LXRX US Equity☆

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read with our financial statements and notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.

Overview

We are a biopharmaceutical company with a mission of pioneering medicines that transform patients’ lives. We are devoting most of our resources to the research, development and preparation for commercialization of our most advanced drug candidates:

•We have a pending NDA for sotagliflozin, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate, as a treatment for heart failure. The NDA is currently under review by the FDA and has been assigned a PDUFA target action date of May 27, 2023. The NDA is supported by positive results from two Phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the effect of sotagliflozin on long-term outcomes related to cardiovascular death and heart failure in approximately 10,500 and 1,200 patients, respectively. Under the NDA, we are seeking regulatory approval to market sotagliflozin to reduce the risk of cardiovascular death and hospitalization for heart failure in adults with heart failure and in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease and other cardiovascular risk factors. We are now preparing for the anticipated commercial launch of sotagliflozin in the United States following approval.

We have also engaged in the development of sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes, which was the subject of a separate NDA. That NDA was supported by positive results from three Phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the effect of sotagliflozin on type 1 diabetes in approximately 800, 800 and 1,400 patients, respectively. The FDA issued a complete response letter regarding our NDA for sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes. At our request, the FDA has issued a public Notice of Opportunity for Hearing on whether there are grounds for denying approval of our NDA and the hearing process is ongoing.

•We are developing LX9211, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate, as a treatment for neuropathic pain. We have reported positive results from a Phase 2 clinical trial of LX9211 in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. We have reported top-line results from a separate Phase 2 clinical trial of LX9211 in post-herpetic neuralgia which demonstrated clear evidence of effect. LX9211 has received Fast Track designation from the FDA for development in diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain.

•We are conducting preclinical research and development and preparing to conduct clinical development of compounds from a number of additional drug programs originating from our internal drug discovery efforts.

Sotagliflozin and compounds from a number of additional drug programs originated from our own internal drug discovery efforts, and LX9211 originated from our collaborative neuroscience drug discovery efforts with Bristol-Myers Squibb. Our efforts were driven by a systematic, target biology-driven approach in which we used gene knockout technologies and an integrated platform of advanced medical technologies to systematically study the physiological and behavioral functions of almost 5,000 genes in mice and assessed the utility of the proteins encoded by the corresponding human genes as potential drug targets. We have identified and validated in living animals, or in vivo, more than 100 targets with promising profiles for drug discovery.

We are working both independently and through collaborations and strategic alliances with third parties to capitalize on our drug target discoveries and drug discovery and development programs. We seek to retain exclusive or co-exclusive rights to the benefits of certain drug discovery and development programs by developing and commercializing drug candidates from those programs internally, particularly in the United States for indications treated by specialist physicians. We seek to collaborate with other pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies with respect to drug discovery or the development and commercialization of certain of our drug candidates, particularly with respect to commercialization in territories outside the United States or commercialization in the United States for indications treated by primary care physicians, or when the collaboration may otherwise provide us with access to expertise and resources that we do not possess internally or are complementary to our own.

We have derived substantially all of our revenues from strategic collaborations and other research and development collaborations and technology licenses, as well as from commercial sales of our XERMELO product following its commercial launch in February 2017 until our sale of XERMELO and related assets to TerSera Therapeutics, LLC in September 2020. To date, we have generated a substantial portion of our revenues from a limited number of sources.

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Our operating results and, in particular, our ability to generate additional revenues are dependent on many factors, including the success of our planned commercial launch of sotagliflozin in the United States for heart failure, if approved; the success of our ongoing nonclinical and clinical development efforts and the ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals of the drug candidates which are the subject of such efforts; our success in establishing new collaborations and licenses and our receipt of milestones, royalties and other payments under such arrangements; and general and industry-specific economic conditions which may affect research, development and commercialization expenditures.

Our ability to secure future revenue-generating agreements will depend upon our ability to address the needs of our potential future collaborators and licensees, and to negotiate agreements that we believe are in our long-term best interests. We may determine, as we have with certain of our drug candidates, that our interests are better served by retaining rights to our discoveries and advancing our therapeutic programs to a later stage, which could limit our near-term revenues and increase expenses. Because of these and other factors, our operating results have fluctuated in the past and are likely to do so in the future, and we do not believe that period-to-period comparisons of our operating results are a good indication of our future performance.

Since our inception, we have incurred significant losses and, as of December 31, 2022, we had an accumulated deficit of $1.6 billion. Our losses have resulted principally from costs incurred in research and development, selling, general and administrative costs associated with our operations, and non-cash stock-based compensation expenses associated with stock options and restricted stock units granted to employees and consultants. Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, external research costs related to our nonclinical and clinical efforts, material costs, facility costs, depreciation on property and equipment, and other expenses related to our drug discovery and development programs. Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries and related expenses for executive, sales and marketing, and administrative personnel, professional fees and other corporate expenses, including information technology, facilities costs and general legal activities. We expect to continue to incur significant research and development costs in connection with the continuing research and development of our drug candidates. As a result, we will need to generate significantly higher revenues to achieve profitability.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP"), which require that we make numerous estimates and assumptions. Actual results could differ from those estimates and assumptions, thus impacting our reported results of operations and financial position. The critical accounting policies and estimates described in this section are those that are most important to the depiction of our financial condition and results of operations and the application of which requires our most subjective judgments in making estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. We describe our significant accounting policies more fully in Note 2, "Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for research and development activities solely sponsored by us as well as collaborative research and development activities. These costs include direct and research-related overhead expenses and are expensed as incurred. Technology license fees for technologies that are utilized in research and development and have no alternative future use are expensed when incurred.

We are presently devoting most of our resources to the research and development of our most advanced drug candidates:

•Sotagliflozin, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate that we are developing as a treatment for heart failure and type 1 diabetes; and

•LX9211, an orally-delivered small molecule drug candidate that we are developing as a treatment for neuropathic pain.

LX9211 originated from our collaborative neuroscience drug discovery efforts with Bristol-Myers Squibb, and sotagliflozin and compounds from a number of additional drug programs originated from our own internal drug discovery efforts. Those efforts were driven by a systematic, target biology-driven approach in which we used gene knockout technologies and an integrated platform of advanced medical technologies to systematically study the physiological and behavioral functions of almost 5,000 genes in mice and assessed the utility of the proteins encoded by the corresponding human

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genes as potential drug targets. We have identified and validated in living animals, or in vivo, more than 100 targets with promising profiles for drug discovery.

The drug development process takes many years to complete. The cost and length of time varies due to many factors including the type, complexity and intended use of the drug candidate. We estimate that drug development activities are typically completed over the following periods:

Phase Estimated Completion Period

Preclinical development 1-2 years

Phase 1 clinical trials 1-2 years

Phase 2 clinical trials 1-2 years

Phase 3 clinical trials 2-4 years

We expect research and development costs to remain substantial in the future as we continue to fund our nonclinical and clinical development efforts and advance new drug candidates into clinical development. Due to the variability in the length of time necessary for drug development, the uncertainties related to the cost of these activities and ultimate ability to obtain regulatory approval for commercialization, accurate and meaningful estimates of the ultimate costs to bring our drug candidates to market are not available.

We record significant accrued liabilities related to unbilled expenses for products or services that we have received from service providers, specifically related to ongoing nonclinical studies and clinical trials. These costs primarily relate to clinical study management, monitoring, laboratory and analysis costs, drug supplies, toxicology studies and investigator grants. We may have multiple drugs in concurrent nonclinical studies and clinical trials at clinical sites throughout the world. In order to ensure that we have adequately provided for ongoing nonclinical and clinical development costs during the period in which we incur such costs, we maintain accruals to cover these expenses. Substantial portions of our nonclinical studies and clinical trials are performed by third party laboratories, medical centers, contract research organizations and other vendors. For nonclinical studies, we accrue expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the contract milestones remaining. For clinical studies, expenses are accrued based upon the number of patients enrolled and the duration of the study. We monitor patient enrollment, the progress of clinical studies and related activities to the extent possible through internal reviews of data reported to us by the vendors and clinical site visits. Our estimates depend on the timeliness and accuracy of the data provided by our vendors regarding the status of each program and total program spending. We periodically evaluate the estimates to determine if adjustments are necessary or appropriate based on information we receive. Although we use consistent milestones or subject or patient enrollment to drive expense recognition, the assessment of these costs is a subjective process that requires judgment. Upon settlement, these costs may differ materially from the amounts accrued in our consolidated financial statements.

The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation and vary from contract to contract. In accruing the relevant costs, we estimated the time period over which services were to be performed and the level of effort required to complete or wind down each study. Upon completion and settlement, these costs may differ materially from the amounts accrued in our consolidated financial statements.

