Financial Statements. Since our inception, we have devoted substantially all of our resources to developing our platform technologies and the resultant antibody product candidates, building our intellectual property portfolio, business planning, raising capital and providing general and administrative support for these operations. We have principally financed our operations through public and private placements of Common Shares and warrants and convertible debt.

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We have incurred significant operating losses since inception. Our ability to generate product revenue sufficient to achieve profitability will depend heavily on the successful development and eventual commercialization of our product candidates and any future product candidates. We had an operating loss of $16.8 million and $14.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $90.7 million. We expect to continue to incur losses for the foreseeable future and, if able to raise additional funding, would expect our research and development expenses, general and administrative expenses and capital expenditures to increase. In particular, if we are able to raise additional funding we expect our expenses to increase as we continue our development of, and seek regulatory approvals for, our product candidates, as well as continue and initiate new clinical trials, hire additional personnel, and pay fees to outside consultants, lawyers and accountants. In addition, if we obtain marketing approval for any product candidates, we may incur significant commercialization expenses related to product manufacturing, marketing, sales and distribution. We may also incur expenses in connection with the in-licensing or acquisition of additional product candidates.

As a result, we will need substantial additional funding to support our continuing operations and pursue our growth strategy. Until such time as we can generate significant revenue from product sales, if ever, we expect to finance our operations through the sale of equity, debt financings, our “at-the-market” program, or other capital sources, which may include collaborations with other companies or other strategic transactions. We may be unable to raise additional funds or enter into such other agreements or arrangements when needed on favorable terms, or at all. If we fail to raise capital or enter into such agreements as and when needed, we may have to significantly delay, reduce or eliminate the development and commercialization of one or more of our product candidates or delay our pursuit of potential in-licenses or acquisitions.

Because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. Even if we are able to generate product sales, we may not become profitable. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or terminate our operations.

We expect that our cash of $13.3 million as of December 31, 2024 will not be sufficient to fund the Company’s operating expenses for at least 12 months from the date these Financial Statements were issued. Refer to additional discussion related to going concern considerations in “Liquidity and Capital Resources.”

Components of Operating Results

Revenue

We have not generated any revenue since our inception and do not expect to generate any revenue from the sale of our products in the near future, if at all. If our product candidates are successful and result in marketing approval or if we enter into collaboration or license agreements with third parties, we may generate revenue in the future from a combination of product sales or payments from such collaboration or license agreements.

Operating Expenses

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the development and research of our platform technologies, as well as unrelated discovery program expenses. We expense research and development costs in the periods in which they are incurred. These expenses include:

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We enter into consulting, research, and other agreements with commercial entities, researchers, universities, and others for the provision of goods and services. Such arrangements are generally cancelable upon reasonable notice and payment of costs incurred. Costs are considered incurred based on an evaluation of the progress to completion of specific tasks under each contract using information and data provided by the respective vendors, including our clinical sites. These costs consist of direct and indirect costs associated with our platform technologies, as well as fees paid to various entities that perform certain research on our behalf. Depending upon the timing of payments to the service providers, we recognize prepaid expenses or accrued expenses related to these costs. These accrued or prepaid expenses are based on management’s estimates of the work performed under service agreements, milestones achieved, and experience with similar contracts. We monitor each of these factors and adjust estimates accordingly. See Item 1A -“Risk Factors” in this document.

Research and development activities account for a significant portion of our operating expenses. We expect our research and development expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we continue to implement our business strategy, which includes advancing our platform technologies through clinical development as well as other product candidates into clinical development, expanding our research and development efforts, including hiring additional personnel to support our research efforts, our clinical and product development efforts, and seeking regulatory approvals for our product candidates that successfully complete clinical trials.

We use our personnel and infrastructure resources across multiple research and development programs directed toward identifying and developing product candidates. Our direct research and development expenses consist primarily of external costs, including fees paid to consultants, contractors and CROs in connection with our development activities and the cost of acquiring, developing, and manufacturing clinical study materials.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs including salary, bonus, employee-benefits and share-based compensation, costs incurred in development and protection of intellectual property, professional service fees, and other general overhead and facility costs, depreciation, and amortization. We expect our general and administrative expenses to increase substantially for the foreseeable future as we increase our administrative function to support the growth of the business and its continued clinical development activities.

Other Income (Expense)

Other expenses consist primarily of interest expense on certain deferred accounts payable and the loss on issuance of common shares, warrants and pre-funded warrants in the July 2024 Private Placement. Other income consists of changes in the fair value of our warrant liabilities and interest income earned on our cash balances.

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Result of Operations

Years Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023

The following table summarizes our results of operations for the years presented:

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​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ ​ ​

Operating expenses ​ ​ ​ ​

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Research and Development Expenses

The following table summarizes the year-over-year changes in research and development expenses for the years presented:

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​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ ​ ​

Direct research and development expenses by program ​ ​ ​ ​

Indirect research and development expenses: ​ ​ ​ ​

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Research and development expenses increased by $2.8 million, or 35%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase is primarily attributable to a $3.5 million increase in spending on our lead program, PMN310, as we completed our Phase 1a clinical trial of PMN310 and initiated the Phase 1b clinical trial of PMN310 during the year ended December 31, 2024. Employee salaries and benefits also increased by $0.1 million as we hired additional personnel in the second half of 2024 to support the Phase 1b study. Consulting expenses decreased by $0.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, following the conclusion of various consultants advising on the content and preparation of the IND and design of preclinical and clinical trials, much of which was completed during 2023 in preparation of the 2023 IND submission. Other operating costs decreased slightly by $0.1 million during the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

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General and Administrative Expenses

The following table summarizes the year-over-year changes in general and administrative expenses for the years presented:

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​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ ​ ​

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General and administrative expenses decreased by $0.2 million, or 3%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Employee salaries and benefits decreased by $0.4 million, primarily due to accrued employee termination costs of $0.5 million in 2023 paid out during the year ended December 31, 2024. The $0.4 million decrease in professional and consulting costs included a $0.8 million decrease in one-time fees related to expensing previously deferred financing costs after abandoning planned offerings during the year ended December 31, 2023, and a $0.4 million decrease in other consulting and business development costs, and a decrease of $0.2 million in investor relations and Board of Director fees. The decrease in professional and consulting costs was offset by an increase of $0.8 million in legal fees and an increase of $0.2 million in audit, tax, and recruiting fees. Share-based compensation costs increased by $0.6 million and patent fees increased by $0.1 million.

Other Income (Expense)

Other income (expense) increased by $18.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily attributable to an increase in gain on change in fair value of financial instruments of $22.6 million related to the gain on the change in the July 2024 Private Placement warrant liability, an increase of $0.2 million in interest income due to higher average cash balances during the year ended December 31, 2024 and a decrease of $0.1 million in interest expense, offset by a $3.5 million one-time loss on the issuance of common shares, warrants, and pre-funded warrants issued in the July 2024 Private Placement.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Sources of Liquidity

We are a clinical-stage development company as we have not generated any product revenues to date and do not expect to have significant revenues until we are able to sell a product candidate after obtaining applicable regulatory approvals or we establish collaborations that provide funding, such as licensing fees, milestone payments, royalties, research funding or otherwise. Operations have been financed since inception through the sale of equity and debt securities and the conversion of common share purchase warrants and share options. Our objectives, when managing capital, are to ensure there are sufficient funds available to carry out our research, development and eventual commercialization programs. When we have excess funds, we manage our liquidity risk by investing in highly liquid corporate and government bonds with staggered maturities to provide regular cash flow for current operations. We do not hold any asset-backed commercial paper and our cash is not subject to any external restrictions. We also manage liquidity risk by frequently monitoring actual and projected cash flows. The Board reviews and approves the Company’s operating and capital budgets, as well as any material transactions not in the ordinary course of business. The majority of our accounts payable and accrued liabilities have maturities of less than three months. We are dependent on our ability to generate revenues from our future products or secure additional financing in order to continue our research and development activities and meet our ongoing obligations.

