Item 1A. Risk Factors.
The following risks, some of which have occurred and any of which may occur in the future, can have a material adverse effect on our business or financial performance, which in turn can affect the price of our publicly traded securities. These are not the only risks we face. There may be other risks we are not currently aware of or that we currently deem not to be material but that may become material in the future.
Business Risks
Reduction in future demand for our products would adversely affect our business.
Demand for our products depends in part on our ability to innovate and anticipate and effectively respond to shifts in consumer trends and preferences, including the types of products our consumers want and how they browse for, purchase and consume them. Consumer preferences continuously evolve due to a variety of factors, including: changes in consumer demographics, consumption patterns (including increased food purchased away-from-home), diet (whether due to changes in consumer behavior and eating habits, increasing use of weight-loss drugs, such as GLP-1 medications, or other factors) and channel preferences (including continued increases in the e-commerce and online-to-offline channels and use of artificial intelligence shopping agents that autonomously select products that may not be ours); pricing (including the effective impact of tariffs and taxes imposed on the manufacture, distribution or sale of certain of our products as a result of ingredients contained in such products); affordability pressures and changes in consumer spending patterns (including if consumers switch to private label or lower-priced product offerings); changes in funding for or restrictions on the inclusion of our products in benefit programs, such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) in the United States; product quality; product functionality (including products high in protein or fiber-enriched); concerns or perceptions regarding packaging and its environmental impact (such as single-use and other plastic packaging); concerns or perceptions regarding the processing, nutrition profile and health effects of, or location of origin of, ingredients or substances in our products or packaging, including due to public statements by government officials, increased litigation, changes in regulations, regulatory scrutiny or the results of third-party studies (whether or not scientifically valid); and concerns or perceptions regarding our workforce policies and initiatives. Concerns with any of the foregoing have affected and may continue to affect consumer behaviors and can lead consumers to reduce or publicly boycott the purchase or consumption of our products.
Pandemics, epidemics or other disease outbreaks and geopolitical events and tensions, wars and other military conflicts have also impacted and could continue to impact consumer preferences and demand for our products, including negative consumer sentiment toward non-local products. Consumer preferences are also influenced by perception of our brand image or the brand images of our products, the success of our advertising and marketing campaigns, our ability to engage with our consumers in the manner they prefer, including through the use of digital media or assets, and the perception of our use of social media and our response to political and social issues, geopolitical events and tensions, wars and other military conflicts or catastrophic events. These and other factors have reduced and could continue to reduce consumers’ willingness to purchase certain of our products, including as a result of public boycotts. Any inability on our part to anticipate or react to changes in consumer preferences and trends, or make the right strategic investments to do so, including investments in artificial intelligence and data analytics to understand consumer trends, can lead to reduced demand for our products, lead to inventory write-offs or erode our competitive and financial position, thereby adversely affecting our business. In addition, our business operations, including our supply chain, are subject to disruption by geopolitical events and tensions, wars and other military conflicts, natural disasters, pandemics, epidemics or other events beyond
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our control that could negatively impact product availability and decrease demand for our products if our crisis management plans do not effectively mitigate these issues.
Damage to our reputation or brand image can adversely affect our business.
Maintaining a positive reputation globally is important to our business. Our reputation or brand image has in the past been, and could in the future be, adversely impacted by a variety of factors, including: any failure by us, our business partners, or other actors in our supply chain to maintain high ethical, business and environmental, social and governance practices, including with respect to human rights, child labor, workforce policies and initiatives, workplace conditions and employee health and safety; any failure, or perceived failure, to achieve or make sufficient progress toward our environmental, social and governance goals, or any revisions of or negative perception toward such goals, including with respect to the nutrition profile of our products, packaging, water use, our impact on the environment and our workforce policies and initiatives; any difficulties executing our strategic initiatives; any failure to address health or other concerns about our products, products we distribute, certain brands licensed to and distributed to third parties (including alcoholic beverages), or particular ingredients or substances in our products, including concerns or perceptions regarding whether certain of our products are “ultra-processed,” contain certain ingredients or substances or otherwise contribute to obesity and other health conditions or an increase in public health costs; our research and development efforts; any product quality or safety issues, including the recall of any of our products; any failure to comply with laws and regulations; consumer perception of our advertising campaigns, sponsorship arrangements, marketing programs, use of social media and our response to political and social issues, geopolitical events and tensions, wars and other military conflicts, or catastrophic events; or any failure to effectively respond to negative or inaccurate comments about us on social media or otherwise regarding any of the foregoing. Damage to our reputation or brand image has in the past and could in the future decrease demand for our products, thereby adversely affecting our business.
Product recalls or other issues or concerns with respect to product quality and safety can adversely affect our business.
We have recalled, and could in the future recall, products due to product quality or safety issues, including actual or alleged mislabeling, misbranding, spoilage, undeclared allergens, adulteration or contamination. Joint ventures in which we have an interest have also recalled, and could in the future recall, products for the same or other reasons. These risks could be heightened in light of new or evolving regulations, changes to our portfolio (including increased use of functional or other ingredients), aging infrastructure, and increased pressure on our suppliers from supply chain disruptions. Product recalls have in the past and could in the future adversely affect our business by resulting in losses due to their cost, the destruction of product inventory, customer fines and returns or lost sales due to any unavailability of the product for a period of time. In addition, our manufacturing facilities and products have been and could continue to be subject to increased inspection by federal, state and local authorities. Product quality or safety issues identified by us or governmental authorities have in the past and could in the future also reduce consumer confidence and demand for our products, cause production and delivery disruptions, including as a result of temporary or permanent closure of manufacturing plants or facilities, result in increased costs (including payment of fines and/or judgments, cleaning and remediation costs and legal fees, and costs associated with alternative sources of production) and damage our reputation (or the reputation of joint ventures in which we have an interest), particularly as we or our joint ventures continue to expand into new categories, all of which can adversely affect our business. Any perception or allegation (whether or not valid) of failure to maintain adequate oversight over product quality or safety can result in product recalls, litigation, government investigations, inspections or inquiries or civil or criminal proceedings, all of which may result in fines, penalties, damages, criminal liability, damage to our reputation or changes in consumer demand. Our business can also be adversely affected if consumers lose confidence in product
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quality, safety and integrity generally, even if such loss of confidence is unrelated to products in our portfolio. In addition, while we currently maintain insurance coverage that, subject to its terms and conditions, is intended to address costs associated with certain aspects of product recalls, this insurance coverage may not, depending on the specific facts and circumstances surrounding an incident, cover all losses or all types of claims that arise from an incident, or the damage to our reputation or brands that may result from an incident.
Any inability to compete effectively can adversely affect our business.
Our products compete against products of international beverage and convenient food companies that, like us, operate in multiple geographies, as well as regional, local and private label and economy brand manufacturers and other competitors, including smaller companies developing and selling micro brands directly to consumers through e-commerce platforms or through retailers focused on locally sourced products. In many countries in which our products are sold, including the United States, The Coca-Cola Company is our primary beverage competitor. Our products compete primarily on the basis of brand recognition and loyalty, taste, price, value, quality, product variety, innovation, distribution, shelf space and preferable shelf placement, advertising, marketing and promotional activity, packaging, convenience, service and the ability to anticipate and effectively respond to consumer preferences and trends. Our business can be adversely affected if our strategy is not effective, if we fail to achieve the commercial and financial priorities announced during 2025 to improve our marketplace competitiveness and financial performance, including in our North American businesses, if we are unable to effectively promote or develop our existing products or introduce and effectively market new products (including in response to increased consumer demand for products with certain attributes, functional benefits, ingredients or nutrition profiles), if we are unable to effectively digitalize our operations and adopt new technologies, including artificial intelligence and data analytics to develop new commercial insights and improve operating efficiencies, if we are unable to continuously strengthen and evolve our capabilities in digital marketing, if our competitors spend more aggressively or effectively than we do, if our competitors are more successful than us in shifting to products that are less affected by the impact of taxes imposed as a result of ingredients contained in such products, or if we are otherwise unable to effectively respond to supply disruptions, pricing pressure (including as a result of commodity inflation) or otherwise compete effectively, and we may be unable to grow or maintain sales or category share or we may need to increase capital, marketing or other expenditures.
Failure to attract, develop and maintain a highly skilled workforce or effectively manage changes in our workforce can have an adverse effect on our business.
Our business requires that we attract, develop and maintain a highly skilled workforce. Our employees are highly sought after by our competitors and other companies and our continued ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to attract, retain, develop and motivate highly skilled personnel for all areas of our organization. Our ability to do so has been and may continue to be impacted by challenges in the labor market, which has experienced and may continue to experience wage inflation, labor shortages, increased employee turnover, changes in availability of our workforce and changing worker expectations regarding flexible work models. Any unplanned turnover, sustained labor shortage or unsuccessful implementation of our succession plans to backfill current leadership positions, including the Chief Executive Officer, or failure to attract, develop and maintain a highly skilled workforce, including with key capabilities such as e-commerce and digital marketing, artificial intelligence and data analytic skills, can deplete our institutional knowledge base, erode our competitive advantage or result in increased costs due to increased competition for employees, higher employee turnover or increased employee benefit costs. In addition, failure to attract, retain and develop associates in a manner that supports our culture can damage our business results and our reputation. Any of the foregoing can adversely affect our business.
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Water scarcity can adversely affect our business.
We and our business partners use water in the manufacturing of our products. Water is also essential to the production of the raw materials needed in our manufacturing process. Lack of available water of acceptable quality, actions by governmental and non-governmental organizations, investors, customers and consumers on water scarcity and increasing pressure to conserve and replenish water in areas of scarcity and stress, including due to the effects of climate change, can lead to: supply chain disruption; adverse effects on our operations or the operations of our business partners; higher compliance costs; increased capital expenditures (including investments in the development of technologies to enhance water efficiency and reduce consumption); higher production costs, including less favorable pricing for water; the interruption or cessation of operations at, or relocation of, our facilities or the facilities of our business partners; failure to achieve our goals relating to water use; perception of our failure to act responsibly with respect to water use or to effectively respond to legal or regulatory requirements concerning water scarcity; or damage to our reputation, any of which can adversely affect our business.
Changes in the retail landscape or in sales to any key customer can adversely affect our business.
The retail landscape continues to evolve, including continued growth in e-commerce channels and hard discounters. Our business will be adversely affected if we are unable to maintain and develop successful relationships with e-commerce retailers and hard discounters, while also maintaining relationships with our key customers operating in traditional retail channels (many of whom are also focused on increasing their e-commerce sales). Our business can be adversely affected if e-commerce channels and hard discounters take significant additional market share away from traditional retailers or we fail to find ways to create increasingly better digital tools and capabilities for our retail customers to enable them to grow their businesses. In addition, our business can be adversely affected if we are unable to profitably expand direct-to-consumer e-commerce capabilities.
Changing dynamics at the retail level have also impacted and may continue to impact our ability to grow in certain jurisdictions. In this changing retail landscape, retailers and buying groups are shifting traditional value propositions, removing our products or otherwise reducing shelf space allocated to our products and focusing on introducing and developing private-label brands. These changing conditions may also adversely impact how our customers compete in the markets in which they operate, which may in turn affect purchasing patterns of our products. Further, we must maintain mutually beneficial relationships with our key customers to compete effectively. A change in the business conditions (financial or otherwise) of any of our key customers, even if unrelated to us, a significant reduction in sales to any key customer, or the loss of any of our key customers has adversely affected and can continue to adversely affect our business.
Disruption of our manufacturing operations or supply chain, including increased commodity, packaging, transportation, labor and other input costs, can adversely affect our business.
We have experienced and could continue to experience disruption in our manufacturing operations and supply chain. Many of the raw materials and supplies used in the production of our products are sourced from countries experiencing war or other military conflict, acts of terrorism, civil unrest, political instability or unfavorable economic conditions. Natural disasters and extreme weather conditions also pose physical risks to our facilities and those of our suppliers, which could impair our production capabilities and disrupt our supply chain. Some raw materials and supplies, including packaging materials, are available only from a limited number of suppliers or from a sole supplier or are in short supply when seasonal demand is at its peak. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain favorable arrangements and relationships with suppliers or that our contingency plans will be effective to mitigate disruptions that may arise from shortages or discontinuation of any raw materials and other supplies that we use in the manufacture, production and distribution of our products or from operational or financial
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instability of our key suppliers. Any sustained or significant disruption in the future to the manufacturing or sourcing of products or materials could increase our costs and interrupt product supply, which can adversely impact our business.
The raw materials and other supplies, including agricultural commodities, fuel and packaging materials, such as recycled PET, transportation, labor and other supply chain inputs that we use for the manufacturing, production and distribution of our products are subject to price volatility and fluctuations in availability caused by many factors, including changes in supply and demand, supplier capacity constraints, inflation, weather conditions (including potential effects of climate change), fire, natural disasters, disease or pests (including the impact of greening disease on the citrus industry), agricultural uncertainty, health epidemics or pandemics or other contagious outbreaks, labor shortages or changes in availability of our or our business partners’ workforce, strikes or work stoppages (including by railway workers or other third parties involved in the manufacture, production and distribution of our products), governmental incentives and controls and import/export restrictions, such as new, expanded or retaliatory tariffs, sanctions, quotas or trade barriers, port congestions or delays, transport capacity constraints, cybersecurity incidents or other disruptions, loss or impairment of key manufacturing sites, political uncertainties, geopolitical events and tensions, wars and other military conflicts, acts of terrorism, governmental instability or currency exchange rates. In addition, the imposition of tariffs (including U.S. tariffs imposed or threatened to be imposed on China, the European Union, Canada and Mexico and other countries and any tariffs imposed by such countries) have impacted and could continue to impact our supply chain resulting in increased input costs, including the cost of certain raw materials and packaging. The impact of tariffs will continue to vary, including based on where inputs are sourced from and shipped to. Many of our raw materials and supplies are purchased in the open market and the prices we pay for such items are subject to fluctuation. We continued to experience volatility in our commodity, packaging and transportation costs during 2025, which may continue. When input prices increase unexpectedly or significantly, we may be unwilling or unable to increase our product prices or unable to effectively hedge against price increases to offset these increased costs without suffering reduced volume, revenue, margins and operating results.