We record our research and development costs by type or category, rather than by project. Significant categories of costs include personnel, facilities and equipment costs and third-party and other services. In addition, a significant portion of our research and development expenses is not tracked by project as it benefits multiple projects. Consequently, fully-loaded research and development cost summaries by project are not available.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Our long-lived assets include property, plant and equipment, right-of-use assets for leases and goodwill. We regularly review long-lived assets for impairment. The recoverability of long-lived assets, other than goodwill, is measured by comparing the assets carrying amount to the expected undiscounted future cash flows that the asset is expected to generate. Determining whether an impairment has occurred typically requires various estimates and assumptions, including determining which cash flows are directly related to the potentially impaired asset, the useful life over which cash flows will occur, their amount, and the asset’s residual value, if any. We use internal cash flow estimates, quoted market prices when available and independent appraisals as appropriate to determine fair value. We derive the required cash flow estimates from our historical experience and our internal business plans and apply an appropriate discount rate. In 2020, we recognized an impairment loss of $1.6 million to reduce the carrying value of the assets comprising our campus in The Woodlands, Texas, which were sold in December 2020, to an estimated fair value, less estimated selling costs. There were no significant impairments of long-lived assets in 2022 or 2021.

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Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested at least annually for impairment at the reporting unit level. We have determined that the reporting unit is the single operating segment disclosed in our current financial statements. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. The first step in the impairment process is to determine the fair value of the reporting unit and then compare it to the carrying value, including goodwill. We determined that the market capitalization approach is the most appropriate method of measuring fair value of the reporting unit. Under this approach, fair value is calculated as the average closing price of our common stock for the 30 days preceding the date that the annual impairment test is performed, multiplied by the number of outstanding shares on that date. A control premium, which is representative of premiums paid in the marketplace to acquire a controlling interest in a company, is then added to the market capitalization to determine the fair value of the reporting unit. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, no further action is required and no impairment loss is recognized. Additional impairment assessments may be performed on an interim basis if we encounter events or changes in circumstances that would indicate that, more likely than not, the carrying value of goodwill has been impaired. There was no impairment of goodwill in 2022, 2021 and 2020.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 3, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, for a discussion of the impact of new accounting standards on our consolidated financial statements.

Results of Operations – Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020

The following discussion and analysis should be read with “Results of Operations” and our financial statements and notes included in our annual report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2021.

Revenues

Royalties and other revenue – Revenues from royalties and other revenue decreased to $0.1 million in 2022 from $0.3 million in 2021. In 2022, one company represented 100% of revenues. In 2021, two companies represented 76% and 24% of revenues, respectively.

Research and Development Expenses

Research and development expenses and dollar and percentage changes as compared to the prior year are as follows (dollar amounts are presented in millions):

Year Ended December 31,

Total research and development expense $ 52.8 $ 55.0 $ 153.6

Dollar decrease $ (2.2) $ (98.6)

Percentage decrease (4) % (64) %

Research and development expenses consist primarily of third-party and other services principally related to nonclinical and clinical development activities, salaries and other personnel-related expenses, facility and equipment costs and stock-based compensation.

Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

•Third-party and other services – Third-party and other services decreased 14% in 2022 to $29.9 million, primarily due to decreases in professional and consulting fees relating to preparations for the submission of our application for regulatory approval to market sotagliflozin in the United States for heart failure. Third-party and other services relate principally to our clinical trial and related development activities, such as nonclinical and clinical studies and contract manufacturing.

•Personnel – Personnel costs increased 25% in 2022 to $13.5 million, primarily due to higher employee salaries and benefit costs as a result of increasing headcount during 2022 in preparation for commercialization of sotagliflozin. Salaries, bonuses, employee benefits, payroll taxes, recruiting and relocation costs are included in personnel costs.

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•Stock-based compensation – Stock-based compensation expense was $4.3 million in 2022 and 2021.

•Facilities and equipment – Facilities and equipment costs was $1.6 million and $1.5 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively.

•Other – Other costs was $3.6 million and $3.5 million in 2022 and 2021, respectively. Other costs primarily include travel, training, software licenses and insurance costs.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses and dollar and percentage changes as compared to the prior year are as follows (dollar amounts are presented in millions):

Year Ended December 31,

Total selling, general and administrative expense $ 48.1 $ 32.3 $ 47.2

Dollar increase (decrease) $ 15.8 $ (14.9)

Percentage increase (decrease) 49 % (32) %

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of personnel costs to support the commercialization of sotagliflozin and activities from research and development; professional and consulting fees, stock-based compensation expense, and facility and equipment costs.

Years Ended December 31, 2022 and 2021

•Personnel – Personnel costs increased 75% in 2022 to $18.8 million, primarily due to higher employee salaries and benefit costs as a result of increasing headcount during 2022 in preparation for commercialization of sotagliflozin. Salaries, bonuses, employee benefits, payroll taxes, recruiting and relocation costs are included in personnel costs.

•Professional and consulting fees – Professional and consulting fees increased 50% in 2022 to $16.3 million, primarily as a result of higher marketing and professional and consulting fees, partially offset by lower legal fees.

•Stock-based compensation – Stock-based compensation expense increased 15% in 2022 to $7.3 million, primarily due to increasing headcount in the current year.

•Facilities and equipment – Facilities and equipment costs was $1.4 million in 2022 and 2021.

•Other – Other costs increased 39% in 2022 to $4.3 million, primarily due to increases in travel, training and software license expenses in 2022.

Interest Expense and Interest and Other Income, Net

Interest Expense. Interest expense increased to $2.8 million in 2022 from $0.8 million in 2021, primarily due to the Oxford debt financings during March and December of 2022.

Interest and Other Income (Expense), Net. Interest and other income, net was $1.6 million and $0.1 million in the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively.

Net Loss and Net Loss per Common Share

Net loss was $101.9 million, or a loss of $0.62 per share, in 2022, as compared to a net loss of $87.8 million, or $0.60 per share in 2021.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We have financed our operations from inception primarily through sales of common and preferred stock, contract and milestone payments we received under our collaborations and strategic licenses, target validation, database subscription and technology license agreements, product sales, government grants and contracts, and financing under debt, lease and other

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project financing arrangements, as well as from commercial sales of our XERMELO product following its commercial launch in February 2017 until our sale of XERMELO and related assets to TerSera Therapeutics, LLC in September 2020. In March 2022, we entered into a loan and security agreement with Oxford Finance LLC that provides up to $150 million in borrowing capacity, available in four tranches, under which $50 million has been funded.

As of December 31, 2022, we had $138.4 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. As of December 31, 2021, we had $86.7 million in cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments. We used cash of $88.9 million in our operations in 2022. This consisted primarily of the net loss for the year of $101.9 million, partially offset by a net decrease in operating assets net of liabilities of $0.4 million and non-cash charges of $12.7 million primarily related to stock-based compensation expense. Investing activities used cash of $71.1 million in 2022, primarily due to $69.8 million net purchases of investments and $1.3 million of asset purchases. Financing activities provided cash of $142.2 million, primarily as a result of $94.2 million net proceeds from the issuance of common stock and $48.9 million of net proceeds from the Oxford debt financing, which were partially offset by $0.9 million used to repurchase common stock by retaining shares in substitution of the tax withholding obligations of recipients of restricted stock units granted under our 2017 Equity Incentive Plan with respect to the vesting of such restricted stock units.

Other commitments. In January 2021, sotagliflozin was approved in the United Kingdom for use as an adjunct to insulin therapy to improve glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes and a body mass index ≥ 27 kg/m2, who could not achieve adequate glycemic control despite optimal insulin therapy. Upon the achievement of certain European regulatory approvals, we will be required to make certain royalty payments, totaling $4.5 million, in three equal annual installments of $1.5 million.

Under our drug discovery alliance with Bristol-Myers Squibb, we will be required to make a royalty payment of $5 million upon dosing of the first patient in a Phase 3 clinical trial of LX9211.

Facilities. In February 2021, we leased a 25,000 square-foot office space in The Woodlands, Texas. The term of the sublease extends from March 1, 2021 through August 31, 2025, and provides for escalating yearly base rent payments starting at $506,000 and increasing to $557,000 in the final year of the lease.

In July 2022, our subsidiary, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals (New Jersey), Inc. leased a 22,000 square-foot office space in Bridgewater, New Jersey. The term of the lease extends from February 2023 through January 2034 and provides for escalating yearly base rent payments starting at $820,000 and increasing to $986,000 in the final year of the lease.

