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Item7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The purpose of this discussion is to focus on significant changes in the financial condition and results of operations of the Company during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. The following discussion supplements and provides information about the major components of the results of operations, financial condition, liquidity and capital resources of the Company. This discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains certain forward-looking statements and information relating to the Company within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 that are based on the beliefs of management as well as assumptions made by and information currently available to management. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. They often include words like “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” and “intend” or future or conditional verbs such as “will,” “should,” “could,” or “may” and similar expressions or the negative thereof. Important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those in the forward–looking statements included herein include, but are not limited to:

• adverse changes in the securities markets;

• our ability to successfully integrate acquired entities;

• changes in consumer spending, borrowing and savings habits;

• changes in accounting policies and practices;

• changes in our organization, compensation and benefit plans;

• our ability to attract and retain key employees;

• adequacy of our allowance for credit losses;

• deterioration of our asset quality;

• cyber threats, attacks or events;

• reliance on third parties for key services;

• liquidity, interest rate and operational risks associated with our business;

• litigation or governmental actions;

• impairment of a material asset; and

• other factors beyond our knowledge or control.

Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described herein. We caution readers not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements. The Company disclaims any obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K to reflect future events or developments. Additional information on risk factors that may affect forward-looking statements is included under “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-K.

Critical Accounting Policies

The discussion of the critical accounting policies and analysis set forth below is intended to supplement and highlight information contained in the accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements and the selected financial data presented elsewhere in this Form 10-K.

The accounting and financial reporting policies of the Company conform to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and to general practices within the banking industry. Accordingly, the financial statements require certain estimates, judgments, and assumptions, which are believed to be reasonable, based upon the information available. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the periods presented. Critical accounting policies comprise those that management believes are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results. These policies require numerous estimates or economic assumptions that may prove inaccurate or may be subject to variations which may significantly affect our reported results and financial condition for the current period or in future periods.

The accounting principles followed by the Company and the methods of applying these principles conform with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and with general practices within the banking industry. The Company’s critical accounting policies relate to (1) the allowance for credit losses, (2) fair value of financial instruments, and (3) derivative financial instruments. These critical accounting policies require the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments which are based on information available as of the date of the financial statements. Accordingly, as this information changes, future financial statements could reflect the use of different estimates, assumptions and judgments. Certain determinations inherently have a greater reliance on the use of estimates, assumptions and judgments and, as such, have a greater possibility of producing results that could be materially different than originally reported.

Allowance for Credit Losses: On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments (ASC 326). This standard replaced the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (“CECL”) methodology. CECL requires an estimate of credit losses for the remaining estimated life of the financial asset using historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts and generally applies to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities, and some off-balance sheet credit exposures such as unfunded commitments to extend credit. Financial assets measured at amortized cost will be presented at the net amount expected to be collected by using an allowance for credit losses. See Note 1. Organization, Basis of Presentation, and Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements for a more detailed description of methodology and impact of adoption.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments: A portion of the Company’s assets and liabilities are carried at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded either in earnings or accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). These include investment securities available-for-sale and interest rate loan swaps on qualifying commercial loans. Periodically, the estimation of fair value also affects investment securities held-to-maturity when it is determined that the Company should record an allowance for credit losses on a security. Fair value determination is also relevant for certain other assets such as other real estate owned, which is recorded at the lower of the recorded balance or fair value, less estimated costs to sell. The determination of fair value also impacts certain other assets that are periodically evaluated for impairment using fair value estimates, including individually evaluated loans.

Fair value is generally based upon quoted market prices, when available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally developed models that primarily use observable market-based parameters as inputs. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments may include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality and the Company’s creditworthiness, among other things, as well as other unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time. While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date.

See Note 20, Fair Value Presentation, in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a detailed discussion of determining fair value, including pricing validation processes.

Derivative Financial Instruments: The Bank recognizes derivative financial instruments at fair value as either other assets or other liabilities in the consolidated statement of financial condition. The Bank’s derivative financial instruments include interest rate swaps with certain qualifying commercial loan customers and dealer counterparties. Because the interest rate swaps with loan customers and dealer counterparties are not designated as hedging instruments, adjustments to reflect unrealized gains and losses resulting from changes in fair value of these instruments are reported as non-interest income or non-interest expense, as applicable. The Bank’s interest rate swaps with loan customers and dealer counterparties are described more fully in Note 19 in the December 31, 2024, Consolidated Financial Statements.

Selected Financial Data

The following table sets forth summarized historical consolidated financial information for each of the periods indicated. This information should be read together with the accompanying consolidated financial statements included in this Form 10-K. The historical information indicated as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, has been derived from the Company's audited consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022. Historical results set forth below and elsewhere in this Form 10-K are not necessarily indicative of future performance.

At December 31,

(In thousands)

Selected Financial Condition Data:

Computer software, net of amortization — 14,657

Federal funds purchased — 15,000

Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposure 287 1,009

For the year ended December 31,

(In thousands)

Selected Operating Data:

Net income (loss) available to common shareholders $ (12,136 ) $ 24,429 $ 24,518

Basic and diluted earnings (loss) per common share $ (1.60 ) $ 3.25 $ 3.26

At or For the Years Ended December 31,

Performance Ratios:

Return on average assets (0.47 )% 1.38 % 1.53 %

Non-interest expense to average assets 3.42 % 2.34 % 2.24 %

Per share Data and Shares Outstanding:

Earnings (loss) per common share (basic and diluted) $ (1.60 ) $ 3.25 $ 3.26

Dividends per common share $ 0.40 $ 0.40 $ 0.25

Capital Ratios (Bank):

Total risk-based capital to risk-weighted assets 15.69 % 17.18 % 16.27 %

Asset Quality Ratios:

Non-performing loans as a percentage of total loans 1.18 % 0.06 % 0.00 %

Non-performing assets as a percentage of total assets 0.97 % 0.05 % 0.00 %

Other Data:

Common equity / total assets 8.11 % 9.54 % 8.88 %

Tangible equity / tangible assets (1) 9.33 % 10.24 % 9.87 %

Average tangible equity to average tangible assets 9.80 % 10.31 % 10.66 %

Number of offices 6 6 6

Number of full-time equivalent employees 204 186 168

Analysis of Results of Operations for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022

Net Income

The following table sets forth the principal components of net income (loss) for the periods indicated.

For the Year Ended December 31,

(In thousands) (In thousands)

Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2024, was $10.0 million, a decrease of $36.6 million, or 137.5% compared to net income of $26.6 million earned during the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in net income was due to increases in interest expense of $24.4 million and an increase of non-interest expenses of $27.4 million compared to the same period in the prior year.

Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin

Net interest income is the principal component of the Company’s income stream and represents the difference, or spread, between interest and fee income generated from earning assets and the interest expense paid on deposits and borrowed funds. Net interest margin, stated as a percentage, is the yield obtained by dividing the difference between interest income generated on earning assets and the interest expense paid on all funding sources by average earning assets. Fluctuations in interest rates as well as changes in the volume and mix of earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities can impact net interest income and net interest margin.

Net interest income before provision for credit losses totaled $62.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $76.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in net interest income was driven by an increase in deposit interest expense discussed below, for the year ended December 31, 2024.

The net interest margin was 3.13% for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to 4.15% for the year ended December 31, 2023, on a fully tax equivalent basis. The decrease in net interest margin primarily resulted from an increase of interest expense on our interest bearing liabilities that outpaced the increase in interest income. The primary drivers of increased interest expense came from demand, money market, and time deposits. The federal funds target rate remaining high in 2024 impacted our maturing wholesale deposits that had to reprice in a higher interest rate environment, which increased margin pressure on our loan portfolio and other interest earning assets. Management made efforts to replace these deposits with callable wholesale deposits, allowing more optionality for future rate movements.

The yield for the year ended December 31, 2024 for the loan portfolio was 7.02% compared to 7.02% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The unchanging yield primarily reflects the maturity of lower yielding loans and higher yields on new and variable rate loans based on higher interest rates during the year. The Federal Reserve maintained its targeted benchmark interest rate at the range of 525 - 550 basis points through September 2024. The ranged was lowered to 425 - 450 by December 2024. Maintaining higher rates in 2024 with a slight rate decrease in the last quarter of 2024 impacted yields obtained on new loans throughout the year.

For the year ended December 31, 2024, the yield on the taxable investment securities portfolio was 3.08% compared to 3.20% for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the yield on the tax-exempt investment securities portfolio was 3.80% compared to 3.57% for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in yield on the tax-exempt investment securities was primarily due to rates on variable securities remaining high with the current rate environment and lower yields on investment securities maturing during the period.

The rate paid on interest bearing deposits increased to 4.70% during the year ended December 31, 2024, from 3.57% during the year ended December 31, 2023. This increase was a result of higher rates paid on all outstanding deposits in conjunction with the higher rate environment throughout the year.

The rate paid on FHLB borrowings and federal funds purchased for the year ended December 31, 2024 was 5.61% and 5.78%, respectively, compared to the prior year of 4.90% for FHLB borrowings and 5.36% for federal funds purchased. This increase was a result of higher rates paid on all outstanding borrowings in conjunction with the higher rate environment throughout the year.

Discussion of net interest income and net interest margin for the year ended December 31, 2022 has been omitted as such discussion was provided in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” under the heading “Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 23, 2023, and is incorporated herein by reference.

The following table sets forth the major components of net interest income and the related yields and rates for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022.

Average Balances, Net Interest Income, Yields Earned and Rates Paid

The following table shows for the periods indicated the total dollar amount of interest from average interest-earning assets and the resulting yields, as well as the interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, expressed both in dollars and rates, and the net interest margin. All average balances are based on daily balances.