In March 2021, we completed a $7.0 million private placement of convertible unsecured debentures (the Debentures). The Debentures were initially convertible into Common Shares at the option of the holder at a conversion price of $6.00 and accrued interest at 1% per annum, which was payable annually. The Debentures were amended and converted into

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70,000,000 Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares in June 2022. The Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares were non-voting and non-interest bearing and were convertible at a 60:1 ratio into Common Shares at the option of the holder. In December 2023, the Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares were converted into 1,166,667 Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares, which were convertible at a 1:1 ratio into Common Shares at the option of the holder, or upon raising a single round of equity financing in excess of $14 million.

In May 2023, we entered into an agreement with a vendor which gave the option to defer payment on approximately $5.7 million of current accounts payable until March 31, 2024. The outstanding balance of invoices due to the vendor accrued interest at an annual rate of 5.5%, paid monthly. We repaid the outstanding balance of $5.9 million, including unpaid interest, in March 2024.

In August 2023, we completed a private placement of 9,945,969 Common Shares and, in lieu of Common Shares, 954,725 pre-funded warrants, each attached to a Common Share warrant exercisable at a price of $1.75 for gross proceeds of $20.4 million before deducting issuance costs of $2.7 million. Proceeds from the private placement were used to advance the clinical development of PMN310, ProMIS’ lead therapeutic candidate, as well as for working capital and other general corporate expenses. 360,000 pre-funded warrants were exercised for an equivalent number of Common Shares in October 2023.

On September 22, 2023, we filed a registration statement on Form S-3 (File No. 333-274658) with the SEC, which was declared effective on September 29, 2023 (Shelf Registration Statement), in relation to the registration of Common Shares, preferred shares, subscription receipts, debt securities, warrants and/or units of any combination thereof for the purposes of selling, from time to time, our Common Shares, debt securities or other equity securities in one or more offerings. On January 5, 2024, we entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement with BTIG, LLC to provide for the offering, issuance and sale of up to an aggregate amount of $25.0 million of our Common Shares from time to time in “at-the-market” offerings under the Shelf Registration Statement and subject to the limitations thereof, including limitations related to the amount we are able to sell pursuant to such ATM Program based on our public float as of a measuring date preceding the filing of our Annual Report. During the year ended December 31, 2024 we sold 75,862 shares for net proceeds of approximately $0.2 million.

In July 2024, we completed a private placement for aggregate gross proceeds of $30.3 million to sell an aggregate of (a) 9,757,669 common share units (the “Common Share Units”) sold at $2.15 per Common Share Unit, each consisting of one Common Share and certain accompanying warrants to purchase Common Shares (Tranche A, B and C) and, for certain investors, (b) 4,371,027 pre-funded units (the “Pre-Funded Units” and together with the Common Share Units, the “Units”) sold at $2.14 per Pre-Funded Unit, each consisting of one Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase one Common Share and certain accompanying warrants to purchase Common Shares (Tranche A, B and C), totaling 14,128,696 each of Tranche A, B and C Warrants.

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The Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price of $0.01 per Warrant Share, are immediately exercisable and will expire when exercised in full. The Tranche A Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.02, are exercisable immediately upon Shareholder Approval (as defined below) and will expire upon the earlier of (i) 18 months or (ii) within 60 days of the public announcement via press release or the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K of 6-month data from the cohorts treated with multiple ascending doses of PMN310. The Tranche B Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.02, are exercisable immediately upon Shareholder Approval (as defined below) and will expire upon the earlier of (i) 30 months or (ii) within 60 days of the public announcement via press release or the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K of 12-month data from the cohorts treated with multiple ascending doses of PMN310. The Tranche C Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.50, are immediately exercisable and will expire on July 31, 2029. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d), the exercise of the Tranche A and Tranche B Common Share purchase warrants is subject to shareholder approval (the “Shareholder Approval”). There is an additional $92.4 million available tied to the potential exercise of warrants. Proceeds from the private placement are expected to be used to advance the clinical development of PMN310, our lead therapeutic candidate, as well as for working capital and other general corporate expenses.

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The Company received Shareholder Approval for the Tranche A and Tranche B Warrants on October 23, 2024 at a Special Meeting of Shareholders.

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We incurred an operating loss of $16.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and reported an accumulated deficit of $90.7 million. Management believes that these conditions raise substantial doubt as to the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within 12 months of the date the Financial Statements are issued. Additional funding will be necessary to fund future clinical activities. We will seek additional funding through public and private financings, debt financings, collaboration agreements, strategic alliances and licensing agreements. Although we have been successful in raising capital in the past, there is no assurance of success in obtaining such additional financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and there is no assurance that we will be able to enter into collaborations or other arrangements. If we are unable to obtain funding, it could force us to delay, reduce or eliminate research and development programs and product portfolio expansion or commercialization efforts. These potential delays, reductions and eliminations could adversely affect future business prospects, and the ability to continue operations.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for the periods presented:

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​ ​ Years Ended December 31, ​ ​ ​

Net cash used in investing activities ​ (693) ​ (1,349) ​ 656

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Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities was $27.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, which consisted of net income of $2.8 million offset by $18.2 million in non-cash charges and a net change of $11.7 million in our net operating assets and liabilities. The additive non-cash activities primarily consisted of a gain on the change in fair value of financial instruments of $22.6 million, offset by non-cash charges for share-based compensation of $0.8 million and a $3.5 million loss on the issuance of common shares, warrants, and pre-funded warrants in the July 2024 Private Placement. Changes in cash flows related to operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of a decrease of $6.1 million of accounts payable, a decrease of $1.0 million in accrued liabilities and a $4.6 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets, primarily related to the PMN310 Phase 1b clinical trial.

Cash used in operating activities was $10.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which consisted of a net loss of $13.2 million and $0.6 million in non-cash charges, offset by a net change of $2.9 million in our net operating assets and liabilities. The additive non-cash activities primarily consisted of a gain on the change in fair value of financial instruments of $0.9 million, offset by non-cash charges for share-based compensation of $0.3 million. Changes in cash flows related to operating assets and liabilities primarily consisted of an increase of $3.1 million of accounts payable and accrued liabilities offset by a $0.2 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets. The change in cash flows from operating assets and liabilities does not include $0.2 million in deferred financing costs incurred in December 2023 related to the at-the-market offering program effected in January 2024.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was nominal during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

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Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024 was $27.9 million which included $27.7 million from the common shares, pre-funded warrants, and common share warrants sold in the July 2024 PIPE and $0.2 million of proceeds from the sale of common shares from the ATM offering.

Cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 was $17.7 million from the common shares, pre-funded warrants, and common share warrants sold in the August 2023 PIPE.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our MD&A is based on our Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and on a basis consistent with those accounting principles followed by us and disclosed in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2024. The preparation of these Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires our management to make certain judgments and estimates that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Financial Statements, as well as the reported expenses incurred during the reporting periods. Our estimates are based on our historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgement about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant estimates and judgments include, but are not limited to, accruals for research and development expenses. Accordingly, actual results may differ from these judgments and estimates under different assumptions or conditions and any such difference may be material.

We believe that the following critical accounting estimates discussed below are most important to understanding our historical and future performance, as these estimates relate to the more significant areas involving management’s judgments and estimates.

Accruals for Research and Development Expenses

Substantial portions of the Company’s clinical and preclinical trials and drug substance manufacturing are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, and other vendors. These vendors generally bill monthly for services performed, or bill based upon milestone achievement. For clinical and preclinical studies, the Company recognizes and, if necessary, accrues expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the remaining contract milestones. The Company estimates the period over which such services will be performed based on the terms of the agreements as well as the level of effort to be expended in each period. Sometimes the actual timing of performance or the level of effort varies from the estimate, and if that does occur, the Company will adjust the amounts recorded accordingly.

The percentage of work completed is inherently subject to estimation uncertainty, and the Company uses third-party invoices, contract terms, and support provided directly from third parties, when available, to establish the percentage of completion at each measurement date. A hypothetical difference in estimated percentage of work completed compared to actual percentage of work completed of 10% for a $1.0 million contract at the measurement date could have a $0.1 million impact on accrued liabilities and research and development expenses. The Company had $0.2 million of accrued research and development costs and $5.1 million of prepaid upfront research payments which had not yet been recognized at December 31, 2024, which is from multiple contracts.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

A description of recently issued accounting pronouncements that may potentially impact our financial position and results of operations is disclosed in Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements in Item 8 – “Financial Statements and Supplementary Data”.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

In the normal course of business, we are exposed to a number of financial risks that can affect our operating performance. These risks are credit risk, liquidity risk and market risk. Our overall risk management program and prudent business practices seek to minimize any potential adverse effects on our financial performance.

Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk consist primarily of cash and short-term investments. We manage our exposure to credit losses by placing our cash with accredited financial institutions, which at times, may exceed federally insured limits, and when we have excess funds, such funds are invested in high-quality government and corporate issuers with low credit risk. Cash held is not subject to any external restrictions. As of the year ended December 31, 2024, a hypothetical 10% relative change in interest rates would not have a material impact on our Financial Statements.

Liquidity Risk

Our exposure to liquidity risk is dependent on purchasing obligations and raising funds to meet commitments and sustain operations. We are a pre-revenue clinical-stage development company, and we rely on external fundraising to support our operations. We also manage liquidity risk by continuously monitoring actual and projected cash flows. Our Board reviews and approves the Company’s operating budget, as well as any material transaction.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

We are exposed to foreign exchange risk on our non-U.S. dollar denominated cash and non-U.S. dollar denominated liabilities. We do not believe that foreign exchange impacts had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

Inflation Risk

Inflation generally affects us by increasing our cost of labor, outside consultants and CROs. We do not believe that inflation had a material effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations during the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 23) ​ F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 ​ F-3

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements ​ F-7

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and Board of Directors of ProMIS Neurosciences Inc. and Subsidiary

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of ProMIS Neurosciences Inc. and Subsidiary (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the related consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss), shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the two years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

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Going Concern Uncertainty

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The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared assuming that ProMIS Neurosciences Inc. and Subsidiary will continue as a going concern. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has an accumulated deficit and has suffered net losses and negative cash flows from operations and has an accumulated deficit as of December 31, 2024. These factors raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. Management’s plans in regard to these matters are also described in Note 1. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that might result from the outcome of this uncertainty.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

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We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

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Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ Baker Tilly US, LLP We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2021.

Tewksbury, Massachusetts

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PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(expressed in U.S. dollars, except share amounts)

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​ ​ December 31,

Assets ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Current assets: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity ​ ​

Current liabilities: ​ ​

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Commitments and contingencies ​ ​

Shareholders' equity: ​ ​

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Income (Loss)

(expressed in U.S. dollars, except share amounts)

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​ ​ Years Ended December 31,

Operating expenses: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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Other income (expense): ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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Other comprehensive income (loss) ​ ​

Foreign currency translation adjustment ​ — ​ ​ —

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Net income (loss) per share, basic ​ $ 0.11 ​ $ (1.07)

Net income (loss) per share, diluted ​ $ 0.11 ​ $ (1.07)

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(expressed in U.S. dollars, except share amounts)

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​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Accumulated ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Additional Other ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Share-based compensation — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 271,542 ​ — ​ ​ ​ 271,542

Share-based compensation — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ — ​ 825,808 ​ — ​ — ​ 825,808

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(expressed in U.S. dollars)

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​ ​ Years Ended December 31,

Cash flows from operating activities ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Foreign currency exchange gain ​ — ​ (1,817)

Change in fair value of financial instruments ​ (22,581,477) ​ (866,738)

Depreciation of property and equipment ​ — ​ 321

Amortization of intangible assets ​ — ​ 20,838

Changes in operating assets and liabilities: ​ ​

Prepaid expenses and other current assets ​ (4,598,597) ​ (187,321)

Cash flows from investing activities ​ ​

Purchase of short-term investments ​ (33,051) ​ (32,358)

Maturity of short-term investment ​ 32,358 ​ 31,009

Net cash used in investing activities ​ (693) ​ (1,349)

Cash flows from financing activities ​ ​

Proceeds from exercise of pre-funded warrants ​ 28,038 ​ 3,600

Effect of exchange rates on cash ​ — ​ (181,425)

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Noncash financing activities ​ ​

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Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

​

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PROMIS NEUROSCIENCES INC.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(expressed in U.S. dollars, except share and per share amounts)

1.DESCRIPTION OF BUSINESS

Business Description

ProMIS Neurosciences Inc. (the “Company” or “ProMIS”) is applying its patented technology platform to build a portfolio of antibody therapies, therapeutic vaccines, and other antibody-based therapies in neurodegenerative diseases and other protein-misfolding diseases, with a focus on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The Company believes these diseases share a common biologic cause — misfolded versions of proteins, that otherwise perform a normal function, becoming toxic and killing neurons, resulting in disease. ProMIS’ technology platform enables drug discovery through a combination of protein biology, physics and supercomputing. ProMIS believes this platform provides a potential advantage in selectively targeting the toxic misfolded proteins with therapeutics or detecting them with diagnostics.

The Company is developing a pipeline of antibodies aimed at selectively targeting misfolded toxic forms of proteins that drive neurodegenerative diseases without interfering with the essential functions of the same properly folded proteins. The Company's product candidates are PMN310, PMN267, and PMN442. The lead product candidate is PMN310, a monoclonal antibody designed to treat AD by selectively targeting toxic, misfolded oligomers of amyloid-beta. PMN267 is our second lead product candidate targeting ALS. It has been shown in preclinical studies to selectively recognize misfolded, cytoplasmic TDP 43 aggregates without interacting with normal TDP 43. Misfolded TDP 43 is believed to play an important role in the development of ALS. In light of research suggesting that misfolded toxic a-syn is a primary driver of disease in synucleinopathies such as MSA and Parkinson’s disease, our third lead product candidate, PMN442, has shown robust binding to pathogenic a-syn oligomers and seeding fibrils in preclinical studies, with negligible binding to a-syn monomers and physiologic tetramers which are required for normal neuronal function.

The Company was incorporated on January 23, 2004 under the Canada Business Corporations Act (“CBCA”). On July 13, 2023, the Company continued its existence from a corporation incorporated under the CBCA into the Province of Ontario under the Business Corporations Act (Ontario) (“OBCA”) (“Continuance”). The Continuance was approved by the Company’s shareholders at the Company’s 2023 Annual Meeting of Shareholders held on June 29, 2023. The Company is located at 1920 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario. The Company’s Common Shares are traded on the Nasdaq Capital Market (“Nasdaq”) under the symbol PMN. The Company has a wholly-owned U.S. subsidiary, ProMIS Neurosciences (U.S.) Inc. (“ProMIS USA”), which was incorporated in January 2016 in the State of Delaware. As of December 31, 2024, ProMIS USA has had no material activity and has no material financial impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

The success of the Company is dependent on obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals of its product candidates, marketing its products, if approved, and achieving profitable operations. The continuation of the research and development activities and the commercialization of its products, if approved, are dependent on the Company’s ability to successfully complete these activities and to obtain additional financing through a combination of financing activities and operations. It is not possible to predict either the outcome of future research and development or commercialization programs, the Company’s ability to fund these programs, or the related impact of those outcomes on the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern.

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Liquidity Risk

The accompanying consolidated financial statements were prepared on a going concern basis, which assumes that the Company will continue its operations for the foreseeable future and will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business. To date, the Company has not generated revenues from its activities. The Company had an operating loss of $16.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and an accumulated deficit of $90.7 million as of December 31, 2024 and negative cash flows from operations. Management believes these conditions raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within the next twelve months from the date these consolidated financial statements are issued.

The Company will require additional funding to conduct future clinical activities. The Company will seek additional funding through public and private financings, debt financings, collaboration agreements, strategic alliances and licensing agreements. Although the Company has been successful in raising capital in the past, there is no assurance of success in obtaining such additional financing on terms acceptable to us, if at all, and there is no assurance that the Company will be able to enter into collaborations or other arrangements. If the Company is unable to obtain funding, it could force delays, reduce or eliminate research and development programs, product portfolio expansion or commercialization efforts, which could adversely affect future business prospects, and the ability to continue operations.

The Company expects to incur net losses for at least the next several years as the Company advances its product candidates. The Company is actively pursuing additional financing to further develop certain of the Company’s scientific initiatives, but there is no assurance these initiatives will be successful, timely or sufficient.