Our future capital requirements will be substantial and will depend on many factors, including the success of our planned commercial launch of sotagliflozin in heart failure, if approved,; the success of our ongoing nonclinical and clinical development efforts and the ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals of the drug candidates which are the subject of such efforts; our success in establishing new collaborations and licenses and our receipt of milestones, royalties and other payments under such arrangements; the amount and timing of our research, development and commercialization expenditures; the resources we devote to developing and supporting our products and other factors. Our capital requirements will also be affected by any expenditures we make in connection with license agreements and acquisitions of and investments in complementary technologies and businesses. We expect to continue to devote substantial capital resources to prepare for the commercialization of sotagliflozin, if approved; to successfully complete our nonclinical and clinical development efforts with respect to sotagliflozin, LX9211 and our other drug candidates; and for other general corporate activities. We believe that our current unrestricted cash and investment balances and cash and revenues we expect to derive from strategic and other collaborations and other sources will be sufficient to fund our currently planned operations for at least the next 12 months from the date of this report. During or after this period, if cash generated by operations is insufficient to satisfy our liquidity requirements, we will need to sell additional equity or debt securities or obtain additional credit arrangements. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing when needed, we may have to delay or reduce the scope of one or more of our clinical trials, or research and development programs. Additional financing may not be available on terms acceptable to us or at all. The sale of additional equity or convertible debt securities may result in additional dilution to our stockholders.

From time to time, our board of directors may authorize us to repurchase shares of our common stock. If and when our board of directors should determine to authorize any such action, it would be on terms and under market conditions that our board of directors determines are in the best interest of us and our stockholders. Any such actions could deplete significant amounts of our cash resources and/or result in additional dilution to our stockholders.

Disclosure about Market Risk

We are exposed to limited market and credit risk on our cash equivalents which have maturities of three months or less at the time of purchase. We maintain a short-term investment portfolio which consists of U.S. Treasury bills and corporate debt

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securities that mature three to 12 months from the time of purchase, which we believe are subject to limited market and credit risk. We currently do not hedge interest rate exposure or hold any derivative financial instruments in our investment portfolio.

We had approximately $138.4 million in cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments as of December 31, 2022. We believe that the working capital available to us will be sufficient to meet our cash requirements for at least the next 12 months. We are subject to interest rate sensitivity on our outstanding Oxford Term Loans which bear interest at a floating rate equal to the 30-day U.S. Dollar LIBOR plus 7.90%, but not less than 8.01%, subject to additional interest if an event of default occurs and is continuing. As of December 31, 2022, the interest rate was 12.04%.

We have operated primarily in the United States and substantially all sales to date have been made in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, we have not had any material exposure to foreign currency rate fluctuations.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

See “Disclosure about Market Risk” under “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysisof Financial Condition and Results of Operations” for quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The financial statements required by this Item are incorporated under Item 15 in Part IV of this report.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on that evaluation, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of December 31, 2022 to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by us in the reports we file under the Securities Exchange Act is gathered, analyzed and disclosed with adequate timeliness, accuracy and completeness.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Securities Exchange Act).

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022. In making this assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013 Framework).

Based on such assessment using those criteria, management concluded that, as of December 31, 2022, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.

Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, Houston, Texas, PCAOB ID: 42, has audited the financial statements included in this Annual Report and has issued a report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. The report of Ernst & Young LLP is included below.

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Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Subsequent to our evaluation described above, there were no significant changes in internal controls or other factors during the fiscal quarter ended December 31, 2022 that could significantly affect internal controls, including any corrective actions with regard to significant deficiencies and material weaknesses.

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes and our report dated March 3, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Houston, Texas

March 3, 2023

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Item 9B. Other Information

None.

Item 9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections

None.

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PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference from (a) the information appearing under the captions “Election of Directors,” “Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management,” “Corporate Governance” and “Executive and Director Compensation” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the SEC pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2022 and (b) the information appearing under Item 1 in Part Iof this report.

Item 11. Executive Compensation

The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference from the information appearing under the captions “Corporate Governance” and “Executive and Director Compensation” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2022. Notwithstanding the foregoing, in accordance with the instructions to Item 407(e)(5) of Regulation S-K, the information contained in our proxy statement under the sub-heading “Compensation Committee Report” shall not be deemed to be filed as part of or incorporated by reference into this annual report on Form 10-K.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference from the information appearing under the captions “Stock Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2022.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required by this Item is hereby incorporated by reference from the information appearing under the captions “Corporate Governance” and “Transactions with Related Persons” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2022.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The information required by this Item as to the fees we pay our principal accountant is hereby incorporated by reference from the information appearing under the caption “Ratification and Approval of Independent Auditors” in our definitive proxy statement which involves the election of directors and is to be filed with the Commission pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 within 120 days of the end of our fiscal year on December 31, 2022.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibit and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)Documents filed as a part of this report:

1.Consolidated Financial Statements

Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) F-1

Consolidated Balance Sheets F-3

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss F-4

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity F-5

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows F-6

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-7

2.Financial Statement Schedules

All other financial statement schedules are omitted because they are not applicable or not required, or because the required information is included in the financial statements or notes thereto.

3.Exhibits

Exhibit No. Description

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*23.1 — Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

*24.1 — Power of Attorney (contained in signature page).

*101.INS — XBRL Instance Document.

*101.SCH — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

*101.CAL — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

*101.DEF — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

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*101.LAB — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

*101.PRE — XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

______________

* Filed herewith.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary

Not applicable.

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Signatures

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Date: March 3, 2023 By: /s/ LONNEL COATS

Lonnel Coats

Chief Executive Officer

Date: March 3, 2023 By: /s/ JEFFREY L. WADE

Jeffrey L. Wade

President and Chief Financial Officer

Power of Attorney

KNOW ALL PERSONS BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below constitutes and appoints Lonnel Coats and Jeffrey L. Wade, or either of them, each with the power of substitution, his or her attorney-in-fact, to sign any amendments to this Form 10-K, and to file the same, with exhibits thereto and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, here ratifying and confirming all that each of said attorneys-in-fact, or his or her substitute or substitutes, may do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature Title Date

Lonnel Coats

Jeffrey L. Wade

Kristen L. Alexander

/s/ RAYMOND DEBBANE Chairman of the Board of Directors March 3, 2023

Raymond Debbane

/s/ PHILIPPE J. AMOUYAL Director March 3, 2023

Philippe J. Amouyal

/s/ SAMUEL L. BARKER Director March 3, 2023

Samuel L. Barker, Ph.D.

/s/ ROBERT J. LEFKOWITZ Director March 3, 2023

Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D.

/s/ ALAN S. NIES Director March 3, 2023

Alan S. Nies, M.D.

/s/ FRANK P. PALANTONI Director March 3, 2023

Frank P. Palantoni

/s/ CHRISTOPHER J. SOBECKI Director March 3, 2023

Christopher J. Sobecki

/s/ JUDITH L. SWAIN Director March 3, 2023

Judith L. Swain, M.D.

52

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the related consolidated statements of comprehensive loss, stockholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2022 and 2021, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2022, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2022, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 3, 2023 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidatedfinancial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

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Accrued research and development expenses

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2002.

Houston, Texas

March 3, 2023

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Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(In thousands, except par value)

As of December 31,

Assets

Current assets:

Accounts receivable, net 28 14

Prepaid expenses and other current assets 2,481 2,164

Operating lease right-of-use-assets 6,819 2,269

Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity

Current liabilities:

Long-term debt, net of issuance costs 48,579 —

Long-term operating lease liabilities 5,424 1,190

Commitments and contingencies

Stockholders' Equity:

Accumulated other comprehensive loss (428) (10)

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity $ 194,299 $ 136,909

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

Year Ended December 31,

Revenues:

Net product revenue $ — $ — $ 23,404

Collaborative agreements — — 33

Operating expenses:

Cost of sales (including finite-lived intangible asset amortization) — — 1,929

Impairment loss on buildings — — 1,600

Other operating income:

Gain on sale of XERMELO — — 132,585

Gain on debt extinguishments, net — — 1,003

Net loss per common share, basic and diluted $ (0.62) $ (0.60) $ (0.53)

Other comprehensive loss:

Unrealized loss on investments (418) (4) (90)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity

(In thousands)

Accumulated

Additional Other

Common Stock Paid-In Accumulated Comprehensive Treasury

Shares Par Value Capital Deficit Gain (Loss) Stock Total

Issuance of common stock under Equity Incentive Plans 1,219 2 — — — — 2

Repurchase of common stock — — — — — (1,026) (1,026)

Unrealized loss on investments — — — — (90) — (90)

Issuance of common stock under Equity Incentive Plans 1,616 2 1,591 — — — 1,593

Repurchase of common stock — — — — — (2,675) (2,675)

Unrealized loss on investments — — — — (4) — (4)