For the Year Ended December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

Interest-earning assets:

Investment securities

Interest-bearing liabilities:

Non-interest-bearing liabilities:

(1) Includes loans classified as non-accrual.

Rate/ Volume Analysis

The following table presents the effects of changing rates and volumes on net interest income for the periods indicated. The rate column shows the effects attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume). The volume column shows the effects attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate). The net column represents the sum of the prior columns. For purposes of this table, changes attributable to both rate and volume, which cannot be segregated, have been allocated proportionately, based on the changes due to rate and the changes due to volume.

For the Twelve Months Ended For the Twelve Months Ended

Volume Rate (Decrease) Volume Rate (Decrease)

(In thousands) (In thousands)

Interest-earning assets:

Interest-bearing liabilities:

Provision for Credit Losses

We establish a provision for credit losses, which is charged to operations, in order to maintain the allowance for credit losses at a level we consider necessary to absorb expected credit losses that are both probable and reasonably estimated at the balance sheet date. In determining the level of the allowance for credit and off-balance sheet losses, we consider past and current loss experience, evaluations of real estate collateral, current and future economic conditions, volume and type of lending, adverse situations that may affect a borrower’s ability to repay a loan and the levels of non-performing loans. The amount of the allowance is based on estimates, and actual losses may vary from such estimates as more information becomes available or economic conditions change.

This evaluation is inherently subjective, as it requires estimates that are susceptible to significant revision as circumstances change as more information becomes available. The allowance for credit losses on loans is assessed on a monthly basis and provisions are made for credit losses on loans as required in order to maintain the allowance at the required level determined by our analysis. The allowance for off-balance sheet credit is assessed quarterly and provisions are made to maintain the allowance at the required level determined by our analysis.

The provision for credit losses on loans increased to a credit loss provision of $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the prior year which ended at credit loss provision of $1.9 million. The provision for credit losses on off-balance sheet exposure was a net recovery of $722,000 compared to the prior year which ended with a net recovery of $301,000. The increase in provision for credit losses on loans was primarily driven by loan growth and charge offs taken in 2024 as well as increasing qualitative factors within our model assumptions for increased levels of past dues, higher levels of nonperforming loans as of December 31, 2024 compared to December 31, 2023, and potential weaknesses in underlying collateral for certain asset classes. The recovery of credit losses for off-balance sheet exposure was driven by fluctuations in our revolving credit line utilization rates as of December 31, 2024. Loan originations decreased $73.6 million, which totaled $447.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to loan originations of $374.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. Non-performing loans were $1.0 million at December 31, 2023 and $21.7 million at December 31, 2024.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, classified loans increased $36.2 million for a balance of $57.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, criticized loans increased $66.3 million to $85.3 million. During the year ended December 31, 2024, watch list loans increased $63.9 million to $122.6 million. Management does not believe any significant loss exposure currently exists in these loans. During the year ended December 31, 2024, there was $4.6 million in charge-offs recorded and recoveries of $28,000 were received. During the year ended December 31, 2023, there was $468,000 in charge-offs recorded and recoveries received of $22,000.

Discussion of provision for loan losses for the year ended December 31, 2022 has been omitted as such discussion was provided in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” under the heading “Provision for Loan Losses” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 23, 2023, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Non-Interest Income

Our primary sources of non-interest income are service charges on deposit accounts, such as interchange fees and statement fees, income earned on bank owned life insurance, fees earned from executing interest rate swaps on commercial loans, and gains realized on the sale of the guaranteed portion of Small Business Administration (“SBA”) loans.

The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of non-interest income:

For the Year Ended December 31,

(In thousands)

Non-interest income

Deposit account service charges $ 1,996 $ 2,149 (7.12 )%

Net loss on securities called or matured (48 ) — (100.00 )%

Non-interest income decreased $0.1 million, or 2.6%, to $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in non-interest income was primarily due to a decrease in deposit account service charges and other fee income for the year ended December 31, 2024. The Company did not recognize any fees on interest rate swaps for commercial loans for the year ended December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023. The Company also recognized $251,000 in planned operating losses in other fee income related to two New Market Tax Credit investments during the year ended December 31, 2023. Bank owned life insurance income increased $120,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, due to the high rate environment throughout 2024. The deposit service fees decreased $153,000 for the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to the same period in 2023, due to a decrease in customer activity.

Discussion of non-interest income for the year ended December 31, 2022 has been omitted as such discussion was provided in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” under the heading “Non-Interest Income” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 23, 2023, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Non-Interest Expense

Generally, non-interest expense is composed of all employee expenses and costs associated with operating our facilities, obtaining and retaining customer relationships and providing bank services. The largest component of non-interest expense is salaries and employee benefits. Non-interest expense also includes operational expenses, such as occupancy and equipment expenses, professional fees, advertising expenses and other general and administrative expenses, including FDIC assessments, communications, travel, meals, training, supplies and postage. The following table presents, for the periods indicated, the major categories of non-interest expense:

For the Year Ended December 31,

(In thousands)

Non-interest expense

Computer software intangible impairment 19,721 — 100.00 %

Non-interest expense increased $27.4 million or 60.0% to $73.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $45.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of the impairment of the computer software intangible of $19.7 million, increases in salary and employee benefits of $2.2 million, outside services of $1.6 million, and furniture and equipment expenses of $849,000. Management performed an impairment analysis on the computer software intangible asset during the three months ended December 31, 2024 and determined that the intangible had become fully impaired, which led to a charge of $19.7 million to the income statement. Salaries and employee benefits expense increased by $2.2 million to $30.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $28.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily as a result of increasing our personnel team members by 18 employees. Outside services increased $1.6 million, or 77.4%, to $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Furniture and equipment expenses increased $849,000, or 30%, to $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. Many of the non-interest expense categories remain consistent for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023 as management continues to exercise judicious expense controls.

Discussion of non-interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 has been omitted as such discussion was provided in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” under the heading “Non-Interest Expense” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 23, 2023, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Income Tax Expense

Income tax expense decreased $10.2 million or 162.9%, to a tax benefit of $3.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 from a tax expense of $6.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in federal income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the same period a year earlier was driven by a net loss recorded for the year ended December 31, 2024 due to the decline in net interest income given the impact of the highly competitive deposit interest rate environment and the impairment of the computer software intangible asset. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Bank had an effective tax benefit rate of 28.2%, compared to effective federal tax rate of 19.0% for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Discussion of income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 has been omitted as such discussion was provided in Part II, Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations,” under the heading “Income Tax Expense” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, which was filed with the SEC on March 23, 2023, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Avenu, a division of MainStreet Bank

Analysis of Results of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 2024

Net Income

Refer to Note 26 for detailed segment reporting tables for the Financial Technology division of MainStreet Bank for the periods indicated. All amounts set forth are included in the Results of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 for MainStreet Bancshares, Inc. unless indicated otherwise.

Comparison of Statements of Financial Condition at December 31, 2024 and at December 31, 2023

Total Assets

Total assets increased $192.7 million, or 9.5%, to $2.2 billion at December 31, 2024 from $2.0 billion at December 31, 2023. The increase was primarily the result of increases of $107.9 million in gross loans receivable, $93.2 million in cash and cash equivalents, $8.4 million in other assets, and $6.3 million in restricted securities. These increases were offset by a decrease in available-for-sale and held-to-maturity securities of $5.4 million and a decrease of $19.7 million in computer software, due to the impairment charges taken on the computer software intangible asset.

Investment Securities

We use our securities portfolio to provide a source of liquidity, provide an appropriate return on funds invested, manage interest rate risk, meet collateral requirements, assist in achieving Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) objectives, and meet regulatory capital and liquidity requirements. Our investment policy is established and reviewed annually by the Board of Directors. We are permitted under federal law to invest in various types of liquid assets, including United States Government obligations, securities of various federal agencies and of state and municipal governments, mortgage-backed securities, time deposits of federally insured institutions, subordinated debt of other financial institutions, equity securities, certain bankers’ acceptances and federal funds.

Our investment objectives are to maintain high asset quality, to provide and maintain liquidity, to establish an acceptable level of interest rate and credit risk, to provide an alternate source of low-risk investments when demand for loans is weak and to generate a favorable return. The Board of Directors has the overall responsibility for the investment portfolio, including approval of our investment policy. The Board of Directors is also responsible for implementation of the investment policy and monitoring investment performance. The Board of Directors reviews the status of the investment portfolio on a quarterly basis, or more frequently if warranted.

Generally accepted accounting principles require that, at the time of purchase, we designate a security as held-to-maturity, available-for-sale, or trading, depending on our ability and intent to hold such security. Debt securities available-for-sale are reported at fair value, while debt securities held-to-maturity are reported at amortized cost. We do not maintain a trading portfolio. Establishing a trading portfolio would require specific authorization by the Board of Directors.

The total investment securities portfolio, including both investment securities available-for-sale and investment securities held-to-maturity, was $71.8 million at December 31, 2024, a decrease of $5.4 million compared with December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2024, the investment securities portfolio includes $55.7 million of investment securities available-for-sale and $16.1 million of investment securities held-to-maturity compared to $59.9 million of investment securities available-for-sale and $17.3 million of investment securities held-to-maturity at December 31, 2023.

The Company did not sell any securities within the investment portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2024 or 2023.

For available-for-sale securities, management evaluates all investments in an unrealized loss position on a quarterly basis, and more frequently when economic or market conditions warrant such evaluation. If the Company has the intent to sell the security, or it is more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security, the security is written down to fair value, and the entire loss is recorded in earnings.

Portfolio Maturities and Yields. The composition and maturities of the investment securities portfolio at December 31, 2024, are summarized in the following table. Maturities are based on the final contractual payment date, and do not reflect the effect of scheduled principal repayments, prepayments, or early redemptions that may occur. Adjustable-rate mortgage-backed securities are included in the period in which interest rates are next scheduled to adjust. The Company does invest in both taxable and non-taxable municipal securities. No material changes occurred in the non-taxable security portfolio for the year ended December 31, 2024.