2.BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”). Any reference in these notes to applicable guidance is meant to refer to the authoritative GAAP as found in the Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) and as amended by Accounting Standards Updates (“ASU”) of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”).

Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly owned subsidiary. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make certain estimates, judgements and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Significant estimates and assumptions made in the accompanying consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, the accrual for research and development expenses, the valuation of warrant liabilities and embedded derivative liabilities. Actual results could differ from those estimates, and such differences could be material to the consolidated financial statements.

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Segment Information

Operating segments are identified as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete financial information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker (“CODM”), or decision-making group, in making decisions on how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company has one operating segment and its Chief Executive Officer serves as the CODM. Substantially all of the Company’s assets are located in Canada. Refer to additional Segment Information in Note 10.

Foreign and Functional Currency

The Company determines its functional currency as the currency of the primary economic environment in which the Company operates. To determine the primary economic environment, the Company considers salient economic factors, including cash flow indicators, expense indicators and financing indicators. Functional currency is a matter of fact, not a policy election and the Company will only reevaluate its functional currency if there is a significant change in facts and circumstances.

Prior to July 1, 2023, the Company’s functional currency was the Canadian dollar (“C$”). Translation gains and losses from the application of the United States dollar (“US$”) as the reporting currency during the period that the Canadian dollar was the functional currency were included as part of cumulative foreign currency translation adjustment, which is reported as a component of stockholders’ equity (deficit) as accumulated other comprehensive loss.

Following the Company’s voluntary delisting from the Toronto Stock Exchange in July 2023, the Company determined there was a significant change in its facts and circumstances, and completed a reassessment of its functional currency. The Company determined that, as of July 1, 2023, the Company’s functional currency had changed from the C$ to the US$. The Company reassessment included analysis of various factors, including: the Company’s cash flows and expenses denominated primarily in US$, the primary market for the Company’s Common Shares trading in US$ and a majority ownership by U.S. shareholders from financings denominated in US$. The change in functional currency was accounted for prospectively from July 1, 2023 and consolidated financial statements prior to and including the period ended June 30, 2023 were not restated for the change in functional currency.

For periods commencing July 1, 2023, monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into US$ using exchange rates in effect at the end of the reporting period. Opening balances related to non-monetary assets and liabilities are based on prior period translated amounts, and non-monetary assets acquired, and non-monetary liabilities incurred after July 1, 2023 are translated at the approximate exchange rate prevailing at the date of the transaction. Revenue and expense transactions are translated at the approximate exchange rate in effect at the time of the transaction. Foreign exchange gains and losses are included in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss within operating expenses.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less at the date of purchase to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company did not have any material cash equivalents.

Short-term Investments

Short-term investments consist of guaranteed certificates of deposit with a maturity greater than 90 days and up to one year at the time of purchase. Accordingly, all short-term investments are classified as current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets. The short-term investment is being held as collateral for the Company’s credit cards.

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Concentration of Credit Risk

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a significant concentration of credit risk consist of cash and short-term investments. Cash is deposited in checking and money market accounts at accredited financial institutions, which at times, may exceed federally insured limits. The short-term investment is deposited in a guaranteed certificate of deposit with an accredited financial institution that guarantees 100% of the original amount invested. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has not experienced any losses on its cash or short-term investments as a result of credit risk.

Fair Value Measurements

FASB ASC 820, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, (“ASC 820”) defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs. Financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value are to be classified and disclosed in one of the following three levels of the fair value hierarchy, as established by ASC 820, of which the first two are considered observable and the last is considered unobservable:

To the extent that the valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. Financial assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

The Company’s warrant liabilities and share-based compensation liability were classified as Level 3 financial instruments for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

The carrying amounts of prepaid and other current assets, short-term investments, accounts payable, and accrued expenses are generally considered to be representative of their fair value based on the short-term nature of these financial instruments.

Impairment of Long-lived Assets

The Company evaluates its long-lived assets, which consist of property and equipment and definite-lived intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by a comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to the estimated future undiscounted net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. No material impairments have been identified as of each of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

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Property and Equipment

Property and equipment, net are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is recognized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of each asset. Laboratory and equipment are depreciated over two to five years. Computer equipment is depreciated over two to three years. Upon retirement or sale, the cost of assets disposed of and the related accumulated depreciation are removed from the accompanying consolidated balance sheets and any resulting gain or loss is included in loss from operations in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Expenditures for repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. The Company did not have any material property and equipment as of December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Intangible Assets

Definite-lived intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and any accumulated impairment losses. An intangible asset’s carrying amount is assessed for impairment whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired. The Company’s definite-lived intangible assets consist of acquired rights and patents. Intangible assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the life of the intangible asset or its estimated useful life, which is 15 years. The Company did not have any material intangible assets as of December 31, 2024.

Derivative Liability

The Company evaluates its convertible debt, warrants or other contracts to determine if those contracts or embedded components of those contracts qualify as derivatives to be separately accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging and Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. The result of this accounting treatment is that the fair value of the embedded derivative, if required to be bifurcated, is marked-to-market at each balance sheet date and recorded as a liability. The change in fair value is recorded in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss as a component of other income or expense. Upon conversion or exercise of a derivative instrument, the instrument is marked to fair value at the conversion date and then that fair value is reclassified to equity. The Company did not have any bifurcated derivative liabilities as of December 31, 2024.

Collaboration Arrangements

The Company may enter into collaboration arrangements with pharmaceutical and biotechnology partners. The Company analyzes its collaboration arrangements to assess whether they are within the scope of FASB ASC 808, Collaborative Arrangements, (“ASC 808”), to determine whether such arrangements involve joint operating activities performed by the parties that are both active participants in the activities and exposed to significant risks and rewards dependent on the commercial success of such activities. This assessment is performed throughout the life of the arrangement based on changes in responsibilities of all parties in the arrangement. ASC 808 does not provide guidance on the recognition of consideration exchanged or accounting for the obligations that may arise between parties. The Company concluded that ASC Topic 730, Research and Development, should be applied by analogy to payments between parties during the development activities of its collaboration arrangements.

General and Administrative Expenses

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs including salary, bonus, employee-benefits and share-based compensation, costs incurred in development and protection of intellectual property, professional service fees, and other general overhead and facility costs, including rent, depreciation and amortization, which relate to the Company’s general and administrative functions.

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Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of costs incurred in connection with the development and research of the Company’s platform technology, as well as discovery program expenses. The Company expenses research and development costs as incurred. These expenses include:

Prepaid and Accrued Research and Development Expenses

Substantial portions of the Company’s pre-clinical development, manufacturing and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, CROs and other vendors. These vendors generally bill monthly for services performed, or bill based upon milestone achievement. For preclinical and clinical studies, the Company accrues expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the remaining contract milestones. At times, the Company is obligated to make upfront payments upon execution of research and development agreements. Upfront payments, including nonrefundable amounts, for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are capitalized as prepaid expenses until such goods are delivered or the related services are performed. The Company estimates the period over which such services will be performed based on the terms of the agreements as well as the level of effort to be expended in each period. Sometimes the actual timing of performance or the level of effort varies from the estimate, and if that does occur, the Company will adjust the amounts recorded accordingly.

Patent Costs

All patent-related costs incurred in connection with filing and prosecuting patent applications are expensed as incurred due to the uncertainty about the recovery of the expenditure. Amounts incurred are classified as general and administrative expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss.

Warrants

The Company issues warrants on its common shares in connection with financings as well as for compensation of intermediaries and advisors. The Company accounts for warrants as either equity instruments or as liabilities depending on the specific terms of the warrant agreements in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 815, Derivatives and Hedging and Topic 480, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity. When classified as equity, warrants are recorded within additional paid-in-capital at the time of issuance and are not subsequently remeasured. Warrants identified as meeting the definition of a liability are recognized as a liability and treated in accordance with the derivative liability accounting policy described above. The Company periodically reassesses the appropriateness of the classification of its financial instruments. The Company also issues pre-funded warrants, warrants exercisable for $0.01, which follow the same accounting policy as the common share warrants.