Issuance of common stock under Equity Incentive Plans 32 — — — — — —

Issuance of equity classified warrants — — 1,030 — — — 1,030

Issuance of treasury stock — — (6,321) — — 6,321 —

Repurchase of common stock — — — — — (864) (864)

Unrealized loss on investments — — — — (418) — (418)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(In thousands)

Year Ended December 31,

Cash flows from operating activities:

Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:

Amortization of debt issuance costs 741 54 1,013

Gain on sale of XERMELO — — (132,585)

Impairment loss on building — — 1,600

Gain on debt extinguishments, net — — (1,003)

Loss (gain) on disposal of property and equipment 3 49 (707)

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:

(Increase) decrease in accounts receivable (14) 381 53,227

Decrease in inventory — — 345

Cash flows from investing activities:

Purchases of property and equipment (1,326) (1,221) (87)

Proceeds from XERMELO sale — — 160,385

Proceeds from disposal of property and equipment — — 11,013

Cash flows from financing activities:

Net (decrease) increase in cash and cash equivalents (17,720) (62,198) 90,151

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and financing activities:

Issuance of equity classified warrants $ 1,030 $ — $ —

Issuance of treasury stock $ 6,321 $ — $ —

Recognition of exit fee liability related to debt borrowings $ 1,500 $ — $ —

Liabilities assumed by TerSera from the XERMELO sale $ — $ — $ 3,437

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

December 31, 2022

1.Organization and Operations

Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Lexicon” or the “Company”) is a Delaware corporation incorporated on July 7, 1995. Lexicon was organized to discover the functions and pharmaceutical utility of genes and use those gene function discoveries in the discovery and development of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of human disease.

Lexicon has financed its operations from inception primarily through sales of common and preferred stock, contract and milestone payments to it under strategic collaborations and other research and development collaborations, target validation, database subscription and technology license agreements, product sales, government grants and contracts and financing under debt and lease arrangements. The Company’s future success is dependent upon many factors, including, but not limited to, the success of its commercialization efforts for any approved products; ongoing nonclinical and clinical development efforts and its ability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals of the drug candidates which are the subject of such efforts; its success in establishing new collaborations and licenses and its receipt of milestones, royalties and other payments under such arrangements; the amount and timing of research, development and commercialization expenditures; its resources devoted to developing and supporting its products; general and industry-specific economic conditions which may affect research, development and commercialization expenditures; and its ability to obtain and enforce patents and other proprietary rights in its discoveries, comply with federal and state regulations, and maintain sufficient capital to fund its activities. As a result of the aforementioned factors and the related uncertainties, there can be no assurance of the Company’s future success.

2.Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation: The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Lexicon and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated in consolidation.

Use of Estimates: The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U. S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash, Cash Equivalents and Short-Term Investments: Lexicon considers all highly-liquid investments with original maturities of three months or less to be cash equivalents. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, short-term investments consist of U.S. treasury bills and corporate debt securities. The Company’s short-term investments are classified as available-for-sale securities and are carried at fair value, based on quoted market prices of the securities. The Company views its available-for-sale securities as available for use in current operations regardless of the stated maturity date of the security. The Company does not intend to sell any of its available-for-sale securities prior to their maturity dates. Unrealized gains and losses on such securities are reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Net realized gains and losses, interest and dividends are included in interest income. The cost of securities sold is based on the specific identification method.

Accounts Receivable: Lexicon records trade accounts receivable in the normal course of business related to the sale of products or services, net of an allowance for expected credit losses.

Concentration of Credit Risk: Lexicon’s cash equivalents, investments and accounts receivable represent potential concentrations of credit risk. The Company attempts to minimize potential concentrations of risk in cash equivalents and investments by placing investments in high-quality financial instruments. The Company has not experienced any realized losses on its cash equivalents or short-term investments. The Company’s accounts receivable are unsecured and are concentrated in pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies located in the United States. The Company has not experienced any significant credit losses to date. In 2022, one customer in the United States represented 100% of revenue. In 2021, customers in Switzerland and the United States represented 76% and 24% of revenue, respectively. In 2020, customers in the United States represented 98% of revenue. At December 31, 2022, management believes that the Company has no significant concentrations of credit risk.

Segment Information and Significant Customers: Lexicon operates in one business segment, which primarily focuses on the discovery, development and commercialization of pharmaceutical products for the treatment of human disease.

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Substantially all of the Company’s revenues have been derived from drug discovery alliances, target validation collaborations for the development and, in some cases, analysis of the physiological effects of genes altered in knockout mice, technology licenses, subscriptions to its databases, product sales, government grants and contracts and compound library sales. In 2022, one customer represented 100% of revenue. In 2021, one customer represented 76% of revenues and another customer represented 24% of revenues, respectively. In 2020, two customers represented 65% and 22% of revenues, respectively.

Property and Equipment: Property and equipment that is held and used is carried at cost and depreciated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the assets which ranges from three to 40 years. Maintenance, repairs and minor replacements are charged to expense as incurred. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of the estimated useful life or the remaining lease term. Significant renewals and betterments are capitalized.

Accrued liabilities: Accrued liabilities consisted of the following:

As of December 31,

(in thousands)

Accrued research and development services $ 3,252 $ 3,669

Accrued compensation and benefits 7,830 5,711

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets: Long-lived assets and right-of-use assets for leases are reviewed for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of assets to be held and used is measured by comparison of the carrying amount of an asset to future net cash flows expected to be generated by the asset. If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized is measured by the amount that the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the fair value of the assets. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. In 2020, the Company recognized an impairment loss of $1.6 million to reduce the carrying value of the assets comprising our campus in The Woodlands, Texas, which were sold in December 2020, to an estimated fair value, less estimated selling costs. There were no impairments of long-lived assets, in 2022 or 2021.

Goodwill Impairment: Goodwill is not amortized, but is tested at least annually for impairment at the reporting unit level. The Company has determined that the reporting unit is the single operating segment disclosed in its current financial statements. Impairment is the condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value. The first step in the impairment process is to determine the fair value of the reporting unit and then compare it to the carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value exceeds the carrying value, no further action is required and no impairment loss is recognized. Additional impairment assessments may be performed on an interim basis if the Company encounters events or changes in circumstances that would indicate that, more likely than not, the carrying value of goodwill has been impaired. There was no impairment of goodwill in 2022, 2021 or 2020.

Leases: Lexicon determines if a contract is or contains a lease at inception or upon modification of the contract. A contract is or contains a lease if it conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period in exchange for consideration. Control over the use of the identified asset means the lessee has both (a) the right to obtain substantially all of the economic benefits from the use of the asset and (b) the right to direct the use of the asset. Lexicon does not apply this accounting to those leases with terms of twelve (12) months or less. Operating lease right-of-use assets and associated lease liabilities are recorded in the balance sheet at the lease commencement date based on the present value of future lease payments to be made over the expected lease term. As the implicit rate is not determinable in its leases, Lexicon used a borrowing rate ranging between 9% and 9.7% at the commencement date in determining the present value of future payments.

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Revenue Recognition:

Product Revenues

Prior to the Company’s sale of XERMELO and related assets to TerSera Therapeutics, LLC (“TerSera”) in September 2020, product revenues consisted of commercial sales of XERMELO in the United States and sales of bulk tablets of XERMELO to Ipsen. Product revenues were recognized when the customer obtained control of the Company’s product, which occured upon delivery to the customer. The Company recognized product revenue net of applicable reserves for variable consideration, including allowances for customer credits, estimated rebates, chargebacks, discounts, returns, distribution service fees, and government rebates, such as Medicare Part D coverage gap reimbursements in the United States, as discussed below. These estimates were based on the most likely amount method for relevant factors such as current contractual and statutory requirements, industry data and forecasted customer buying and payment patterns. Product shipping and handling costs were considered a fulfillment activity when control transfers to the Company’s customers and such costs were included in cost of sales.

Customer Credits: The Company’s customers were offered various forms of consideration, including allowances, service fees and prompt payment discounts. The Company expected that its customers would earn prompt payment discounts. As a result, the Company deducted the full amount of those discounts from total product sales when revenues were recognized. Service fees were also deducted from product sales as they were earned.

Rebates: Allowances for rebates include mandated discounts under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. Rebate amounts are based upon contractual agreements or legal requirements with public sector (e.g., Medicaid) benefit providers. Rebates are amounts owed after the final dispensing of the product to a benefit plan participant and are based upon contractual agreements or legal requirements with public sector benefit providers. The allowance for rebates is based on statutory discount rates and expected utilization. The Company’s estimates for expected utilization of rebates were based on third party market research data and data received from the specialty pharmacies dispensing XERMELO. Rebates were generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consisted of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known unpaid rebates from the prior quarter. If actual future rebates varied from estimates, the Company adjusted prior period accruals, which affected revenue in the period of adjustment.