More than One Year More than Five Years More than

One Year or Less through Five Years through Ten Years Ten Years Total

Weighted Weighted Weighted Weighted Weighted

Cost Yield (1) Cost Yield (1) Cost Yield (1) Cost Yield (1) Cost Value Yield (1)

(Dollars in thousands)

Securities available-for-sale:

Municipal Securities

Securities held-to-maturity:

Municipal Securities

Loan Portfolio

Our primary source of income is derived from interest earned on loans. Our loan portfolio consists of loans secured by real estate as well as commercial business loans and consumer loans, substantially all of which are secured by corresponding deposits at the Bank. Our loan customers primarily consist of small- to medium-sized businesses, professionals, real estate investors, small residential builders and individuals. Our owner occupied and investment commercial real estate loans, residential construction loans and commercial business loans provide us with higher risk-adjusted returns, shorter maturities and more sensitivity to interest rate fluctuations, and are complemented by our relatively lower risk residential real estate loans to individuals. Our lending activities are principally directed to our market area consisting of the Washington, D.C. and Northern Virginia metropolitan areas.

Loan Portfolio Maturities and Yields.The following table summarizes the scheduled repayments of our loan portfolio at December 31, 2024. Demand loans, having no stated repayment schedule or maturity, and overdraft loans are reported as being due in one year or less. Maturities are based on the final contractual payment date and do not reflect the impact of prepayments and scheduled principal amortization.

Single-Family Multi-Family Farmland Owner Occupied Non-owner Occupied

(In thousands)

Amounts due in:

Amounts due in: (In thousands)

The following table sets forth our fixed and adjustable-rate loans at December 31, 2024, that are contractually due after December 31, 2024.

Fixed Adjustable

Rates Rates Total

(In thousands)

Residential real estate:

Commercial real estate:

Commercial – non-real estate:

Consumer – non-real estate:

The following table shows our loan originations, participations, purchases, sales and repayment activities for the periods indicated.

Years Ended December 31,

(In thousands)

Loans originated:

Real estate loans:

Residential real estate:

Commercial real estate:

Commercial – non-real estate:

Consumer – non-real estate:

Loan principal repayments:

Loans, net of unearned income, totaled $1.8 billion at December 31, 2024, an increase of $107.9 million from December 31, 2023. The increase in total loans was primarily driven by growth in the overall loan portfolio, with increases in commercial real estate for owner occupied and non-owner occupied segments as well as in commercial and industrial credits. Owner occupied loans had a balance of $357.7 million at December 31, 2024 compared to $282.1 million at December 31, 2023, for a net increase of $75.7 million. Non-owner occupied loans had a balance of $560.1 million at December 31, 2024 compared to $461.8 million at December 31, 2023, for a net increase of $98.3 million. Commercial and industrial loans had a balance of $82.8 million at December 31, 2024 compared to $75.4 million at December 31, 2023, for a net increase of $7.4 million.

A significant portion of the loan portfolio consists of commercial, construction and commercial real estate loans, primarily made in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area and secured by real estate or other collateral in that market. Although these loans are made to a diversified pool of unrelated borrowers across numerous businesses, adverse developments in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan real estate market could have an adverse impact on this portfolio of loans and the Company’s income and financial position. While our basic market area is the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, the Bank has made loans outside that market area where the applicant is an existing customer, and the nature and quality of such loans was consistent with the Company's lending policies.

The Company has a limited amount of credit exposure to government contractors in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Below is a schedule that outlines the credit exposure to businesses with government contracts by structure type as of December 31, 2024. The line of credit balances consist of asset based lines of credits on billed receivables, which are receivables for work that has been completed and invoiced to the government or the prime contractor. Ongoing monitoring of the lines of credit include receiving borrowing base certificates monthly on the billed receivables amount. Since December 31, 2024, we have strengthened the monitoring of these lines of credit to fully verify the billed receivables amount each time funds are advanced. Term debt is secured by a combination of business assets and additional real estate collateral.

Government Contracting Credit Exposures as of December 31, 2024

(Dollars in thousands)

The federal banking Agencies issued guidance in 2006 which addresses institutions’ with increased concentrations of commercial real estate (CRE) loans. The guidance does not establish specific CRE lending limits; rather, it promotes sound risk management practices and appropriate levels of capital that will enable institutions to continue to pursue CRE lending in a safe and sound manner. In developing this guidance, the Agencies recognized that different types of CRE lending present different levels of risk, and that consideration should be given to the lower risk profiles and historically superior performance of certain types of CRE, such as well-structured multifamily housing finance, when compared to others, such as speculative office space construction. As discussed under “CRE Concentration Assessments,” institutions are encouraged to segment their CRE portfolios to acknowledge these distinctions for risk management purposes. The guidance focuses on those CRE loans for which the cash flow from the real estate is the primary source of repayment rather than loans to a borrower for which real estate collateral is taken as a secondary source of repayment or through an abundance of caution. Thus, for the purposes of the guidance, CRE loans include those loans with risk profiles sensitive to the condition of the general CRE market (for example, market demand, changes in capitalization rates, vacancy rates, or rents). CRE loans are land development and construction loans (including 1- to 4-family residential and commercial construction loans) and other land loans. CRE loans also include loans secured by multifamily property, and nonfarm nonresidential property where the primary source of repayment is derived from rental income associated with the property (that is, loans for which 50 percent or more of the source of repayment comes from third party, nonaffiliated, rental income) or the proceeds of the sale, refinancing, or permanent financing of the property. Excluded from the scope of this Guidance are loans secured by nonfarm nonresidential properties where the primary source of repayment is the cash flow from the ongoing operations and activities conducted by the party, or affiliate of the party, who owns the property.

As part of their ongoing supervisory monitoring processes, the Agencies use certain criteria to identify institutions that are potentially exposed to significant CRE concentration risk. An institution that has experienced rapid growth in CRE lending, has notable exposure to a specific type of CRE, or is approaching or exceeds the following supervisory criteria may be identified for further supervisory analysis of the level and nature of its CRE concentration risk:

The Agencies use the criteria as a preliminary step to identify institutions that may have CRE concentration risk. Because regulatory reports capture a broad range of CRE loans with varying risk characteristics, the supervisory monitoring criteria do not constitute limits on an institution’s lending activity but rather serve as high-level indicators to identify institutions potentially exposed to CRE concentration risk.

The Company holds a concentration in commercial real estate loans. The Board has set a risk tolerance level of 150% and 375% of consolidated risk-based capital for construction, land development and other land loans and commercial real estate loans. As of December 31, 2024, construction, land development and other land loans represented 131.9% of consolidated risk-based capital. Total commercial real estate loans as defined by the Agency guidance represented 393.8% of consolidated risk-based capital. During the prior 36 months, the Company has experienced an increase in its commercial real estate portfolio by 72%. The Company has temporarily exceeded the target level for the commercial real estate segment and is working quickly to bring this segment back within the Board tolerance level.

The management team has extensive experience in underwriting commercial real estate loans and has implemented and continues to maintain heightened risk management procedures and strong underwriting criteria with respect to its commercial real estate portfolio. The Board of Directors has established internal maximum limits on CRE as an asset class overall as well as sub limits within CRE by property class, to better manage and control the exposure to property classes during periods of changing economic conditions. The Board of Directors also has minimum targets for regulatory capital ratios that are in excess of well capitalized ratios.

Our risk management process begins with a robust underwriting program. The underwriting and risk rating of all loans is completed by an underwriting team that is independent of the originating lender(s). The underwriting analysis of commercial real estate loans includes pre-origination stress testing utilizing the portfolio stress testing methods to fully understand the potential exposure before we originate the credit. Once originated, each loan receives ongoing quarterly stress tests to evaluate the risk profile over the life of the credit.

We stress test earning assets on a quarterly basis and measure the results against the Bank's risk-based capital. For commercial loans, residential real estate loans, owner-occupied commercial real estate loans and consumer installment loans, we multiply the total outstanding amount for each loan category by our highest quarter historical loss for that category as a surrogate in order to calculate a stressed loss.

For our non-owner occupied commercial real estate loans, we use three separate methodologies in our stress test. If a property fails more than one of the three tests, we extend the test with the highest exposure value and add an additional 10% for selling costs.

• An immediate and sustained 3.0% increase in interest rates,

• An immediate and sustained 5.0% increase in vacancy rates, and

We stress test the construction lending portfolio by applying exponential discounting (using a "k factor" of 2) to each project based upon its percentage of completion. The project is stressed using the as-is and as-complete appraised values and assumes 10% selling costs.

For all other loans, we utilize the Bank's historic loss rates or if not available, the average loss rates of UBPR Group 4 banks, for bank owned life insurance we utilize default rates from S&P Global ratings, and for securities we obtain an independent fair market value and if it is less than the book value, we subtract the fair market value from the book value to determine the stress loss. The following table shows the Company's earning assets and the results of the stress test performed for the periods indicated.

Outstanding Balance Stress Test Results (1) Stressed Loss Percent

(Dollars in thousands)

Earning Asset Component

Swap Portfolio — — —

(1) Net tax effective loss at the statutory rate of 21%

Outstanding Balance Stress Test Results (1) Stressed Loss Percent

(Dollars in thousands)

Earning Asset Component

Swap Portfolio — — —

(1) Net tax effective loss at the statutory rate of 21%

The total estimated stress test loss is deducted from capital and we recalculate the capital ratios. As shown in the tables below, as of December 31,

2024, and

2023 the post-stress capital ratios well exceed our Board target ratios as well as Agency minimums (with buffer).