Political, social and geopolitical conditions can adversely affect our business.
The impact from political, social and geopolitical conditions in the markets in which our products are sold has been and could continue to be difficult to predict, resulting in adverse effects on our business. The results of elections, referendums or other political conditions (including government shutdowns), geopolitical events and tensions, wars and other military conflicts (such as the ongoing conflict in Ukraine and recent intervention in Venezuela) in these markets have in the past impacted and could continue to impact how existing laws, regulations and government programs or policies are implemented or result in uncertainty as to how such laws, regulations, programs or policies may change, including with respect to the negotiation of new trade agreements, new, expanded or retaliatory tariffs against certain countries or covering certain products or ingredients (including U.S. tariffs imposed or threatened to be imposed on China, the European Union, Canada and Mexico and other countries and any retaliatory actions taken by such countries), sanctions, environmental and climate change regulations, taxes, benefit programs (including any changes to governmental subsidies provided to our consumers such as SNAP in the United States), the movement of goods, services and people between countries, relationships between countries, customer or consumer perception of a particular country or its government and other matters. Such conditions have resulted in and could continue to result in exchange rate fluctuation, limitations on access to credit markets and other corporate banking services, including working capital facilities, volatility in global stock markets and global economic uncertainty and heightened risk to employee safety, any of which can adversely affect our business. In addition, geopolitical conflicts (such as the ongoing conflict in Ukraine) could result in temporary or permanent loss of assets, including the nationalization or expropriation of assets.
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In addition, political and social conditions in certain jurisdictions have resulted in demonstrations and protests, including in connection with geopolitical events and tensions, political elections, civil rights and liberties. Our operations or the operations of our business partners, including the distribution of our products and the ingredients or other raw materials used in the production of our products, may be disrupted if such events persist for a prolonged period of time, including due to actions taken by governmental authorities in affected cities and regions, which can adversely affect our business.
Our business can be adversely affected if we are unable to grow in developing and emerging markets.
Our success depends in part on our ability to grow our business in developing and emerging markets. There can be no assurance that our products will be accepted or be successful in any particular developing or emerging market, due to competition, price, cultural differences, consumer preferences, regulation, method of distribution or otherwise. Our business in these markets has been and could continue in the future to be impacted by economic, political and social conditions; geopolitical conflicts or tensions, acts of war, terrorist acts, and civil unrest, including demonstrations and protests; competition; tariffs, sanctions or other regulations restricting contact with certain countries in these markets; foreign ownership restrictions; nationalization of our assets or the assets of our business partners; government-mandated closure, or threatened closure, of our operations or the operations of our business partners; restrictions on the import or export of our products or ingredients or substances used in our products; highly inflationary economies; devaluation or fluctuation or demonetization of currency; regulations on the transfer of funds to and from foreign countries, currency controls or other currency exchange restrictions, which result in significant cash balances in foreign countries, from time to time, or can significantly affect our ability to effectively manage our operations in certain of these markets and can result in the deconsolidation of such businesses; the lack of well-established or reliable legal systems; increased costs of doing business due to compliance with complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations, including the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the U.K. Bribery Act and the Trade Sanctions Reform and Export Enhancement Act; and adverse consequences, such as the assessment of fines or penalties, for any failure to comply with laws and regulations. Our business can be adversely affected if we are unable to expand our business in developing and emerging markets, effectively operate, or manage the risks associated with operating, in these markets, or achieve the return on capital we expect from our investments in these markets.
Changes in economic conditions can adversely impact our business.
Many of the jurisdictions in which our products are sold have experienced and could continue to experience uncertain or unfavorable economic conditions, such as high inflation and adverse changes in interest rates, tax laws or tax rates and new, expanded or retaliatory tariffs, including as a result of geopolitical events and tensions. These uncertain or unfavorable economic conditions have resulted in and could continue to result in recessions or economic slowdowns; volatile commodity markets; labor shortages; highly inflationary economies, devaluation, fluctuation or demonetization of currency; contraction in the availability of credit; austerity or stimulus measures; the effects of any default by or deterioration in the creditworthiness of the countries in which our products are sold; or a decrease in the fair value of pension or post-retirement assets that could increase future employee benefit costs and/or funding requirements of our pension or post-retirement plans. Under difficult economic conditions, consumers may seek to reduce discretionary spending by forgoing purchases of our products or shifting toward lower-priced products offered by other companies, including private-label brands, which has impacted and could continue to impact consumer demand for our products. In addition, we cannot predict how current or future economic conditions will affect our business partners, including financial institutions with whom we do business, and any negative impact on any of the foregoing may also have an adverse impact on our business.
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Future cyber incidents and other disruptions to our information systems can adversely affect our business.
We depend on information systems and technology, including public websites and cloud-based services, for many activities important to our business, including communications within our company, interfacing with customers and consumers; ordering and managing inventory; managing and operating our facilities; protecting confidential information, including personal data we collect; maintaining accurate financial records and complying with regulatory, financial reporting, legal and tax requirements. Our business has in the past and could in the future be negatively affected by security incidents, systems disruptions or shutdowns or degraded systems performance. These incidents or disruptions may be caused by cyberattacks and other cyber incidents, network or power outages, software, equipment or telecommunications failures, the unintentional or malicious actions of employees or contractors, natural disasters, fires or other catastrophic events.
Cyberattacks and other cyber incidents are occurring more frequently, and the techniques used to gain access to information technology systems and data, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems are constantly evolving and becoming more sophisticated in nature and are being carried out by groups and individuals with a wide range of expertise and motives. In addition, the rapid evolution and increased adoption of artificial intelligence technologies may increase our cybersecurity risks, including generative artificial intelligence augmenting threat actors’ technological sophistication to enhance existing or create new malware. Cyberattacks and cyber incidents take many forms including cyber extortion, denial of service, social engineering, deepfake attacks and disinformation campaigns, introduction of viruses or malware (such as ransomware), exploiting vulnerabilities in hardware, software or other infrastructure (including zero-day vulnerabilities), hacking, website defacement or theft of passwords and other credentials, unauthorized use of computing resources for digital currency mining and business email compromise. As with other global companies, we are regularly subject to cyberattacks and other cyber incidents, including the types of attacks and incidents described above. Continued geopolitical instability has heightened the risk of cyberattacks. In addition, such cyberattacks may be difficult to detect for periods of time and, even if detected, the nature and extent of that cybersecurity incident may not be immediately clear and an investigation into a cybersecurity incident could take a significant amount of time to complete. These factors may inhibit our ability to provide rapid, complete and reliable information about the cybersecurity incident to customers, counterparties and regulators, as well as the public. If we do not allocate and effectively manage the resources necessary to continue building and maintaining our information technology infrastructure, or if we fail to timely identify or appropriately respond to cyberattacks or other cyber incidents, our business has been and can continue to be adversely affected, which has resulted in and can continue to result in some or all of the following: transaction errors, processing inefficiencies, inability to access our data or systems, lost revenues or other costs resulting from disruptions or shutdowns of offices, plants, warehouses, distribution centers or other facilities, compromises of personal data, confidential information, intellectual property or other sensitive data, litigation, claims, legal or regulatory proceedings, inquiries or investigations, fines or penalties, remediation costs, damage to our reputation or a negative impact on employee morale and the loss of current or potential customers. In addition, these risks also exist in acquired businesses, joint ventures or companies we invest in or partner with that use separate information systems or that have not yet been fully integrated into our information systems.
Similar risks exist with respect to our business partners and third-party providers, including suppliers, software and cloud-based service providers, that we rely upon for aspects of various business processes and activities, including procurement, supply chain, manufacturing, distribution, information technology support services and administrative functions (including payroll processing, health and benefit plan administration and certain finance and accounting functions) and the systems managed, hosted, provided and/or used by such third parties and their vendors. For example, malicious actors have employed and
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could continue to employ the information technology supply chain to introduce malware through software updates or compromised supplier accounts or hardware and exploit known or unknown hardware or software vulnerabilities in our systems or the systems of our vendors and third-party service providers. The need to coordinate with various third-party service providers, including with respect to timely notification and access to personnel and information concerning an incident, may complicate our efforts to address issues that arise. As a result, we are subject to the risk that the activities associated with our third-party service providers can adversely affect our business even if the attack or breach does not directly impact our systems or information.
Although the cyber incidents and other systems disruptions that we have experienced to date have not had a material effect on our business, such incidents or disruptions could have a material adverse effect on us in the future. While we believe we devote significant resources to network security, disaster recovery, employee training and other measures to secure our information technology systems and prevent unauthorized access to or loss of data, there are no guarantees that they will be adequate to safeguard against all cyber incidents, systems disruptions, system compromises or misuses of data. In addition, while we currently maintain insurance coverage that, subject to its terms and conditions, is intended to address costs associated with certain aspects of cyber incidents and information systems failures, this insurance coverage may not, depending on the specific facts and circumstances surrounding an incident, cover all losses or all types of claims that arise from an incident, or the damage to our reputation or brands that may result from an incident.
Failure to successfully complete or manage strategic transactions can adversely affect our business.
We regularly review our portfolio of businesses and evaluate potential acquisitions, joint ventures, distribution agreements, divestitures, refranchisings and other strategic transactions. The success of these transactions is dependent upon, among other things, our ability to realize the full extent of the expected returns, benefits, cost savings or synergies as a result of a transaction, within the anticipated time frame, or at all; and receipt of necessary consents, clearances and approvals. Risks associated with strategic transactions include integrating manufacturing, distribution, sales, accounting, financial reporting and administrative support activities and information technology systems with our company or difficulties separating such personnel, activities and systems in connection with divestitures; operating through new business models or in new categories or territories; motivating, recruiting and retaining executives and key employees; conforming controls (including internal control over financial reporting, disclosure controls and procedures and data protection and cybersecurity) and policies (including with respect to environmental compliance, food safety, health and safety compliance and compliance with anti-bribery laws); retaining existing customers and consumers and attracting new customers and consumers; managing tax costs or inefficiencies; maintaining good relations with divested or refranchised businesses in our supply or sales chain; inability to offset loss of revenue associated with divested brands or businesses; recognition of impairment charges in connection with potential divestitures; managing the impact of business decisions or other actions or omissions of our joint venture partners that may have different interests than we do; and other unanticipated problems or liabilities, such as contingent liabilities and litigation. Strategic transactions that are not successfully completed or managed effectively, or our failure to effectively manage the risks associated with such transactions, have in the past and could continue to result in adverse effects on our business. In addition, failure to successfully complete or manage strategic transactions may impede our efforts to shift our portfolio to include new products that are less affected by the impact of ingredient-based taxes or other regulatory actions or scrutiny.
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Our reliance on third-party service providers and enterprise-wide systems can have an adverse effect on our business.
We rely on third-party service providers, including software and cloud data service providers, for certain areas of our business, including procurement, supply chain, manufacturing, distribution, information technology support services and administrative functions (such as payroll processing, health and benefit plan administration and certain finance and accounting functions). Failure by these third parties to meet their contractual, regulatory and other obligations to us, or our failure to adequately monitor their performance, has in the past and could continue to result in our inability to achieve the expected cost savings or efficiencies and result in additional costs to correct errors made by such service providers. Depending on the function involved, such errors can also lead to business disruption, systems performance degradation, processing inefficiencies or other systems disruptions, the loss of or damage to intellectual property or sensitive data through security breaches or otherwise, incorrect or adverse effects on financial reporting, litigation, claims, legal or regulatory proceedings, inquiries or investigations, fines or penalties, remediation costs, damage to our reputation or have a negative impact on employee morale, all of which can adversely affect our business.
In addition, we continue on our multi-year phased business transformation initiative to migrate certain aspects of our systems, including our financial processing systems, to enterprise-wide systems solutions and have deployed these systems in certain countries and segments. We have experienced and could continue to experience systems outages and operating inefficiencies following these planned implementations. In addition, if we do not allocate and effectively manage the resources necessary to build and sustain the proper information technology infrastructure, or if we fail to achieve the expected benefits from this initiative, our business could be adversely affected.
Climate change or measures to address climate change and other sustainability matters can negatively affect our business or damage our reputation.
Climate change may increase the frequency or severity of natural disasters and other extreme weather conditions, including rising temperatures and drought. Natural disasters and extreme weather conditions could pose physical risks to our facilities, impair our production capabilities, disrupt our supply chain or impact demand for our products. In addition, climate change or other weather-related disruptions to our supply chain may also have a negative effect on agricultural production resulting in decreased availability or less favorable pricing for certain commodities that are necessary for our products, such as potatoes, sugar cane, corn, wheat, rice, oats, oranges and other commodities. Also, there is continued focus in many jurisdictions in which our products are made, manufactured, distributed or sold regarding environmental policies relating to climate change, biodiversity loss, deforestation, regulating greenhouse gas emissions, energy policies and sustainability, including single-use plastics. This increased focus may result in new or increased legal and regulatory requirements, such as potential carbon pricing programs or revised product labeling requirements or other regulatory measures, which could, along with initiatives to meet our sustainability goals, continue to result in significant increased costs and require additional investments in facilities and equipment. As a result, the effects of climate change can negatively affect our business and operations.