Chargebacks: Chargebacks are discounts that occur when contracted customers purchase directly from a specialty pharmacy or distributor, who acts as a retailer. Contracted customers, which consisted primarily of Public Health Service Institutions, non-profit clinics, and federal government entities purchasing via the Federal Supply Schedule, generally purchased XERMELO at a discounted price. The specialty pharmacy or distributor, in turn, charged back to Lexicon the difference between the price paid by the specialty pharmacy or distributor and the discounted price paid to the specialty pharmacy or distributor by the customer. The allowance for chargeback was based on known sales to contracted customers.

Medicare Part D Coverage Gap: The Medicare Part D prescription drug benefit mandates manufacturers to fund a portion of the Medicare Part D insurance coverage gap for prescription drugs sold to eligible patients. The Company’s estimates for the expected Medicare Part D coverage gap were based on data received from the specialty pharmacies dispensing XERMELO and projections based on historical data. Funding of the coverage gap was generally invoiced and paid in arrears so that the accrual balance consisted of an estimate of the amount expected to be incurred for the current quarter’s activity, plus an accrual balance for known prior quarters. If actual future funding varied from estimates, the Company adjusted prior period accruals, which affected revenues in the period of adjustment.

Co-payment assistance: Patients with commercial insurance who met certain eligibility requirements were eligible to receive co-payment assistance. The Company accrued a liability for co-payment assistance based on actual program participation and estimates of program redemption using data provided by third-party administrators.

Collaborative Agreements

Revenues under collaborative agreements include both license revenue and contract research revenue. The Company performs the following five steps in determining the amount of revenue to recognize as it fulfills its performance obligations under each of its collaborative agreements: (i) identify the contract(s) with a customer; (ii) identify the performance obligation in the contract; (iii) determine the transaction price; (iv) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligation in the contract, and (v) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies the performance obligation. The Company applies this five-step model to contracts when it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration it is entitled to in exchange for the goods or services it transfers to the customer. At contract inception, the Company assesses the goods or services promised within each contract and determines those that are performance obligations, and assesses whether each promised good or

F-9

service is distinct. The Company then recognizes as revenue the amount of the transaction price that is allocated to the respective performance obligation when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. The Company develops assumptions that require judgment to determine the stand-alone selling price for each performance obligation identified in the contract.

At contract inception, the Company evaluates whether development milestones are considered probable of being reached and estimates the amount to be included in the transaction price using the most likely amount method. If it is probable that a significant revenue reversal will not occur, the associated development milestone value is included in the transaction price. Development milestones that are not within the control of the Company or the licensee, including those requiring regulatory approval, are not considered probable of being achieved until those approvals are received. The transaction price is allocated to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, for which the Company recognizes revenue when (or as) the performance obligation is satisfied. At the end of each reporting period, the Company re-evaluates the probability of achievement of the development milestones and any related constraint, and if necessary, adjusts its estimates of the overall transaction price. Any such adjustments are recorded on a cumulative catch-up basis, which would affect collaboration revenues in the period of adjustment.

In agreements in which a license to the Company’s intellectual property is determined distinct from other performance obligations identified in the agreement, the Company recognizes revenue when the license is transferred to the licensee and the licensee is able to use and benefit from the license.

For agreements that include sales-based royalties, including milestones based on a level of sales, the license is deemed to be the predominant item to which the royalties relate and the Company recognizes revenue at the later of (i) when the related sales occur, or (ii) when the performance obligation to which some or all of the royalty has been allocated has been satisfied (or partially satisfied).

The Company may receive payments from its licensees based on billing schedules established in each contract. Upfront payments and fees are recorded as deferred revenue upon receipt or when due, and may require deferral of revenue recognition to a future period until the Company performs its obligations under these agreements. Amounts are recorded as accounts receivable when the Company’s right to consideration is unconditional.

Cost of Sales: Cost of sales consisted of third-party manufacturing costs, freight and indirect overhead costs associated with sales of XERMELO. Product shipping and handling costs were included in cost of sales. Cost of sales also included the amortization of the intangible asset for XERMELO using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of 14 years.

Research and Development Expenses: Research and development expenses consist of costs incurred for company-sponsored as well as collaborative research and development activities. These costs include direct and research-related overhead expenses and are expensed as incurred. Technology license fees for technologies that are utilized in research and development and have no alternative future use are expensed when incurred. Substantial portions of the Company’s preclinical and clinical trials are performed by third-party laboratories, medical centers, contract research organizations and other vendors. For preclinical studies, the Company accrues expenses based upon estimated percentage of work completed and the contract milestones remaining. For clinical studies, expenses are accrued based upon the number of patients enrolled and the duration of the study. The Company monitors patient enrollment, the progress of clinical studies and related activities to the extent possible through internal reviews of data reported to the Company by the vendors and clinical site visits. The Company’s estimates depend on the timeliness and accuracy of the data provided by the vendors regarding the status of each program and total program spending. The Company periodically evaluates the estimates to determine if adjustments are necessary or appropriate based on information it receives.

Stock-Based Compensation: The Company recognizes compensation expense in its statements of comprehensive loss for share-based payments, including stock options and restricted stock units issued to employees, based on their fair values on the date of the grant, with the compensation expense recognized over the period in which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the stock award. Stock-based compensation expense for awards without performance conditions is recognized based on the terms of vesting, which is typically on a straight-line basis. Stock-based compensation expense for awards with performance conditions is recognized over the period from the date the performance condition is determined to be probable of occurring through the time the applicable condition is met. As of December 31, 2022, future stock-based compensation cost for all outstanding unvested stock options and restricted stock units was $21.0 million, which is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of 1.3 years.

The fair value of stock options is estimated at the date of grant using the Black-Scholes method. The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the input of subjective assumptions. Because the Company’s employee stock options have

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characteristics significantly different from those of traded options, and because changes in the subjective input assumptions can materially affect the fair value estimate, in management’s opinion, the existing models do not necessarily provide a reliable single measure of the fair value of its employee stock options. For purposes of determining the fair value of stock options, the Company segregates its options into two homogeneous groups, based on exercise and post-vesting employment termination behaviors, resulting in different assumptions used for expected option lives. Historical data is used to estimate the expected option life for each group. Expected volatility is based on the historical volatility in the Company’s stock price. The following weighted-average assumptions were used for stock options granted in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively:

Expected Volatility Risk-free Interest Rate Expected Term DividendRate

Officers and non-employee directors 91% 1.9% 7 0 %

Officers and non-employee directors 90% 1.0% 6 0 %

Officers and non-employee directors 85% 1.4% 7 0 %

Income Taxes: The Company recognizes deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized differently in the financial statements and tax returns. The Company uses the liability method in accounting for income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of liabilities and assets using enacted tax rates and laws in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are evaluated for realization based on a more-likely-than-not criteria in determining if a valuation allowance should be provided.

The Company maintains a valuation allowance on net operating losses and other deferred tax assets. Accordingly, the Company has not reported any tax benefit relating to the remaining net operating loss carryforwards and income tax credit carryforwards that are available for utilization in future periods. On a periodic basis, the valuation allowance is reassessed on deferred income tax assets, weighing positive and negative evidence to assess the recoverability of the deferred tax assets. In 2022, the Company reassessed the valuation allowance and considered negative evidence, including the cumulative losses over the three years ended December 31, 2022 and positive evidence including the projections of future income. After assessing both the negative and the positive evidence, the Company concluded that it should continue to maintain the valuation allowance on net operating losses and other deferred tax assets as of December 31, 2022 given the significance of the weight of the negative evidence. Based on recent financial performance and future projections, the Company could record a reversal of all, or a portion of the valuation allowance associated with U.S. deferred tax assets in future periods. However, any such change is subject to actual performance and other considerations that may present positive or negative evidence at the time of the assessment. The total gross deferred tax asset balance subject to the valuation allowance assessment was approximately $347.1 million at December 31, 2022.

Significant judgment is required in making these assessments to maintain or reverse valuation allowances and, to the extent future expectations change the Company would have to assess the recoverability of these deferred tax assets at that time.

Net Loss per Common Share: Net loss per common share is computed using the weighted average number of shares of common stock outstanding. Shares associated with warrants, stock options and restricted stock units that could potentially dilute earnings per share in the future are not included in the computation of diluted earnings per share because they are antidilutive.