The Company employs an external loan review firm to conduct ongoing reviews of the loan portfolio. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the independent external loan review firm reviewed approximately 70% of the entire portfolio by outstanding dollar balance. The external review did not identify any material underwriting or ongoing portfolio management concerns.

The following two tables break down the December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 non-owner occupied CRE portfolio balances by showing the current balance in each sub-category and location. The tables also display very favorable weighted average interest rates and weighted average loan-to-values for both periods. The weighted average occupancy percentages are also broadly favorable for both periods.

(Dollars in thousands)

DC MD VA Other Total

Office:

Construction and Land Development

(2) Non-owner occupied includes multifamily call code 1D

(3) Hospitality occupancy rates rely on individual STR data

(Dollars in thousands)

DC MD VA Other Total

Office:

Construction and Land Development

(2) Non-owner occupied includes multifamily call code 1D

(3) Hospitality occupancy rates rely on individual STR data

The Company also underwrites and originates owner-occupied commercial real estate loans. These loans are typically term loans made to support properties that rely upon the operations of the business occupying the property for repayment. The Agencies specifically excluded owner-occupied commercial real estate from their concentration guidance, as the primary source of repayment is the cash flow from the ongoing operations and activities conducted by the party, or affiliate of the party, who owns the property.

The following two tables depict a well-diversified portfolio of owner-occupied commercial real estate as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. The properties are distributed nicely among the Company's footprint. This loan segment continues to perform very well and is supported by strong loan-to-values (LTVs). The following table sets forth our owner-occupied CRE portfolio by the business industry groups that occupy the properties for the periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands)

DC MD VA Other Total

(Dollars in thousands)

DC MD VA Other Total

The risk profile of real estate properties within our market can vary depending upon location. Therefore, we have disaggregated our stress testing of construction projects further by segmenting the loans into two groupings, those inside a 15-mile radius of Washington, D.C. and those outside that radius. For example, during the 2009 recession, the peak-to-trough drop in property values inside the beltway was less than 10% (CoreLogic, 2019). The Board determined that loans made inside a 15-mile radius of Washington, D.C. carry less geographic risk than those made outside of that radius.

The graphic below is a geopoint map that depicts all construction loans, non-owner occupied CRE loans, and owner-occupied CRE loans, with a majority of all loan types concentrated within a 15-mile radius of Washington, D.C.

Asset Quality

The Company’s asset quality remained strong during the year ended December 31, 2024. Nonperforming assets, which includes nonaccrual loans, accruing loans 90 days past due, and other real estate owned totaled $21.7 million at December 31, 2024, and $1.0 million at December 31, 2023.

The Company may identify loans for potential restructure primarily through direct communication with the borrower and evaluation of the borrower’s financial statements, revenue projections, tax returns, and credit reports. Even if the borrower is not presently in default, management will consider the likelihood that cash flow shortages, adverse economic conditions and negative trends may result in a payment default in the near future.

As a percentage of total assets, nonperforming assets were 0.97% at December 31, 2024, compared with 0.05% at December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $21.7 million in loans on nonaccrual status. During the last quarter of the year ended December 31, 2024, nonperforming assets trended positively with loans on nonaccrual status decreasing by $6.7 million or 23.5%.

See Note 1, Organization, Basis of Presentation, and Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements and Note 5, Allowance for Credit Losses, in Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on the Company’s credit grade categories, which are derived from standard regulatory rating definitions.

The following table summarizes asset quality information at December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023.

December 31, December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

Non-accrual loans:

Residential real estate

Commercial real estate

Non-owner occupied 11,160 —

Construction & Land Development 4,235 —

Commercial non-real estate

Loans greater than 90 days past due and still accruing:

Consumer non real estate - secured — 4

Ratios:

Total non-performing loans to gross loans receivable 1.18 % 0.06 %

Total non-performing loans to total assets 0.97 % 0.05 %

Total non-accrual loans to gross loans receivable 1.18 % 0.05 %

Interest income that would have been recorded for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 had non-accruing loans been current according to their original terms was $1.9 million and $133,092, respectively.

Occasionally, the Company modifies loans by providing principal forgiveness on certain of its real estate loans. When principal forgiveness is provided, the amortized cost basis of the asset is written off against the allowance for credit losses. The amount of the principal forgiveness is deemed to be uncollectible; therefore, that portion of the loan is written off, resulting in a reduction of the amortized cost basis and a corresponding adjustment to the allowance for credit losses.

In some cases, the Company will modify a certain loan by providing multiple types of concessions. Typically, one type of concession, such as a term extension, is granted initially. If the borrower continues to experience financial difficulty, another concession, such as principal forgiveness, may be granted.

The Company further describes loans that were modified during the year ended December 31, 2024 in Note 5 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Analysis and Determination of the Allowance for Credit Loss on Loans.The allowance for credit losses on loans is maintained at a level which, in management’s judgment, is adequate to absorb probable and estimable future credit losses in the loan portfolio. The amount of the allowance is based on management’s evaluation of the collectability of the loan portfolio, including the nature of the portfolio, credit concentrations, trends in historical loss experience, specific individually evaluated loans, and current and future economic conditions. Allowances for individually evaluated loans are generally determined based on collateral values. Because of uncertainties associated with regional economic conditions, collateral values, and future cash flows on individually evaluated loans, it is reasonably possible that management’s estimate of probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio and the related allowance may change materially in the near-term. The allowance is increased by a provision for credit losses on loans which is charged to expense and reduced by full and partial charge-offs, net of recoveries. Changes in the allowance relating to individually evaluated loans are charged or credited to the provision for credit losses on loans. Management’s periodic evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance is based on various factors, including, but not limited to, management’s ongoing review and grading of loans, facts and issues related to specific loans, historical loan losses on loan pools, the fair value of the underlying collateral, current and future economic conditions and other qualitative and quantitative factors which could affect potential credit losses. An integral part of their examination process, the Federal Reserve Board will periodically review our allowance for credit losses, and as a result of such reviews, we may have to adjust our allowance for credit losses.

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended, which replaces the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (CECL) methodology. The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities. It also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures not accounted for as insurance (loan commitments, standby letters of credit, financial guarantees, and other similar instruments) and net investments in leases recognized by the lessor in accordance with Topic 842 on leases. In addition, ASC 326 made changes to the accounting for available-for-sale debt securities. One such change is to require credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on available-for-sale debt securities management does not intend to sell or believes that is not more likely than not they will be required to sell.

The Company adopted ASC 326 and all the subsequent amendments there to effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost, and off-balance-sheet credit exposures. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326 while prior periods amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. The Company recorded a net decrease to retained earnings of $1.7 million, net of taxes, as of January 1, 2023 for the cumulative effect of adopting ASC 326. The transition adjustment includes an increase in allowance for credit losses of $2.2 million and an increase in net deferred tax assets of $506,000.

The following table sets forth activity in our allowance for credit losses on loans for the periods indicated.

For the Year Ended December 31, For the Year Ended December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

Current expected credit losses, nonrecurring adoption — 895

Charge-offs:

Residential real estate (132 ) —

Commercial real estate (740 ) —

Construction (3,684 ) —

Commercial and industrial (4 ) (462 )

Consumer (9 ) (6 )

Recoveries:

Residential real estate — 7

Commercial and industrial 19 —

Total recoveries 28 22

Provision for credit losses - loans 7,485 1,943

Ratios:

Net charge offs to average loans outstanding 0.25 % 0.03 %

The following table summarizes our net charge-off activity by loan segment for the periods indicated.

At December 31,

Real Estate:

Residential $ (132 ) $ — $ (132 ) 0.0 % $ — $ 7 $ 7 0.0 % $ — $ — $ — 0.0 %

At December 31, 2024, our allowance for credit losses on loans represented 1.06% of total loans and we had $21.7 million in non-performing loans. The allowance for credit losses on loans increased to $19.5 million at December 31, 2024 from $16.5 million at December 31, 2023 as a direct result of loan growth and charge offs taken in 2024 as well as increasing qualitative factors within our model assumptions for increased levels of past dues and potential weaknesses in underlying collateral for certain asset classes. There were $4.5 million in net loan charge-offs and $446,000 in net loan charge-offs during the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Allocation of Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans.The following table sets forth the allowance for credit losses on loans allocated by loan category and the percent of the allowance in each category to the total allocated allowance on credit losses for loans at the dates indicated. The allowance for credit losses on loans allocated to each category is not necessarily indicative of future losses in any particular category and does not restrict the use of the allowance to absorb losses in other categories.

At December 31,

Residential Real Estate:

Commercial Real Estate:

Commercial – Non Real Estate:

Consumer – Non Real Estate:

Funding Activities

Deposits are the primary source of funds for lending and investing activities and their cost is the largest category of interest expense. The Company also utilizes wholesale deposits as a funding source in addition to customer deposits. Scheduled payments, as well as prepayments, and maturities from portfolios of loans and investment securities also provide a stable source of funds. FHLB advances, other secured borrowings, federal funds purchased, and other short-term borrowed funds, as well as longer-term debt issued through the capital markets, all provide supplemental liquidity sources. The Company’s funding activities are monitored and governed through the Company’s asset/liability management process

Deposits

Total deposits increased by $221.7 million from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024. Wholesale deposits, which are included in the table below, totaled $468.1 million and $433.0 million at December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. The following table presents the Company’s average deposits segregated by major category for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023:

At December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

Deposit type:

The pronounced shift from non-interest bearing demand deposits into money market demand and time deposits was driven by market conditions emanating from the large-bank failures in the first half of 2023. In order for us to maintain the customer relationships, we needed to shift the deposits into accounts where we could provide excess FDIC insurance coverage. We also gained in money market demand and time deposits as customers brought additional funds into the Company.

The Company uses wholesale deposits as a funding source in addition to customer deposits. Wholesale deposits provide a diversified and stable source of funding during times of market volatility. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $468.1 million of total wholesale deposit funding sources, an increase of $35.1 million compared to December 31, 2023, which totaled $433.0 million.