Debt Issuance Costs

Debt issuance costs are specifically identifiable costs associated with issuance of a new debt instrument. Debt issuance costs are reported on the consolidated balance sheets as a direct deduction from the face amount of the

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related debt. Debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense using the effective interest method over the term of the related debt.

Share-based Compensation

Share-based compensation expense related to share awards granted to employees, directors and non-employees is recognized based on the grant-date estimated fair values of the awards using the Black- Scholes option pricing model (“Black-Scholes”). The value is recognized as expense ratably over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting term of the award. The Company adjusts the expense for actual forfeitures as they occur. Share based compensation expense is classified in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss based on the function to which the related services are provided.

Black Scholes requires a number of assumptions, of which the most significant are expected volatility, expected option term (the time from the grant date until the options are exercised or expire) and risk-free rate. Expected volatility is determined using the historical volatility for the Company. The risk-free interest rate is based on the yield of Canadian government bonds with a remaining term equal to the expected life of the option for C$ options and based on the yield of U.S. government treasury bonds for US$ options. Expected dividend yield is zero because the Company has never paid cash dividends on common shares and the Company does not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

For awards with market conditions in which the award does not vest unless the market condition is met, the Company will incorporate the market condition into the award’s grant date fair value calculation and derive the expected service period using a Monte Carlo simulation. The estimated expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the derived service period. If the market condition is satisfied during the derived service period, the remaining unrecognized expense will be recognized during the period the market condition is satisfied.

Awards of options that provide for an exercise price that is not denominated in: (a) the currency of a market in which a substantial portion of the Company's equity securities trades in, (b) the currency in which the employee's pay is denominated, or (c) the Company's functional currency, are required to be classified as liabilities. The change in the Company’s functional currency, effective July 1, 2023, resulted in the reclassification of outstanding stock options that were previously denominated in C$ from equity-classified to liability-classified options (see Note 8), which are accounted for as a share option modification in accordance with FASB’s ASC 718 – Compensation – Stock Compensation (“ASC 718”). Under ASC 718, when an award is reclassified from equity to liability, if at the reclassification date the original vesting conditions are expected to be satisfied, then the minimum amount of compensation cost to be recognized is based on the grant date fair value of the original award. Fair value changes below this minimum amount are recorded in additional paid-in capital. For each reporting period after the modification date, the stock option liability is adjusted so that it equals the portion of the requisite service provided multiplied by the modified award’s fair value at the end of the reporting period. Increases in the fair value of the liability in excess of the minimum grant date compensation cost described above are recognized as share-based compensation in operating expenses in the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss.

Share Issuance Costs

Common share issuance costs are incremental costs directly associated with an offering of securities. These costs typically include fees paid to bankers or underwriters, attorneys, accountants, as well as printers and other third parties. Prior to the effective date of an offering of equity securities, specific incremental costs directly attributable to a proposed or actual offering of securities may be deferred and charged against the gross proceeds of the offering. The Company capitalizes these deferred financing costs as prepaid expenses and other current assets in the accompanying consolidated balance sheets until the completion of the offering, unless the offering is abandoned, at which time the deferred financing costs will be recognized in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized general and administrative expenses of $0.8 million related to abandoned offerings and had deferred financing costs of $0.2 million related to the Company’s at-the-market offering in prepaid expenses and other current assets on the

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consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. The Company had no deferred financing costs as of December 31, 2024.

Income Taxes

The Company is a taxable entity under the Income Tax Act (Canada). Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the respective income tax bases of assets and liabilities, measured using substantively enacted income tax rates and laws that are expected to be in effect when the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are recognized to the extent it is more likely than not that taxable income will be available against which the deferred tax asset can be utilized. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.

The Company follows the provisions of ASC 740-10, Uncertainty in Income Taxes (“ASC 740-10”). The Company has not recognized a liability as a result of the implementation of ASC 740-10. A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits has not been provided since there is no unrecognized benefit since the date of adoption. The Company has not recognized interest expense or penalties as a result of the implementation of ASC 740-10. If there were an unrecognized tax benefit, the Company would recognize interest accrued related to unrecognized tax benefits in interest expense and penalties in operating expenses.

Basic and Diluted Net Income (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income (loss) per common share is based upon the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net income (loss) per common share utilizing the treasury-stock method is based upon the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the period plus additional weighted-average common equivalent shares outstanding during the period when the effect is dilutive. Potentially dilutive shares result from the assumed potential exercise or conversion of securities, such as convertible debt, share options and warrants, which would result in the issuance of incremental shares of common shares. The proceeds of such exercises or conversions are assumed to have been used to repurchase outstanding stock using the treasury stock method.

Both basic and diluted net income (loss) per share calculations include financial instruments that allow for the purchase of common shares issuable for little to no consideration, including pre-funded warrants.

Emerging Growth Company Status

The Company is an Emerging Growth Company, as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (“JOBS Act”). Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act, until such time as those standards apply to private companies. The Company has elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date that it (i) is no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opts out of the extended transition period provided in the JOBS Act. As a result, these consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with the new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements

In 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (“ASU 2023-07”), which requires public entities to disclose significant segment expenses and other segment items. ASU 2023-07 also requires public entities to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment’s profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. ASU 2023-07 became effective for the annual period starting on January 1, 2024, and for the interim periods starting on January 1, 2025.

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Significant segment expenses, other segment items, and measures of segment profit or loss are disclosed in Note 10.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740):Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (“ASU 2023-09”), which requires public entities to disclose in their rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state and foreign income taxes and to provide more details about the reconciling items in some categories if items meet a quantitative threshold. ASU 2023-09 becomes effective for the annual period starting on January 1, 2025. The Company is in the process of analyzing the impact that the adoption of ASU 2023-09 will have on its income tax disclosures.

3.FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The following are the major categories of assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2024 and 2023:

​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ Level 1 Level 2 ​ Level 3 Total

Assets: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Short-term investments ​ $ 33,051 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 33,051

Total assets measured at fair value ​ $ 33,051 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 33,051

Liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​

Share-based compensation liability ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 199,263 ​ $ 199,263

Warrant liability ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 5,592 ​ $ 5,592

Total liabilities measured at fair value ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 204,855 ​ $ 204,855

​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ Level 1 Level 2 ​ Level 3 Total

Assets: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Short-term investments ​ $ 32,358 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 32,358

Total assets measured at fair value ​ $ 32,358 ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 32,358

Liabilities: ​ ​ ​ ​

Share-based compensation liability ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 422,002 ​ $ 422,002

Warrant liability ​ ​ — ​ ​ — ​ ​ 94,185 ​ ​ 94,185

Total liabilities measured at fair value ​ $ — ​ $ — ​ $ 516,187 ​ $ 516,187

​

No transfers between levels have occurred in either reporting period presented. Refer to Note 6 for disclosures related to the warrant liability and Note 8 for disclosures related to share-based compensation liability.

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4.PREPAID EXPENSES AND OTHER CURRENT ASSETS

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of the following:

​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​

Accrued interest and other receivables ​ 78,034 ​ 78,637 ​

Consultants ​ — ​ 21,535 ​

Deferred financing costs ​ ​ — ​ ​ 195,632 ​

Total prepaid expenses and other current assets ​ $ 5,587,238 ​ $ 988,641 ​

​

5.ACCOUNTS PAYABLE AND ACCRUED LIABILITIES

Accrued liabilities consist of the following:

​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​

Deferred financing costs ​ ​ — ​ ​ 99,883 ​

​

In May 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with a vendor which gave the option to defer payment on approximately $5.4 million of current accounts payable and accrued liabilities until March 31, 2024. The outstanding balance of invoices due to the vendor accrued interest at an annual rate of 5.5%, paid monthly. As of December 31, 2023, the amount outstanding under the agreement recorded in accounts payable was $5.7 million. The Company made a cash payment of approximately $5.9 million to settle the entirety of the amount outstanding under the agreement in March 2024.

​

6. EQUITY

​

The Company has authorized an unlimited number of both Common and Preferred shares. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had 32,689,190 and 18,885,254 issued and outstanding Common Shares, respectively, and 0 and 1,166,667 issued and outstanding Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares, respectively. All share classes have no par value.