3.Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In August 2020, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2020-06, Debt - Debt with Conversion and Other Options (Subtopic 470-20) and Derivatives and Hedging - Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity (Subtopic 815-40), which removes the separation models for convertible debt with cash conversion or beneficial conversion features. ASU 2020-06 also requires the application of the if-converted method for calculating earnings per diluted share, as the treasury stock method will no longer be permitted for convertible instruments. The adoption of ASU 2020-06 during the first quarter of 2022 did not have a material impact on the consolidated financial statements.

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4. Cash, Cash Equivalents and Investments

The fair value of cash and cash equivalents and investments held at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

(in thousands)

Cash and cash equivalents $ 46,345 $ — $ — $ 46,345

Securities maturing within one year:

Total cash and cash equivalents and investments $ 138,785 $ — $ (428) $ 138,357

(in thousands)

Securities maturing within one year:

Total cash and cash equivalents and investments $ 90,084 $ 5 $ (12) $ 90,077

There were no realized gains or losses for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021, and 2020.

5.Fair Value Measurements

The Company uses various inputs in determining the fair value of its investments and measures these assets on a recurring basis. Assets and liabilities recorded at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets are categorized by the level of objectivity associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. The following levels are directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs to fair valuation of these assets and liabilities:

•Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets, which include U.S. treasury securities

•Level 2 – other significant observable inputs (including quoted prices for similar investments, market corroborated inputs, etc.), which include corporate debt securities

•Level 3 – significant unobservable inputs

The inputs or methodology used for valuing securities are not necessarily an indication of the credit risk associated with investing in those securities. The following tables provide the fair value measurements of applicable Company assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value on a recurring basis according to the fair value levels defined above as of December 31, 2022 and 2021.

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Assets and Liabilities at Fair Value

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total

(in thousands)

Assets

Cash and cash equivalents $ 46,345 $ — $ — $ 46,345

Assets and Liabilities at Fair Value

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Total

(in thousands)

Assets

Cash and cash equivalents $ 64,065 $ — $ — $ 64,065

Total cash and cash equivalents and investments $ 71,626 $ 15,117 $ — $ 86,743

The Company did not have any Level 3 assets or liabilities at December 31, 2022 or 2021. Transfers between levels are recognized at the actual date of circumstance that caused the transfer. There were no transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 during the periods presented.

Refer to Note 9, Debt Obligations, for fair value measurements of debt obligations.

6.Property and Equipment

Property and equipment at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

Estimated Useful Lives As of December 31,

(in thousands)

Less: Accumulated depreciation and amortization (3,984) (4,853)

Net property and equipment $ 2,071 $ 1,176

During each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company retired $1.3 million of computers and software and furniture and fixtures, which had been fully depreciated. During each of the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company purchased $1.3 million of assets comprised of leasehold improvements, computers and software and furniture. The leasehold improvements are being amortized over the applicable lease term.

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7.Income Taxes

The Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”) was enacted on March 27, 2020 in the United States to provide emergency assistance to individuals and businesses affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The CARES Act includes temporary changes to both income and non-income based tax laws. Future regulatory guidance under the CARES Act or additional legislation enacted by Congress in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic could impact our tax provision in future periods.

Lexicon recognizes deferred tax liabilities and assets for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized differently in the financial statements and tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax liabilities and assets are determined based on the difference between the financial statement carrying amounts and tax bases of liabilities and assets using enacted tax rates and laws in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. Deferred tax assets are evaluated for realization based on a more-likely-than-not criteria in determining if a valuation allowance should be provided.

The components of Lexicon’s deferred tax assets (liabilities) at December 31, 2022 and 2021 are as follows:

As of December 31,

(in thousands)

Deferred tax assets:

Deferred tax liabilities:

Total deferred tax liabilities (1,295) (412)

Net deferred tax liabilities $ — $ —

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A reconciliation of the statutory tax rate to the effective tax rate for the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 consists of the following:

Year Ended December 31,

(in thousands)

State income taxes, net of federal benefit — — (269)

Write off of credit carryover due to 382 study — — 31,053

Income tax benefit $ — $ — $ —

(1) Other is primarily comprised of expiring Research and Development credits for the year ended December 31, 2020 and nondeductible expenses for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021.

Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, contains rules that limit the ability of a company that undergoes an “ownership change” to utilize its net operating loss and tax credit carryovers and certain built-in losses recognized in years after the “ownership change.” An “ownership change” is generally defined as any change in ownership of more than 50% of a corporation’s stock over a rolling three-year period by stockholders that own (directly or indirectly) 5% or more of the stock of a corporation, or arising from a new issuance of stock by a corporation. If an ownership change occurs, Section 382 generally imposes an annual limitation on the use of pre-ownership change net operating loss carryovers to offset taxable income earned after the ownership change. The Company completed a Section 382 study and determined that historical ownership changes occurred. The Section 382 annual limitation related to historical ownership changes impacts our ability to utilize our tax attributes. In 2020, the federal deferred tax assets and valuation allowance decreased due to the write-off of attributes that will expire still subject to limitation.

At December 31, 2022, Lexicon had both federal and state NOL carryforwards of approximately $1.2 billion and $86.9 million, respectively. In 2022, federal NOLs increased by $104.0 million related to a current year NOL. The Company had $446.3 million of U.S. federal NOL carryforwards as of December 31, 2022, which can be carried forward indefinitely. The remaining federal and state NOL carryforwards will begin to expire in 2022. Based on the federal tax law limits and the Company’s cumulative loss position, the Company concluded it was appropriate to establish a full valuation allowance for its net deferred tax assets until an appropriate level of profitability is sustained. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the valuation allowance increased $19.5 million, primarily due to NOLs generated partially offset by decreases in deferred tax assets associated with capitalized research and development expenses.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company did not have any unrecognized tax benefits. Any interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions will be reflected as a component of income tax expense.

The Company is primarily subject to U.S. federal and New Jersey and Texas state income taxes. The tax years 1999 to current remain open to examination by U.S. federal authorities and 2012 to current remain open to examination by state authorities. The Company’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to income tax matters in income tax expense. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company had no accruals for interest or penalties related to income tax matters.

8.Goodwill

In July 2001, Lexicon completed the acquisition of Coelacanth Corporation in a merger. Coelacanth, now Lexicon Pharmaceuticals (New Jersey), Inc., formed the core of the Company’s division responsible for small molecule compound discovery. The results of Lexicon Pharmaceuticals (New Jersey), Inc. are included in the Company’s results of operations for the period subsequent to the acquisition. Goodwill associated with the acquisition of $25.8 million, which represents the excess of the $36.0 million purchase price over the fair value of the underlying net identifiable assets, was assigned to the consolidated entity, Lexicon.

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In June 2007, Lexicon entered into an arrangement providing for the financing of the clinical development of certain of its drug candidates. Under the arrangement, Lexicon licensed to Symphony Icon, Inc. its intellectual property rights relating to the drug candidates and obtained an exclusive purchase option that gave Lexicon the right to acquire all the equity of Symphony Icon. In July 2010, Lexicon exercised its purchase option and completed the acquisition of Symphony Icon. Goodwill associated with the acquisition of $18.7 million, which represents the assets recognized in connection with the deferred tax liability acquired and did not result from excess purchase price, was assigned to the consolidated entity, Lexicon.

Goodwill is not subject to amortization, but is tested at least annually for impairment at the reporting unit level, which is the Company’s single operating segment. The Company performed an impairment test of goodwill on its annual impairment assessment date. This test did not result in an impairment of goodwill.

9.Debt Obligations

Oxford Term Loans. On March 17, 2022, Lexicon and one of its subsidiaries entered into a loan and security agreement with Oxford Finance LLC (“Oxford”) that provides up to $150 million in borrowing capacity (the “Oxford Term Loans”) available in four tranches, each maturing in March 2027. Monthly interest-only payments are due during an initial 36-month period, which may be extended at Lexicon’s option to 48 months if Lexicon maintains compliance with a financial covenant relating to net sales of sotagliflozin following regulatory approval. The interest-only period will be followed by an amortization period extending through the maturity date.

On August 29, 2022, the Company entered into a first amendment to the loan and security agreement modifying the period during which the second $25 million tranche under the facility would be available for draw in exchange for $0.3 million of cash consideration.

The first $25 million tranche was funded at closing. The second $25 million tranche was funded on December 30, 2022. The third $50 million tranche is available for draw at Lexicon’s option prior to June 30, 2023, but within 60 days of U.S. regulatory approval of sotagliflozin for heart failure. The fourth $50 million tranche is available for draw at Lexicon’s option, subject to Oxford’s consent, at any time prior to the expiration of the interest-only payment period.