Given the interest rate environment and strategic initiatives, the Company replaced maturing lower yielding wholesale CDs with higher market rate CDs. Many replacement CDs include call options at our discretion if economic conditions change. The Company also utilized additional wholesale demand deposits to provide liquidity and more effectively balance our interest rate sensitivity. During the year ended December 31, 2024, total wholesale deposit funding accounted for approximately 28% of our interest expense.

The following table presents the Company's total wholesale deposit composition, concentrations, current rate and remaining duration, if applicable as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

As of December 31,

(Dollars in thousands)

Wholesale Time Deposits

Wholesale CDs:

(2) 80% of the CDs in this balance can be called as of December 31, 2024

Regulatory Defined Wholesale Deposits

Each quarter the Bank files a bank call report with the FDIC, which has a specific way it defines wholesale brokered deposits. As of December 31, 2024, the Company had $442.9 million of wholesale deposits outstanding, as defined by FDIC, an increase of $44.41 million from December 31, 2023. In addition, pursuant to rule 12 CFR 337.6(e), well-capitalized and well-rated institutions are not required to treat reciprocal deposits as wholesale deposits up to the lesser of 20 percent of their total liabilities or $5 billion. Reciprocal core deposits exceeding this threshold must be reported additionally as wholesale deposits for call report purposes only. As of December 31, 2024, the Company additionally reported $259.9 million in reciprocal deposits considered wholesale for call report purposes only, bringing regulatory defined wholesale deposits to $702.8 million as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2024, all of the Company's reciprocal deposits were core deposits from customers who placed their deposits in the reciprocal network for additional FDIC insurance coverage.

At December 31, 2024, the Company had $779.6 million in total deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000.

Certificates of deposit in amounts in excess of the FDIC insurance limit of $250,000 totaled approximately $457.4 million. The following table sets forth the maturity of these certificates as of December 31, 2024.

(In thousands)

Maturity period:

Three months or less $ 86,550

Over three through six months 102,470

Over six through twelve months 111,452

Over twelve months through three years 106,577

The following table sets forth all of our time deposits classified by interest rate as of the dates indicated.

At December 31,

(In thousands)

Interest Rate Range:

The following table sets forth by interest rate ranges information concerning the maturities of our certificates of deposit as of December 31, 2024.

Period to Maturity

(Dollars in thousands)

Interest Rate Range:

Borrowed Funds

We may obtain advances from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Richmond upon the security of the common stock we own in that bank and certain of our residential and commercial mortgage loans, provided certain standards related to creditworthiness have been met. These advances are made pursuant to several credit programs, each of which has its own interest rate and range of maturities. Federal Home Loan Bank advances are generally available to meet seasonal and other withdrawals of deposit accounts and to permit increased lending.

At December 31, 2024 and 2023, we were permitted to borrow up to an aggregate total of $544.8 million and $504.8 million, respectively, from the Federal Home Loan Bank of Richmond. There were Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings outstanding of $0at December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively. Additionally, as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 we had credit availability of $144.0 million and $114.0 million with correspondent banks for short-term liquidity needs, if necessary. Borrowings were $0 million and $15.0 outstanding at December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, under this facility.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is the ability of the Company to convert assets into cash or cash equivalents without significant loss and to raise additional funds by increasing liabilities. Liquidity management involves maintaining the Company’s ability to meet the day-to-day cash flow requirements of its customers, whether they are depositors wishing to withdraw funds or borrowers requiring funds to meet their credit needs. Without proper liquidity management, the Company would not be able to perform the primary function of a financial intermediary and would, therefore, not be able to meet the needs of the communities it serves.

The Company assesses liquidity needs on a daily basis using a sophisticated monitoring system that identifies daily sources and uses for a rolling 30-day period. The Company also assesses liquidity needs under various scenarios of market conditions, asset growth and changes in credit ratings. The assessment includes liquidity stress testing which measures various sources and uses of funds under the different scenarios. The assessment provides regular monitoring of unused borrowing capacity and available sources of contingent liquidity to prepare for unexpected liquidity needs and to cover unanticipated events that could affect liquidity.

The asset portion of the balance sheet provides liquidity primarily through unencumbered debt securities available-for-sale, loan principal and interest payments, maturities and prepayments of investment securities held-to-maturity and, to a lesser extent, sales of investment debt securities available-for-sale. Other short-term investments such as federal funds sold and maturing interest-bearing deposits with other banks, are additional sources of liquidity.

The liability portion of the balance sheet provides liquidity through various customers’ interest-bearing and noninterest-bearing deposit accounts and through FHLB and other borrowings. Wholesale deposits, federal funds purchased, and other short-term borrowings are additional sources of liquidity and, basically, represent the Company’s incremental borrowing capacity. These sources of liquidity are used as necessary to fund asset growth and meet short-term liquidity needs.

In addition to the Company’s financial performance and condition, liquidity may be impacted by the Company’s structure as a bank holding company that is a separate legal entity from the Bank. The Company requires cash for various operating needs that could include payment of dividends to its stockholders, the servicing of debt, and the payment of general corporate expenses. The primary source of liquidity for the Company is dividends paid by the Bank. Applicable federal and state statutes and regulations impose restrictions on the amount of dividends that may be paid by the Bank. In addition to the formal statutes and regulations, regulatory authorities also consider the adequacy of the Bank’s total capital in relation to its assets, deposits and other such items. Any future dividends must be set forth in the Company's capital plans before any dividends can be paid.

The Company’s ability to raise funding at competitive prices is affected by the rating agencies’ views of the Company’s credit quality, liquidity, capital and earnings. Management is rated by an independent rating agency annually and is provided with independent current outlook for the Company.

The Board of Director's and the Asset Liability Committee (ALCO) are responsible for establishing and monitoring our liquidity targets and strategies in order to ensure that sufficient liquidity exists for meeting the borrowing needs and deposit withdrawals of our customers as well as unanticipated contingencies. We believe that we have enough sources of liquidity to satisfy our short and long-term liquidity needs as of December 31, 2024.

We monitor and adjust our investments in liquid assets based upon our assessment of: (1) expected loan demand; (2) expected deposit flows; (3) yields available on interest-earning deposits and securities; and (4) the objectives of our asset/liability management program. Excess liquid assets are invested generally in interest-earning deposits and short-and intermediate-term securities.

While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit flows and loan prepayments are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions, and competition. Our most liquid assets are cash and cash equivalents, which include federal funds sold and interest-earning deposits in other banks. The levels of these assets are dependent on our operating, financing, lending and investing activities during any given period. At December 31, 2024, cash and cash equivalents totaled $207.7 million. Securities classified as available-for-sale, which provide additional sources of liquidity, totaled $55.7 million at December 31, 2024.

Our cash flows are comprised of three primary classifications: cash flows from operating activities, investing activities, and financing activities. Net cash provided by operating activities was $14.7 million, $31.6 million, and $33.5 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. Net cash used in investing activities, which consists primarily of disbursements for loan originations and the purchase of securities, offset by principal collections on loans and proceeds from maturing securities, was $122.3 million, $130.7 million, and $228.7 million for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, December 31, 2023, and December 31, 2022, respectively. There were no sales of available-for-sale debt securities in 2024, 2023, or 2022. Net cash provided by financing activities was $200.7 million, $83.0 million, and $232.6 million, for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022, respectively, which consisted primarily of increases in interest bearing deposits and federal funds purchased for the twelve months ended December 31, 2024. There were repayments of $15.0 million in federal funds purchased for year ended 2024 and repayments of $100.0 million in FHLB advances for the year ended 2023.

We are committed to maintaining a strong liquidity position. We monitor our liquidity position on a daily basis. We anticipate that we will have sufficient funds to meet our current funding commitments. Certificates of deposit due within one year of December 31, 2024, totaled $615.7 million of total deposits. If these deposits do not remain with us, we will be required to seek other sources of funds in the normal course of business, including other deposits and Federal Home Loan Bank advances. Depending on market conditions, we may be required to pay higher rates on such deposits or borrowings than we currently pay. We believe, however, based on past experience that a significant portion of such deposits will remain with us. We have the ability to attract and retain deposits by adjusting the interest rates offered. Management believes that the current sources of liquidity are adequate to meet the Company’s requirements and plans for continued growth.

Regulatory Capital

The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possible additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings and other factors.

The federal regulatory capital rules apply to all depository institutions as well as to bank holding companies with consolidated assets of $3 billion or more. However, the regulatory capital requirements generally do not apply on a consolidated basis to a bank holding company with total consolidated assets of less than $3 billion unless the holding company: (1) is engaged in significant nonbanking activities either directly or through a nonbank subsidiary; (2) conducts significant off-balance sheet activities (including securitization and asset management or administration) either directly or through a nonbank subsidiary; or (3) has a material amount of debt or equity securities outstanding (other than trust preferred securities) that are registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Federal Reserve may apply the regulatory capital standards at its discretion to any bank holding company, regardless of asset size, if such action is warranted for supervisory purposes.

Because the Company has total consolidated assets of less than $3 billion and does not engage in activities that would trigger application of the federal regulatory capital rules, it is not at present subject to consolidated capital requirements under such rules.

The Basel III Capital Rules, a comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations, became effective for the Bank on January 1, 2015 (subject to a phase-in period for certain provisions). Under the Basel III rules, the Bank must hold a capital conservation buffer above the adequately capitalized risk-based capital ratios. The capital conservation buffer was phased in from 0.0% for 2015 to 2.50% by 2019. The capital conservation buffer for 2024 and 2023 is 2.50%. Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios of Total capital, Common Equity Tier 1 capital, and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk weighted assets (as defined), and of Tier 1 capital (as defined) to average assets (as defined). Management believes, as of December 31, 2024, the Bank meets all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject.