In addition, there can be no assurance that we will achieve our sustainability goals, which will require significant effort and resources from us and other stakeholders, such as our suppliers and other third parties, governmental entities, and the development of technology that may not currently exist or exist at scale. Further, developing and collecting, measuring and reporting sustainability information and metrics can be costly, difficult and time consuming and is subject to changing interpretive guidance and evolving reporting standards, including the European Sustainability Reporting Standards and Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive in the European Union, especially to the extent these standards are not harmonized or consistent. Further, methodologies for reporting our data may be updated and previously
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reported data may be adjusted to reflect improvement in availability and quality of third-party data, changing assumptions, changes in the nature and scope of our operations (including from acquisitions and divestitures) and other changes in circumstances. Lack of progress or failure to properly report on our goals with respect to reducing our impact on the environment or perception of a failure to act responsibly with respect to the environment or to effectively respond to regulatory requirements concerning climate change and other sustainability matters, including the use of single-use plastics, has led and could continue to lead to adverse publicity, reduced demand for our products, damage to our reputation, an increased risk of litigation, regulatory proceedings, inquiries or investigations, which have adversely affected our business. We could also be subjected to negative responses by governmental actors (such as anti-ESG legislation or retaliatory legislative treatment) or certain stakeholders (such as boycotts, litigation or negative publicity campaigns) that could adversely affect our business.
Strikes or work stoppages can cause our business to suffer.
Many of our employees and employees of third parties that are involved in the manufacturing, production or distribution of our products are covered by collective bargaining agreements, and other employees may seek to be covered by collective bargaining agreements. Strikes or work stoppages or other business interruptions have occurred and may occur in the future if we or the third parties that are involved in the manufacturing, production and distribution of our products are unable to renew, or enter into new, collective bargaining agreements on satisfactory terms and can impair manufacturing and distribution of our products or the ingredients, raw materials or commodities used in our products, interrupt product supply, lead to a loss of sales, increase our costs or otherwise affect our ability to fully implement future operational changes to enhance our efficiency or to adapt to changing business needs or strategy, all of which can adversely affect our business.
Financial Risks
Failure to realize benefits from our productivity initiatives or organizational restructurings can adversely affect our financial performance.
Our future growth depends, in part, on our ability to continue to reduce costs and improve efficiencies, including digitalization of our operations, our multi-year phased implementation of shared business service organizational models and organizational restructuring. We continue to identify and implement productivity and restructuring initiatives that we believe will position our business for long-term sustainable growth, including certain commercial and financial priorities to improve our marketplace competitiveness and financial performance announced during 2025, by allowing us to achieve a lower cost structure, improve decision-making and operate more efficiently. Some of these measures could result in unintended consequences, such as business disruptions, distraction of management and employees, reduced morale and productivity, unexpected employee attrition, an inability to attract or retain key personnel and negative publicity. If we are unable to successfully implement our productivity initiatives, digitalization of our operations or organizational restructurings as planned or do not achieve expected savings or efficiencies as a result of these initiatives, we may not realize all or any of the anticipated benefits, resulting in adverse effects on our financial performance.
A deterioration in our estimates and underlying assumptions regarding the future performance of our business or investments can result in impairment charges that adversely affect our results of operations.
We conduct impairment tests on our goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets annually or more frequently if circumstances indicate that impairment may have occurred. In addition, amortizable intangible assets, equity method investments, equity investments without readily determinable fair values, investments in available-for-sale debt securities, property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets are evaluated for impairment upon a significant change in the operating or macroeconomic environment. Our equity method investees also perform similar impairment tests and we record our proportionate share
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of impairment charges recorded by them, adjusted for the impact of items such as basis differences and deferred taxes, as appropriate. A deterioration in our underlying assumptions, or those of our equity method investees, regarding the impact of competitive operating conditions, geopolitical conditions, macroeconomic conditions, including the interest rate environment, or other factors used to estimate the future performance of any of our reporting units or assets, including any deterioration in the weighted-average cost of capital based on market data available at the time, as well as our ability to hold the investment until recovery of fair value to amortized cost for available-for-sale debt securities, have resulted and could in the future result in an impairment charge, thereby adversely affecting our results of operations.
Fluctuations in exchange rates impact our financial performance.
Because our consolidated financial statements are presented in U.S. dollars, the financial statements of our subsidiaries outside the United States, where the functional currency is other than the U.S. dollar, are translated into U.S. dollars. Given our global operations, we also pay for the ingredients, raw materials and commodities used in our business in numerous currencies. Fluctuations in exchange rates, including as a result of inflation, central bank monetary policies, currency controls or other currency exchange restrictions or geopolitical instability have had, and could continue to have, an adverse impact on our financial performance.
Our borrowing costs and access to capital and credit markets can be adversely affected by a downgrade or potential downgrade of our credit ratings.
Rating agencies routinely evaluate us, and their ratings are based on a number of factors, including our cash generating capability, levels of indebtedness, policies with respect to shareholder distributions and our financial strength generally, as well as factors beyond our control, such as the state of the economy and our industry. We expect to maintain Tier 1 commercial paper access, which we believe will facilitate appropriate financial flexibility and ready access to global credit markets at favorable interest rates. Any downgrade or announcement that we are under review for a potential downgrade of our credit ratings, especially any downgrade to below investment grade, can increase our future borrowing costs, impair our ability to access capital and credit markets on terms commercially acceptable to us or at all, result in a reduction in our liquidity, or impair our ability to access the commercial paper market with the same flexibility that we have experienced historically (and therefore require us to rely more heavily on more expensive types of debt financing), all of which can adversely affect our financial performance.
Legal, Tax and Regulatory Risks
Taxes aimed at our products can adversely affect our business or financial performance.
Certain jurisdictions in which our products are sold have either imposed, or are considering imposing, new or increased taxes on the manufacture, distribution or sale of certain of our beverage products as a result of ingredients contained in such products. These taxes vary in scope and form: some apply to all beverages, including non-caloric beverages, while others apply only to beverages with a caloric sweetener (e.g., sugar). Similarly, some measures apply a single tax rate per ounce/liter on beverages containing over a certain amount of added sugar (or other sweetener), some apply a graduated tax rate depending upon the amount of added sugar (or other sweetener) in the beverage and others apply a flat tax rate on beverages containing any amount of added sugar (or other sweetener). For example, Mexico recently enacted an increase to its existing flat tax on all sweetened beverages, effective January 1, 2026, from a rate of approximately $0.09 (1.64 Mexican pesos) to a rate of approximately $0.17 (3.08 Mexican pesos) per liter. In addition, certain jurisdictions in which our snack products are sold, have either imposed, or are considering imposing, new or increased taxes on the manufacture, distribution or sale of certain of our snack products as a result of ingredients (such as sugar, sodium or saturated fat) contained in such products. These tax measures, whatever their scope or form, have in the past increased and could continue
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to increase the cost of certain of our products, reduce overall consumption of our products or lead to negative publicity, resulting in an adverse effect on our business and financial performance.
Limitations on the marketing or sale of our products can adversely affect our business and financial performance.
Certain jurisdictions in which our products are sold have either imposed, or are considering imposing, limitations on the marketing or sale of our products as a result of ingredients or substances in our products or certain product attributes or packaging. These limitations require that we highlight perceived concerns about a product or product packaging, warn consumers to avoid consumption of certain ingredients or substances present in our products, restrict the age of consumers to whom products are marketed or sold (including bans on advertising during children’s TV programs), limit the location in which our products may be available (including limits on the sale of our products in public schools) or discontinue the use of certain ingredients or packaging. For example, in 2025, the state of Texas passed a law, effective January 1, 2027, requiring warning labels on products containing certain ingredients, including artificial colors. Certain jurisdictions have imposed or are considering imposing color-coded labeling requirements where colors such as red, yellow and green are used to indicate various levels of a particular ingredient, such as sugar, sodium or saturated fat, in products, and other jurisdictions, including the United States, have imposed or are considering imposing restrictions on so-called “ultra-processed” foods. The imposition or proposed imposition of additional limitations on the marketing or sale of our products has in the past reduced and could continue to reduce overall consumption of our products, lead to negative publicity or leave consumers with the perception that our products do not meet their health and wellness needs, resulting in an adverse effect on our business and financial performance.
Laws and regulations related to the use or disposal of plastics or other packaging materials can adversely affect our business and financial performance.
We rely on diverse packaging solutions to safely deliver products to our customers and consumers. Certain of our products are sold in packaging designed to be recyclable, commercially compostable, biodegradable or reusable. However, not all packaging is recovered or handled as designed, whether due to lack of infrastructure, improper disposal or otherwise, and certain of our packaging is not currently recyclable, commercially compostable, biodegradable or reusable. Packaging waste not properly disposed of that displays one or more of our brands has in the past resulted in and could continue to result in negative publicity, litigation, government investigations or other action or reduced consumer demand for our products, adversely affecting our financial performance. Many jurisdictions in which our products are sold have imposed or are considering imposing laws, regulations or policies intended to encourage the use of sustainable packaging, waste reduction, increased recycling rates or decreased use of single-use plastics or to restrict the sale of products utilizing certain packaging. These laws, regulations and policies vary in form and scope and include extended producer responsibility policies, plastic or packaging taxes, minimum recycled content requirements, restrictions on certain products and materials, requirements for bottle caps to be tethered to bottles, restrictions or bans on the use of certain types of packaging, including single-use plastics and packaging containing PFAS, restrictions on labeling related to recyclability, requirements to charge deposit fees and requirements to scale reusable or refillable packaging. For example, multiple states in the United States have implemented, or are considering implementing, extended producer responsibility laws that will increase expenses, including through fees paid to state governments in connection with such laws. These laws and regulations have in the past increased and could continue to increase the cost of our products, impact demand for our products, result in negative publicity and require us and our business partners, including our independent bottlers, to increase capital expenditures to invest in reducing the amount of virgin plastic or other materials used in our packaging, to develop alternative packaging or to revise product labeling, all of which can adversely affect our business and financial performance.
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Failure to comply with personal data protection and privacy laws can adversely affect our business.
We are subject to a variety of continuously evolving and developing laws and regulations in numerous jurisdictions regarding personal data protection and privacy laws. These laws and regulations may be interpreted and applied differently from country to country or, within the United States, from state to state, and can create inconsistent or conflicting requirements. Our efforts to comply with these laws and regulations, including the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act, as well as similar legislation enacted in other states, as well as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the U.K. General Data Protection Regulation (which implements the GDPR into U.K. law), China’s Personal Information Protection Act and similar regulations implemented in other non-U.S. jurisdictions, impose significant costs and challenges that are likely to continue to increase over time, particularly as additional jurisdictions continue to adopt similar regulations and we continue to expand our direct-to-consumer operations. The increasing adoption of artificial intelligence technologies has led data protection authorities in many jurisdictions in which we operate to consider and adopt new and evolving interpretations of privacy and data protection laws, with specific obligations regarding processing of personal data, including required notices, consents, and opt-outs. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations or to otherwise protect personal data from unauthorized access, use or other processing, have in the past resulted in and could in the future result in litigation, claims, legal or regulatory proceedings, inquiries or investigations, damage to our reputation, fines or penalties, all of which can adversely affect our business.
Increases in income tax rates, changes in income tax laws or disagreements with tax authorities can adversely affect our financial performance.
Increases in income tax rates or other changes in tax laws, including changes in how existing tax laws are interpreted or enforced, can adversely affect our financial performance. For example, economic and political conditions in countries where we are subject to taxes, including the United States, have in the past resulted in and could continue to result in significant changes in tax legislation or regulation. Numerous countries, including European Union member states, have enacted or are expected to enact legislation incorporating the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) model rules for a global minimum tax rate of 15% with widespread implementation expected by the end of 2026. As the legislation becomes effective in countries in which we do business, our taxes will increase and negatively impact our provision for income taxes. This increasingly complex global tax environment has in the past increased and could continue to increase tax uncertainty, resulting in higher compliance costs and adverse effects on our financial performance. We are also subject to regular reviews, examinations and audits by numerous taxing authorities with respect to income and non-income based taxes. Economic and political pressures to increase tax revenues in jurisdictions in which we operate, or the adoption of new or reformed tax legislation or regulation, has made and could continue to make resolving tax disputes more difficult and the final resolution of tax audits and any related litigation can materially differ from our historical provisions and accruals, which can adversely affect our financial performance.
If we are unable to adequately protect our intellectual property rights, or if we are found to infringe on the intellectual property rights of others, our business can be adversely affected.
We possess intellectual property rights that are important to our business, including ingredient formulas, trademarks, copyrights, patents, business processes and other trade secrets. The laws of various jurisdictions in which we operate have differing levels of protection of intellectual property. Our competitive position and the value of our products and brands can be reduced and our business adversely affected if we fail to obtain or adequately protect our intellectual property, including our ingredient formulas, or if there is a change in law that limits or removes the current legal protections afforded our intellectual property. Also, in the course of developing new products or improving the quality of existing products, we have in the past been alleged to have infringed, and could in the future infringe or be alleged
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to infringe, on the intellectual property rights of others. In addition, our use of artificial intelligence may result in increased claims of infringement or other claims, including those based on unauthorized use of third-party technology or content. Such infringement or allegations of infringement could result in expensive litigation and damages, damage to our reputation, disruption to our operations, injunctions against development, manufacturing, use and/or sale of certain products, inventory write-offs or other limitations on our ability to introduce new products or improve the quality of existing products, resulting in an adverse effect on our business. In addition, we cannot ensure that licensees and other third parties who hold licenses to our intellectual property will not take actions that adversely affect the value of our intellectual property.
Failure to comply with laws and regulations applicable to our business can adversely affect our business.