Principal payments of $8.7 million, $13.0 million, and $4.8 million will be due during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025, December 31, 2026 and December 31, 2027, respectively, with respect to the first tranche. Principal payments of $8.7 million, $13.0 million, and $4.8 million will be due during the fiscal years ended December 31, 2025, December 31, 2026 and December 31, 2027, respectively, with respect to the second tranche.

The loan and security agreement provides that, upon funding of the first three tranches, Lexicon will grant Oxford a warrant to purchase shares of its common stock having a value equal to 3.50%, 1.75% and 0.875%, respectively, of each such tranche, as determined by reference to a 10-day average closing price of the shares. Each warrant will have an exercise price equal to such average closing price, be exercisable for a five-year period from the date of issuance and feature a net cashless exercise provision. Concurrent with the funding of the first tranche, Lexicon granted Oxford a warrant to purchase 420,673 shares of Lexicon’s common stock at an exercise price of $2.08 per share. Concurrent with the funding of the second tranche, Lexicon granted Oxford a warrant to purchase 224,128 shares of Lexicon’s common stock at an exercise price of $1.95 per share. The warrants are exercisable for five years from their respective grant dates and are classified as equity instruments. The Company allocated the proceeds from each tranche to the corresponding warrant using the relative fair value method and used the Black-Scholes model to calculate the fair value of the warrants. The fair value of the first tranche warrant of $0.7 million was recognized as equity with a corresponding debt discount of $0.7 million. The fair value of the second tranche warrant of $0.3 million was recognized as equity with a corresponding debt discount of $0.3 million.

The Oxford Term Loans bear interest at a floating rate equal to the 30-day U.S. Dollar LIBOR plus 7.90%, but not less than 8.01%, subject to additional interest if an event of default occurs and is continuing. As of December 31, 2022, the interest rate was 12.04%. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, Oxford may declare all amounts outstanding under the loan and security agreement to be immediately due and payable. Lexicon may prepay the Oxford Term Loans in whole at its option at any time. Any prepayment of the Oxford Term Loans is subject to prepayment fees for up to three years after the funding of each tranche of the loans. A final payment exit fee equal to 6% of the amount funded under the Oxford Term Loans is due upon prepayment or maturity, which final payment will be adjusted to 7% of the amount funded upon extension of the interest-only payment period. The final payment exit fee of $1.5 million was recorded once for each tranche as a debt discount on the funding date.

During March 2022, in connection with the first tranche of the loan and security agreement, the Company received cash proceeds of $24.15 million, net of debt issuance costs of $0.35 million and a facility fee of $0.50 million. The debt

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issuance costs and facility fee have been recorded as a debt discount on the consolidated balance sheet, which together with the final payment exit fee of $1.5 million and warrant fair value of $0.7 million are being amortized to interest expense throughout the life of the term loan using the effective interest rate method.

On December 30, 2022, in connection with the second tranche of the loan and security agreement, the Company received cash proceeds of $24.96 million, net of debt issuance costs of $0.04 million. The debt issuance costs were recorded as a debt discount on the consolidated balance sheet, which together with the final payment exit fee of $1.5 million and warrant fair value of $0.3 million are being amortized to interest expense throughout the life of the term loan using the effective interest rate method. As of December 31, 2022, the balance of the debt discount was $4.4 million. During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company recognized interest expense of $2.8 million. As of December 31, 2022, the carrying value of the Oxford Term Loans was $48.6 million. The carrying value of the Oxford Term Loans approximates its fair value, as the loans bear interest at a rate that approximates prevailing market rates for instruments with similar characteristics. The fair value of the Oxford Term Loans is determined under Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Lexicon’s obligations under the Oxford Term Loans are secured by a first lien security interest in all of the assets of the Company and its subsidiaries. The loan and security agreement contains certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants and events of default applicable to Lexicon and its subsidiaries. In addition to the financial covenant, additional covenants include those restricting dispositions, fundamental changes to its business, mergers or acquisitions, indebtedness, encumbrances, distributions, investments, transactions with affiliates and subordinated debt. The Company was in compliance with its debt covenants as of December 31, 2022.

Convertible Notes. In November 2014, Lexicon completed an offering of $87.5 million in aggregate principal amount of 5.25% Convertible Senior Notes due 2021 (the “Convertible Notes”). The conversion feature did not meet the criteria for bifurcation as required by generally accepted accounting principles and the entire principal amount was recorded as long-term debt on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets. The Convertible Notes were governed by an indenture between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as trustee. The Convertible Notes bore interest at a rate of 5.25% per year, which was payable semiannually in arrears on June 1 and December 1 of each year, beginning on June 1, 2015.

In September 2020, the Company entered into separate, privately negotiated exchange agreements to exchange $75.8 million aggregate principal amount of the Convertible Notes for consideration valued at 85% of the principal amount of the Convertible Notes. In September and October 2020, the Company issued 10,368,956 shares of the Company’s common stock and paid $50.0 million in cash, which included $1.3 million of accrued interest, to exchange such Convertible Notes. The Company recorded the exchanges under the accounting requirements for debt extinguishment of convertible instruments. As a result, a debt extinguishment gain of $9.6 million was recorded and is included in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2020. In December 2021, the remaining balance of $11.6 million was repaid in cash.

Mortgage Loan. In August 2018, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lexicon entered into a term loan and security agreement refinancing the previously existing mortgage on its facilities in The Woodlands, Texas (the “Property”). The Company recorded the refinancing as a debt extinguishment, with no recognition of gain or loss on the transaction. The loan agreement provided for a $12.9 million mortgage on the Property and had a two-year term with a 10-year amortization. The mortgage loan bore interest at a rate per annum equal to the greater of (a) the 30-day LIBOR rate plus 5.5% and (b) 7.5% and provided for a balloon payment of $10.3 million, which was paid in full in August 2020.

BioPharma Term Loan. In December 2017, Lexicon entered into a loan agreement with BioPharma Credit PLC and BioPharma Credit Investments IV Sub LP under which $150 million was funded in December 2017 (the “BioPharma Term Loan”). The BioPharma Term Loan was scheduled to mature in December 2022, bore interest at 9% per year, subject to additional interest if an event of default occurred and was continuing, and was payable quarterly.

The BioPharma Term Loan was subject to mandatory prepayment provisions that required prepayment upon a change of control or receipt of proceeds from certain non-ordinary course transfers of assets. The Company repaid the BioPharma Term Loan in whole, together with required prepayment and make-whole premiums, upon closing of the sale of XERMELO and related assets to TerSera Therapeutics LLC in September 2020. The Company recorded the repayment under the accounting requirements for debt extinguishment and as a result, a loss of $8.6 million was recognized and is included in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2020.

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10.Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Lease Obligations: Lexicon’s operating leases include leases of office space in The Woodlands, Texas and Bridgewater, New Jersey that will expire in August 2025 and January 2034, respectively. In February 2021, the Company leased a 25,000 square-foot office space in The Woodlands, Texas and relocated the corporate offices. The term of the sublease extends from March 1, 2021 through August 31, 2025, and provides for escalating yearly base rent payments starting at $506,000 and increasing to $557,000 in the final year of the lease. In July 2022, the Company’s subsidiary, Lexicon Pharmaceuticals (New Jersey), Inc. leased a 22,000 square-foot office space in Bridgewater, New Jersey. The lease agreement will expire January 2034 and provides for escalating yearly base rent payments starting at $820,000 and increasing to $986,000 in the final year of the lease. Under its lease agreements, Lexicon is obligated to pay property taxes, insurance, and maintenance costs.

As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the right-of-use assets for the office space leases had a balance of $6.8 million and $2.3 million, respectively, which are included in operating lease right-of-use-assets in the consolidated balance sheet. Current and long-term liabilities as of December 31, 2022, relating to the leases were $1.3 million and $5.4 million, respectively, which are included in accrued liabilities and long-term operating lease liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet, respectively. Current and long-term liabilities as of December 31, 2021, relating to the leases were $1.1 million and $1.2 million, respectively, which are included in accrued liabilities and long-term operating lease liabilities in the consolidated balance sheet, respectively. During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company incurred lease expense of $1.8 million and $1.7 million, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, the Company made cash payments for lease liabilities of $1.1 million and $0.8 million, respectively. As of December 31, 2022 and 2021, the weighted-average remaining lease terms were 9.5 years and 2.9 years, respectively, with weighted-average discount rates of 9.6% and 9.0%, respectively.