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the most recent notification from the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond categorized the Bank as well capitalized under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. To be categorized as well capitalized, the Bank must maintain minimum total risk-based, Common Equity Tier 1 risk-based, Tier 1 risk-based, and Tier 1 leverage ratios as set forth in the following table. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category.

The Bank’s actual regulatory capital amounts and ratios as of December 31, 2024 and 2023 are presented in the table below.

(Dollars in thousands) Amount Ratio Amount Ratio Amount Ratio

Non-GAAP Measures

In reporting the results as of and for the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company has provided supplemental performance measures on an operating basis. These measures are a supplement to GAAP used to prepare the Company’s financial statements and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for comparable measures calculated in accordance with GAAP. In addition, the Company’s non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to non-GAAP measures of other companies. The Company uses the non-GAAP measures discussed herein in its analysis of the Company’s performance.

Net interest margin on a fully tax equivalent (FTE) basis, provides valuable additional insight into the net interest margin and the impact that investments in tax-exempt securities have on our financial metrics. The entire FTE adjustment is attributable to the income tax effect on tax-exempt securities, using the statutory federal income tax rate of 21%.

The Company believes that tangible common stockholders' equity, excluding intangible assets, is a meaningful supplement to GAAP financial measures and useful to investors because it provides an additional measure to calculate the book value of our common shares by removing the value of a subjective portion of our balance sheet.

The following table reconciles these non-GAAP measures from their respective GAAP basis measures for the years ended December 31,

For the year ended December 31,

Net interest margin (FTE)

FTE adjustment on tax-exempt securities 291 283 281

Net interest margin (GAAP) 3.11 % 4.13 % 4.21 %

Net interest margin (FTE) (non-GAAP) 3.13 % 4.15 % 4.23 %

Yield on earning assets (FTE)

FTE adjustment on tax-exempt securities 291 283 281

Yield on earning assets (GAAP) 6.70 % 6.70 % 5.01 %

Yield on earning assets (FTE) (non-GAAP) 6.71 % 6.71 % 5.03 %

Net interest spread (FTE)

Yield on earning assets (GAAP) 6.70 % 6.70 % 5.01 %

Yield on earning assets (FTE) (non-GAAP) 6.71 % 6.71 % 5.03 %

Yield on interest-bearing liabilities 4.70 % 3.66 % 1.31 %

Net interest spread (GAAP) 1.99 % 3.04 % 3.70 %

Net interest spread (FTE) (non-GAAP) 2.01 % 3.05 % 3.71 %

Net Income and earnings per share, adjusted

Less: nonrecurring intangible impairment (19,721 ) — —

Less: nonrecurring restructuring expenses (430 ) — —

Less: nonrecurring other expenses (890 ) — —

Related income tax benefit 4,763 — —

Net income (loss) available to common shareholders, adjusted 4,142 24,429 24,518

Earnings (loss) per common share, basic and diluted, adjusted

Nonrecurring expenses per share, net of taxes 2.14 — —

Adjusted Return (loss) on Average Assets (ROAA)

Annualized ROAA, as reported (0.47 )% 1.38 % 1.53 %

Annualized ROAA, as adjusted 0.29 % 1.38 % 1.53 %

Adjusted Return (loss) on Average Equity (ROAE)

Efficiency Ratio, adjusted

Less: nonrecurring intangible impairment (19,721 ) — —

Less: nonrecurring restructuring expenses (430 ) — —

Less: nonrecurring other expenses (890 ) — —

Noninterest expenses, adjusted for nonrecurring expenses 51,926 45,616 39,524

Tangible common stockholders' equity

Tangible book value per common share (non-GAAP) $ 23.77 $ 23.86 $ 21.75

Stockholders equity, adjusted

Total tangible assets

Average tangible stockholders' equity

Average tangible assets

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market Risk Management

The effective management of market risk is essential to achieving the Company’s strategic financial objectives. As a financial institution, the Company’s most significant market risk exposure is interest rate risk in its balance sheet; however, market risk also includes product liquidity risk, price risk and volatility risk in the Company’s lines of business. The primary objectives of market risk management are to minimize any adverse effect that changes in market risk factors may have on net interest income, and to offset the risk of price changes for certain assets recorded at fair value.

Interest Rate Market Risk

The Company’s net interest income and the fair value of its financial instruments are influenced by changes in the level of interest rates. The Company manages its exposure to fluctuations in interest rates through policies established by its Asset/Liability Committee. The Asset/Liability Committee meets regularly and has responsibility for approving asset/liability management policies, formulating strategies to improve balance sheet positioning and/or earnings and reviewing the interest rate sensitivity of the Company.

We estimate what our net interest income would be for a 12-month period. We then calculate what the net interest income would be for the same period under different interest rate assumptions. These estimates require certain assumptions to be made, including loan and mortgage-related investment prepayment speeds, reinvestment rates, and deposit maturity and decay rates. These assumptions are inherently uncertain. As a result, no simulation model can precisely predict the impact of changes in interest rates on our net interest income.

The table below sets forth, as of December 31, 2024, the calculation of the estimated changes in our net interest income that would result from changes in market interest rates over one year if we take no action from our current plan.

Basis Point Change in Net Interest Income Year 1 Change

Interest Rates Year 1 Forecast From Level

(Dollars in thousands)

Economic Value of Equity (“EVE”). We analyze the sensitivity of our financial condition to changes in interest rates through our economic value of equity model. This analysis measures the difference between predicted changes in the fair value of our assets and predicted changes in the present value of our liabilities assuming various changes in current interest rates. The table below represents an analysis of our interest rate risk as measured by the estimated changes in our economic value of equity, resulting from an instantaneous and sustained parallel shift in the yield curve at December 31, 2024.

Estimated Increase EVE as a Percentage of Fair

(Decrease) EVE Value of Assets(3)

Basis Point Increase

Change in Estimated EVE (Decrease)

Interest Rates(1) EVE(2) Amount Percent Ratio(4) Basis Points

(Dollars in thousands)

(1) Assumes an immediate uniform change in interest rates at all maturities.

(4) EVE Ratio represents EVE divided by the fair value of assets.

Market Interest Rate Shift

The financial statements and related data presented herein have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering changes in relative purchasing power of money over time due to inflation.

The majority of assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature; therefore, a financial institution differs greatly from most commercial and industrial companies, which have significant investments in fixed assets or inventories that are greatly impacted by inflation. However, inflation does have an important impact on the growth of total assets in the banking industry and the resulting need to increase equity capital at higher than normal rates in order to maintain an appropriate equity-to-assets ratio. Inflation also affects other expenses that tend to rise during periods of general inflation.

Management believes the most significant potential impact of inflation on financial results is a direct result of the Company’s ability to manage the impact of changes in interest rates. Management attempts to maintain a balanced position between rate-sensitive assets and liabilities in order to minimize the impact of interest rate fluctuations on net interest income. However, this goal can be difficult to completely achieve in times of rapidly changing interest rates and is one of many factors considered in determining the Company’s interest rate positioning. The Company is asset sensitive as of December 31, 2024. Refer to the Net Interest Income Sensitivity table for additional details on the Company’s interest rate sensitivity.

The Bank also uses derivative financial instruments to manage risk to the Bank associated with changing interest rates, and to assist customers with their risk management objectives. The Bank enters into interest rate swaps with certain qualifying commercial loan customers to meet their interest rate risk management needs. The net result of these interest rate swaps is that the customer pays a fixed rate of interest and the Bank receives a floating rate thus allowing the Bank another tool to further manage the interest rate risk for certain products. These back-to-back loan swaps qualify as financial derivatives with fair values reported in “Other assets” and “Other liabilities” in the Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition.

We believe that our current interest rate exposure is manageable and does not indicate any significant exposure to interest rate changes.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors

MainStreet Bancshares, Inc.

Fairfax, Virginia

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of MainStreet Bancshares, Inc. and Subsidiary (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income (loss), comprehensive income (loss), stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes to the consolidated financial statements (collectively, the financial statements). In our opinion, the financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We have also audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control — Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in 2013, and our report dated March 14, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing separate opinions on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Allowance for Credit Losses – Loans Collectively Evaluated for Losses

As described in Note 1 – Organization, Basis of Presentation and Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements and Note 5 – Allowance for Credit Losses in the consolidated financial statements, the Company accounts for its allowance for credit losses on loans (ACLL) in accordance with ASC 326. The ACLL is a valuation allowance that represents management’s best estimate of expected credit losses on loans measured at amortized cost considering available information, from internal and external sources, relevant to assessing collectability over the loans’ contractual terms. Loans which share common risk characteristics are pooled and collectively evaluated by the Company using historical data, as well as assessments of current conditions and reasonable and supportable forecasts of future conditions. The Company’s ACLL related to collectively evaluated loans made up the total recorded ACLL of $19.5 million as of December 31, 2024. The collectively evaluated ACLL consists of quantitative and qualitative components.

The quantitative component consists of loss estimates derived from a weighted average remaining maturity (“WARM”) model using external observations of historical loan losses adjusted for estimated attrition and forecasts of future conditions over a reasonable and supportable period. These estimates consider large amounts of data in tabulating loss and attrition rates and require complex calculations as well as management judgment in the selection of appropriate inputs.

In addition to the quantitative component, the collectively evaluated ACLL also includes a qualitative component which aggregates management’s assessment of available information relevant to assessing collectability that is not captured in the quantitative loss estimation process. Factors considered by management in developing its qualitative estimates include: changes in lending policies and procedures; changes in international, national, regional and local economic conditions; changes in the nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans; changes in the experience, depth, and ability of lending management; changes in the volume and severity of past due loans, the volume of nonaccrual loans, and the volume and severity of adversely classified loans; changes in the quality of the Company’s loan review system; changes in the value of underlying collateral for collateral-dependent loans; the existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations; and the effect of other external factors (i.e. competition, legal and regulatory requirements, etc.) on the level of credit losses.

Management exercised significant judgment when estimating the ACLL on collectively evaluated loans. We identified the estimation of the collectively evaluated ACLL as a critical audit matter as auditing the collectively evaluated ACLL involved especially complex and subjective auditor judgment in evaluating management’s assessment of the inherently subjective estimates.

The primary audit procedures we performed to address this critical audit matter included:

/s/ YOUNT, HYDE & BARBOUR, P.C.

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2008.

Owings Mills, Maryland

March 14, 2025

Item8 – Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data)

Assets

Investment securities available-for-sale (AFS), at fair value 55,747 59,928

Restricted securities, at amortized cost 30,623 24,356

Accrued interest and other receivables 11,311 12,390

Computer software, net of amortization — 14,657

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Liabilities

Federal funds purchased — 15,000

Allowance for credit losses on off-balance sheet credit exposure 287 1,009

Commitments and contingencies (Note 13)

Stockholders’ Equity

Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) (7,711 ) (7,478 )

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (Dollars in thousands, except per share data).

For the Year Ended December 31,

Interest Income

Interest and dividends on investments securities

U.S. government agencies and corporations 151 — 37

Tax-exempt obligations of states and political subdivisions 1,093 1,065 1,058

Taxable obligations of states and political subdivisions 256 256 254

Interest Expense

Interest on interest bearing demand deposits 8,661 1,786 494

Interest on savings and NOW deposits 754 546 203

Interest on federal funds purchased 575 299 —

Interest on Federal Home Loan Bank advances 46 1,224 347

Recovery of Credit Losses - Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposure (722 ) (301 ) —

Non-Interest Income

Loan swap fee income — — 619

Net gain (loss) on securities called or matured (48 ) — 4

Net loss on sale of loans — — (168 )

Non-Interest Expense

Other real estate expenses, net — — 38

Computer software intangible impairment 19,721 — —

Net Income (Loss) available to common shareholders $ (12,136 ) $ 24,429 $ 24,518

Earnings (loss) per common share:

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (Dollars in thousands).

For the Year Ended December 31,

Comprehensive Income (Loss), net of taxes

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax expense (benefit):

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2024, 2023, and 2022 (Dollars in thousands).

Accumulated Other

Preferred Common Capital Retained Comprehensive

Stock Stock Surplus Earnings Income (Loss) Total

Vesting of restricted stock — 407 (407 ) — — —

Stock based compensation expense — — 2,519 — — 2,519

Dividends on common stock - ($0.25 per share) — — — (1,882 ) — (1,882 )

Other comprehensive loss — — — — (8,743 ) (8,743 )

Cumulative change in accounting principle (Note 3) — — — (1,699 ) — (1,699 )

Vesting of restricted stock — 470 (470 ) — — —

Stock based compensation expense — — 2,491 — — 2,491

Common stock repurchased — (8 ) (35 ) — — (43 )

Dividends on common stock - ($0.40 per share) — — — (3,011 ) — (3,011 )

Other comprehensive gain — — — — 1,068 1,068

Cumulative change in accounting principle (Note 1) (217 ) (217 )

Vesting of restricted stock — 434 (434 ) — — —

Stock based compensation expense — — 2,838 — — 2,838

Common stock repurchased — (166 ) (566 ) — — (732 )

Dividends on common stock - ($0.40 per share) — — — (3,046 ) — (3,046 )

Net income (loss) — — — (9,980 ) — (9,980 )

Other comprehensive gain (loss) — — — — (233 ) (233 )

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Dollars in thousands)

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Depreciation, amortization, and accretion, net 3,683 2,268 2,083

Amortization of right-of-use assets 504 477 496

Amortization of intangible assets 447 — —

Loss on sale of other real estate owned — — 4

Loss on valuation of other real estate owned — — 70

Loss on loans held for sale — — 168

Loss on New Market Tax Credit investment operations — 251 —

Gain on disposal of premises and equipment (99 ) (129 ) —

Realized (Gain) loss on securities (AFS/HTM) 48 — (4 )

Income from bank owned life insurance (1,189 ) (1,069 ) (1,008 )

Subordinated debt amortization expense 397 397 328

Computer software intangible impairment 19,721 — —

Change in:

Accrued interest receivable and other receivables 1,079 (2,803 ) (1,861 )

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Activity in available-for-sale securities:

Maturities, sales, called, refunded 1,445 — 245,000

Activity in held-to-maturity securities:

Purchases (400 ) — —

Purchases of restricted investment in bank stock (1,624 ) (7,059 ) (9,123 )

Redemption of restricted investment in bank stock 1,425 10,425 4,125

Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned — — 701

Proceeds from sale of loans 29,578 — —

Proceeds from sale of premises and equipment 195 129 —

Purchases of premises and equipment (909 ) (497 ) (1,125 )

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net increase (decrease) in Federal Home Loan Bank advances — (100,000 ) 100,000

Net increase (decrease) in federal funds purchased (15,000 ) 15,000 —

Net increase in subordinated debt — — 42,623

Repurchase of common stock (732 ) (43 ) (6,918 )

Cash dividends paid on preferred stock (2,156 ) (2,156 ) (2,156 )

Cash dividends paid on common stock (3,046 ) (3,011 ) (1,882 )

Increase (decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents, net 93,195 (16,087 ) 37,401

Supplementary Disclosure of Cash Flow Information

Cash paid during the period for income taxes $ 1,275 $ 7,280 $ 6,381

See Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements

MAINSTREET BANCSHARES,INC. AND SUBSIDIARY

Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1. Organization, Basis of Presentation and Impact of Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

Organization

MainStreet Bancshares Inc. (the “Company”) is a financial holding company incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Virginia whose principal activity is the ownership and management of MainStreet Bank. On May 18,2016, the stockholders of MainStreet Bank (the “Bank”) approved a Reorganization Agreement and Plan of Share Exchange (“Reorganization”) whereby the Bank would reorganize into a holding company structure. The Plan of Share Exchange called for each outstanding share of Bank common stock to be automatically converted into and exchanged for one share of the Company’s common stock, and the common stockholders of the Bank would become the common stockholders of the Company on the effective date of the Reorganization. On July 15,2016, the Reorganization became effective, and the Bank became a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company. The holding company is regulated under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, and is subject to inspection, examination, and supervision by the Federal Reserve Board. On October 12, 2021, the Company filed an election with the Federal Reserve Board to be a financial holding company in order to engage in a broader range of financial activities than are permitted for bank holding companies generally. The Company is authorized to issue 15,000,000 shares of common stock with a par value of $4.00 per share. Additionally, the Company is authorized to issue 2,000,000 shares of preferred stock at a par value $1.00 per share. There are currently 28,750 shares of preferred stock outstanding.

On April 18, 2019, the Company completed the registration of its common stock with the Securities Exchange Commission through its filing of a General Form for Registration of Securities on Form 10 (“Form 10”), pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The Company was considered to be an “emerging growth company” under the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, or the “JOBS Act,” and as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the “Securities Act,” through the quarter ended September 30, 2024. The Company is no longer considered an emerging growth company and will be an accelerated filer effective with this filing.

We were approved to list shares of our common stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market under our current symbol “MNSB” as of April 22,2019. We were approved to list depositary shares of preferred stock on the Nasdaq Capital Market on the symbol “MNSBP” as of September 16, 2020. Each depositary share represents a 1/40th interest in a share of 7.50% Series A Fixed-Rate Non-Cumulative Perpetual Preferred Stock.

In September 2021, MainStreet Bancshares, Inc. established MainStreet Community Capital, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary, to be a community development entity (“CDE”). This CDE will be an intermediary vehicle for the provision of loans and investments in Low-Income Communities (“LICs”). In January 2022, the Community Development Financial Institutions Fund (“CDFI”) of the United States Department of the Treasury certified MainStreet Community Capital, LLC as a registered CDE. MainStreet Community Capital's primary business objective will be to apply for and receive New Market Tax Credit ("NMTC") allocations that are awarded and distributed annually.

On October 25, 2021, MainStreet Bancshares, Inc. formally introduced Avenu, a division of MainStreet Bank. Avenu provides an embedded Banking as a Service (BaaS) solution that connects our partners (fintechs, application developers, money movers, and entrepreneurs) directly and seamlessly to our Software as a Service (SaaS) solution. Our SaaS software program was deployed in October 2024. Refer to Note 8 for additional information around the computer software intangible asset. The Avenu division is classified within our Financial Technology reportable segment outlined in Note 26. Additional information can be found in our investor presentations filed quarterly.

MainStreet Bank is headquartered in Fairfax, Virginia where it also operates a branch. The Bank was incorporated on March 28,2003, and received its charter from the Bureau of Financial Institutions of the Commonwealth of Virginia (the “Bureau”) on March 16,2004. The Bank commenced regular operations on May 26,2004, and is supervised by the Bureau and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. The Bank is a member of the Federal Reserve System and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The Bank places special emphasis on serving the needs of individuals, and small and medium-sized businesses and professionals in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area.

Basis of Presentation

The accompanying financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”).

Principles of Consolidation – The consolidated financial statements include accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, the Bank and MainStreet Community Capital, LLC. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.

Cash and cash equivalents – For the purpose of presentation in the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, the Bank has defined cash and cash equivalents as those amounts included in the statement of financial condition captions “Cash and due from banks” and “Federal funds sold.”

Investment securities – The Bank’s investment debt securities are classified as either held-to-maturity, available-for-sale, or trading. At December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, the Bank held approximately $16.1 million and $17.3 million, respectively, in securities classified as held-to-maturity. The Bank held no securities classified as trading.

Debt securities which are not classified as held-to-maturity or trading are classified as securities available-for-sale (AFS). Debt securities available-for-sale are reported at fair value. Any unrealized gain or loss, net of applicable income taxes, is reported as a separate addition to or reduction from stockholders’ equity. Gains and losses arising from the sale of debt securities available-for-sale are recognized based on the specific identification method on a trade-date basis and included in results of operations. Debt securities held-to-maturity includes securities purchased with the ability and positive intent to hold to maturity. Debt securities are stated at historical cost adjusted for amortization of premiums and accretion of discount, and net of any allowance for credit losses.

Purchase premiums and discounts are amortized using the interest method over the term or first call date of each security.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Held-to-Maturity Securities - The Company measures expected credit losses on held-to-maturity (HTM) securities on an individual basis. Accrued interest receivable on these securities are excluded from the estimate of credit losses. For HTM securities, the Company evaluates the credit risk of its securities on at least a quarterly basis. The primary indicators of credit quality for the Company’s HTM portfolio are security type and credit rating, which is influenced by a number of factors including obligor cash flow, geography, seniority, and others. The Company's HTM securities ACL was immaterial at December 31, 2024.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Available-for-Sale Securities - For AFS debt securities in an unrealized loss position, the Company first assesses whether it intends to sell, or it is more likely than not that it will be required to sell the security before the recovery of its amortized cost basis. If either criteria regarding intent or requirement to sell is met, the security's amortized cost basis is written down to fair value with a charge to current operations. For AFS debt securities that do not meet the aforementioned criteria, the Company evaluates whether the decline in fair value has resulted from credit losses or other factors. In making this assessment, management considers the extent to which fair value is less than amortized cost, any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, among other factors. If the assessment indicates that a credit loss exists, the present value of cash flows expected to be collected from the security are compared to the amortized cost basis of the security. If the present value of cash flows expected to be collected is less than the amortized cost basis, a credit loss exists and an allowance for credit losses is recorded for the credit loss, limited by the amount that the fair value is less than the amortized cost basis. Any impairment that has not been recorded through an allowance for credit losses is recognized in other comprehensive income.

Restricted Equity Securities - Restricted equity securities consist of the Federal Reserve Bank and Federal Home Loan Bank of Atlanta (“FHLB”) stock in the amount of $5.3 million and $1.4 million respectively, as of December 31, 2024, compared to $5.2 million and $1.3 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2023. Restricted equity securities also consisted of $126,800 in Community Bankers Bank stock at December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023. This restricted stock is recorded at cost because its ownership is restricted and it lacks a market for resale. The Bank is required to maintain Federal Reserve Bank stock at a level of 6% of capital and surplus. The FHLB requires the Bank to maintain stock, at a minimum, in an amount equal to 4.5% of outstanding borrowings and 0.20% of total assets. When evaluating restricted stock for impairment, its value is based on ultimate recoverability of the par value rather than by recognizing temporary declines in value. The Bank does not consider these investments to be impaired at December 31, 2024 or December 31, 2023 and no previous impairment has been recognized as of December 31, 2024. Restricted equities include $7.6 million in Low-Income Housing Tax Credits (“LIHTC”) and $9.4 million of New Market Tax Credits ("NMTC") that are both carried at amortized cost through the proportional amortization method. Restricted equities also include $6.7 million of nonmarketable securities as of December 31, 2024 that do not qualify for equity method accounting. As of December 31, 2023 restricted equities include $8.2 million in LIHTC, $3.1 million in NMTC, and $6.4 million of nonmarketable securities that do not qualify for equity method accounting. These investments are recorded at cost because the ownership is restricted and lacks a market for resale.

Loans - The Bank makes commercial and consumer loans to customers. Our recorded investment in loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future, or until maturity or pay-off, generally are reported at their unpaid principal balances adjusted for charge-offs, unearned discounts, any deferred fees or costs on originated loans, and the allowance for credit losses on loans. Interest on loans is credited to operations based on the principal amount outstanding. Loan fees and origination costs are deferred and the net amount is amortized as an adjustment of the related loan’s yield using the effective interest method. The Bank is amortizing these amounts over the contractual life of the related loans.

A loan’s past due status is based on the contractual due date of the most delinquent payment due. All loans which are 30 or more days past due at the end of the month are reported to the Board of Directors. Commercial loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when the collection of principal or interest is 90 days or more past due, or earlier, if collection is uncertain based on an evaluation of the net realizable value of the collateral and the financial strength of the borrower. Consumer loans are generally placed on nonaccrual status when the collection of principal or interest is 120 days or more past due, or earlier, if collection is uncertain based on an evaluation of the net realizable value of the collateral and the financial strength of the borrower. Loans greater than 90 days past due may remain on accrual status if management determines it has adequate collateral to cover the principal and interest. For those loans that are carried on nonaccrual status, payments are first applied to principal outstanding. A loan may be returned to accrual status if the borrower has demonstrated a sustained period of repayment performance in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan and there is reasonable assurance the borrower will continue to make payments as agreed. It is Bank policy to charge-off loans whose collectability is sufficiently questionable and can no longer be justified as an asset on the statement of financial condition. To determine if a loan should be charged-off, all possible sources of repayment are analyzed, including: (1) the potential for future cash flow, (2) the value of the Bank’s collateral, and (3) the strength of co-makers or guarantors. All principal and previously accrued interest is charged to the allowance for credit losses. All future payments received on the loan are credited to the allowance for credit losses as a recovery. These policies are applied consistently across our loan portfolio.

The Company designates individually evaluated loans on nonaccrual status as collateral-dependent loans, as well as other loans that management of the Company designates as having differing risk. Collateral-dependent loans are loans for which the repayment is expected to be provided substantially through the operation or sale of the collateral and the borrower is experiencing financial difficulty. These loans do not share common risk characteristics and are not included within the collectively evaluated loans for determining the allowance for credit losses. Under CECL, for collateral-dependent loans, the Company has adopted the practical expedient to measure the allowance for credit losses based on the fair value of collateral. The allowance for credit losses is calculated on an individual loan basis based on the shortfall between the fair value of the loan's collateral, which is adjusted for liquidation costs/discounts, and amortized cost. If the fair value of the collateral exceeds the amortized cost, no allowance is required.

Allowance for Credit Losses

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted ASU 2016-13 Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments, as amended, which replaces the incurred loss methodology with an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss (CECL) methodology. The measurement of expected credit losses under the CECL methodology is applicable to financial assets measured at amortized cost, including loan receivables and held-to-maturity debt securities. It also applies to off-balance sheet credit exposures not accounted for as insurance (loan commitments, standby letters of credit, financial guarantees, and other similar instruments) and net investments in leases recognized by the lessor in accordance with Topic 842 on leases. In addition, ASC 326 made changes to the accounting for available-for-sale debt securities. One such changes is to require credit losses to be presented as an allowance rather than as a write-down on available-for-sale debt securities management does not intend to sell or believes that is more likely than not they will be required to sell.

The Company adopted ASC 326 and all the subsequent amendments thereto effective January 1, 2023 using the modified retrospective method for all financial assets measured at amortized cost, and off-balance-sheet credit exposures. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2023 are presented under ASC 326 while prior periods amounts continue to be reported in accordance with previously applicable GAAP. The Company recorded a net decrease to retained earnings of $1.7 million as of January 1, 2023 for the cumulative effect of adopting ASC 326. The transition adjustment includes an increase in allowance for credit losses of $2.2 million and an increase in net deferred tax assets of $506,000.

The Company adopted ASC 326 using the prospective transition approach for debt securities for which other-than-temporary impairment had been recognized prior to January 1, 2023. As of December 31, 2022, the Company did not have any other-than-temporarily impaired investment securities. Therefore, upon adoption of ASC 326, the Company determined that an allowance for credit losses on available-for-sale securities was not deemed material.

The following table illustrates the impact of ASC 326.

Assets:

Allowance for Credit Losses

Total Allowance for Credit Losses on Loans $ 15,009 $ 14,114 $ 895

Liabilities:

Allowance for Credit Losses Off-Balance Sheet Credit Exposure 1,310 — 1,310

The Company elected not to measure an allowance for credit losses for accrued interest receivable and instead elected to reverse interest income on loans or securities that are placed on nonaccrual status, which is generally when the instrument is 90 days past due, or earlier if the Company believes the collection of interest is doubtful. The Company has concluded that this policy results in the timely reversal of uncollectible interest.

Allowance for Credit Losses - Loans - The allowance for credit losses on loans is a valuation account that is deducted from the loans' amortized cost basis to present the net amount expected to be collected on the loans. Loans are charged off against the allowance when management believes the uncollectability of a loan balance is confirmed. Expected recoveries do not exceed the aggregate of amounts previously charged-off. Accrued interest receivable is excluded from the estimate of credit losses.

The allowance for credit losses represents management's estimate of lifetime credit losses inherent in the loans as of the balance sheet date. Management estimates the allowance balance using relevant available information, from internal and external sources, relating to past events, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Historical credit loss experience provides the basis for the estimation of expected credit losses. Adjustments to historical loss information are made for differences in current loan-specific risk characteristics such as differences in underwriting standards, portfolio mix, delinquency levels, concentrations or term as well as for changes in environmental conditions, such as changes in unemployment rates, property values or vacancy rates, consumer price index and projected federal funds target rate and future unemployment rates.

The allowance for credit losses on loans is measured on a collective (pool) basis when similar risk characteristics exist. The Company has identified the following portfolio segments and measures the allowance for credit losses on loans using the following methods: Portfolio segments are grouped in homogenous pools that mirror the loan pools described in Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Call Report however we are able to group these pools into the following segments:

MNSB US Equity

MNSB · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

Item7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

MNSB US Equity☆

MNSB · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

Item7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

MNSB US Equity