The conduct of our business is subject to numerous laws and regulations relating to the production, processing, storage, distribution, sale, display, advertising, marketing, labeling, content (including whether a product contains artificial colors or flavors or genetically engineered ingredients), quality, safety, transportation, supply chain (including human rights), traceability, sourcing (including pesticide use), packaging, disposal, recycling and use of our products or raw materials, employment and occupational health and safety, environmental, social and governance matters and reporting (including climate change), machine learning and artificial intelligence (including generative artificial intelligence), international trade (including sanctions and export controls), and data privacy and protection. In addition, in many jurisdictions, compliance with competition and antitrust laws is of special importance to us due to our competitive position, as is compliance with anti-corruption laws. The imposition of new laws or regulatory requirements (including sanctions), changes in laws or regulatory requirements or changing interpretations or uncertainty regarding the interpretation thereof (including as a result of executive orders), changes in the enforcement priorities of regulators, and differing or competing regulations and standards across the markets where our products or raw materials are made, manufactured, distributed or sold, have in the past resulted in and could continue to result in higher compliance costs, capital expenditures and higher production costs, or make it necessary for us to reformulate certain of our products or otherwise make changes to our operations, resulting in adverse effects on our business. For example, increasing governmental and societal attention to environmental, social and governance matters has resulted in and could continue to result in new laws or regulatory requirements, including expanded disclosure requirements that are expected to continue to expand the nature, scope and complexity of matters on which we are required to report. Further, the legal and regulatory landscape for certain new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, is uncertain and evolving and our compliance obligations could continue to increase our costs or limit how we may use these technologies in one or more of our businesses. In addition, the entry into new markets or categories has resulted in and could continue to result in our business being subject to additional regulations resulting in higher compliance costs. If one jurisdiction imposes or proposes to impose new laws or regulations that impact the manufacture, distribution or sale of our products, other jurisdictions may follow. Failure to comply with such laws or regulations (or allegations thereof) can subject us to criminal or civil investigations or enforcement actions, including voluntary and involuntary document requests, fines, injunctions, product recalls, penalties, disgorgement of profits or activity restrictions, all of which can adversely affect our business. In addition, increasing governmental attention to processing and certain ingredients or substances present in certain of our products or packaging materials as well as the results of third-party studies (whether or not scientifically valid) purporting to assess the health implications of consumption of such ingredients or substances have resulted in and could continue to result in increased regulatory scrutiny and our being subject to new taxes and regulations or lawsuits that can adversely affect our business.
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Potential liabilities and costs from litigation, claims, legal or regulatory proceedings, inquiries or investigations can have an adverse impact on our business.
We and our subsidiaries have been, and in the future may be, party to a variety of litigation, claims, legal or regulatory proceedings, inquiries and investigations, including but not limited to matters related to our advertising, marketing or commercial practices, product labels, claims and ingredients, processing, food safety, personal injury, property damage, intellectual property rights, privacy, employment, tax and insurance matters, environmental, social and governance matters, including concerns or perceptions regarding our packaging and its environmental impact, the efficacy of recycling, our sustainability goals and our workforce policies and initiatives, shareholder-initiated actions, and matters relating to our compliance with applicable laws and regulations. For example, as a global food and beverage company, we are subject to increased regulatory scrutiny and face legal challenges in a variety of jurisdictions concerning alleged health implications associated with consumption of certain of our food products, our development or marketing of those products and/or the alleged environmental impact of the packaging used for certain of our products. These matters are inherently uncertain and there is no guarantee that we will be successful in defending ourselves or that our assessment of the materiality of these matters and the likely outcome or potential losses and established reserves will be consistent with the ultimate outcome of such matters. Responding to these matters, even those that are ultimately non-meritorious, requires us to incur significant expense and devote significant resources, and may generate adverse publicity that damages our reputation or brand image. Any of the foregoing can adversely affect our business.
Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.
We have received no written comments regarding our periodic or current reports from the staff of the SEC that were issued 180 days or more preceding the end of our 2025 fiscal year and that remain unresolved.
Item 1C. Cybersecurity.
Cybersecurity Risk Management and Strategy
We are regularly subject to cyberattacks and other cyber incidents. In response, we have implemented cybersecurity processes, technologies, and controls to aid in our efforts to assess, identify, and manage cybersecurity risks. Our enterprise risk management framework considers cybersecurity risk alongside other company risks as part of our overall risk assessment process. Our enterprise risk management team collaborates with our Cybersecurity function, led by the Company’s Chief Strategy and Transformation Officer and the Company’s Chief Information Security Officer, to gather insights for identifying, assessing and managing cybersecurity threat risks, their severity, and potential mitigations.
We assess PepsiCo’s Cybersecurity program using an industry-leading cybersecurity framework from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. To help assess and identify our cybersecurity risks, we maintain internal resources to perform penetration testing designed to simulate evolving tactics and techniques of real-world threat actors, engage with industry partners and law enforcement and intelligence communities and conduct tabletop exercises and periodic risk interviews across our business. We also engage an independent third party to perform internal and external penetration testing of PepsiCo’s environment periodically and engage other third parties to periodically conduct assessments of our cybersecurity capabilities. In addition, we continue to expand training and awareness practices to mitigate human risk, including mandatory computer-based training, internal communications, and regular phishing awareness campaigns that are designed to emulate real-world contemporary threats and provide immediate feedback (and, if necessary, additional training or remedial action) to employees.
Our processes also address cybersecurity risks associated with our use of third-party service providers including suppliers, software and cloud-based service providers. We proactively evaluate the cybersecurity risk of a third party by utilizing a repository of risk assessments, external monitoring
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sources, threat intelligence and predictive analytics to better inform PepsiCo during contracting and vendor selection processes. Additionally, we require those third parties to agree by contract to implement appropriate security controls. Security issues are documented and tracked and periodic monitoring is conducted for third parties in order to mitigate risk.
In addition to the processes, technologies, and controls that we have in place to reduce the likelihood of a successful material cyberattack, the Company has established well-defined response procedures to address cyber events that do occur. The program provides for the coordination of various corporate functions and governance groups and serves as a framework for the execution of responsibilities across businesses and operational roles. Our incident response plan coordinates the activities we take to prepare for, detect, respond to and recover from cybersecurity incidents, which include processes to triage, assess severity for, escalate, contain, investigate, and remediate the incident, as well as to assess for potential disclosure, comply with potentially applicable legal obligations and mitigate brand and reputational damage. We also maintain insurance coverage that, subject to its terms and conditions, is intended to address costs associated with certain aspects of cyber incidents and information systems failures.
Based on the information we have as of the date of this Form 10-K, we do not believe any risks from cybersecurity threats, including as a result of any previous cybersecurity incidents, have materially affected or are reasonably likely to materially affect us, including our business strategy, results of operations or financial condition. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for further information about these risks.
Cybersecurity Governance
Cybersecurity is an important part of our risk management processes and an area of focus for our Board and management. Given that cybersecurity risks can impact various areas of responsibility of the Committees of the Board, the Board believes it is useful and effective for the full Board to maintain direct oversight over cybersecurity matters. In 2021, the Board amended our Corporate Governance Guidelines to specifically mention cybersecurity as an area of Board oversight to reflect this existing practice.The Board receives and provides feedback on regular updates from management, including from the Company’s Chief Strategy and Transformation Officer and the Company’s Chief Information Security Officer, regarding cybersecurity governance processes, the status of projects to strengthen internal cybersecurity, results from third-party assessments, and also discusses any significant cyber incidents, including recent incidents at other companies and the emerging threat landscape.
Our cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes, which are discussed in greater detail above, are led by the Company’s Chief Strategy and Transformation Officer and the Company’s Chief Information Security Officer.Such individuals have significant prior work experience in various roles across multiple industries involving managing information security, developing cybersecurity strategy, implementing effective information and cybersecurity programs and managing compliance environments.
These members of management are informed about and monitor the prevention, mitigation, detection, and remediation of cybersecurity incidents through their management of, and participation in, the cybersecurity risk management and strategy processes described above, including the operation of our incident response plan.
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Item 2. Properties.
Our principal executive office located in Purchase, New York and our facilities located in Plano, Texas, all of which we own, are our most significant corporate properties.
In connection with making, marketing, distributing and selling our products, each segment utilizes manufacturing, processing, bottling and production plants, warehouses, distribution centers, storage facilities, offices, including segment headquarters, research and development facilities and other facilities, all of which are either owned or leased.
Significant properties by segment are as follows:
Property Type Location Owned/ Leased
PFNA Research and development facility Plano, Texas Owned
PFNA Convenient food plant Cedar Rapids, Iowa Owned
PBNA Research and development facility Valhalla, New York Owned
PBNA Concentrate plant Arlington, Texas Owned
IB Franchise Manufacturing plant Lehavim, Israel Owned
EMEA Convenient food plant Leicester, United Kingdom Owned (a)
EMEA Convenient food plant Kashira, Russia Owned
EMEA Dairy plant Moscow, Russia Owned
LatAm Foods Convenient food plant Celaya, Mexico Owned
LatAm Foods Two convenient food plants Vallejo, Mexico Owned
PBNA, IB Franchise Concentrate plant Colonia, Uruguay Owned (a)
PBNA, IB Franchise, EMEA Two concentrate plants Cork, Ireland Owned
PBNA, IB Franchise, EMEA Concentrate plant Singapore Owned (a)
All segments Shared service center Mexico City, Mexico Leased
All segments Shared service center Hyderabad, India Leased
(a)The land on which these properties are located is leased.
Most of our plants are owned or leased on a long-term basis. In addition to company-owned or leased properties described above, we also utilize a highly distributed network of plants, warehouses and distribution centers that are owned or leased by our contract manufacturers, co-packers, strategic alliances or joint ventures in which we have an equity interest. We believe that our properties generally are in good operating condition and, taken as a whole, are suitable, adequate and of sufficient capacity for our current operations.
Item 3. Legal Proceedings.
We are party to the following litigation asserting claims for public nuisance, and deceptive acts or practices in the conduct of business among other related claims allegedly resulting in plastic pollution in certain areas.
•On November 15, 2023, the Attorney General of New York, on behalf of the people of the State of New York, filed a lawsuit against PepsiCo, Inc., Frito-Lay, Inc. and Frito-Lay North America, Inc. (the NYS Matter). This matter was assigned to the Commercial Division of the New York State Supreme Court – Erie County. On November 8, 2024, the court granted our motion to dismiss the complaint in its entirety. On December 9, 2024, the plaintiff provided notice that it would appeal to the New York State Supreme Court Appellate Division – Fourth Department and filed its brief before the appellate court on January 6, 2026.
•On June 20, 2024, the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, Maryland filed a lawsuit against PepsiCo, Inc., Frito-Lay, Inc., Frito-Lay North America, Inc., and several other unrelated parties
(the Baltimore Matter). On July 21, 2025, the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, Maryland dismissed with prejudice all claims except for public nuisance. The court did not opine on the public nuisance claim and stayed the case pending a decision in three cases unrelated to PepsiCo that are before the Maryland Supreme Court.
•On October 29, 2024, County Counsel for the County of Los Angeles, on behalf of the people of the State of California, filed a lawsuit against PepsiCo, Inc., Pepsi Bottling Ventures LLC, and two other unrelated parties (the Los Angeles Matter). This lawsuit was filed in the Superior Court of the State of California for Los Angeles County. On May 21, 2025, Pepsi Bottling Ventures LLC was dismissed from the suit.
•On April 11, 2025, the Commissioner of the Department of Licensing and Consumer Affairs and Government of the United States Virgin Islands filed a lawsuit against PepsiCo, Inc., PepsiCo Caribbean, Inc., and two other unrelated parties (the USVI Matter). The lawsuit was initially filed in the Superior Court of the United States Virgin Islands, Division of St. Croix. On May 19, 2025, the defendants removed the case to federal court in the United States District Court of the Virgin Islands, Division of St. Croix. On June 18, 2025, the Government of the United States Virgin Islands filed a motion to remand the case back to the Superior Court. That motion is pending.
The lawsuits mentioned above do not specify the amount of damages sought and we believe we have strong defenses to each of the respective claims.
In addition, we and our subsidiaries are party to a variety of litigation, claims, legal or regulatory proceedings, inquiries and investigations. While the results of the NYS Matter, Baltimore Matter, Los Angeles Matter, USVI Matter and each such other litigation, claim, legal or regulatory proceeding, inquiry and investigation cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that the final outcome of the foregoing will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. See also “Item 1. Business – Regulatory Matters” and “Item 1A. Risk Factors.”
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.
Not applicable.
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Information About Our Executive Officers
The following is a list of names, ages and backgrounds of our current executive officers as of the date of filing of this Form 10-K with the SEC:
Name Age Title
Ram Krishnan 55 Chief Executive Officer, PepsiCo North America
Silviu Popovici 58 Chief Executive Officer, Europe, Middle East and Africa
Becky Schmitt 52 Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer, PepsiCo
Christine E. Tammara 48 Senior Vice President and Controller, PepsiCo
Eugene Willemsen 58 Chief Executive Officer, International Beverages
David J. Flavell has served as Executive Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary, PepsiCo since 2021. Mr. Flavell previously held a number of leadership roles at PepsiCo, including as Senior Vice President, Deputy General Counsel and Chief Compliance & Ethics Officer for PepsiCo from 2019 to 2021, as Senior Vice President, Deputy General Counsel & Managing Attorney from 2018 to 2019, as Senior Vice President, Deputy General Counsel & General Counsel, International and Global Groups from 2017 to 2018, as Senior Vice President, Deputy General Counsel & General Counsel, Latin America and Frito-Lay North America from 2016 to 2017, as Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Latin America and Frito-Lay North America from 2015 to 2016, and as Senior Vice President, General Counsel, Asia, Middle East and Africa from 2011 to 2015. Before joining PepsiCo in 2011, Mr. Flavell was general counsel for Danone S.A.’s Asia Pacific and Middle East business. Prior to that, Mr. Flavell served as senior legal counsel at Fonterra Co-operative Group Limited and was a partner at Corrs Chambers Westgarth.
Athina Kanioura was appointed Chief Executive Officer, PepsiCo Latin America Foods and Executive Vice President, Strategy & Transformation Officer in December 2025. Ms. Kanioura previously served as Executive Vice President and Chief Strategy and Transformation Officer, PepsiCo from 2020 to December 2025. Prior to joining PepsiCo, Ms. Kanioura served as Chief Analytics Officer and Global Head of Applied Intelligence at Accenture plc from 2019 to 2020 and as its Global Data Science Lead from 2017 to 2019. Since she joined Accenture in 2005, she held positions of increasing responsibility, including as Global Marketing and Commercial Analytics Lead.
Ram Krishnan was appointed Chief Executive Officer, PepsiCo North America, effective December 2025. Prior to that, Mr. Krishnan served as Chief Executive Officer, U.S. Beverages from January 2025 to December 2025, as Chief Executive Officer, PepsiCo Beverages North America from February 2024 to January 2025, as Chief Executive Officer, International Beverages and Chief Commercial Officer of PepsiCo from 2022 to February 2024, as Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer, PepsiCo, from 2019 to 2021, as President and Chief Executive Officer of PepsiCo’s Asia Pacific, Australia and New Zealand and China Region from 2018 to 2020, and as PepsiCo’s Senior Vice President and Chief Customer Officer for Walmart, leading PepsiCo’s global Walmart customer team, from 2016 to 2017. Mr. Krishnan joined PepsiCo in 2006 and held marketing roles of increasing responsibility from 2006 to 2016, including as Senior Vice President and Chief Marketing Officer, Frito-Lay North America from 2014 to 2016, as Senior Vice President, Marketing, Frito-Lay North America from 2012 to 2013 and
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as Vice President of Global Brands, Frito-Lay North America from 2011 to 2012. Prior to PepsiCo, Mr. Krishnan spent six years at General Motors Company as a marketing manager for Cadillac.
Ramon L. Laguarta has served as PepsiCo’s Chief Executive Officer and a director on the Board since 2018, and assumed the role of Chairman of the Board in 2019. Mr. Laguarta previously served as President of PepsiCo from 2017 to 2018. Prior to serving as President, Mr. Laguarta held a variety of positions of increasing responsibility in Europe, including as Commercial Vice President of PepsiCo Europe from 2006 to 2008, PepsiCo Eastern Europe Region from 2008 to 2012, President, Developing & Emerging Markets, PepsiCo Europe from 2012 to 2015, Chief Executive Officer, PepsiCo Europe in 2015, and Chief Executive Officer, Europe Sub-Saharan Africa from 2015 until 2017. From 2002 to 2006, he was General Manager for Iberia Snacks and Juices, and from 1999 to 2001, a General Manager for Greece Snacks. Prior to joining PepsiCo in 1996 as a marketing vice president for Spain Snacks, Mr. Laguarta worked for Chupa Chups, S.A., where he worked in several international assignments in Asia, Europe, the Middle East and the United States. Mr. Laguarta was elected to the board of directors of International Business Machines Corporation effective March 1, 2026.
Silviu Popovici was appointed Chief Executive Officer, Europe, Middle East and Africa, effective January 2025. Prior to this role, he served as Chief Executive Officer, Europe from 2019 to 2024 and as Chief Executive Officer, Europe Sub-Saharan Africa in 2019 and as President, Europe Sub-Saharan Africa from 2017 to early 2019. Mr. Popovici previously served as President, Russia, Ukraine and CIS (The Commonwealth of Independent States) from 2015 to 2017, and as President, PepsiCo Russia from 2013 to 2015. Mr. Popovici joined PepsiCo in 2011 following PepsiCo’s acquisition of Wimm-Bill-Dann Foods OJSC (WBD) and served as General Manager, WBD Foods Division from 2011 until 2012. Prior to the acquisition, Mr. Popovici held senior leadership roles at WBD, running its dairy business from 2008 to 2011 and its beverages business from 2006 to 2008.
Becky Schmitt has served as Executive Vice President and Chief People Officer, PepsiCo, since June 2023. Prior to that, Ms. Schmitt served as Executive Vice President, Chief People Officer of Cognizant Technology Solutions Corp. from 2020 to 2023. Prior to joining Cognizant, Ms. Schmitt served in various executive human resources roles at Walmart, Inc., including as Senior Vice President, Chief People Officer of Sam’s Club, a division of Walmart, from 2018 to 2020, Senior Vice President, Chief People Officer of U.S. eCommerce and corporate functions from late 2016 to 2018, and Vice President, Human Resources – Technology from early 2016 to late 2016. Prior to joining Walmart, Ms. Schmitt spent over 20 years with Accenture plc in multiple senior human resources roles globally.
Stephen T. Schmitt was appointed Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, effective November 2025. Prior to that, Mr. Schmitt served as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for Walmart U.S. from 2021 to November 2025, as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for Walmart U.S. Omni-Channel during 2021, as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for Walmart U.S. eCommerce from 2019 to 2020 and as Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer for Sam’s Club from 2018 to 2019. Before these roles, Mr. Schmitt served in investor relations after joining Walmart in 2016. Prior to joining Walmart, Mr. Schmitt held a variety of roles at Yum! Brands from 2006 to 2016.
Christine E. Tammara was appointed Senior Vice President and Controller, PepsiCo effective May 2025. Prior to that, Ms. Tammara served as Senior Vice President, Controller, PepsiCo Beverages North America from 2023 to May 2025, as Senior Vice President and General Auditor from 2021 to 2023 and as Vice President and Assistant Controller, Technical Accounting and Policy from 2016 to 2021 and held a succession of roles in PepsiCo’s Control function. Prior to joining PepsiCo in 2007, Ms. Tammara worked in external reporting at Reader’s Digest Association, Inc. and as an audit manager for PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.
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Eugene Willemsen was appointed Chief Executive Officer, International Beverages, effective January 2025. Previously, he served as Chief Executive Officer, Africa, Middle East, South Asia and International Beverages in 2024, as Chief Executive Officer, Africa, Middle East, South Asia from 2019 to February 2024, as Chief Executive Officer, Sub-Saharan Africa in 2019 and as Executive Vice President, Global Categories and Franchise Management from 2015 to 2019. Before that, he led the global Pepsi-Lipton Joint Venture as President from 2014 to 2015. Prior to such role, Mr. Willemsen served as PepsiCo’s Senior Vice President and General Manager, South East Europe from 2011 to 2013, as Senior Vice President and General Manager, Commercial, Europe from 2008 to 2011, as Senior Vice President and General Manager, Northern Europe from 2006 to 2008, as Vice President, General Manager, Benelux from 2000 to 2005 and as Commercial Director, Benelux for the snacks business from 1998 to 2000. Mr. Willemsen joined PepsiCo in 1995 as a business development manager.
Executive officers are elected by our Board, and their terms of office continue until the next annual meeting of the Board or until their successors are elected and have qualified. There are no family relationships among our executive officers.
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PART II
Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.
Stock Trading Symbol – PEP.
Stock Exchange Listings – The Nasdaq Global Select Market is the principal market for our common stock, which is also listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange.
Shareholders – As of January 23, 2026, there were approximately 87,254 shareholders of record of our common stock.
Dividends – We have paid consecutive quarterly cash dividends since 1965. The declaration and payment of future dividends are at the discretion of the Board. Dividends are usually declared in February, May, July and November and paid at the end of March, June and September and the beginning of January. For 2026, the record dates for these dividend payments are expected to be March 6, June 5, September 4 and December 4, 2026, subject to the approval of the Board. On February 3, 2026, we announced a 4% increase in our annualized dividend to $5.92 per share from $5.69 per share, effective with the dividend expected to be paid in June 2026. We expect to return a total of approximately $8.9 billion to shareholders in 2026, comprising dividends of approximately $7.9 billion and share repurchases of approximately $1.0 billion.
For information on securities authorized for issuance under our equity compensation plans, see “Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.”
A summary of our common stock repurchases (in millions, except average price per share) during the fourth quarter of 2025 is set forth in the table below.
Issuer Purchases of Common Stock
(a)All shares were repurchased in open market transactions pursuant to the $10 billion repurchase program authorized by our Board and publicly announced on February 10, 2022, which commenced on February 11, 2022 and was originally set to expire on February 28, 2026. On February 3, 2026, we announced a new share repurchase program providing for the repurchase of up to $10 billion of PepsiCo common stock which commenced on February 1, 2026 and will expire on February 28, 2030 (2026 Share Repurchase Program), and such shares are excluded from the above table. The 2026 Share Repurchase Program replaced and superseded the existing share repurchase program. Shares repurchased under the 2026 Share Repurchase Program may be repurchased in open market transactions, in privately negotiated transactions, in accelerated stock repurchase transactions or otherwise.
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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.
OUR BUSINESS
Executive Overview 33
Our Operations 34
Other Relationships 34
Our Business Risks 34
OUR FINANCIAL RESULTS
Results of Operations – Consolidated Review 40
Results of Operations – Segment Review 41
IB Franchise 43
LatAm Foods 44
Asia Pacific Foods 44
Non-GAAP Measures 44
Items Affecting Comparability 46
Our Liquidity and Capital Resources 49
Return on Invested Capital 51
OUR CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES AND ESTIMATES
Revenue Recognition 52
Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets 53
Income Tax Expense and Accruals 54
Pension and Retiree Medical Plans 55
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME 57
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME 58
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS 59
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET 61
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF EQUITY 62
NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
Note 1 – Basis of Presentation and Our Segments 63
Note 2 – Our Significant Accounting Policies 69
Note 3 – Restructuring and Impairment Charges 73
Note 4 – Intangible Assets 75
Note 5 – Income Taxes 77
Note 6 – Share-Based Compensation 81
Note 7 – Pension, Retiree Medical and Savings Plans 85
Note 8 – Debt Obligations 91
Note 9 – Financial Instruments 93
Note 10 – Net Income Attributable to PepsiCo per Common Share 99
Note 11 – Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss Attributable to PepsiCo 100
Note 13 – Acquisitions and Divestitures 103
Note 14 – Supply Chain Financing Arrangements 104
Note 15 – Supplemental Financial Information 106
Note 16 – Legal Contingencies 107
REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM 108
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Our discussion and analysis is intended to help the reader understand our results of operations and financial condition and is provided as an addition to, and should be read in connection with, our consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes. Definitions of key terms can be found in the glossary. Unless otherwise noted, tabular dollars are presented in millions, except per share amounts. All per share amounts reflect common stock per share amounts, assume dilution unless otherwise noted, and are based on unrounded amounts. Percentage changes are based on unrounded amounts.
Discussion in this Form 10-K includes results of operations and financial condition for 2025 and 2024 and year-over-year comparisons between 2025 and 2024. For discussion on results of operations and financial condition pertaining to 2023 and year-over-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023, please refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of Exhibit 99.2 to our Current Report on Form 8-K dated July 17, 2025.
OUR BUSINESS
Executive Overview
PepsiCo is a leading global beverage and convenient food company with a complementary portfolio of brands, including Lay’s, Doritos, Cheetos, Gatorade, Pepsi-Cola, Mountain Dew, Quaker and SodaStream. Through our operations, authorized bottlers, contract manufacturers, and other third parties, we make, market, distribute, and sell a wide array of beverages and convenient foods, serving customers and consumers in more than 200 countries and territories.
As a global company with strong local connections, we faced many of the same challenges in 2025 as our consumers, customers, and competitors worldwide. These included ongoing supply chain disruptions; tariffs; persistent inflationary pressures; evolving consumer consumption patterns and preferences; an intensely competitive business environment, including the increased adoption of artificial intelligence technologies; the continued expansion of e-commerce in a rapidly changing retail landscape, including customers moving away from DSD systems; the need for further innovation and collaboration as we progress toward our ambitious packaging and other goals; ongoing macroeconomic and political volatility; and an increasingly complex regulatory environment.
In response to these challenges, we have continued to adapt and innovate, reinforcing our resilience and continued focus on growth. We are focused on improving our productivity, optimizing our operations and harnessing our scale and capabilities across our markets and further elevating the interests, occasions, and channels of consumers in our strategies to lead and shape the future of our categories. This is underpinned by our pep+ (PepsiCo Positive) transformation, now in its fifth year.
A Bold Ambition: Against this backdrop, we have a clear set of priorities: reigniting our North America business by combining operations where it makes the most sense and using the savings to support meaningful investments in our brands; increasing the size, presence and scale of our International business, with a focus on capturing growth in large and developing markets; and working to grow our away-from-home business by expanding our availability and extending into new occasions.
Laying the Groundwork: Since 2018, we have made significant investments in the business to adapt to the changing landscape. This includes increasing investments to strengthen our brands, from transforming our portfolio through innovation and acquisitions, to foundational investments in technology and artificial intelligence to position ourselves to be fit for the future, building a set of high impact commercial, operational, and digital capabilities; expanding and updating our manufacturing footprint to enable geographic growth and capture future demand; right-sizing and modernizing our warehousing and distribution capacity; and transforming our operating model to become more agile, efficient and responsive to the consumer.
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Big Changes to Big Things: Guided by pep+, we continue to work to reshape our portfolio to fit today’s world. That includes: reducing added sugar, sodium and saturated fat in core brands like Lay’s and Gatorade; advancing efforts to remove artificial colors and flavors in brands like Lay’s, Cheetos, and Doritos; adding new products with functional benefits, such as Pepsi Prebiotic Cola; and welcoming popular brands like Siete, Sabra and poppi.
We continued to expand our away-from-home business into new occasions. The successful Walking Taco platform is thriving in stadiums, arenas, and parks across the United States, while our “Food Deserves Pepsi” campaign and the “Pepsi Zero Sugar Taste Challenge” have driven higher brand awareness and contributed positively to our performance.
We are becoming a more deeply integrated, more productive organization. This has been one of our biggest priorities over the past year. Since we shifted our operating model at the start of 2025, we have worked hard to be more agile, simpler and more unified. From sharing global services, to streamlining processes, to launching our first new corporate brand identity in nearly 25 years, we are making One PepsiCo real. In North America, we are carefully evaluating an integrated model for our food and beverage supply chains, go-to-market, and commercial capabilities and intend to take a nuanced approach factoring in key components such as return on investment, scale and market share. Our Global Capability Centers now support multiple functions, enabling us to centralize information, reduce duplicative work, and share best practices across the organization.
We are building smarter systems with technologies like artificial intelligence to better serve our customers and consumers, so we can have the right products, at the right place, at the right price. Through our collaborations with cutting-edge technology providers, we are using artificial intelligence to reimagine our go-to-market model, enhance customer support, and empower sales teams to focus on strategic growth. This allows us to unify data, gain real-time inventory visibility, and provide faster, more responsive customer service.
We are becoming more resilient through pep+. pep+ remains central to our strategy, ensuring that we continue to create value for shareholders, customers and consumers, while doing what is right for communities and the planet. In 2025, we stepped up our efforts around key pillars like regenerative agriculture and water use efficiency, with the aim to make a positive impact in markets around the world.
Our Operations
See “Item 1. Business” for information on our segments and a description of our distribution network, ingredients and other supplies, brands and intellectual property rights, seasonality, customers, competition, research and development, regulatory matters and human capital. In addition, see Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for financial information about our segments and geographic areas.
Other Relationships
Certain members of our Board also serve on the boards of certain vendors and customers. These Board members do not participate in our vendor selection and negotiations nor in our customer negotiations. Our transactions with these vendors and customers are in the normal course of business and are consistent with terms negotiated with other vendors and customers. In addition, certain of our employees serve on the boards of Pepsi Bottling Ventures LLC and other affiliated companies of PepsiCo and do not receive incremental compensation for such services.
Our Business Risks
Risks Associated with Commodities and Our Supply Chain
Many of the commodities used in the production and transportation of our products are purchased in the open market. The prices we pay for such items are subject to fluctuation, and we manage this risk through
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the use of fixed-price contracts and purchase orders, pricing agreements and derivative instruments, including swaps and futures. A number of external factors, including volatile geopolitical conditions, the inflationary cost environment, import/export restrictions and tariffs, adverse weather conditions and supply chain disruptions, have impacted and may continue to impact commodity, transportation and labor costs. When prices increase, we may or may not pass on such increases to our customers, which may result in reduced volume, revenue, margins and operating results.
See Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements for further information on how we manage our exposure to commodity prices.
Risks Associated with Climate Change
Certain jurisdictions in which our products are made, manufactured, distributed or sold have either imposed, or are considering imposing, new or increased legal and regulatory requirements to reduce or mitigate the potential effects of climate change, including regulation of greenhouse gas emissions and potential carbon pricing programs. These new or increased legal or regulatory requirements, along with initiatives to meet our sustainability goals, could result in significant increased costs and additional investments in facilities and equipment. However, we are unable to predict the scope, nature and timing of any new or increased environmental laws and regulations and therefore cannot predict the ultimate impact of such laws and regulations on our business or financial results. We continue to monitor existing and proposed laws and regulations in the jurisdictions in which our products are made, manufactured, distributed and sold and to consider actions we may take to potentially mitigate the unfavorable impact, if any, of such laws or regulations.
Risks Associated with International Operations
We are subject to risks in the normal course of business that are inherent to international operations. During the periods presented in this report, volatile economic, political, social and geopolitical conditions, civil unrest and wars and other military conflicts, acts of terrorism and natural disasters and other catastrophic events in certain markets in which our products are made, manufactured, distributed or sold, including in Argentina, Brazil, China, Mexico, the Middle East (including Egypt), Russia, Turkey and Ukraine, continue to result in challenging operating environments and have resulted in and could continue to result in changes in how we operate in certain of these markets. Debt and credit issues, currency controls or fluctuations, sanctions and export controls in certain of these international markets (including restrictions on the transfer of funds to and from certain markets) have also continued to impact our operations in certain of these international markets. We continue to closely monitor the economic, operating and political environment in the markets in which we operate, including risks of additional impairments or write-offs and currency fluctuation, and to identify actions to potentially mitigate any unfavorable impacts on our future results.
Our operations in Russia accounted for 5% and 4% of our consolidated net revenue for the years ended December 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024, respectively. Russia accounted for 5% and 3% of our consolidated assets, 20% and 10% of our consolidated cash and cash equivalents, and 39% and 41% of our accumulated currency translation adjustment loss as of December 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024, respectively.
See Notes 1 and 4 to our consolidated financial statements for a discussion of impairment and other charges recognized in the years ended December 27, 2025, December 28, 2024, and December 30, 2023.
Risks Associated with Tariffs
The imposition of tariffs (including U.S. tariffs imposed or threatened to be imposed on China, the European Union, Canada and Mexico and other countries and any tariffs imposed by such countries) have impacted and could continue to impact our supply chain resulting in increased input costs, including the
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cost of certain raw materials and packaging. The impact of tariffs will continue to vary, including based on where inputs are sourced from and shipped to. In addition, any supply chain constraints, inflationary impacts or reduced consumer demand for our products as a result of such tariffs or ongoing macroeconomic uncertainty have impacted and could continue to impact our results. We will continue to evaluate the nature and extent of the impact of these tariffs on our business and to identify actions to potentially mitigate, where possible, any unfavorable impacts on our future results.
Imposition of Taxes and Regulations on our Products
Certain jurisdictions in which our products are made, manufactured, distributed or sold have either imposed, or are considering imposing, new or increased taxes or regulations on the manufacture, distribution or sale of our products or their packaging, ingredients or substances contained in, or attributes of, our products or their packaging, commodities used in the production of our products or their packaging or the recyclability or recoverability of our packaging. These taxes and regulations vary in scope and form. For example, some taxes apply to all beverages, including non-caloric beverages, while others apply only to beverages with a caloric sweetener (e.g., sugar). Further, some regulations apply to all products using certain types of packaging (e.g., plastic), while others are designed to increase the sustainability of packaging, encourage waste reduction and increased recycling rates or facilitate the waste management process or restrict the sale of products in certain packaging. In addition, certain jurisdictions in which our snack products are sold have either imposed or are considering imposing, new or increased taxes on the manufacture, distribution or sale of certain of our snack products as a result of ingredients (such as sugar, sodium or saturated fat) contained in our products.
We sell a wide variety of beverages and convenient foods in more than 200 countries and territories and the profile of the products we sell, the amount of revenue attributable to such products and the type of packaging used vary by jurisdiction. Because of this, we cannot predict the scope or form potential taxes, regulations or other limitations on our products or their packaging may take, and therefore cannot predict the impact of such taxes, regulations or limitations on our financial results. In addition, taxes, regulations and limitations may impact us and our competitors differently. We expect continued scrutiny of certain ingredients and substances present in certain of our products and packaging. We continue to monitor existing and proposed taxes and regulations in the jurisdictions in which our products are made, manufactured, distributed and sold and to consider actions we may take to potentially mitigate the unfavorable impact, if any, of such taxes, regulations or limitations, including advocating alternative measures with respect to the imposition, form and scope of any such taxes, regulations or limitations.
OECD Model Global Minimum Tax
Numerous countries, including European Union member states, have enacted or are expected to enact legislation incorporating the OECD model rules for a global minimum tax rate of 15% with widespread implementation expected by the end of 2026. As the legislation becomes effective in countries in which we do business, our taxes will increase and negatively impact our provision for income taxes.
Retail Landscape
Our industry continues to be affected by disruption of the retail landscape, including the continued growth in sales through e-commerce websites and mobile commerce applications, including through subscription services, the integration of physical and digital operations among retailers and the international expansion of hard discounters. We have seen and expect to continue to see a further shift to e-commerce, online-to-offline and other online purchasing by consumers. We continue to monitor changes in the retail landscape and seek to identify actions we may take to build our global e-commerce and digital capabilities, such as expanding our direct-to-consumer business, and distribute our products effectively through all existing and emerging channels of trade and potentially mitigate any unfavorable impacts on our future results.
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Changing dynamics at the retail level have also impacted and may continue to impact our ability to grow in certain jurisdictions. In this changing retail landscape, retailers and buying groups are shifting traditional value propositions, removing our products or otherwise reducing shelf space allocated to our products and focusing on introducing and developing private-label brands. We have seen and expect to continue to see retailers and buying groups impact our ability to compete in these jurisdictions. We continue to monitor our relationships with retailers and buying groups and seek to identify actions we may take to maintain mutually beneficial relationships and resolve any significant disputes and potentially mitigate any unfavorable impacts on our future results.
See also “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” “Executive Overview” above and “Market Risks” below for more information about these risks and the actions we have taken to address key challenges.
Risk Management Framework
The achievement of our strategic and operating objectives involves risks, many of which evolve over time. To identify, assess, prioritize, address, manage, monitor and communicate these risks across the Company’s operations and foster a corporate culture of integrity and risk awareness, we leverage an integrated risk management framework. This framework includes the following:
•PepsiCo’s Board has oversight responsibility for PepsiCo’s integrated risk management framework. One of the Board’s primary responsibilities is overseeing and interacting with senior management with respect to key aspects of the Company’s business, including risk assessment and risk mitigation of the Company’s top risks. Throughout the year, the Board and relevant Committees of the Board receive updates from management with respect to various enterprise risk management issues and dedicate a portion of their meetings to reviewing and discussing specific risk topics in greater detail, including risks related to cybersecurity, food safety, sustainability, human capital management and supply chain and commodity inflation. The Board receives and provides feedback on regular updates from management regarding the Company’s top risks, including updates from members of management responsible for overseeing impacted areas (for example, the Chief Strategy and Transformation Officer and Chief Information Security Officer), governance processes associated with managing these risks, the status of projects to strengthen the Company’s risk mitigation efforts and recent incidents impacting the industry and threat landscape. Given that cybersecurity risks can impact various areas of responsibility of the Committees of the Board, the Board believes it is useful and effective for the full Board to maintain direct oversight over cybersecurity matters. In evaluating top risks, the Board and management consider short-, medium- and long-term potential impacts on the Company’s business, financial condition and results of operations, including looking at the internal and external environment when evaluating risks, risk amplifiers and emerging trends, and considers the risk horizon as part of prioritizing the Company’s risk mitigation efforts. The Board receives updates through presentations, memos and other written materials, teleconferences and other appropriate means of communication, with numerous opportunities for discussion and feedback, and continuously evaluates its approach in addressing top risks as circumstances evolve. For example, as part of risk updates to the Board and relevant Committees during 2025, the Board or its relevant Committee were provided updates on the impact of disruptive events, including geopolitical events and tensions in certain international markets. The Board also receives periodic updates from external experts and advisers on global macroeconomic trends and conditions that may impact the Company’s strategy and financial performance, including geopolitical conflicts, economic instability, labor market trends, changing consumer behavior, retail disruption and digitalization.
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The Board has tasked designated Committees of the Board with oversight of certain categories of risk management, and the Committees report to the Board regularly on these matters.
◦The Audit Committee of the Board reviews and assesses the guidelines and policies governing PepsiCo’s risk management and oversight processes, and assists the Board’s oversight of financial, compliance and employee safety risks facing PepsiCo. The Audit Committee also assists the Board’s oversight of the Company’s compliance with legal and regulatory requirements and the Chief Compliance & Ethics Officer, who reports to the General Counsel, meets regularly with the Audit Committee, including in executive session without management present;
◦The Compensation Committee of the Board reviews PepsiCo’s employee compensation policies and practices to assess whether such policies and practices could lead to unnecessary risk-taking behavior;
◦The Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee assists the Board in its oversight of the Company’s governance structure and other corporate governance matters, including succession planning; and
◦The Sustainability and Public Policy Committee of the Board assists the Board in its oversight of PepsiCo’s policies, programs and related risks that concern key sustainability (including climate change), inclusion and public policy matters.
•The PepsiCo Risk Committee (PRC) meets regularly to identify, assess, prioritize and address top strategic, financial, operating, compliance, safety, reputational and other risks. The PRC is also responsible for reporting progress on our risk mitigation efforts to the Board and designated Committees. The PRC is comprised of a cross-functional, geographically diverse, senior management group, including PepsiCo’s Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, General Counsel, Region Chief Executive Officers, and the heads of Enterprise Risk, Corporate Affairs, Human Resources, Research & Development, Information Technology, Sustainability, Strategy, Transformation, International Beverages, Commercial, Global Operations and Marketing;
•Segment and key market risk committees, comprised of cross-functional senior management teams, meet regularly to identify, assess, prioritize and address segment and market-specific business risks;
•PepsiCo’s Risk Management Office, which manages the overall risk management process, provides ongoing guidance, tools and analytical support to the PRC and the segment and key market and function risk committees, identifies and assesses potential risks and facilitates ongoing communication between the parties, as well as with PepsiCo’s Board, the Audit Committee of the Board and other Committees of the Board;
•PepsiCo’s Internal Audit Department evaluates the ongoing effectiveness of our key internal controls through periodic audit and review procedures; and
•PepsiCo’s Compliance & Ethics and Law Departments lead and coordinate our compliance policies and practices.
•PepsiCo’s Disclosure Committee, comprised of the General Counsel, Controller and heads of Internal Audit, Financial Planning & Analysis and Investor Relations, evaluates information from PepsiCo’s integrated risk management framework as part of the Disclosure Committee’s monitoring of the integrity and effectiveness of the Company’s disclosure controls and procedures. PepsiCo’s risk oversight processes and disclosure controls and procedures are
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designed to appropriately escalate key risks to the Board as well as to analyze potential risks for disclosure.
Market Risks
We are exposed to market risks arising from adverse changes in:
•commodity prices, affecting the cost of our raw materials and energy;
•foreign exchange rates and currency restrictions; and
•interest rates.
In the normal course of business, we manage commodity price, foreign exchange and interest rate risks through a variety of strategies, including productivity initiatives, global purchasing programs and hedging. Ongoing productivity initiatives involve the identification and effective implementation of meaningful cost-saving opportunities or efficiencies, including the use of derivatives. Our global purchasing programs include fixed-price contracts and purchase orders and pricing agreements. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for further discussion of our market risks.
The fair value of our derivatives fluctuates based on market rates and prices. The sensitivity of our derivatives to these market fluctuations is discussed below. See Note 9 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion of these derivatives and our hedging policies. The fair value of our indefinite-lived intangible assets is impacted by changes in market conditions, including interest rates and inflationary, deflationary and recessionary conditions. See “Our Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates” for a discussion of the exposure of our goodwill and other intangible assets and pension and retiree medical plan assets and liabilities to risks related to market fluctuations.
Inflationary, deflationary and recessionary conditions impacting these market risks also impact the demand for and pricing of our products. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors” for further discussion.
Commodity Prices
Our commodity derivative contracts had a total notional value of $1.5 billion as of December 27, 2025 and $1.4 billion as ofDecember 28, 2024. At the end of 2025, the potential change in fair value of commodity derivative contracts, assuming a 10% decrease in the underlying commodity price, would have decreased our net unrealized gains in 2025 by $155 million, which would generally be offset by a reduction in the cost of the underlying commodity purchases.
Foreign Exchange
Our operations outside of the United States generated 44% of our consolidated net revenue in 2025, with Mexico, Russia, Canada, China, the United Kingdom, Brazil and South Africa, collectively, comprising 25% of our consolidated net revenue in 2025. As a result, we are exposed to foreign exchange risks in the international markets in which our products are made, manufactured, distributed or sold. Additionally, we are exposed to foreign exchange risk from net investments in foreign subsidiaries, foreign currency purchases, foreign currency assets and liabilities created in the normal course of business. During 2025, unfavorable foreign exchange had a net nominal impact on net revenue performance primarily due to declines in the Mexican peso and Turkish lira, offset by an appreciation of the Russian ruble. Currency declines against the U.S. dollar which are not offset could adversely impact our future financial results.
Our foreign exchange derivative contracts had a total notional value of $3.1 billion as of both December 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024. At the end of 2025, we estimate that an unfavorable 10% change in the underlying exchange rates would have increased our net unrealized losses in 2025 by $308 million, which would be significantly offset by an inverse change in the fair value of the underlying exposure. Subsequent to December 27, 2025, we executed $1.6 billion of foreign exchange contracts
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maturing in February 2026 and designated them as net investment hedges to partially offset the effects of foreign currency on our investments in certain of our foreign subsidiaries.
Our cross-currency swap contracts had a total notional value of $1.7 billion as of December 27, 2025 and $1.2 billion as of December 28, 2024. At the end of 2025, we estimate that an unfavorable 10% change in the underlying exchange rates would have increased our net unrealized losses in 2025 by $173 million, which would be significantly offset by an inverse change in the fair value of the underlying exposure.
The total notional amount of our debt instruments designated as net investment hedges was $4.4 billion as of December 27, 2025 and $2.9 billion as of December 28, 2024. Subsequent to December 27, 2025, we designated $4.5 billion of existing euro denominated debt as net investment hedges to partially offset the effects of foreign currency on our investments in certain of our foreign subsidiaries.
Interest Rates
Our interest rate swap contracts had a total notional value of $2.0 billion as of both December 27, 2025 and December 28, 2024. Assuming year-end 2025 investment levels and variable rate debt, a 1-percentage-point increase in interest rates would have decreased our net interest expense in 2025 by $36 million due to higher cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments levels, as compared with our variable rate debt.
OUR FINANCIAL RESULTS
Results of Operations — Consolidated Review
Volume
Physical or unit volume is one of the key metrics management uses internally to make operating and strategic decisions, including the preparation of our annual operating plan and the evaluation of our business performance. We believe volume provides additional information to facilitate the comparison of our historical operating performance and underlying trends, and provides additional transparency on how we evaluate our business because it measures demand for our products at the consumer level. Unit volume performance adjusts for the impacts of acquisitions and divestitures. Acquisitions and divestitures, when used in this report, reflect mergers and acquisitions activity, as well as divestitures and other structural changes. Further, unit volume performance excludes the impact of a 53rd reporting week, where applicable. Our fiscal year ends on the last Saturday of each December, resulting in an additional reporting week every five or six years (53rd reporting week).
Beverage volume includes volume of concentrate sold to independent bottlers and volume of finished products bearing company-owned or licensed trademarks and allied brand products and joint venture trademarks sold by company-owned bottling operations. Beverage volume also includes volume of finished products bearing company-owned or licensed trademarks sold by our noncontrolled affiliates. Concentrate volume sold to independent bottlers is reported in concentrate shipments and equivalents (CSE), whereas finished beverage product volume is reported in bottler case sales (BCS). Both CSE and BCS convert all beverage volume to an 8-ounce-case metric. Typically, CSE and BCS are not equal in any given period due to seasonality, timing of product launches, product mix, bottler inventory practices and other factors. While our net revenue is not entirely based on BCS volume due to the independent bottlers in our supply chain, we believe that BCS is a better measure of the consumption of our beverage products. PBNA, IB Franchise and EMEA, either independently or in conjunction with third parties, make, market, distribute and sell ready-to-drink tea products through a joint venture with Unilever (under the Lipton brand name), and PBNA, either independently or in conjunction with third parties, makes, markets, distributes and sells ready-to-drink coffee products through a joint venture with Starbucks.
Convenient food volume includes volume sold by us and our noncontrolled affiliates of convenient food products bearing company-owned or licensed trademarks. Internationally, we measure convenient food
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product volume in kilograms, while in North America we measure convenient food product volume in pounds.
Consolidated Net Revenue and Operating Profit
See “Results of Operations – Segment Review” for a tabular presentation and discussion of key drivers of net revenue.
Operating profit decreased 11%, primarily driven by certain operating cost increases, impairment charges related to the Rockstar brand, a decline in organic volume, a 5-percentage-point impact of higher commodity costs and higher acquisition and divestiture-related charges. These impacts were partially offset by productivity savings and effective net pricing. Additionally, a favorable impact of prior-year impairment and other charges associated with our TBG investment and receivables related to the sale of Tropicana, Naked and other select juice brands (Juice Transaction) and lower advertising and marketing expenses contributed to the decline.
Other Consolidated Results
Other pension and retiree medical benefits expense $ 133 $ 22 $ 111
Net income attributable to PepsiCo $ 8,240 $ 9,578 (14) %
Other pension and retiree medical benefits expense increased $111 million, primarily reflecting recognition of fixed income losses on plan assets and the impact of the freeze of benefit accruals to U.S. salaried participants effective December 31, 2025. See Note 7 to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
Net interest expense and other increased $202 million, due to higher average debt balances, higher interest rates on average debt balances and lower interest rates on average cash balances, partially offset by higher average cash balances.
The reported tax rate decreased 0.4 percentage points, primarily reflecting the release of federal interest accruals.
Results of Operations — Segment Review
See “Our Business Risks,” “Non-GAAP Measures” and “Items Affecting Comparability” for a discussion of items to consider when evaluating our results and related information regarding measures not in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).
In the discussions of net revenue and operating profit below, “effective net pricing” reflects the year-over-year impact of discrete pricing actions, sales incentive activities and mix resulting from selling varying products in different package sizes and in different countries.
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Net Revenue and Organic Revenue Performance
Organic revenue performance is a non-GAAP financial measure. For a description of and further information regarding this measure, see “Non-GAAP Measures.”
Impact of Impact of
PFNA — % — (2) (2) % (2) 1
IB Franchise 2 % — — 3 % — 2
LatAm Foods — % 5 — 4.5 % — 4
Asia Pacific Foods 2 % 1 (1) 1.5 % 5 (3)
(a)Amounts may not sum due to rounding.
(b)In certain instances, the impact of organic volume change on net revenue performance differs from the unit volume change disclosed in the following segment discussions due to the impacts of product mix, nonconsolidated joint venture volume, and, for our franchise beverage businesses, temporary timing differences between BCS and CSE. We report net revenue from our franchise beverage businesses based on CSE. The volume sold by our nonconsolidated joint ventures has no direct impact on our net revenue.
Operating Profit, Operating Profit Adjusted for Items Affecting Comparability and Operating Profit Performance Adjusted for Items Affecting Comparability on a Constant Currency Basis
Operating profit adjusted for items affecting comparability and operating profit performance adjusted for items affecting comparability on a constant currency basis are both non-GAAP financial measures. For a description of and further information regarding these measures, see “Non-GAAP Measures” and “Items Affecting Comparability.”
Items Affecting Comparability (a)
Mark-to-market net impact — — — — — — (1) (1)
Acquisition and divestiture-related charges 28 422 — — — 3 — 453
Indirect tax impact — — — — 82 — — 82
Pension and retiree medical-related impact — (30) — — — — — (30)
Impact of foreign exchange translation 7 4 9 (104) 117 3 — 36
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Items Affecting Comparability (a)
Mark-to-market net impact — — — — — — (25) (25)
Acquisition and divestiture-related charges 9 8 — — — 5 — 22
Indirect tax impact — — 218 — — — — 218
Product recall-related impact 184 — — — — — — 184
(a)See “Items Affecting Comparability” for further information.
PFNA
Net revenue increased slightly, primarily driven by the favorable impact of acquisitions and effective net pricing, partially offset by a decrease in organic volume.
Unit volume declined 2%, driven by a 3% decrease in savory snacks volume.
Operating profit decreased 7%, primarily reflecting certain operating cost increases, including strategic initiatives, higher restructuring charges and the decrease in organic volume. These impacts were partially offset by productivity savings and a favorable impact of the prior-year charges associated with a previously announced voluntary recall of certain bars and cereals in our PFNA segment (Quaker Recall).
PBNA
Net revenue increased 1.5%, primarily driven by effective net pricing, partially offset by an organic volume decline.
Unit volume declined 3%, driven by a 6% decline in non-carbonated beverage volume and a slight decline in CSD volume.
Operating profit decreased 53%, primarily reflecting impairment charges related to the Rockstar brand. Operating profit also decreased due to certain operating cost increases, acquisition and divestiture-related charges related to our VNGR Beverage, LLC (poppi) acquisition, the decline in organic volume and a 5-percentage-point impact of higher commodity costs, driven by a 6-percentage-point impact of tariffs. These impacts were partially offset by a favorable impact of prior-year impairment and other charges associated with our TBG investment and Juice Transaction-related receivables, the effective net pricing, productivity savings, and lower advertising and marketing expenses.
IB Franchise
Net revenue increased 2%, primarily reflecting effective net pricing.
Unit volume grew 1.5%, primarily reflecting growth in the Middle East, China and Pakistan.
Operating profit increased 21%, primarily reflecting a favorable impact of a prior-year indirect tax reserve, the net revenue growth and lower advertising and marketing costs, partially offset by an impairment charge related to the Rockstar brand.
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EMEA
Net revenue increased 8%, primarily reflecting effective net pricing and a 2.5-percentage-point impact of favorable foreign exchange translation, partially offset by an organic volume decline.
Convenient food unit volume declined 5%, primarily reflecting a decline in South Africa.
Beverage unit volume grew slightly, primarily reflecting growth in the Middle East, Germany, Poland and Turkey, partially offset by declines in South Africa and Russia.
Operating profit increased 7%, primarily reflecting the effective net pricing, productivity savings, a favorable impact of prior-year impairment and other charges associated with our TBG investment and Juice Transaction-related receivables and a 5-percentage-point impact of favorable foreign exchange translation. These impacts were partially offset by certain operating cost increases, a 22-percentage-point impact of higher commodity costs, primarily dairy, potatoes and cooking oil, an impairment charge related to the Rockstar brand and higher restructuring charges.
LatAm Foods
Net revenue decreased slightly, primarily reflecting a 5-percentage-point impact of unfavorable foreign exchange translation, partially offset by effective net pricing.
Unit volume grew 1%, primarily reflecting growth in Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Argentina, partially offset by a decline in Mexico.
Operating profit decreased 2%, primarily reflecting certain operating cost increases, a 6-percentage-point impact each of higher commodity costs and unfavorable foreign exchange translation and an unfavorable impact of an indirect tax audit settlement, partially offset by productivity savings and the effective net pricing.
Asia Pacific Foods
Net revenue increased 2%, primarily reflecting organic volume growth, partially offset by unfavorable net pricing.
Unit volume grew 4%, primarily reflecting growth in India, Thailand and Australia, partially offset by a decline in China.
Operating profit decreased 2%, primarily reflecting certain operating cost increases, an impairment charge related to the Be & Cheery brand and the unfavorable net pricing. These impacts were partially offset by productivity savings, the organic volume growth, lower advertising and marketing costs and a 5-percentage-point impact of lower commodity costs.
Non-GAAP Measures
Certain financial measures contained in this Form 10-K adjust for the impact of specified items and are not in accordance with GAAP. We use non-GAAP financial measures internally to make operating and strategic decisions, including the preparation of our annual operating plan, evaluation of our overall business performance and as a factor in determining compensation for certain employees. We believe presenting non-GAAP financial measures in this Form 10-K provides additional information to facilitate comparison of our historical operating results and trends in our underlying operating results and provides additional transparency on how we evaluate our business. We also believe presenting these measures in this Form 10-K allows investors to view our performance using the same measures that we use in evaluating our financial and business performance and trends.
We consider quantitative and qualitative factors in assessing whether to adjust for the impact of items that may be significant or that could affect an understanding of our ongoing financial and business
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performance or trends. Examples of items for which we may make adjustments include: amounts related to mark-to-market gains or losses (non-cash); charges related to restructuring plans; charges associated with acquisitions and divestitures; gains associated with divestitures; asset impairment charges (non-cash); product recall-related impact; pension and retiree medical-related amounts, including all settlement and curtailment gains and losses; charges or adjustments related to the enactment of new laws, rules or regulations, such as tax law changes; amounts related to the resolution of tax positions; tax benefits related to reorganizations of our operations; and debt redemptions, cash tender or exchange offers. See below and “Items Affecting Comparability” for a description of adjustments to our GAAP financial measures in this Form 10-K.
Non-GAAP information should be considered as supplemental in nature and is not meant to be considered in isolation or as a substitute for the related financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP. In addition, our non-GAAP financial measures may not be the same as or comparable to similar non-GAAP measures presented by other companies.
The following non-GAAP financial measures contained in this Form 10-K are discussed below:
Organic revenue performance
We define organic revenue performance as a measure that adjusts for the impacts of foreign exchange translation (on a constant currency basis, as defined below), acquisitions and divestitures, and every five or six years, the impact of the 53rd reporting week. Beginning in 2025, on a prospective basis, we are also applying the constant currency calculation for our subsidiaries operating in highly inflationary economies. Adjusting for acquisitions and divestitures reflects mergers and acquisitions activity, as well as divestitures and other structural changes, including changes in ownership or control in consolidated subsidiaries and nonconsolidated equity investees. We believe organic revenue performance provides useful information in evaluating the results of our business because it adjusts for items that we believe are not indicative of ongoing performance or that we believe impact comparability with the prior year.
See “Net Revenue and Organic Revenue Performance” in “Results of Operations – Segment Review” for further information.
Cost of sales, gross profit, selling, general and administrative expenses, impairment of intangible assets, other pension and retiree medical benefits expense/income, provision for income taxes and net income attributable to PepsiCo, each adjusted for items affecting comparability, operating profit and net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share – diluted, each adjusted for items affecting comparability, and the corresponding constant currency growth rates
These measures exclude the net impact of mark-to-market gains and losses on centrally managed commodity derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting, restructuring and impairment charges related to our 2019 Multi-Year Productivity Plan (2019 Productivity Plan), charges associated with our acquisitions and divestitures, impairment and other charges/credits, indirect and income tax impacts, product recall-related impact and the impact of settlement, curtailment and certain other gains and losses related to pension and retiree medical plans (see “Items Affecting Comparability” for a detailed description of each of these items). We also evaluate performance on operating profit and net income attributable to PepsiCo per common share – diluted, each adjusted for items affecting comparability, on a constant currency basis, which measure our financial results assuming constant foreign currency exchange rates used for translation based on the rates in effect for the comparable prior-year period. In order to compute our constant currency results, we multiply or divide, as appropriate, our current-year U.S. dollar results by the current-year average foreign exchange rates and then multiply or divide, as appropriate, those amounts by the prior-year average foreign exchange rates. In addition, beginning in 2025, on a prospective basis, we are also applying the constant currency calculation for our subsidiaries operating in highly inflationary economies. We believe these measures provide useful information in evaluating the
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results of our business because they exclude items that we believe are not indicative of our ongoing performance or that we believe impact comparability with the prior year.
Free cash flow
We define free cash flow as net cash from operating activities less capital spending, plus sales of property, plant and equipment. Since net capital spending is essential to our product innovation initiatives and maintaining our operational capabilities, we believe that it is a recurring and necessary use of cash. As such, we believe investors should also consider net capital spending when evaluating our cash from operating activities. Free cash flow is used by us primarily for acquisitions and financing activities, including debt repayments, dividends and share repurchases. Free cash flow is not a measure of cash available for discretionary expenditures since we have certain non-discretionary obligations such as debt service that are not deducted from the measure.
See “Free Cash Flow” in “Our Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further information.
Return on invested capital (ROIC) and net ROIC, excluding items affecting comparability
We define ROIC as net income attributable to PepsiCo plus interest expense after-tax divided by the sum of quarterly average debt obligations and quarterly average common shareholders’ equity. Although ROIC is a common financial metric, numerous methods exist for calculating ROIC. Accordingly, the method used by management to calculate ROIC may differ from the methods other companies use to calculate their ROIC.
We believe this metric serves as a measure of how well we use our capital to generate returns. In addition, we use net ROIC, excluding items affecting comparability, to compare our performance over various reporting periods on a consistent basis because it removes from our operating results the impact of items that we believe are not indicative of our ongoing performance and reflects how management evaluates our operating results and trends. We define net ROIC, excluding items affecting comparability, as ROIC, adjusted for quarterly average cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, after-tax interest income and items affecting comparability. We believe the calculation of ROIC and net ROIC, excluding items affecting comparability, provides useful information to investors and is an additional relevant comparison of our performance to consider when evaluating our capital allocation efficiency.
See “Return on Invested Capital” in “Our Liquidity and Capital Resources” for further information.
Items Affecting Comparability
Our reported financial results in this Form 10-K are impacted by the following items in each of the following years:
Items Affecting Comparability
Mark-to-market net impact (3) 3 4 — (1) — — (1)
Indirect and income tax impact (b) — — (82) — 82 — (29) 111
Pension and retiree medical-related impact — — 30 — (30) 279 53 196
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Items Affecting Comparability
Mark-to-market net impact 26 (26) (1) — (25) — (6) (19)
Acquisition and divestiture-related charges — — (22) — 22 — 4 18
Pension and retiree medical-related impact — — — — — 276 61 215
(a)Provision for income taxes is the expected tax charge/benefit on the underlying item based on the tax laws and income tax rates applicable to the underlying item in its corresponding tax jurisdiction.
(b)Provision for income taxes includes the impact of an income tax audit settlement in our LatAm Foods segment.
Mark-to-market net impact — (0.01)
Restructuring and impairment charges 0.58 0.41
Acquisition and divestiture-related charges 0.25 0.01
Impairment and other charges 1.09 0.38
Indirect and income tax impact 0.08 0.16
Product recall-related impact — 0.10
Pension and retiree medical-related impact 0.14 0.16
Impact of foreign exchange translation —
Mark-to-Market Net Impact
We centrally manage commodity derivatives on behalf of our segments. These commodity derivatives include agricultural products, energy and metals. Commodity derivatives that do not qualify for hedge accounting treatment are marked to market each period with the resulting gains and losses recorded in corporate unallocated expenses as either cost of sales or selling, general and administrative expenses, depending on the underlying commodity. These gains and losses are subsequently reflected in segment results when the segments recognize the cost of the underlying commodity in operating profit. Therefore, the segments realize the economic effects of the derivative without experiencing any resulting mark-to-market volatility, which remains in corporate unallocated expenses.
Restructuring and Impairment Charges
2019 Multi-Year Productivity Plan
The 2019 Productivity Plan leverages new technology and business models to further simplify, harmonize and automate processes; re-engineers our go-to-market and information systems, including deploying the right automation for each market; and simplifies our organization and optimizes our manufacturing and supply chain footprint. To build on the successful implementation of the 2019 Productivity Plan, in 2024, we further expanded and extended the plan through the end of 2030 to take advantage of additional opportunities within the initiatives described above. As a result, we expect to incur pre-tax charges of approximately $6.15 billion, including cash expenditures of approximately $5.1 billion. Plan to date through December 27, 2025, we have incurred pre-tax charges of $3.6 billion, including cash expenditures of $2.7 billion. In our 2026 financial results, we expect to incur pre-tax charges of approximately $900
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million, including cash expenditures of approximately $750 million. These charges will be funded primarily through cash from operations. We expect to incur the majority of the remaining pre-tax charges and cash expenditures through 2027, with the balance to be incurred through 2030. Charges include severance and other employee costs, asset impairments and other costs.
See Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements for further information related to our 2019 Productivity Plan. We regularly evaluate productivity initiatives beyond the productivity plan and other initiatives discussed above and in Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements.
Acquisition and Divestiture-Related Charges
Acquisition and divestiture-related charges include merger and integration charges, transaction expenses, such as consulting, advisory and other professional fees, as well as fair value adjustments to contingent consideration and acquired inventory included in the acquisition-date balance sheets. Merger and integration charges include distribution agreement termination fees, impairment of certain acquisition-related intangible assets, employee-related costs, closing costs and other integration costs.
See Note 13 to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
Impairment and Other Charges/Credits
We recognized impairment charges taken primarily as a result of our quantitative assessments of certain of our indefinite-lived intangible assets and related to our investment in TBG. In addition, we recorded allowance for expected credit losses related to outstanding receivables from TBG associated with the Juice Transaction.
See Notes 1, 4 and 9 to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
Indirect and Income Tax Impact
We recognized additional expenses related to an indirect and income tax audit settlement in our LatAm Foods segment and an indirect tax reserve in our IB Franchise segment.
See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
Product Recall-Related Impact
We recognized property, plant and equipment write-offs, employee severance costs and other costs in our PFNA segment associated with a previously announced voluntary recall of certain bars and cereals.
See Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
Pension and Retiree Medical-Related Impact
Pension and retiree medical-related impact includes settlement charges due to lump sum distributions to retired or terminated employees and the purchases of group annuity contracts whereby a third-party insurance company assumed the obligation to pay and administer future benefit payments for certain retirees. The settlement charges were triggered when the aggregate of the cumulative lump sum distributions and the annuity contract premium exceeded the total annual service and interest costs. Pension and retiree medical-related impact also includes curtailment losses due to restructuring actions as part of our 2019 Productivity Plan. We also recorded pre-tax income in our PBNA segment associated with pension-related liabilities from previous acquisitions.
See Notes 1 and 7 to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
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Our Liquidity and Capital Resources
We believe that our cash generating capability and financial condition, together with our revolving credit facilities, working capital lines and other available methods of debt financing, such as commercial paper borrowings and long-term debt financing, will be adequate to meet our operating, investing and financing needs, including with respect to our net capital spending plans. Our primary sources of liquidity include cash from operations, proceeds obtained from issuances of commercial paper and long-term debt, and cash and cash equivalents. These sources of cash are available to fund cash outflows that have both a short- and long-term component, including debt repayments and related interest payments; payments for acquisitions; operating leases; purchase, marketing, and other contractual commitments, including capital expenditures and the transition tax liability under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJ Act). In addition, these sources of cash fund other cash outflows including anticipated dividend payments and share repurchases. We do not have guarantees or off-balance sheet financing arrangements, including variable interest entities, that we believe could have a material impact on our liquidity. See “Item 1A. Risk Factors,” “Our Business Risks” and Note 8 to our consolidated financial statements for further information.
As of December 27, 2025, cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments in our consolidated subsidiaries outside of Russia that are subject to currency controls or currency exchange restrictions were not material. As of December 27, 2025, Russia accounted for 20% of our consolidated cash and cash equivalents. Our sources and uses of cash were not materially adversely impacted by the cash and cash equivalents held in Russia and, to date, we have not identified any material impact on our liquidity or capital resources as a result of these amounts. See “Our Business Risks” for further information on our operations in Russia.
The TCJ Act imposed a one-time mandatory transition tax on undistributed international earnings. As of December 27, 2025, our mandatory transition tax liability was $965 million, which must be paid in 2026 and will represent our final payment under the provisions of the TCJ Act. See Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion of the TCJ Act.
Supply chain financing arrangements did not have a material impact on our liquidity or capital resources in the periods presented and we do not expect such arrangements to have a material impact on our liquidity or capital resources for the foreseeable future. See Note 14 to our consolidated financial statements for further discussion of supply chain financing arrangements.
Furthermore, our cash provided from operating activities is somewhat impacted by seasonality. Working capital needs are impacted by weekly sales, which are generally highest in the third quarter due to seasonal and holiday-related patterns and generally lowest in the first quarter. On a continuing basis, we consider various transactions to increase shareholder value and enhance our business results, including acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures, dividends, share repurchases, productivity and other efficiency initiatives and other structural changes. These transactions may result in future cash proceeds or payments.
The table below summarizes our cash activity:
Net cash provided by operating activities $ 12,087 $ 12,507
Net cash used for investing activities $ (6,879) $ (5,472)
Net cash used for financing activities $ (4,979) $ (7,556)
Operating Activities
In 2025, net cash provided by operating activities was $12.1 billion, compared to $12.5 billion in the prior year. The decrease in operating cash flow primarily reflects increased cash payments for restructuring charges and cash payments for acquisition and divestiture-related charges.
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Investing Activities
In 2025, net cash used for investing activities was $6.9 billion, primarily reflecting net cash paid in connection with our acquisitions of poppi of $1.95 billion and Garza Food Ventures LLC (Siete) of $1.2 billion, as well as net capital spending of $3.9 billion.
In 2024, net cash used for investing activities was $5.5 billion, primarily reflecting net capital spending of $5.0 billion.