Common Shares reserved for future issuance consists of the following:

​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ December 31,

Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares ​ — 1,166,667

Options issued and outstanding under stock option plan ​ 3,574,453 898,262

Deferred Share Units granted ​ 1,061 1,061

Common Shares available for grant under stock option plan ​ 2,963,385 471,843

​

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Common Shares

The preferences, privileges, and rights of the Common Shares are as follows:

Voting

Subject to any special voting rights or restrictions, holders of common shares entitled to vote shall have one vote per share.

Dividends

The Company’s board of directors may from time to time declare and authorize payment of dividends, if any, as they may deem advisable and need not give notice of such declaration to any shareholder. Subject to the rights of common shareholders, if any, holding shares with specific rights as to dividends, all dividends on common shares shall be declared and paid according to the number of such shares held and paid in Canadian dollars.

Liquidation Rights

In the event of the liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of the Company or any other distribution of the Company’s assets for the purpose of winding up the Company’s affairs, after the payment of dividends declared but unpaid, the holders of Common Shares shall be entitled pari passu to receive any remaining property of the Company.

Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares

In November 2023, the directors of the Company authorized the issuance of an unlimited number of Series 2 Convertible Preferred Shares (“Series 2 Shares”). In December 2023, the Company entered into an agreement with holders of the Company’s Series 1 Convertible Preferred Shares (“Series 1 Shares”) to exchange all 70,000,000 outstanding Series 1 Shares for 1,166,667 Series 2 Shares (an equivalent number of as-converted Common Shares) in exchange for the Series 1 Shareholders waiving their rights under a financing limitation side letter entered into amongst the Company and the Series 1 Shareholders during the August 2023 PIPE. Following the Series 2 exchange, the Company was no longer subject to any financing limitations and there were no longer any Series 1 Shares outstanding.

The Series 2 Shares carry the same rights and privileges as the Series 1 Shares, except the mandatory conversion threshold which was increased as described below. The Company treated the exchange for Series 2 Shares as a modification of the Series 1 Shares and determined there was no material difference in fair value between the Series 2 Shares and the Series 1 Shares, and as such no deemed dividend was recognized in the consolidated financial statements as a result of the exchange.

The Series 2 Shares have the following preferences, privileges and rights:

Dividends

If the Company declares, pays or sets aside any dividends on shares of any other class or series of capital stock the holders of the Series 2 Shares shall receive a dividend on each outstanding share of Series 2 Shares in an amount equal to that dividend per share of the Preferred Share as would equal the product of the dividend payable as if all shares of such series had been converted into Common Shares.

Liquidation

In the event of any voluntary or involuntary liquidation, dissolution or winding up of the Company, the holders of the Series 2 Shares shall be entitled to be paid out of the assets of the Company available for distribution to the shareholders an amount per share equal to $6.00, plus any dividends declared but not paid. If, upon any such

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liquidation event, the assets available for distribution to the shareholders are insufficient to pay the holders of the Series 2 Shares, the holders of the Series 2 Shares shall share ratably in any distribution of the assets available for distribution in proportion to the respective amounts which would otherwise be payable in respect of the shares held by them upon such distribution if all amounts payable on or with respect to such shares were paid in full.

Voting

The Series 2 Shares do not confer any voting rights or privileges.

Redemption

The Series 2 Shares are not subject to mandatory redemption or other redemption provisions for which the events resulting in redemption are not within the Company’s control.

Optional Conversion

Series 2 Shares are convertible, at the option of the holder thereof, at any time and from time to time, and without the payment of additional consideration by the holder thereof, at ratio of 1 Series 2 Share into 1 Common Share.

Mandatory Conversion

All outstanding Series 2 Shares shall automatically convert into Common Shares, at the effective conversion rate upon the closing of one singular financing, including a financing with multiple tranches in which any subsequent tranches are closed within 18 months of the initial closing, which financing results in at least single sale, executable in one or more tranches, of equity securities resulting in at least $14.0 million of cumulative gross proceeds to the Company.

The July 2024 PIPE (defined below) qualified as a mandatory conversion event for the Series 2 Shares, whereby all 1,166,667 outstanding Series 2 Shares converted into 1,166,667 fully paid non-assessable Common Shares upon the closing of the transaction. Following the mandatory conversion event, there were no outstanding Series 2 Shares.

Equity Transactions

Functional Currency Change

Following the change in functional currency effective July 1, 2023, the Company reassessed the classification of its historical US$ and C$ denominated warrants in accordance with the Company’s accounting policy for warrants. As a result of the reassessment, the Company determined that 870,026 US$ warrants to purchase Common Shares, originally issued in financing transactions in 2021 and 2022, previously classified as warrant liabilities met the criteria under ASC 815-40 for permanent equity classification. The fair value of US$ warrants of $1,287,400, calculated using a Black Scholes calculation as of June 30, 2023, was reclassified from warrant liability to additional paid-in-capital in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. The fair value of the US$ warrants represented the entirety of the Company’s warrant liability as of June 30, 2023. The US$ warrants will not be re-measured prospectively.

As result of the reassessment the Company determined that 687,591 C$ warrants, originally issued in financing transactions between 2018 and 2020, which were previously classified in permanent equity no longer met the criteria for equity classification. The C$ warrants were remeasured as of July 1, 2023. The C$ warrants have exercise prices between C$12.00 and C$28.80 and expire between January 2024 and November 2025. The Company measured the fair value of the C$ warrants on July 1, 2023 using a Black Scholes calculation and the resulting fair value of $396,375 was recorded as a reclassification from additional paid-in-capital to warrant liability. The C$ warrant liability was subsequently re-measured at December 31, 2023 to a fair value of $94,185, with the change in fair value of $302,190 reported in other income in the accompanying consolidated statement

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of operations and comprehensive income (loss). The C$ warrants liability was re-measured at December 31, 2024 to a fair value of $5,592, with the change in fair value of $88,593 reported in other income in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

The weighted-average values of the significant assumptions used in the Black Scholes valuation of the C$ warrants as of December 31, 2023 included volatility of 131.5%, a risk-free rate of 3.88%, exercise price of C$12.60 and an expected term of 1.8 years. The weighted-average values of the significant assumptions used in the Black Scholes valuation of the C$ warrants as of December 31, 2024 included volatility of 110.2%, a risk-free rate of 2.93%, exercise price of C$12.00 and an expected term of 0.9 years.

July 2024 Private Placement

On July 26, 2024, the Company entered into a Unit Purchase Agreement (the “Unit Purchase Agreement”) to raise $30,332,984 in aggregate gross proceeds for the Company (the “July 2024 PIPE”) before deducting $2,675,487 in placement agent fees and other expenses. All gross proceeds were received by the Company as of December 31, 2024.

Pursuant to the terms of the Unit Purchase Agreement, the Company agreed to sell to PIPE Investors in the Offering, an aggregate of (x) 9,757,669 common share units (the “Common Share Units”), each consisting of (i) one Common Share, (ii) one Tranche A Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share, (iii) one Tranche B Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share and (iv) one Tranche C Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share (each, a “Warrant”, collectively, the “Warrants”) and, for certain investors, (y) 4,371,027 pre-funded units (the “Pre-Funded Units” and together with the Common Share Units, the “Units”), each consisting of (i) one Pre-Funded Warrant to purchase one Common Share (each, a “Pre-Funded Warrant”, collectively, the “Pre-Funded Warrants”, and the Common Shares issuable upon exercise of the Warrants and the Pre-Funded Warrants, the “Warrant Shares”), (ii) one Tranche A Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share, (iii) one Tranche B Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share and (iv) one Tranche C Common Share purchase warrant to purchase one Common Share.

The purchase price for each Common Share Unit was $2.15 per Common Share Unit, and the purchase price for each Pre-Funded Unit was $2.14 per Pre-Funded Unit. The Pre-Funded Warrants have an exercise price of $0.01 per Warrant Share, are immediately exercisable and will expire when exercised in full. The Tranche A Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.02, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $28.5 million, are exercisable immediately upon Shareholder Approval (as defined below) and will expire upon the earlier of (i) 18 months or (ii) within 60 days of the Tranche A Milestone Event (as defined below). The Tranche B Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.02, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $28.5 million, are exercisable immediately upon Shareholder Approval (as defined below) and will expire upon the earlier of (i) 30 months or (ii) within 60 days of the Tranche B Milestone Event (as defined below). The Tranche C Common Share purchase warrants have an exercise price of $2.50, for aggregate gross proceeds of up to $35.3 million, are immediately exercisable and will expire on July 31, 2029. For purposes of the foregoing, “Tranche A Milestone Event” means the public announcement via press release or the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K of 6-month data from the cohorts treated with multiple ascending doses of PMN310, and “Tranche B Milestone Event” means the public announcement via press release or the filing of a Current Report on Form 8-K of 12-month data from the cohorts treated with multiple ascending doses of PMN310. Pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5635(d), the exercise of the Tranche A and Tranche B Common Share purchase warrants is subject to shareholder approval (the “Shareholder Approval”). The Company agreed to convene a shareholders’ meeting, or otherwise obtain written Shareholder Approval, on or before 90 days following the Closing Date, to obtain such approval.

The AB Warrants were classified as liabilities (“AB Warrant Liability”) and recorded at fair value utilizing level 3 inputs at issuance due to the requirement for Shareholder Approval. Under the applicable accounting guidance, the requirement for Shareholder Approval precludes a financial instrument from equity classification, as it cannot be considered indexed to the Company's own stock. The preclusion is because of the potential of the settlement amount differing than a fixed for fixed option on the Company's shares. The fair value of the AB

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Warrant Liability at issuance was determined to be $31,182,033, calculated using a Black Scholes calculation on July 26, 2024 with the following weighted average assumptions: share price of $2.02, the most currently available Nasdaq Official Closing Price for the Company’s Common Shares when the Company entered into the purchase agreements, exercise price of $2.02, volatility of 102.5%, risk-free rate of 4.34%, and a term of 2.1 years.

The Company incurred offering costs totaling $2,675,487 that consisted of placement agent fees and direct incremental legal, advisory, accounting and filing fees relating to the July 2024 PIPE, resulting in net cash proceeds of $27,657,497. The value of the AB Warrants exceeded the net proceeds received. As a result, the entire proceeds and offering costs were allocated to the AB Warrant liability, and also resulted in a loss on issuance of common shares, warrants, and pre-funded warrants of $3,524,535, which was recorded in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

On October 23, 2024, Shareholder Approval for the Tranche A and B Warrants was obtained during the Company’s Special Meeting of Shareholders. Following Shareholder Approval, the Company determined that the AB Warrants met the criteria for equity classification. The Company re-measured the fair value of the AB Warrant Liability at October 23, 2024 to $8,689,149, calculated using a Black Scholes calculation with the following weighted average assumptions: volatility of 100.9%, share price of $0.95, exercise price of $2.02, risk-free rate of 4.10%, and a term of 1.9 years. The change in fair value of the AB Warrant Liability of $22,492,884 was recorded in other income (expense) in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) and the remaining fair value of $8,689,149 was reclassified from liability to additional paid-in-capital in the consolidated balance sheet.

A summary of warrant liability activity, which are based on level 3 inputs, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 is as follows:

​

​ ​ ​ ​

​ December 31,

Change in fair value of 2024 PIPE AB Warrant Liability ​ ​ (22,492,884)

Reclassification of 2024 PIPE AB Warrant Liability to equity ​ ​ (8,689,149)

Change in fair value of C$ warrant liability ​ ​ (88,593)

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​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ December 31,

Change in fair value of the warrant liability ​ (564,548)

Foreign exchange loss ​ (7,426)

Fair value of US$ warrant liability as of June 30, 2023 ​ ​ 1,287,400

Change in fair value of C$ warrant liability ​ ​ (302,190)

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August 2023 Private Placement

In August 2023, through a private placement (“August 2023 PIPE”), the Company issued 9,945,969 Common Shares, and, in lieu of Common Shares, Pre-Funded Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 954,725 Common Shares, and, in each case, accompanying Common Warrants to purchase an aggregate of up to 10,900,604 additional Common Shares at a unit price of $1.88 per Common Share and accompanying Common Warrant (or

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$1.87 per Pre-Funded Warrant and accompanying Common Warrant). The private placement resulted in aggregate gross proceeds of $20,483,758 before $2,738,558 of issuance costs. The Common Warrants are exercisable for five years commencing six months after the issuance date at a price of $1.75.

The Company determined the Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants both met the permanent equity criteria classification. The Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants are classified as a component of permanent equity because they are freestanding financial instruments that are legally detachable and separately exercisable from the Common Shares with which they were issued, are immediately exercisable, do not embody an obligation for the Company to repurchase its shares, and permit the holders to receive a fixed number of common shares upon exercise. In addition, the Pre-Funded Warrants and Common Warrants do not provide any guarantee of value or return. The Company used a Black Scholes calculation to determine the fair value of the Common Warrants at issuance and allocated a share of the net proceeds based on the relative fair value of the Common Warrants. Net proceeds allocated to the Common Warrants were $7,972,736, with the remaining net proceeds of $9,772,464 allocated to the Common Shares. The aggregate net proceeds of the transaction are recorded in additional paid-in-capital.

The Company also issued 327,020 compensation warrants to purchase Common Shares as compensation to a placement agent as part of the August 2023 PIPE. The compensation warrants have an exercise price of $1.75 and expire in February 2029. The Company used a Black Scholes calculation to determine the fair value of the compensation warrants at the issuance date. The fair value of $466,658 of issuance costs are recorded in additional-paid-in capital, which results in a net zero impact to additional paid-in-capital and issuance costs. Significant assumptions used in the Black Scholes calculation included risk free interest rate of 4.36%; historical volatility of 107.3%; and a 5.5-year expiry.

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At-the-Market Offering (ATM)

In September 2023, the Company filed a shelf registration statement with the SEC. In conjunction with the shelf registration, the Company entered into an ATM agreement in January 2024 to offer up to $25.0 million of the Company’s Common Shares. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company sold 75,862 Common Shares for net proceeds of $190,274 after deducting sales commissions.

7.WARRANTS

As of December 31, 2024, outstanding Common Share warrants and exercise prices related to unit offerings are as follows:

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​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Exercise Number of ​

Price $ Warrants ​ Expiry date

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During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, 407,978 and 100,073 warrants expired without being exercised.

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During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, 2,803,738 and 360,000 pre-funded warrants were exercised for an equivalent number of common shares for net proceeds of $28,038 and $3,600, respectively.

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8.SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION

2015 Stock Option Plan

The Company maintains the 2015 Stock Option Plan (“2015 Option Plan”), originally referred to as the 2007 Option Plan. In June 2015, the 2015 Option Plan was amended from a fixed option plan to a rolling share option plan pursuant to which the Company is authorized to grant options of up to 20% of its issued and outstanding Common Shares. Share options granted vest at various rates and have a term not exceeding ten years. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company had 2,963,385 and 471,843 options, respectively, available for grant under the 2015 Option Plan. Share options under the 2015 Option Plan are granted in either US$ or C$. Upon the change in the Company’s functional currency, effective July 1, 2023, C$ share options previously classified as equity were reclassified as liabilities. All grants following the Company’s change in functional currency are in US$.

Canadian Dollar Share Options

The following table summarizes the activity of the C$ share options under the 2015 Option Plan for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. All amounts are denominated in Canadian dollars, except year and share amounts:

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​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​

​ ​ Weighted Average ​ ​

​ ​ Average Remaining ​ ​

​ ​ Number of Exercise Contractual ​ Aggregate

​ ​ Share Price Per Term ​ Intrinsic

​ ​ Options ​ Share (years) ​ Value

Granted — ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​

The aggregate intrinsic value of options outstanding, exercisable, and vested and exercisable is calculated as the difference between the exercise price of the underlying options, and the fair value of the Company’s Common Shares. There were no C$ share options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

Upon the change in the Company’s functional currency effective July 1, 2023 C$ share options previously classified as equity were reclassified as liabilities. The C$ options were re-measured as of December 31, 2024 and had a fair value of $199,263.

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A summary of share-based compensation liability activity, measured using level 3 fair value inputs, for the year ended December 31, 2024 is as follows:

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​ ​ ​ ​

​ December 31,

​

A summary of share-based compensation liability activity for the year ended December 31, 2023 is as follows:

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​ ​ ​ ​

​ December 31,

Fair value at December 31, 2022 ​ $ —

​

The following table summarizes the weighted average of significant assumptions used to calculate the fair value of C$ share options using the Black Scholes option pricing model:

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​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ Period Ended

​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​ July 1, ​

Weighted average fair value of C$ Options ​ C$ 0.26 ​ C$ 1.30 ​ C$ 2.54 ​

Risk-free interest rate ​ 4.40 % ​ 4.04 % ​ 4.30 %

Expected dividend yield ​ — % ​ — % ​ — %

Expected term (years) ​ 6.6 ​ 6.5 ​ ​ 6.8 ​

​

Expected volatility is based on historical volatility of the Company’s Common Shares over the expected life of the option, as the Company’s options are not readily tradable.

U.S. Dollar Share Options

The Company began making share option grants denominated in US$ following the Company’s change in functional currency in July 2023. The following table summarizes the US$ share options outstanding under the

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2015 Option Plan for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. All amounts are denominated in US$, except year and share amounts:

​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​ Weighted ​ ​

​ ​ Weighted Average ​ ​

​ ​ Average Remaining ​ ​

​ ​ Number of Exercise Contractual ​ Aggregate

​ ​ Share Price Per Term ​ Intrinsic

​ ​ Options ​ Share (years) ​ Value

Outstanding as of January 1, 2023 — ​ $ — ​ ​ $ —

​

The grant date fair value of 2,196,622 and 69,000 US$ share options granted during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, was estimated using Black Scholes with the following assumptions:

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​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ Period Ended

​ ​ December 31, ​ December 31, ​

Weighted average fair value of US$ Options ​ $ 0.88 ​ $ 1.53 ​

Expected volatility ​ ​ 101.7 % ​ 101.9 %

Risk-free interest rate ​ ​ 3.95 % ​ 4.77 %

Expected dividend yield ​ ​ — % ​ — %

Expected term (years) ​ ​ 5.7 ​ 6.1

​

In October 2024, the Company granted its Chief Executive Officer 490,338 options with an exercise price of $1.15 which will begin vesting if and when the Company’s 10-day VWAP of its Common Shares trading on the Nasdaq Capital Market meets or exceeds $3.45. The Company determined the share price requirement to begin vesting represented a market condition and performed a Monte-Carlo simulation to determine the fair value of the award, discounted for the likelihood of achieving the market condition. The resulting fair value of the option award was $383,000, with $39,344 recognized during the year ended December 31, 2024 in the accompanying consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive income (loss), with the remaining $343,656 expected to be recognized over approximately 2.4 years.

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DSU Plan

The Company has a Deferred Share Unit plan (“DSU Plan”) for senior officers. Under the DSU Plan, rights to the Company’s Common Shares may be awarded on a deferred payment basis up to a maximum of 16,666 common share units. Each common share unit will fully vest upon cessation of employment with the Company and then can be redeemed for one common share of the Company by the unitholder. The Company has 1,061 units outstanding as of December 31, 2024.

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Share-based Payment Expense

The following table summarizes total share-based compensation for both the C$ and US$ share options included in the Company’s accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss):

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​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ Year Ended December 31,

​

As of December 31, 2024, there was $30,318 of unrecognized share-based compensation liability related to C$ options outstanding but unvested, which is expected to be recognized over weighted-average remaining service period of 1.0 years. As of December 31, 2024, there was $1,593,563 of unrecognized share-based compensation related to US$ options outstanding, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average remaining service period of 2.3 years.

9.INCOME TAXES

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the net deferred tax assets have not been recognized in the accompanying consolidated financial statements. A valuation allowance is recognized to reduce the deferred tax asset as it is more likely than not that a tax benefit will not be realized.

The following are the significant components of the Company’s deferred taxes as of December 31:

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​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Non-deductible reserves ​ ​ 10,000 ​ ​ —

Restricted interest and financing expenses ​ 337,000 ​ —

Net deferred income tax assets ​ $ — ​ $ —

​

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has available research and development expenditure credits for income tax purposes of approximately $11,980,000, which may be carried forward without expiration to reduce future taxable income.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has non-capital income tax loss carry-forwards of approximately $93,772,000 available to reduce future income for income tax purposes. The income tax loss carry-forwards have expiry dates between the years 2026 and 2043.

As of December 31, 2024, the Company has approximately $2,043,000 of non-refundable investment tax credits available to offset future income taxes. The non-refundable investment tax credits have expiry dates between 2025 and 2035.

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A reconciliation of the combined federal and provincial statutory income tax rate applied to the net loss for the year to the income tax recovery as of December 31 is as follows:

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​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Basic combined Canadian statutory income tax rate ​ 26.5 % ​ 26.5 %

Income tax recovery based on statutory rate ​ $ 719,000 ​ $ (3,559,000) ​

Share issue costs recorded, net of equity ​ (709,000) ​ (731,000) ​

Unrecognized benefit of current year tax losses ​ 4,798,000 ​ 4,447,000 ​

​ ​ $ — ​ $ — ​

​

The Company does not expect a significant change in the amount of unrecognized tax benefits over the next 12 months. However, any adjustments arising from certain ongoing examinations by tax authorities could alter the timing or amount of taxable income or deductions and these adjustments could differ from the amount accrued. The Company’s federal and provincial income tax returns files for all years remain subject to examination by the taxation authorities.

10.Segment Reporting

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise about which separate discrete information is available for evaluation by the chief operating decision maker, or decision making group, in deciding how to allocate resources in assessing performance. The Company has one reportable segment: life science. The life science segment consists of the development of clinical and preclinical product candidates. The Company’s chief operating decision maker (“CODM”) is the chief executive officer.

The accounting policies of the life science segment are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies. The CODM assesses performance for the life science segment based on net income (loss), which is reported on the income statement as consolidated net income (loss). The measure of segment assets is reported on the balance sheet as total consolidated assets.

To date, the Company has not generated any product revenue. The Company expects to continue to incur significant expenses and operating losses for the foreseeable future as it advances product candidates through all stages of development and clinical trials and, ultimately, seek regulatory approval.

As such, the CODM uses cash forecast models in deciding how to invest into the life science segment. Such cash forecast models are reviewed to assess the entity-wide operating results and performance. Net income (loss) is used to monitor budget versus actual results. Monitoring budgeted versus actual results is used in assessing performance of the segment and in establishing management’s compensation, along with cash forecast models.

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The table below summarizes the significant expense categories regularly reviewed by the CODM for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023:

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​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

​ ​ Years Ended December 31,

Operating Expenses: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Other non-employee research and development costs ​ 772,501 ​ 1,602,164

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Reconciliation of profit or loss ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

Adjustments and reconciling items ​ ​ — ​ ​ —

​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

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11.RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

UBC Collaborative Research Agreement

In April 2016, the Company entered into a collaborative research agreement (“CRA”) with the University of British Columbia (“UBC”) and the Vancouver Coastal Health Authority in the amount of C$787,500, with the Company’s Chief Scientific Officer, as principal investigator at the UBC. In January 2022, the UBC CRA was amended to extend the project for an additional three years, and in December 2024, for an additional 1 year. Aggregate funding under the agreement was increased to a total of C$5,830,000 through February 2026. During the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company made cash payments of $587,000 and $588,136, respectively, and incurred costs of $584,226 and $592,810, respectively, which are included in research and development expenses in the accompanying consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss).

Neil Warma Employment Agreement

In October 2024, in connection with Mr. Neil Warma’s appointment to the role of CEO, he entered into an employment agreement with the Company (the “CEO Employment Agreement”) providing for an annual base salary of $500,000 and annual discretionary bonus with a target of 50% of his base salary. Mr. Warma was also provided (i) severance in the amount of 12-months’ salary, a pro-rated annual bonus at target, acceleration of time-based stock options and standard continuing benefits in connection with a termination without cause and (ii) severance in the amount of the sum of 18-months’ salary and a pro-rated annual bonus at target, acceleration of time-based stock options and standard continuing benefits in connection with a change in control of the Company.