The following table reconciles the undiscounted cash flows of the operating lease liability to the recorded lease liability at December 31, 2022:

(in thousands)

Total undiscounted operating lease liability $ 10,793

Less: amount of lease payments representing interest (4,078)

Present value of future lease payments 6,715

Less: short-term operating lease liability (1,291)

Long-term operating lease liability $ 5,424

Employment Arrangements: Lexicon has entered into employment arrangements with certain of its corporate officers. Under the arrangements, each officer receives a base salary, subject to adjustment, with an annual discretionary bonus based upon specific objectives to be determined by the compensation committee. The employment arrangements are at-will and some contain non-competition agreements. Some of the arrangements also provide for certain severance payments for either six or 12 months and, in some cases, payment of a specified portion of the officer’s bonus target for such year, in the event of a specified termination of the officer’s employment.

Legal Proceedings: Lexicon is from time to time party to claims and legal proceedings that arise in the normal course of its business and that it believes will not have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on its results of operations, financial condition or liquidity.

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11.Equity Incentive Awards

Equity Incentive Plans

2017 Equity Incentive Plan: In September 1995, Lexicon adopted the 1995 Stock Option Plan, which was subsequently amended and renamed the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan (the “Equity Incentive Plan”).

The Equity Incentive Plan permits the grant of incentive stock options to employees and nonstatutory stock options to employees, directors and consultants of the Company. The plan also permits the grant of stock bonus awards, restricted stock awards, restricted stock unit awards, stock appreciation rights and performance stock awards. Incentive and nonstatutory stock options have an exercise price of 100% or more of the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. Most stock options granted under the Equity Incentive Plan become vested and exercisable over a period of four years; however some have been granted with different vesting schedules. Stock options granted under the Equity Incentive Plan have a term of ten years from the date of grant.

The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to stock awards under the Equity Incentive Plan shall not exceed in the aggregate 30,000,000 shares at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, options to purchase 11,847,723 shares and 2,559,306 restricted stock units were outstanding, 2,285,702 shares had been issued upon the exercise of stock options, 5,294,942 shares had been issued pursuant to restricted stock units and 113,940 shares had been issued pursuant to stock bonus awards or restricted stock awards granted under the Equity Incentive Plan.

2017 Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan: In February 2000, Lexicon adopted the 2000 Non-Employee Directors’ Stock Option Plan, which was subsequently amended and renamed the 2017 Non-Employee Directors’ Equity Incentive Plan (the “Directors’ Plan”). Under the Directors’ Plan, non-employee directors may be granted awards under the plan with an aggregate grant date fair value of no more than $500,000 during any calendar year, taken together with any cash fees paid to such non-employee director in compensation for service on Lexicon’s board of directors during such calendar year. Stock options granted under the Directors’ Plan have an exercise price equal to the fair market value of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant and a term of ten years from the date of grant.

The total number of shares of common stock that may be issued pursuant to stock awards under the Directors’ Plan shall not exceed in the aggregate 1,200,000 shares at December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2022, stock options to purchase 501,224 shares were outstanding, none had been issued upon the exercise of stock options, 74,416 restricted stock units were outstanding and 248,232 shares had been issued pursuant to restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards granted under the Directors’ Plan.

Stock Option Activity:

The following is a summary of stock option activity under Lexicon’s equity incentive plans:

The weighted average estimated grant date fair value of stock options granted during the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020 were $2.30, $4.85 and $2.35, respectively. The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the year ended December 31, 2022 was $0. The weighted average remaining contractual term of stock options outstanding and exercisable was 7.2 and 5.3 years, respectively, as of December 31, 2022. At December 31, 2022, the aggregate intrinsic value of the outstanding stock options was $0.1 million. At December 31, 2022, the intrinsic value of exercisable stock options was $0.

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Stock Bonus and Restricted Stock Unit Activity:

During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, Lexicon granted its employees restricted stock units in lieu of or in addition to annual stock option awards. These restricted stock units vest in three annual installments. The total fair value of shares vested in 2022, 2021 and 2020 was $2.9 million, $8.7 million and $3.2 million, respectively.

During the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, Lexicon granted its non-employee directors 74,416, 32,192 and 85,104 restricted stock units, respectively. The restricted stock granted in 2022, 2021 and 2020 had weighted average grant date fair values of $1.77, $5.04 and $1.86 per share, respectively. Vesting of restricted stock units occurs on the first anniversary of the grant date.

The following is a summary of restricted stock units activity under Lexicon’s stock-based compensation plans for the year ended December 31, 2022:

Shares Weighted Average Grant Date Fair Value

(in thousands)

During the year ended December 31, 2022, the Company issued $6.3 million of Treasury shares in lieu of issuing additional authorized common shares in order to satisfy the annual vesting of restricted stock units for its employees and officers.

Aggregate Shares Reserved for Issuance

As of December 31, 2022, an aggregate of 15,096,609 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance upon exercise of outstanding stock options and vesting of outstanding restricted stock units and 8,160,575 additional shares were available for future grants under Lexicon’s equity incentive plans. The Company has a policy of using either authorized and unissued shares or treasury shares, including shares acquired by purchase in the open market or in private transactions, to satisfy equity award exercises.

12.Benefit Plan

Lexicon maintains a defined-contribution savings plan under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. The plan covers substantially all full-time employees. Participating employees may defer a portion of their pretax earnings, up to the Internal Revenue Service annual contribution limit. Beginning in 2000, the Company was required to match employee contributions according to a specified formula. The matching contributions totaled $0.7 million, $0.4 million and $0.9 million in the years ended December 31, 2022, 2021 and 2020, respectively. Company contributions are vested based on the employee’s years of service, with full vesting after four years of service.

13.Asset Sale

In September 2020, the Company completed the sale of its XERMELO product and related assets (the “XERMELO sale”) to TerSera pursuant to an Asset Purchase and Sale Agreement entered into in July 2020. The final consideration paid by TerSera was $160.0 million and the net gain recognized in connection with the XERMELO sale was $132.6 million. The gain is reflected on the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2020. For the year ended December 31, 2020, the pretax net loss on the consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the Company’s XERMELO operations was $12.2 million.

As a result of the XERMELO sale, the Company implemented a reduction in force which reduced its workforce by approximately fifty percent. The Company incurred and recognized severance charges of approximate $5.5 million. Of this

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charge, $2.5 million was recorded in research and development expense and $3.0 million was recorded in selling, general and administrative expense in the accompanying consolidated statement of comprehensive loss for the year ended December 31, 2020.

14.Collaboration and License Agreements

Lexicon has derived substantially all of its revenues from drug discovery and development alliances, target validation collaborations for the development and, in some cases, analysis of the physiological effects of genes altered in knockout mice, product sales, government grants and contracts, technology licenses, subscriptions to its databases and compound library sales.

Ipsen. In October 2014, Lexicon entered into a License and Collaboration Agreement, which was subsequently amended in March 2015 (collectively, the “Ipsen Agreement”), with Ipsen for the development and commercialization of XERMELO outside of the United States and Japan (the “Licensed Territory”). Revenue for the year ended December 31, 2020 included $0.3 million of royalties from Ipsen and $1.3 million from sales of bulk tablets of XERMELO to Ipsen. The Ipsen Agreement was assigned to TerSera in September 2020 in connection with the XERMELO sale.

15.Other Capital Agreements

Common Stock: In December 2020, Lexicon sold 20,312,500 shares of its common stock at a price of $3.20 per share in a registered direct offering pursuant to an existing shelf registration statement. Sale of the shares resulted in net proceeds of $63.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions of $1.8 million and offering expenses of $0.2 million. The investors in the offering were Artal International S.C.A., an affiliate of Invus, L.P., the Company’s largest stockholder, and BVF Partners L.P. and certain affiliates of BVF Partners L.P. All of the net proceeds of the registered direct offering are reflected as issuance of common stock in the accompanying financial statements.

In October 2020, Lexicon entered into an Open Market Sale AgreementSM (the “sales agreement”) with Jefferies LLC (“Jefferies”) relating to the shares of its common stock. Under the sales agreement, Lexicon was able to offer and sell common stock having an aggregate sales price of up to $50.0 million from time to time through Jefferies acting as its sales agent. In November 2020, Lexicon sold 3,709,233 shares of its common stock at a price of $1.992 per share pursuant to the sales agreement, resulting in net proceeds of $7.0 million. In January 2021, Lexicon sold 2,000,000 shares of its common stock at a price of $8.463 per share pursuant to the sales agreement, resulting in net proceeds of $16.4 million. In August and September 2021, Lexicon sold an aggregate of 4,176,953 shares of its common stock at a price of $4.732 per share pursuant to the sales agreement, resulting in net proceeds of $19.1 million. The net proceeds from each of these sales are reflected as issuances of common stock in the accompanying financial statements.

In August 2022, Lexicon sold an aggregate of 39,100,000 shares of its common stock at a price of $2.50 per share in a public offering and concurrent private placement to two affiliates of Invus, L.P., resulting in net proceeds of $94.2 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses.