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ITEM 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (MD&A) is intended to help the reader understand our results of operations and financial condition. The MD&A is provided as a supplement to, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in Item 8 - Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The MD&A generally discusses 2025 and 2024 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2025 and 2024. Discussions of 2023 items and year-to-year comparisons between 2024 and 2023 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results or Operations” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2024 filed with the SEC on January 28, 2025.

Business Overview

We are a global aerospace and defense technology company that builds and sustains the solutions America and its allies need to deter conflict and advance national security and scientific exploration objectives. Our four business areas – Aeronautics, Missiles and Fire Control, Rotary and Mission Systems, and Space – work as one company offering integrated solutions, at scale, across all warfighting domains. Our defense, space, intelligence, homeland security, information technology, and cybersecurity capabilities serve U.S. and international customers in defense, civil and commercial applications. Our principal customers are agencies of the U.S. Government and allies. In 2025, 72% of our $75.0 billion in sales were from the U.S. Government, either as a prime contractor or as a subcontractor (including 63% from the Department of War (DoW), also known as the Department of Defense under 10 U.S.C. § 111(a)) and 28% were from international customers (including foreign military sales (FMS) contracted through the U.S. Government).

We operate in four business segments: Aeronautics, Missiles and Fire Control (MFC), Rotary and Mission Systems (RMS) and Space. We organize our business segments based on the nature of the products and services offered.

Recent regional conflicts have demonstrated the integral role Lockheed Martin products play in protecting people, and we are rapidly transforming our business to meet increased demand. We are expanding production capacity to continue delivering at scale, and we are harnessing leading-edge technologies like artificial intelligence and autonomy, open-architecture systems, and advanced networking to make defense forces more agile, adaptive and unpredictable. Our goal is to deliver overwhelming capability and value – quickly, at the needed quantities and with the greatest effectiveness – to enable overmatch and strengthen deterrence today and into the future.

We achieve this by developing and investing in differentiating technologies, forging strategic partnerships, including with commercial companies, executing on our multi-year business transformation initiative, maintaining fiscal discipline, and continuing to cultivate the greatest aerospace and defense workforce talent and culture in the world. We invest substantially in our people to ensure that our people have the technical skills necessary to succeed, and we expect to continue to invest internally in innovative technologies that address rapidly evolving mission requirements for our customers. We also will continue to evaluate our organizational structure and portfolio and will make strategic changes, acquisitions or divestitures, as appropriate, while deepening our connection to commercial industry through cooperative partnerships, joint ventures and equity investments.

Portfolio Shaping Activities

We continuously strive to strengthen our portfolio of products and services to meet the current and future needs of our customers. We accomplish this in part by our independent research and development activities and through acquisition, divestiture and internal realignment activities.

We selectively pursue the acquisition of businesses, investments and ventures at attractive valuations that will expand or complement our current portfolio and allow access to new customers or technologies. We also may explore the divestiture of businesses, investments or ventures that no longer meet our needs or strategy or that could perform better outside of our organization or with a different owner. In pursuing our business strategy, we routinely conduct discussions, evaluate targets and enter into agreements regarding possible acquisitions, divestitures, joint ventures and equity investments.

As previously disclosed, during the second quarter of 2025, we paid $360 million, in cash, for the acquisition of Amentum’s Rapid Solutions business (Rapid Solutions). This acquisition integrates Rapid Solutions’ advanced space and airborne mission capabilities, including intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance technologies, into Lockheed Martin’s portfolio. Rapid Solutions operates within our Space business segment and the financial results have been included within our

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operating results in the period post-acquisition. See “Note 1 – Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the acquisition of Rapid Solutions.

Global Security

We operate in a complex and evolving global security environment. Conflicts or tensions in areas such as Europe, the Middle East, and the Pacific region have heightened tensions and highlighted security requirements globally, including in these regions as well as the U.S. Although these tensions and conflicts may drive interest in specific products or services as countries seek to improve their security posture, our business primarily operates on a long-cycle basis. As a result, the U.S. Government has been broadly focused on increasing industry capacity to meet long-term demand. We continue to work with the U.S. Government, international partners, and our supply chain to increase capacity and enhance our ability to scale our operations to anticipate potential demand, deliver critical capabilities, and replenish depleted U.S. and allied stockpiles of products that have been consumed over the past several years.

Global Economic and Geopolitical Environment

Our business and financial performance are impacted by general economic conditions including inflationary pressures, delays and disruptions in supply chains, business slowdowns or shutdowns, workforce challenges and labor shortfalls, impacts from technological change, and market volatility. These macroeconomic factors have contributed, and may continue to contribute, to increased costs, delays, disruptions and other performance challenges, as well as competing demands for limited resources to address such increased costs and other challenges, for our company, our suppliers and partners, and our customers.

We have experienced, and continue to experience, supply chain challenges, including supplier shortages and performance issues. While on-time deliveries are improving, pressures remain in certain areas, and we are proactively working with our suppliers to meet our contract commitments. In addition, macroeconomic conditions including elevated levels of inflation present risks for us, our suppliers and the stability of the broader defense industrial base. Supply chain challenges, including both the availability and cost of goods, may be further impacted due to the imposition of tariffs and the availability of raw materials including rare earth minerals, as discussed below under “Recent Developments in Trade and Regulatory Policies.” If we experience significant supply chain issues or high rates of inflation, and are unable to successfully mitigate the impact, our future profits, margins and cash flows, particularly for existing fixed-price contracts, may be adversely affected. We remain committed to our ongoing efforts to increase the efficiency of our operations and improve the cost competitiveness and affordability of our products and services, which may, in part, offset cost increases from inflation.

Recent Developments in Trade and Regulatory Policies

Certain materials and component parts that go into making our products are imported into the U.S. and are subject to tariffs, sanctions, embargoes, export and import controls, and other trade restrictions. The U.S. Government has increased, expanded, or imposed new tariffs on goods imported from various countries. We also export certain products to other countries, and several countries have increased or imposed additional tariffs in response to U.S. tariffs. The tariff environment has been dynamic in 2025, with changes occurring on an ongoing basis, and it is possible that additional developments will occur in the future, including as a result of negotiations between the U.S. and trade partners and legal challenges to the tariffs. Tariffs that have been enacted or expanded by the U.S. or other countries had an impact of approximately $485 million on our cash flows during the year ended December 31, 2025. However, we expect a substantial portion of this impact to be recoverable over time. We are closely monitoring the situation and evaluating the potential future impacts of the imposition of the announced tariffs to our business and financial condition. We are pursuing available options to fully or substantially mitigate the impact of the increased tariffs or any future tariffs, including seeking exclusions, through drawbacks, refunds, recovering the costs in the pricing of our products, or securing alternative sources of materials or products. However, these actions may not be successful in fully or substantially mitigating the impact of tariffs, and, even if successful, there could continue to be a near-term volatility in cash flows due to the timing of when tariffs are paid compared to when such costs may be refunded or recovered. Additionally, a substantial amount of our imports qualify for duty-free entry. At this time, excluding the near-term cash flow impact, we do not believe that the tariffs announced by the U.S. or actions taken in response to these tariffs by other countries will have a material adverse effect upon our results of operations or financial condition over the long term.

Significant changes in tax, trade, or other policies either in the U.S. or other countries, as well as any fluctuation in foreign exchange rates as a result of such activity, could materially increase our tax burden, the price we pay for materials and component parts, the price our customers pay, and result in delays in products received or non-delivery from our vendors as well as impact the availability of materials (including rare earth minerals), which could materially impact our business and financial results.

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In addition, recent government actions relating to rare earth minerals that are used in certain of our products have raised concerns about supply availability. We are monitoring the rare earth minerals supply chain and maintaining active engagement with our suppliers as the regulatory landscape evolves. If we are unable to successfully mitigate disruptions to the availability of rare earth minerals, our future profits, margins and cash flows may be adversely affected.

See Item 1A - Risk Factors for additional risks to the company related to the geopolitical and economic environment.

U.S. Government Budget Environment

Our primary customer is the U.S. Government, from which we derived 72% of our sales in 2025, including 63% from the DoW. Funding for U.S. Government programs is subject to a variety of factors that can affect our business, including the Administration’s budget requests and procurement priorities and policies, annual congressional budget authorization and appropriation processes, and other U.S. Government domestic and international priorities. U.S. Government spending levels, particularly defense spending, and timely funding thereof can affect our financial performance over the short and long term.

The Administration published its Fiscal Year (FY) 2026 budget request in June 2025. The budget request includes $848.3 billion in the base budget (discretionary) funding, and $113.3 billion in reconciliation (mandatory) funding. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act was signed by the President on July 4, 2025. The bill provides more than $150 billion in mandatory funding (inclusive of the $113.3 billion reconciliation funding) for the DoW available until September 30, 2029.

The National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for FY2026 was signed into law on December 18, 2025. This legislation authorizes $901 billion for Defense which includes an $8 billion increase over the President’s DoW Budget Request. On November 12, 2025, the President signed into law a Continuing Resolution funding the DoW through January 30, 2026. On January 20, 2026, Congress unveiled its final Appropriations package, which includes the Defense Appropriations Act conference report. This legislation provides $839.2 billion in funding for the DoW representing an $8.4 billion increase over the topline in the President’s DoW Budget Request. Congress is working to pass this bill prior to the expiration of the Continuing Resolution on January 30, 2026, but it is possible a short continuing resolution may be needed before final passage.

Despite the Administration indicating their desire for a significant increase in defense spending in FY2027, we anticipate the federal budget, additional potential tax law changes, and regulatory environment will continue to be subject to debate and compromise shaped by, among other things, the Administration and Congress, heightened political tensions, the global security environment, inflationary pressures, and macroeconomic conditions. The result may be shifting funding priorities, which could have material impacts on defense spending broadly and our programs. Additionally, the Administration continues to take steps to evaluate government-wide and defense-specific staffing and procurement, which includes assessing mission priorities, procurement methods, program performance, and other factors and then potentially taking action based on those assessments. Those actions remain uncertain and could result in impacts to both our current and future business prospects and financial performance.

International Business

A key component of our strategic plan is to grow our international sales. To accomplish this growth, we continue to focus on strengthening our relationships internationally through partnerships and joint technology efforts. Our international business is conducted either by FMS contracted through the U.S. Government or by direct commercial sales (DCS) to international government customers. In 2025, approximately 77% of our sales to international customers were FMS and about 23% were DCS. Additionally, in 2025, substantially all of our sales from international customers were in our Aeronautics, MFC and RMS business segments. Space’s sales from international customers were not material in 2025. See Item 1A - Risk Factors for a discussion of risks related to international sales.

In 2025, international customers accounted for 36% of Aeronautics’ sales. There continues to be strong international interest in the F-35 program, which includes commitments from the U.S. Government and seven international partner countries and twelve FMS customers, as well as expressions of interest from other countries. The U.S. Government and the partner countries continue to work together on the design, testing, production and sustainment of the F-35 program. Other areas of international expansion at our Aeronautics business segment include the F-16 and C-130J programs, which continue to draw interest from international customers for new aircraft.

In 2025, international customers accounted for 29% of MFC’s sales. Our MFC business segment continues to generate significant international interest, most notably in the air and missile defense product line, which produces the PAC-3 and Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) systems. Seventeen nations have chosen PAC-3 Cost Reduction Initiative (CRI) and PAC-3 Missile Segment Enhancement (MSE) to provide missile defense capabilities. Additionally, we continue to see international demand for our tactical and strike missile products and fire control systems, where we received orders for

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precision fire systems, Hellfire, and for Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile (JASSM) from multiple nations, and for our Apache fire control system from Poland.

In 2025, international customers accounted for 34% of RMS’ sales. Our RMS business segment continues to experience international interest in the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System (Aegis) for which we perform activities in the development, production, modernization, ship integration, test and lifetime support for ships of international customers such as Japan, Spain, the Republic of Korea and Australia. We have combat systems programs associated with different classes of surface combatant ships from customers in Canada and Germany. Our Multi-Mission Surface Combatant (MMSC) program will provide surface combatant ships for international customers, such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, designed to operate in shallow waters and the open ocean. In our training, logistics and simulation portfolio, we have active programs and pursuits in the United Kingdom, Singapore, Australia, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Republic of Korea and France. We continue to draw interest from international customers for radar systems, where we have received recent orders from Denmark, Sweden and Singapore. We have active development, production and sustainment support of the S-70 Black Hawk and MH-60 Seahawk helicopters to international customers, including India, Philippines, Australia, the Republic of Korea, Thailand, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Japan, and Greece. Commercial aircraft are sold to international customers to support search and rescue missions as well as VIP and offshore oil and gas transportation.

Backlog

At December 31, 2025, our backlog was $193.6 billion compared to $176.0 billion at December 31, 2024. Backlog is converted into sales in future periods as work is performed or deliveries are made. We expect to recognize approximately 37% of our backlog over the next 12 months and a total of approximately 60% over the next 24 months as revenue, with the remainder recognized thereafter.

Our backlog includes both funded (firm orders for our products and services for which funding has been both authorized and appropriated by the customer) and unfunded (firm orders for which funding has not been appropriated) amounts. We do not include unexercised options or potential orders under indefinite-delivery, indefinite-quantity (IDIQ) agreements in our backlog. If any of our contracts with firm orders were to be terminated, our backlog would be reduced by the expected value of the unfilled orders of such contracts. Funded backlog was $120.2 billion at December 31, 2025, as compared to $107.8 billion at December 31, 2024. For backlog related to each of our business segments, see below.

Consolidated Results of Operations

Our operating cycle is primarily long-term and involves many types of contracts for the design, development and manufacture of products and related activities with varying delivery schedules. Consequently, the results of operations of a particular year, or year-to-year comparisons of sales and profits, may not be indicative of future operating results. The following discussions of comparative results should be reviewed in this context. All per share amounts cited in these discussions are presented on a “per diluted share” basis, unless otherwise noted. Our consolidated results of operations were as follows (in millions, except per share data):

Non-service FAS pension (expense) income (874) 62 443

Other non-operating income, net 183 181 64

Certain amounts reported in other income, net, including our share of earnings or losses from equity method investees, are included in the operating profit of our business segments. Accordingly, such amounts are included in the discussion of our business segment results of operations.

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Sales

We generate sales from the delivery of products and services to our customers. Our consolidated sales were as follows (in millions):

Substantially all of our contracts are accounted for using the percentage-of-completion cost-to-cost method. Under the percentage-of-completion cost-to-cost method, we record sales on contracts over time based upon our progress towards completion on a particular contract, as well as our estimate of the profit to be earned at completion. The following discussion of material changes in our consolidated sales should be read in tandem with the subsequent discussion of changes in our consolidated operating costs and expenses and our business segment results of operations because changes in our sales are typically accompanied by a corresponding change in our operating costs and expenses due to the nature of the percentage-of-completion cost-to-cost method.

Product Sales

Product sales increased $3.4 billion, or 6%, in 2025 as compared to 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to higher product sales of approximately $1.7 billion at MFC, $1.0 billion at Aeronautics, and $475 million at Space. Higher product sales at MFC were due to production ramp-up on Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile (JASSM), Long Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM) and precision fires programs. Higher product sales at Aeronautics were due to higher volume on F-35 production contracts, partially offset by the unfavorable cumulative adjustment to sales driven by recognizing a reach-forward loss on a classified contract in the second quarter of 2025. Higher product sales at Space were due to higher volume on Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM), Next Generation Interceptor (NGI) and Orion programs, partially offset by the impact of program lifecycle in the OPIR mission.

Service Sales

Service sales increased $628 million, or 5%, in 2025 as compared to 2024. The increase in service sales was primarily due to higher sales of approximately $620 million at Aeronautics as a result of higher volume on F-35 sustainment contracts.

Operating Costs and Expenses

Operating costs and expenses, for both products and services, consist of materials, labor, subcontracting costs and an allocation of indirect costs (overhead and general and administrative), as well as the costs to fulfill our industrial cooperation agreements, sometimes referred to as offset agreements, required under certain contracts with international customers. For each of our contracts, we monitor the nature and amount of costs at the contract level, which form the basis for estimating our total costs to complete the contract. Our consolidated operating costs and expenses was as follows (in millions):

Impairment and other charges (66) (87) (92)

The following discussion of material changes in our consolidated operating costs and expenses for products and services should be read in tandem with the preceding discussion of changes in our consolidated sales and our business segment results of operations. Except for potential impacts to our programs resulting from supply chain disruptions, inflation, and tariffs, we have not identified any additional developing trends in operating costs and expenses for products and services that could have a material impact on our future operations.

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Product Costs

Product costs increased $2.2 billion, or 4%, in 2025 as compared to 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to higher product costs of approximately $1.5 billion at Aeronautics, $285 million at Space and $225 million at RMS. Higher product costs at Aeronautics were due to higher volume and the impact of recognizing a reach-forward loss on a classified contract previously described in “Product Sales”. Higher product costs at Space were due to higher volume, partially offset by the impact of program lifecycle previously described in “Product Sales”. Higher product costs at RMS were due to higher production volume on Black Hawk programs and the impact of recognizing reach-forward losses on TUHP in the second quarter of 2025, partially offset by lower production volume on Seahawk programs.

Service Costs

Service costs increased approximately $1.1 billion, or 11%, in 2025 as compared to 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to higher service costs of approximately $540 million at Aeronautics and $425 million at RMS. Higher service costs at Aeronautics were due to higher volume as described above in “Service Sales”. Higher service costs at RMS were due to the impact of recognizing a reach-forward loss on Canadian Maritime Helicopter Program (CMHP) as previously described.

Impairment and Other Charges

We recorded charges totaling $66 million ($52 million, or $0.22 per share, after-tax) in 2025 and $87 million ($69 million, or $0.29 per share, after-tax) in 2024. See “Note 16 – Impairment and Other Charges” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Other Unallocated, Net

Other unallocated, net primarily includes the FAS/CAS pension operating adjustment (which represents the difference between total CAS pension cost recorded in our business segments’ results of operations and the service cost component of FAS pension (expense) income), stock-based compensation expense, changes in the fair value of assets and liabilities for deferred compensation plans, intangible asset amortization expense and other corporate costs. These items are not allocated to the business segments and, therefore, are not allocated to operating costs and expenses for products or services. Other unallocated, net reduced operating expenses by $996 million and $1.0 billion in 2025 and 2024. The fluctuations in other unallocated, net for all periods were due to costs associated with various corporate items, none of which were individually significant.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net in 2025 was $112 million, compared to $83 million in 2024. Other income, net primarily includes earnings generated by equity method investees, as well as gains or losses for acquisitions, divestitures, and other items, none of which are individually significant. The increase in other income, net in 2025 resulted primarily from an intellectual property license arrangement and the Commercial Engine Solutions divestiture net working capital true-up.

Interest Expense

Interest expense in 2025 was $1.1 billion, compared to $1.0 billion in 2024. The increase in interest expense in 2025 resulted primarily from issuance of senior unsecured notes in July 2025 and December 2024 and a higher intra-period outstanding balance of commercial paper. See “Capital Structure, Resources and Other” included within the “Liquidity and Cash Flows” discussion below and “Note 10 – Debt” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of our debt.

Non-Service FAS Pension (Expense) Income

Non-service FAS pension expense in 2025 was $874 million, compared to non-service FAS pension income of $62 million in 2024. Non-service FAS pension expense in 2025 includes a noncash, non-operating pension settlement charge of $479 million ($377 million, or $1.63 per share, after-tax) in connection with the transfer of $943 million of our gross defined benefit pension obligations and related plan assets to insurance companies in December 2025. Additionally, the increase in expense was primarily due to higher prior service cost amortization and a reduced asset base. See “Note 11 – Retirement Benefits” for more information.

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Other Non-operating Income (Expense), Net

Other non-operating income, net primarily includes gains or losses related to adjustments in valuation of early-stage company investments or gains or losses upon the sale of these investments and interest income earned on cash and cash equivalents. Other non-operating income, net in 2025 was $183 million, compared to $181 million in 2024. See “Note 1 – Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Income Tax Expense

Our effective income tax rate was 15.3% for 2025 and 14.2% for 2024. The higher effective income tax rate in 2025 was attributable to the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the Tax Act) primarily driven by lower tax deductions for foreign derived intangible income partially offset by the favorable resolution of certain federal income tax audit items with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The rates for all periods benefited from research and development tax credits, dividends paid to our defined contribution plans with an employee stock ownership plan feature, tax deductions for foreign derived intangible income and employee equity awards.

On July 4, 2025, the President signed into law the Tax Act. Key provisions include the permanent reinstatement of immediate expensing for domestic research expenditures, the restoration of full expensing for qualified machinery, equipment and other short-lived assets, and several modifications to existing international tax provisions.

Changes in U.S. (federal or state) or foreign tax laws and regulations, or their interpretation and application (including those with retroactive effect), could significantly impact our provision for income taxes, the amount of taxes payable, our deferred tax asset and liability balances, and stockholders’ equity. In addition to future changes in tax laws, the amount of net deferred tax assets will change periodically based on several factors, including the measurement of our retirement benefit obligations, actual cash contributions to our retirement benefit plans and the change in the amount or reevaluation of uncertain tax positions.

During the second quarter of 2025, the IRS issued a Notice of Proposed Adjustment (NOPA) for 2018‐2020. The proposed adjustments stemmed from a tax‐accounting method change that was adopted in 2018 in connection with our ASC 606 implementation and the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. This matter was resolved in the fourth quarter of 2025, and the corresponding uncertain tax position, along with any accrued interest and penalties, recorded in the second and third quarters of 2025 was removed from our December 31, 2025 balance. Also, during the fourth quarter of 2025, we entered into an agreed Revenue Agent Report (RAR) for the 2018-2022 federal income tax returns, resolving the remaining open federal income tax audit issues for those years.

We are regularly under audit or examination by tax authorities, including U.S. and foreign tax authorities (Australia, Canada, India, Italy, Japan, Poland, the United Kingdom, and other countries). The final resolution of tax audits and any related administrative reviews or litigation could result in unanticipated increases in our tax expense and changes to the timing of required tax payments, which could affect profitability and cash flows for any particular reporting period. These increases or changes could have a material impact on financial condition and results of operations in such period.

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has a framework to implement a global minimum corporate tax of 15% for companies with global revenue and profits above certain thresholds (referred to as Pillar 2). Although the U.S. has not enacted legislation to implement Pillar 2, certain countries in which we operate have adopted legislation, and other countries are in the process of introducing legislation to implement Pillar 2. The OECD issued new administrative guidance on January 5, 2026, with respect to Pillar 2 which modifies key aspects of the framework for countries to enact in their own laws. This new guidance reaffirms we do not expect Pillar 2 to have a material impact on our effective tax rate or our results of operation and financial position.

Net Earnings

We reported net earnings of $5.0 billion ($21.49 per share) in 2025 and $5.3 billion ($22.31 per share) in 2024. Net earnings and earnings per share in 2025 were affected by the factors mentioned above. Earnings per share also benefited from a net decrease of approximately 5.7 million weighted average common shares outstanding in 2025 compared to 2024. The reduction in weighted average common shares outstanding was a result of share repurchases, partially offset by share issuance under our stock-based awards and certain defined contribution plans.

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Business Segment Results of Operations

We operate in four business segments: Aeronautics, MFC, RMS and Space. We organize our business segments based on the nature of products and services offered.

Sales and operating profit of our business segments exclude intersegment sales, operating costs and expenses and profit as these activities are eliminated in consolidation and thus are not included in management’s evaluation of performance of each segment. Business segment operating profit includes our share of earnings or losses from equity method investees as the operating activities of the equity method investees are closely aligned with the operations of our business segments.

Business segment operating profit excludes the FAS/CAS pension operating adjustment (see “Note 3 – Information on Business Segments”), a portion of corporate costs not considered allowable or allocable to contracts with the U.S. Government under the applicable U.S. Government Cost Accounting Standards (CAS) or portions of the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), and other items not considered part of management’s evaluation of segment operating performance. See “Note 1 – Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” for a discussion related to certain factors that may impact the comparability of sales and operating profit of our business segments.

Sales, operating costs and expenses and operating profit for each of our business segments were as follows (in millions):

Sales

Operating profit

Unallocated items

Intangible asset amortization expense (254) (247) (247)

Impairment and other charges (66) (87) (92)

The following segment discussions include information relating to backlog for each segment. Also see “Backlog” discussion above.

Management evaluates performance on our contracts by focusing on sales and operating profit and not by type or amount of operating expense. Consequently, our discussion of business segment performance focuses on sales and operating profit, consistent with our approach for managing the business. This approach is consistent throughout the life cycle of our contracts, as management assesses the bidding of each contract by focusing on sales and operating profit and monitors performance on our contracts in a similar manner through their completion.

We regularly provide customers with reports of our costs as the contract progresses. The cost information in the reports is accumulated in a manner specified by the requirements of each contract. For example, cost data provided to a customer for a product would typically align to the subcomponents of that product (such as a wing-box on an aircraft) and for services would align to the type of work being performed (such as aircraft sustainment). Our contracts generally allow for the recovery of costs in the pricing of our products and services. Most of our contracts are bid and negotiated with our customers under circumstances in which we are required to disclose our estimated total costs to provide the product or service. This approach for negotiating contracts with our U.S. Government customers generally allows for recovery of our actual costs plus a reasonable profit margin. We also may enter into long-term supply contracts for certain materials or components to coincide with the production schedule of certain products and to ensure their availability at known unit prices.

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We have a number of programs that are designated as classified by the U.S. Government, and that cannot be specifically described. The operating results of these classified programs are included in our consolidated and business segment results and are subject to the same oversight and internal controls as our other programs.

Our sales are primarily derived from long-term contracts for products and services provided to the U.S. Government as well as FMS contracted through the U.S. Government. We recognize revenue as performance obligations are satisfied and the customer obtains control of the products and services. For performance obligations to deliver products with continuous transfer of control to the customer, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation, generally using the percentage-of-completion cost-to-cost measure of progress for our contracts because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer as we incur costs on our contracts. For performance obligations in which control does not continuously transfer to the customer, we recognize revenue at the point in time in which each performance obligation is fully satisfied.

Many of our contracts span several years and include highly complex technical requirements. At the outset of a contract accounted for under the percentage-of-completion cost-to-cost method, we identify and monitor risks to the achievement of the technical, schedule and cost aspects of the contract, as well as our ability to earn variable consideration, and assess the effects of those risks on our estimates of sales and total costs to complete the contract. The estimates consider the technical requirements (e.g., a newly developed product versus a mature product), the schedule and associated tasks (e.g., the number and type of milestone events) and costs (e.g., material, labor, subcontractor, overhead and the estimated costs to fulfill our industrial cooperation agreements, sometimes referred to as offset or localization agreements, required under certain contracts with international customers). The initial profit booking rate of each contract considers risks surrounding the ability to achieve the technical requirements, schedule and costs in the initial estimated total costs to complete the contract and variable considerations. Profit booking rates may increase during the performance of the contract if we successfully retire risks related to the technical, schedule and cost aspects of the contract, which decreases the estimated total costs to complete the contract or may increase the variable consideration we expect to receive on the contract. Conversely, our profit booking rates may decrease if the estimated total costs to complete the contract increase or our estimates of variable consideration we expect to receive decrease. The profit booking rate may also be adjusted if the total estimated value of the contract changes or there is a contract modification. All of the estimates are subject to change during the performance of the contract and may affect the profit booking rate. For further discussion on fixed-price contracts, see “Note 1 – Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Changes in sales and operating profit generally are expressed in terms of volume, contract mix, and/or performance (referred to as profit booking rate adjustments). Changes in volume refer to increases or decreases in sales or operating profit resulting from varying production activity levels, deliveries or service levels on individual contracts. Volume changes in segment operating profit are typically based on the current profit booking rate for a particular contract. Contract mix primarily refers to changes in the ratio of contract type or life cycle (e.g., cost-type, fixed-price, development, production and/or sustainment) and other cost recoveries.

Comparability of our segment sales, operating profit and operating margin may be impacted favorably or unfavorably by changes in profit booking rates on our contracts. Increases in the profit booking rates, typically referred to as favorable profit booking rate adjustments, usually relate to revisions in the estimated total costs to fulfill the performance obligations that reflect improved conditions on a particular contract. Conversely, conditions on a particular contract may deteriorate, resulting in an increase in the estimated total costs to fulfill the performance obligations and a reduction in the profit booking rate and are typically referred to as unfavorable profit booking rate adjustments. Increases or decreases in profit booking rates are recognized in the period they are determined and reflect the inception-to-date effect of such changes. Segment operating profit and margin can be impacted favorably or unfavorably by, for example, certain items listed below, which may or may not impact sales. Favorable items include the positive resolution of contractual matters, cost recoveries on severance and restructuring, insurance recoveries and gains on sales of assets. Unfavorable items include the adverse resolution of contractual matters, supply chain disruptions, restructuring charges (except for significant severance actions, which are excluded from segment operating results), reserves for disputes, certain asset impairments, and losses on sales of certain assets.

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The following table presents the effect of our consolidated net profit booking rate adjustments on segment operating profit (loss) (in millions):

Total net adjustments to segment operating profit $ 75 $ (180) $ 1,585

Our consolidated net profit booking rate adjustments increased segment operating profit by approximately $75 million in 2025 and decreased segment operating profit by $180 million in 2024. The impact in 2025 includes reach-forward losses of $950 million on an ongoing classified program at our Aeronautics business segment, $570 million on Canadian Maritime Helicopter Program (CMHP) and $95 million on Türkish Utility Helicopter Program (TUHP) at our RMS business segment, and $140 million of unfavorable profit adjustments on C-130 program at our Aeronautics business segment. In addition to these losses and unfavorable profit adjustments, we also recorded $130 million of favorable adjustments upon completion on certain commercial civil space programs at Space, and $90 million favorable adjustments upon completion of a classified program at Aeronautics. The impact in 2024 includes reach-forward losses of $555 million on a classified program at our Aeronautics business segment, reach-forward losses of $1.4 billion recognized on a classified program at our MFC business segment and $155 million of favorable profit rate adjustments following the resolution of a long-standing claim associated with a completed C-5 Galaxy aircraft contract at our Aeronautics business segment. See the discussions under “Revenue Recognition” in “Note 1 – Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information.

With respect to the classified program at our Aeronautics business segment, we continue to monitor this program, and we may need to record additional losses in future periods if we experience further performance issues, increases in scope, or increases in costs from prior estimates. Our estimates may change, in particular, as we conduct further development and testing on the program, which may lead to new findings or cause us to modify our expectations or understanding of the risks inherent in the program. Similarly, we may need to record additional losses in future periods for the programs at our MFC and RMS business segments referenced above. Any such losses could be material to our financial results in any period that they are recognized. For further discussion regarding the losses recognized on these programs, see “Note 1 – Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Aeronautics

Our Aeronautics business segment is engaged in the research, design, development, manufacture, integration, sustainment, support and upgrade of advanced military aircraft, including combat and air mobility aircraft, unmanned air vehicles and related technologies. Aeronautics’ major programs include the F-35 Lightning II, C‐130 Hercules, F-16 Fighting Falcon and F-22 Raptor. Aeronautics’ operating results included the following (in millions):

Aeronautics’ sales in 2025 increased $1.6 billion, or 6%, compared to 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to higher sales of approximately $1.9 billion for the F-35 program due to increased volume on production and sustainment contracts; and about $150 million for the F-16 program due to increased production volume as this program continues to ramp. These increases were partially offset by lower sales of approximately $215 million on classified programs due to lower volume; and $155 million due to the favorable resolution of a long-standing claim associated with a completed C-5 Galaxy aircraft contract recognized in 2024.

Aeronautics’ operating profit in 2025 decreased $437 million, or 17%, compared to 2024. The decrease was primarily attributable to higher reach-forward losses of $395 million recognized on a classified program ($950 million recognized in the second quarter of 2025 compared to $555 million recognized in 2024); about $180 million for the C-130 program due to higher unfavorable profit adjustments and production volume; and $155 million due to the favorable resolution of the claim on the C-5

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Galaxy aircraft contract recognized in 2024. These decreases were partially offset by increased profit of approximately $270 million on the F-35 program due to higher volume and favorable profit adjustments on production and sustainment contracts. See “Note 1 – Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” for more details on program losses.

Backlog

Backlog decreased in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to orders timing on the C-130 program.

From inception of the F-35 program through December 31, 2025, we have delivered 1,293 production F-35 aircraft, including 927 F-35A variants, 238 F-35B variants and 128 F-35C variants, and our backlog as of that date was 368 aircraft. In addition, during the third quarter of 2025, Lockheed Martin and the Joint Program Office (JPO) reached an agreement for Lot 18 and Lot 19 F-35 Air Vehicle Production Contract for 296 aircraft, followed by definitization on September 29, 2025. The scope includes aircraft for the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marines and the International Partners and FMS customers, in addition to the required infrastructure for the international Final Assembly and Checkout Facilities (FACOs) and other equipment. With this award, an additional 3 Lot 18 aircraft and 148 Lot 19 aircraft were added to the F-35 backlog, demonstrating the F-35 program’s continued progress and longevity.

Missiles and Fire Control

Our MFC business segment provides air and missile defense systems; tactical missiles and precision strike weapon systems; logistics; fire control systems; and mission operations support, readiness, engineering support and integration services. MFC’s major programs include Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3), Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD), Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS), Precision Strike Missile (PrSM), Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile (JASSM), Long-Range Anti-Ship Missile (LRASM), Hellfire, Joint Air-to-Ground Missile (JAGM), Javelin, Apache fire control system, Sniper Advanced Targeting Pod (SNIPER®), Infrared Search and Track (IRST21®), Special Operations Forces Global Logistics Support Services (SOF GLSS), and hypersonics programs. MFC’s operating results included the following (in millions):

MFC’s sales in 2025 increased $1.8 billion, or 14%, compared to 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to higher sales of approximately $1.4 billion for tactical and strike missile programs due to increased volume (primarily JASSM, LRASM, Guided Multiple Launch Rocket System (GMLRS) and PrSM); and about $450 million for integrated air and missile defense programs due to increased volume (primarily existing PAC-3 contracts).

MFC’s operating profit in 2025 increased $1.6 billion compared to 2024. The increase was primarily due to reach-forward losses of approximately $1.4 billion recognized on a classified program in 2024; and about $240 million for tactical and strike missile programs due to increased volume (primarily JASSM, LRASM, GMLRS and PrSM).

Backlog

Backlog increased in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to higher orders on JASSM, LRASM, PAC-3 and Apache programs.

Rotary and Mission Systems

RMS designs, manufactures, services and supports various military and commercial helicopters, surface ships, sea and land-based missile defense systems, radar systems, laser systems, sea and air-based mission and combat systems, command and control mission solutions, cyber solutions, and simulation and training solutions. RMS’ major programs include Aegis Combat System, Littoral Combat Ship (LCS), Multi-Mission Surface Combatant (MMSC), River-Class Destroyer (RCD) (formerly known as Canadian Surface Combatant), Black Hawk and Seahawk helicopters, CH-53K King Stallion heavy lift helicopter,

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Combat Rescue Helicopter (CRH), VH-92A helicopter, and the C2BMC program. RMS’ operating results included the following (in millions):

RMS’ sales in 2025 increased $48 million compared to 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to higher sales of approximately $95 million for Sikorsky helicopter programs due to higher volume on production contracts (primarily Black Hawk); about $75 million for increased volume on integrated warfare systems and sensors (IWSS) programs (various radar programs and the RCD program); and approximately $45 million for C6ISR programs due to higher volume. These increases were partially offset by lower sales of $165 million for various training, logistics and simulation (TLS) programs due to lower volume.

RMS’ operating profit in 2025 decreased $598 million, or 31%, compared to 2024. The decrease was primarily due to the reach-forward losses of approximately $570 million on the CMHP program and $95 million on the TUHP program recognized in the second quarter of 2025; and about $60 million on C6ISR programs due to unfavorable profit adjustments. These decreases were partially offset by increased profit of approximately $90 million for IWSS programs (various radar programs and the RCD program) primarily due to favorable profit adjustments.

Backlog

Backlog increased in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to higher orders on Sikorsky programs.

Space

Our Space business segment is engaged in the research and design, development, engineering and production of satellites, space transportation systems, and strategic, advanced strike and defensive systems. Space provides network-enabled situational awareness and integrates complex space and ground global systems to help our customers gather, analyze, and securely distribute critical intelligence data. Space is also responsible for various classified systems and services in support of vital national security systems. Space’s major programs include the Trident II D5 Fleet Ballistic Missile (FBM), Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (Orion), Next Generation Overhead Persistent Infrared (Next Gen OPIR) system, Global Positioning System (GPS) III, hypersonics and Transport and Tracking Layer programs and Next Generation Interceptor (NGI). Operating profit for our Space business segment includes our share of earnings for our investment in United Launch Alliance (ULA), which provides expendable launch services to the U.S. Government and commercial customers. Space’s operating results included the following (in millions):

Space’s sales in 2025 increased $550 million, or 4%, compared to 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to higher sales of approximately $380 million for strategic and missile defense programs due to the ramp on the NGI program and higher volume on FBM program; and about $255 million for commercial and civil space programs due to higher volume (primarily Orion). These increases were partially offset by lower net sales of $135 million on national security space programs due to changes in the program lifecycle on the OPIR mission.

Space’s operating profit in 2025 increased $119 million, or 10%, compared to 2024. The increase was primarily attributable to approximately $175 million for commercial civil space programs government satellite programs, reflecting favorable performance at completion on certain commercial civil space programs recognized in the first and second quarters of 2025. This increase was partially offset by $40 million of lower equity earnings from our investment in ULA.

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Equity earnings

Total equity earnings (attributable to our investment in ULA) were not significant in 2025, compared to $45 million, or 4%, of Space’s operating profit in 2024.

Backlog

Backlog increased in 2025 compared to 2024 primarily due to higher orders for strategic and missile defense programs including NGI, strategic re-entry programs, and hypersonics.

Liquidity and Cash Flows

As of December 31, 2025, we had cash and cash equivalents of $4.1 billion that was generally available to fund ordinary business operations without significant legal, regulatory or other restrictions. Our principal source of liquidity is our cash from operations and access to credit markets. Access to credit markets includes our revolving credit facilities, including the ability to issue commercial paper (see “Note 10 – Debt” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information). The outstanding balance of commercial paper can fluctuate daily and the amount outstanding during the period may be greater or less than the amount reported at the end of the period. There were no borrowings outstanding under the revolving credit facilities or the commercial paper program at year end for either 2025 or 2024. We may, as conditions warrant, continue to issue commercial paper backed by our revolving credit facilities to manage the timing of cash flows.

Cash received from customers is our primary source of cash from operations. However, from time to time, we fund customer programs ourselves pending government appropriations or prior to contract award. If we incur costs in excess of funds obligated on the contract or in advance of a contract award, this negatively affects our cash flows, and we may be at risk for reimbursement of the excess costs. In addition, when estimates of total costs to be incurred on a contract exceed total estimates of the transaction price, a provision for the entire loss is determined at the contract level and is recorded in the period in which the loss is evident, which we refer to as a reach-forward loss. These reach-forward losses do not have an immediate cash flow impact, but as future costs are incurred on these contracts, these losses will negatively impact cash flows over the remaining period of performance.

Increases in costs due to tariffs may impact our cash flows, as we may not be able to fully recover these costs, and even if recovery is possible, it may not occur in the same period as the incurred costs. See “Recent Developments in Trade and Regulatory Policies” included within the “Business Overview” discussion above.

Billing timetables and payment terms on our contracts vary based on a number of factors, including the contract type. We generally bill and collect cash more frequently under cost-reimbursable contracts, which represented approximately 40% of the sales we recorded in 2025, as we are authorized to bill as the costs are incurred. A number of our fixed-price contracts may provide for performance-based payments, which allow us to bill and collect cash as we perform on the contract as we hit milestones. The amounts of performance-based payments and the related milestones are determined in the negotiation of each contract. The timing of such payments may differ from the timing of the costs incurred related to our contract performance, thereby affecting our cash flows.

The U.S. Government has indicated that it would consider progress payments as the baseline for negotiating payment terms on fixed-price contracts, rather than performance-based payments. In contrast to negotiated performance-based payment terms, progress payment provisions correspond to a percentage of the amount of costs incurred during the performance of the contract and are invoiced regularly as costs are incurred. Our cash flows may be affected if the U.S. Government changes its payment policies. The U.S. Government from time to time withholds payments on certain of our billings based on contract terms or regulatory provisions. Ultimately, the impact of policy changes or withholding payments may delay the receipt of cash, but the cumulative amount of cash collected during the life of the contract should not vary due to these items.

We seek to maintain a disciplined and dynamic cash deployment strategy to invest in our business and key technologies to provide our customers with enhanced capabilities, enhance stockholder value, and position ourselves to take advantage of new business opportunities when they arise. Consistent with that strategy, we have continued to invest in our business and technologies through capital expenditures, independent research and development, and selective business acquisitions and investments. As we implement our digital and business transformation, which includes new financial accounting systems, the timing of certain of our cash flows may be temporarily impacted within a calendar year.

We continue to actively manage our debt levels, including maturities and interest rates. We seek to finance our business in a manner that preserves financial flexibility while minimizing borrowing costs to the extent practicable. We review changes in financial market and economic conditions to manage the types, amounts and maturities of our indebtedness. We may at times

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refinance existing indebtedness, vary our mix of variable-rate and fixed-rate debt or seek alternative financing sources or arrangements for our cash and operational needs.

We also actively manage our pension obligations and expect to continue to opportunistically manage our pension liabilities through additional contributions at our discretion, the purchase of group annuity contracts or other actions for portions of our outstanding defined benefit pension obligations using assets from the pension trust. See “Note 11 – Retirement Benefits” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

The following table provides a summary of our cash flow information followed by a discussion of the key elements (in millions):

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year $ 2,483 $ 1,442 $ 2,547

Operating activities

Net cash used for investing activities (1,977) (1,792) (1,694)

Net cash used for financing activities (4,942) (4,139) (7,331)

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 4,121 $ 2,483 $ 1,442

Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities increased $1.6 billion in 2025 compared to 2024. The increase was primarily due to various changes in working capital (primarily timing of cash payments for accounts payable and contract liabilities at RMS) and lower tax payments, reflecting the impact of the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (the Tax Act).

Non-GAAP Financial Measure - Free Cash Flow

Free cash flow is a non-GAAP financial measure that we define as cash from operations less capital expenditures. Our capital expenditures are comprised of equipment and facilities infrastructure and information technology (inclusive of costs for the development or purchase of internal-use software that are capitalized). We use free cash flow to evaluate our business performance and overall liquidity, and is a performance goal in our annual and long-term incentive plans. We believe free cash flow is a useful measure for investors because it represents the amount of cash generated from operations after reinvesting in the business and that may be available to return to stockholders and creditors (through dividends, stock repurchases and debt repayments) or available to fund acquisitions and other investments. The entire amount of free cash flow is not necessarily available for discretionary expenditures, however, because it does not account for certain mandatory expenditures, such as the repayment of maturing debt and future pension contributions. While management believes that free cash flow as a non-GAAP financial measure may be useful in evaluating our financial performance, it should be considered supplemental to, and not a substitute for, financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.

The following table reconciles net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow (in millions):

Free cash flow increased $1.6 billion in 2025 compared to 2024, primarily due to the increase in cash provided by operating activities described above.

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Investing Activities

Cash flows related to investing activities primarily include capital expenditures and payments for acquisitions and divestitures of businesses and investments. The majority of our capital expenditures are for equipment and facilities infrastructure that generally are incurred to support new and existing programs across all of our business segments. We also incur capital expenditures for information technology to support programs and general enterprise information technology infrastructure, inclusive of costs for the development or purchase of internal-use software.

Net cash used for investing activities increased $185 million in 2025 compared to 2024, primarily due to a $360 million cash payment for the acquisition of Rapid Solutions.

Financing Activities

Net cash used for financing activities increased $803 million in 2025 compared to 2024. During 2025, we received net proceeds of $2.0 billion, compared to $3.0 billion in 2024, from issuance of senior unsecured notes. Additionally, we repaid $642 million in 2025, compared to $168 million in 2024, of long-term notes with fixed interest rates according to their scheduled maturities. During 2025, we paid $3.0 billion to repurchase 6.6 million shares of our common stock, compared to $3.7 billion to repurchase 7.5 million shares of our common stock in 2024. See “Note 12 – Stockholders’ Equity” and “Note 10 – Debt” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information regarding dividend payments, share repurchases and debt issuances.

Capital Structure, Resources and Other

At December 31, 2025, we held cash and cash equivalents of $4.1 billion that were generally available to fund ordinary business operations without significant legal, regulatory, or other restrictions.

Our total outstanding short-term and long-term debt, net of unamortized discounts and issuance costs, was $21.7 billion as of December 31, 2025 and is in the form of publicly issued notes that bear interest at fixed rates. As of December 31, 2025, we were in compliance with all covenants contained in our debt and credit agreements. See “Note 10 – Debt”included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for more information on our long-term debt and revolving credit facilities.

Contractual Commitments

At December 31, 2025, we had contractual commitments to repay debt, make payments under operating leases, settle obligations related to agreements to purchase goods and services and settle tax and other liabilities. Financing lease obligations were not material. Payments due under these obligations and commitments are as follows (in millions):

Total Due Within 1 Year

Operating lease obligations 1,212 278

Purchase obligations:

The table above includes debt presented gross of any unamortized discounts and issuance costs, but excludes the net unfunded obligation and estimated minimum funding requirements related to our qualified defined benefit pension plans. For additional information about obligations and our future minimum contribution requirements for these plans, see “Note 11 – Retirement Benefits” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. Amounts related to other liabilities represent the contractual obligations for certain long-term liabilities recorded as of December 31, 2025. Such amounts mainly include expected payments under non-qualified pension plans, environmental liabilities and deferred compensation plans.

Purchase obligations related to operating activities include agreements and contracts that give the supplier recourse to us for cancellation or nonperformance under the contract or contain terms that would subject us to liquidated damages. Such agreements and contracts may, for example, be related to direct materials, obligations to subcontractors and outsourcing arrangements. Total purchase obligations for operating activities in the preceding table include approximately $75.5 billion

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related to contractual commitments entered into as a result of contracts we have with our U.S. Government customers. The U.S. Government generally would be required to pay us for any costs we incur relative to these commitments if they were to terminate the related contracts “for convenience” under the FAR, subject to available funding. This also would be true in cases where we perform subcontract work for a prime contractor under a U.S. Government contract. The termination for convenience language also may be included in contracts with foreign, state and local governments. We also have contracts with customers that do not include termination for convenience provisions, including contracts with DCS customers.

The majority of our capital expenditures for 2025 and those planned for 2026 are for equipment, facilities infrastructure and information technology. The amounts above in the table represent the portion of expected capital expenditures to be incurred in 2026 and beyond that have been obligated under contracts as of December 31, 2025 and not necessarily total capital expenditures for future periods. Expenditures for equipment and facilities infrastructure are generally incurred to support new and existing programs across all of our business segments. For example, we have projects underway at Aeronautics to support classified development programs and at RMS to support our Sikorsky helicopter programs; and we have projects underway to modernize certain of our facilities. We also incur capital expenditures for information technology to support programs and general enterprise information technology infrastructure, inclusive of costs for the development or purchase of internal-use software.

We also may enter into industrial cooperation agreements, sometimes referred to as offset agreements, as a condition to obtaining orders for our products and services from certain customers in foreign countries. These agreements are designed to enhance the social and economic environment of the foreign country by requiring the contractor to promote investment in the country. Offset agreements may be satisfied through activities that do not require us to use cash, including transferring technology, providing manufacturing and other consulting support to in-country projects and the purchase by third parties (e.g., our vendors) of supplies from in-country vendors. These agreements also may be satisfied through our use of cash for such activities as purchasing supplies from in-country vendors, providing financial support for in-country projects, establishment of joint ventures with local companies and building or leasing facilities for in-country operations. We typically do not commit to offset agreements until orders for our products or services are definitive. The amounts ultimately applied against our offset agreements are based on negotiations with the customer and typically require cash outlays that represent only a fraction of the original amount in the offset agreement. Satisfaction of our offset obligations are included in the estimates of our total costs to complete the contract and may impact our sales, profitability and cash flows. Our ability to recover investments on our consolidated balance sheet that we make to satisfy offset obligations is generally dependent upon the successful operation of ventures that we do not control and may involve products and services that are dissimilar to our business activities. At December 31, 2025, the notional value of remaining obligations under our outstanding offset agreements totaled approximately $19.9 billion, which primarily relate to our Aeronautics, MFC and RMS business segments, most of which extend through 2044. To the extent we have entered into purchase or other obligations at December 31, 2025 that also satisfy offset agreements, those amounts are included in the contractual commitments table above. Offset programs usually extend over several years and may provide for penalties, estimated at approximately $2.2 billion at December 31, 2025, in the event we fail to perform in accordance with offset requirements. While historically we have not been required to pay material penalties, resolution of offset requirements are often the result of negotiations and subjective judgments.

We have entered into standby letters of credit and surety bonds issued on our behalf by financial institutions, and we have directly issued guarantees to third parties primarily relating to advances received from customers and the guarantee of future performance on certain contracts. Letters of credit and surety bonds generally are available for draw down in the event we do not perform. In some cases, we may guarantee the contractual performance of third parties such as joint venture partners. At December 31, 2025, we had the following outstanding letters of credit, surety bonds and third-party guarantees (in millions):

Total Commitment Less Than1 Year

Standby letters of credit (a) $ 3,054 $ 1,254

Third-party Guarantees 150 20

(a)Approximately $1.0 billion of standby letters of credit in the “Less Than 1 Year” category are expected to renew for additional periods until completion of the contractual obligation.

At December 31, 2025, third-party guarantees totaled $150 million, of which approximately 87.9% related to guarantees of contractual performance of joint ventures to which we currently are or previously were a party. These amounts represent our estimate of the maximum amounts we would expect to incur upon the contractual non-performance of the joint venture, joint

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venture partners or divested businesses. Generally, we also have cross-indemnities in place that may enable us to recover amounts that may be paid on behalf of a joint venture partner.

In determining our exposures, we evaluate the reputation, performance on contractual obligations, technical capabilities and credit quality of our current and former joint venture partners and the transferee under novation agreements, all of which include a guarantee as required by the FAR. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, there were no material amounts recorded in our financial statements related to third-party guarantees or novation agreements.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions about future events that affect the amounts reported in our consolidated financial statements. We employ judgment in making our estimates in consideration of historical experience, currently available information and various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ from our estimates and assumptions, and any such differences could be material to our consolidated financial statements. We believe the following accounting policies are critical to the understanding of our consolidated financial statements and require the use of significant management judgment in their application. For a summary of our significant accounting policies, see “Note 1 – Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Contract Accounting / Sales Recognition

The majority of our sales are generated from long-term contracts with the U.S. Government and international customers (including FMS contracted through the U.S. Government) for the research, design, development, manufacture, integration and sustainment of advanced technology systems, products and services. We recognize revenue as performance obligations are satisfied and the customer obtains control of the products and services. Substantially all of our revenue is recognized over time as we perform under the contract because control of the work in process transfers continuously to the customer. For performance obligations in which control transfers continuously to the customer, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation, generally using the percentage of completion cost-to-cost measure of progress.

Significant estimates and assumptions are made in estimating contract sales, costs, and profit. We estimate profit as the difference between estimated sales and total estimated costs to complete the contract. We also estimate variable consideration at the most likely amount, which is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. All of the estimates require significant judgment and are subject to change during the performance of the contract and may affect the profit booking rate. When estimates of total costs to be incurred on a contract exceed total estimates of the transaction price, a provision for the entire loss is determined at the contract level and is recorded in the period in which the loss is evident, which we refer to as a reach-forward loss.

Comparability of our segment sales, operating profit and operating margin may be impacted favorably or unfavorably by changes in profit booking rates on our contracts. Segment operating profit and margin may also be impacted favorably or unfavorably by other items, which may or may not impact sales. Favorable items may include the positive resolution of contractual matters, cost recoveries on severance and restructuring, insurance recoveries and gains on sales of assets. Unfavorable items may include the adverse resolution of contractual matters, supply chain disruptions, restructuring charges (except for significant severance actions, which are excluded from segment operating results), reserves for disputes, certain asset impairments, and losses on sales of certain assets.

For the impacts of changes in estimates and assumptions on our consolidated financial statements, see “Note 1 – Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Other Contract Accounting Considerations

The majority of our sales are driven by pricing based on costs incurred to produce products or perform services under contracts with the U.S. Government. Cost-based pricing is determined under the FAR. The FAR provides guidance on the types of costs that are allowable in establishing prices for goods and services under U.S. Government contracts. For example, costs such as those related to charitable contributions, interest expense and certain advertising and public relations activities are unallowable and, therefore, not recoverable through sales. In addition, we may enter into agreements with the U.S. Government that address the subjects of allowability and allocability of costs to contracts for specific matters. For example, most of the environmental costs we incur for environmental remediation related to sites operated in prior years are allocated to our current operations as general and administrative costs under FAR provisions and a supporting settlement agreement reached with the U.S. Government.

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We closely monitor compliance with and the consistent application of our critical accounting policies related to contract accounting. Costs incurred and allocated to contracts are reviewed for compliance with U.S. Government regulations by our personnel and are subject to audit by the Defense Contract Audit Agency.

Qualified Defined Benefit Pension Plans

Overview

Many of our employees and retirees participate in qualified defined benefit pension plans (reference “Note 11 – Retirement Benefits” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements) representing the majority of our accrued retirement benefit obligations. We recognize on a plan-by-plan basis the net funded status of these plans under GAAP as either an asset or a liability on our consolidated balance sheets. The GAAP funded status represents the difference between the fair value of each plan’s assets and the benefit obligation of the plan. The GAAP benefit obligation represents the present value of the estimated future benefits we currently expect to pay to plan participants based on past service. The defined benefit pension plans for salaried employees are fully frozen effective January 1, 2020.

In December 2025, we executed buy-out conversions of group annuity contracts previously purchased using assets from certain of our qualified defined benefit pension plans transferring the related pension obligations of $943 million and requiring recognition of a noncash, non-operating pretax settlement charge in earnings of $479 million.

We continue to take actions to reduce the size of our defined benefit pension plans and expect to continue to look for opportunities to manage our pension liabilities through the purchase of group annuity contracts or other actions in future years. Future transactions could result in a noncash settlement charge to earnings, which could be material to a reporting period.

Notwithstanding these actions, the impact of these plans on our earnings may be volatile in that the amount of expense we record and the funded status may materially change from year to year because the calculations are sensitive to changes in several key economic assumptions, including interest rates, actual rates of return on plan assets and other actuarial assumptions including participant longevity, as well as the timing of cash funding.

Actuarial Assumptions

The benefit obligations and assets are measured at the end of each year, or more frequently, upon the occurrence of certain events such as a significant plan amendment (including in connection with a pension transaction), settlement, or curtailment. The amounts we record are measured using actuarial valuations, which are dependent upon key assumptions such as discount rates, the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets, and participant longevity. The assumptions we make affect both the calculation of the benefit obligations as of the measurement date and the calculation of FAS expense in subsequent periods. When reassessing these assumptions, we consider past and current market conditions and make judgments about future market trends. We also consider factors such as the timing and amounts of expected contributions to the plans and benefit payments to plan participants.

We continue to use a single weighted average discount rate approach when calculating our consolidated pension benefit obligations resulting in 5.375% at December 31, 2025, compared to 5.625% at December 31, 2024. We evaluate several data points in order to arrive at an appropriate discount rate assumption, including results from cash flow models, quoted rates from long-term bond indices and changes in long-term bond rates over the past year. As part of our evaluation, we calculate the approximate average yields on corporate bonds rated AA or better selected to match our projected plan cash flows.

We utilized an expected long-term rate of return on plan assets of 6.50% at both December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024. The long-term rate of return assumption represents the expected long-term rate of return on the funds invested or to be invested, to provide for the benefits included in the benefit obligations. This assumption is based on several factors including historical market index returns, the anticipated long-term allocation of plan assets, the historical return data for the trust funds, plan expenses and the potential to outperform market index returns. The difference between the expected and actual return affects both the funded status and the calculation of subsequent period FAS pension expense, where a market-related value of plan assets is determined using asset gains or losses over the prior three-year period. Although the actual return in any specific year likely will differ from the assumption, the average expected return over a long-term future horizon should be approximately equal to the assumption. Any variance in a particular year should not, by itself, suggest that the assumption should be changed. Patterns of variances are reviewed over time, and then combined with expectations for the future. As a result, changes in this assumption are less frequent than changes in the discount rate.

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Cumulative net gains and losses are amortized to expense using the corridor method, where they are recognized to the extent they exceed 10% of the greater of market-related value of plan assets or projected benefit obligations, over an average period of approximately twenty years.

The discount rate and long-term rate of return on plan assets assumptions we select at the end of each year are based on our best estimates and judgment. A change of plus or minus 25 basis points in the 5.375% discount rate assumption at December 31, 2025, with all other assumptions held constant, would have decreased or increased the amount of the benefit obligation we recorded at the end of 2025 by approximately $700 million, which would result in an after-tax increase or decrease in stockholders’ equity at the end of the year of approximately $550 million. If the 5.375% discount rate at December 31, 2025 that was used to compute the expected 2026 FAS pension expense had been 25 basis points higher or lower, with all other assumptions held constant, the amount of FAS pension expense projected for 2026 would be lower or higher by approximately $10 million. If the 6.50% expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption at December 31, 2025 that was used to compute the expected 2026 FAS pension expense had been 25 basis points higher or lower, with all other assumptions held constant, the amount of FAS pension expense projected for 2026 would be lower or higher by approximately $55 million. Each year, differences between the actual and expected long-term rate of return on plan assets impacts the measurement of the following year’s FAS pension expense. Every 100 basis points increase (decrease) in return during 2025 between our actual rate of return of approximately 10.5% and our expected long-term rate of return decreased (increased) expected 2026 FAS pension expense by approximately $10 million.

Funding Considerations

We made cash contributions to our qualified defined benefit pension plans of $860 million in 2025, and $990 million in 2024. Funding of our plans is determined in accordance with the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA), as amended, and in a manner consistent with CAS and Internal Revenue Code rules. The funded status under ERISA is calculated on a different basis than under GAAP. Our goal has been to fund each of our plans to a level of at least 80% as determined in accordance with ERISA; which may require the use of different assumptions, such as the discount rate and longevity, than used under GAAP. All of our qualified defined benefit pension plans had an ERISA funded status of at least 80% as of both December 31, 2025 and 2024.

Contributions to our defined benefit pension plans are recovered over time through the pricing of our products and services on U.S. Government contracts, including FMS, and are recognized in our operating costs and expenses and sales. CAS rules govern the extent to which our pension costs are allocable to and recoverable under contracts with the U.S. Government, including FMS. Pension cost recoveries under CAS can occur in different periods from when pension contributions are made.

We recovered $1.6 billion in 2025 and $1.7 billion in 2024 as CAS pension costs. Amounts contributed in excess of the CAS pension costs recovered under U.S. Government contracts are considered to be prepayment credits under the CAS rules. Our prepayment credits were approximately $1.9 billion and $2.2 billion at December 31, 2025 and 2024. The prepayment credit balance will increase or decrease based on our actual investment return on plan assets.

Goodwill

The assets and liabilities of acquired businesses are recorded under the acquisition method of accounting at their estimated fair values at the date of acquisition. Goodwill represents costs in excess of fair values assigned to the underlying identifiable net assets of acquired businesses.

Our goodwill balance was $11.3 billion and $11.1 billion at December 31, 2025 and 2024. We perform an impairment test of our goodwill at least annually in the fourth quarter or more frequently whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate the carrying value of goodwill may be impaired. Such events or changes in circumstances may include a significant deterioration in overall economic conditions, changes in the business climate of our industry, a decline in our market capitalization, operating performance indicators, competition, reorganizations of our business, U.S. Government budget restrictions or the disposal of all or a portion of a reporting unit. Our goodwill has been allocated to and is tested for impairment at a level referred to as the reporting unit, which is our business segment level or a level below the business segment. The level at which we test goodwill for impairment requires us to determine whether the operations below the business segment constitute a self-sustaining business for which discrete financial information is available and segment management regularly reviews the operating results.

We may use both qualitative and quantitative approaches when testing goodwill for impairment. For selected reporting units where we use the qualitative approach, we perform a qualitative evaluation of events and circumstances impacting the reporting unit to determine the likelihood of goodwill impairment. Based on that qualitative evaluation, if we determine it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, no further evaluation is necessary.

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Otherwise, we perform a quantitative impairment test. We perform quantitative tests for most reporting units at least once every three years. However, for certain reporting units we may perform a quantitative impairment test every year.

To perform the quantitative impairment test, we compare the fair value of a reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill of the reporting unit is not impaired. If the carrying value of the reporting unit, including goodwill, exceeds its fair value, a goodwill impairment loss is recognized in an amount equal to that excess. We generally estimate the fair value of each reporting unit using a combination of a discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis and market-based valuation methodologies such as comparable public company trading values and values observed in recent business acquisitions. Determining fair value requires the exercise of significant judgments, including the amount and timing of expected future cash flows, long-term growth rates, discount rates and relevant comparable public company earnings multiples and relevant transaction multiples. The cash flows employed in the DCF analysis are based on our best estimate of future sales, earnings and cash flows after considering factors such as general market conditions, U.S. Government budgets, existing firm orders, expected future orders, contracts with suppliers, labor agreements, changes in working capital, long term business plans and recent operating performance. The discount rates utilized in the DCF analysis are based on the respective reporting unit’s weighted average cost of capital, which takes into account the relative weights of each component of capital structure (equity and debt) and represents the expected cost of new capital, adjusted as appropriate to consider the risk inherent in future cash flows of the respective reporting unit. The carrying value of each reporting unit includes the assets and liabilities employed in its operations, goodwill and allocations of amounts held at the business segment and corporate levels.

Impairment assessments inherently involve management judgments regarding a number of assumptions such as those described above. Due to the many variables inherent in the estimation of a reporting unit’s fair value and the relative size of our recorded goodwill, differences in assumptions could have a material effect on the estimated fair value of one or more of our reporting units and could result in a goodwill impairment charge in a future period. In the fourth quarter of 2025, we performed our annual goodwill impairment test for each of our reporting units and the results of those tests indicated no impairment existed.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See “Note 1 – Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (under the caption “Recent Accounting Pronouncements”).

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ITEM 7A.Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We maintain active relationships with a broad and diverse group of U.S. and international financial institutions. We believe that they provide us with sufficient access to the general and trade credit we require to conduct our business. We closely monitor the financial market environment and actively manage counterparty exposure to minimize the potential impact from adverse developments with any single credit provider while ensuring availability of, and access to, sufficient credit resources.

Our main exposures to market risk relate to interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates and market prices on certain equity securities. Our financial instruments that are subject to interest rate risk principally include fixed-rate long-term debt and commercial paper, if issued. The estimated fair value of our outstanding debt was $22.0 billion at December 31, 2025 and the outstanding principal amount of debt, including short-term and long-term debt, was $22.9 billion, excluding unamortized discounts and issuance costs of $1.2 billion. A 10% change in the level of interest rates would not have a material impact on the fair value of our outstanding debt at December 31, 2025.

We use derivative instruments principally to reduce our exposure to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. We transact business globally and are subject to risks associated with changing foreign currency exchange rates. We do not enter into or hold derivative instruments for speculative trading purposes. These contracts hedge forecasted foreign currency transactions in order to minimize fluctuations in our earnings and cash flows associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates. We designate foreign currency hedges as cash flow hedges. We enter into foreign currency hedges such as forward and option contracts that change in value as foreign currency exchange rates change. Our most significant foreign currency exposures relate to the British pound sterling, the euro, the Canadian dollar, the Australian dollar, the Norwegian kroner and the Polish zloty. We also are exposed to the impact of interest rate changes primarily through our borrowing activities. For fixed rate borrowings, we may use variable interest rate swaps, effectively converting fixed rate borrowings to variable rate borrowings in order to hedge changes in the fair value of the debt. These swaps are designated as fair value hedges. For variable rate borrowings, we may use fixed interest rate swaps, effectively converting variable rate borrowings to fixed rate borrowings in order to minimize the impact of interest rate changes on earnings. These swaps are designated as cash flow hedges. We also may enter into derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges and do not qualify for hedge accounting, which are intended to minimize certain economic exposures.

The classification of gains and losses resulting from changes in the fair values of derivatives is dependent on our intended use of the derivative and its resulting designation. Adjustments to reflect changes in fair values of derivatives attributable to highly effective hedges are either reflected in earnings and largely offset by corresponding adjustments to the hedged items or reflected net of income taxes in accumulated other comprehensive loss until the hedged transaction is recognized in earnings. Changes in the fair value of the derivatives that are not highly effective, if any, are immediately recognized in earnings. The aggregate notional amount of our outstanding interest rate swaps was $1.3 billion at both December 31, 2025 and 2024. The aggregate notional amount of our outstanding foreign currency hedges at December 31, 2025 and 2024 was $7.2 billion and $7.5 billion. At December 31, 2025 and 2024, the net fair value of our derivative instruments was not material (see “Note 15 – Fair Value Measurements” included in our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements). A 10% unfavorable exchange rate movement of our foreign currency contracts would not have a material impact on the aggregate net fair value of such contracts or our consolidated financial statements. Additionally, as we enter into foreign currency contracts to hedge foreign currency exposure on underlying transactions, we believe that any movement on our foreign currency contracts would be offset by movement on the underlying transactions and, therefore, when taken together do not create material risk.

We evaluate the credit quality of potential counterparties to derivative transactions and only enter into agreements with those deemed to have acceptable credit risk at the time the agreements are executed. Our foreign currency exchange hedge portfolio is diversified across many banks. We regularly monitor changes to counterparty credit quality as well as our concentration of credit exposure to individual counterparties.

We maintain a separate trust that includes investments to fund certain of our non-qualified deferred compensation plans. As of December 31, 2025, investments in the trust totaled $2.0 billion and are reflected at fair value on our consolidated balance sheet in other noncurrent assets. The trust holds investments in marketable equity securities and fixed-income securities that are exposed to price changes and changes in interest rates. A portion of the liabilities associated with the deferred compensation plans supported by the trust is also impacted by changes in the market price of our common stock and certain market indices. Changes in the value of the liabilities have the effect of partially offsetting the impact of changes in the value of the trust. Both the change in the fair value of the trust and the change in the value of the liabilities are recognized on our consolidated statements of earnings in other unallocated, net and were not material for the year ended December 31, 2025.

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ITEM 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors and Stockholders

Lockheed Martin Corporation

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Lockheed Martin Corporation (the Corporation) as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, the related consolidated statements of earnings, comprehensive income, cash flows and equity for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Corporation at December 31, 2025 and 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2025, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Corporation’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated January 29, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Corporation’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Corporation’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Corporation in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.

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Cost Estimates for Select Fixed Price Contracts

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Corporation’s auditor since 1994.

Tysons, Virginia

January 29, 2026

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Lockheed Martin Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Earnings

(in millions, except per share data)

Years Ended December 31,

Sales

Operating costs and expenses

Impairment and other charges (66) (87) (92)

Non-service FAS pension (expense) income (874) 62 443

Other non-operating income, net 183 181 64

Earnings per common share

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Lockheed Martin Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(in millions)

Years Ended December 31,

Other comprehensive income, net of tax

Retirement benefits

Pension settlement charge, net of tax of $102 million 377 — —

Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax 910 351 (780)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Lockheed Martin Corporation

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(in millions, except par value)

December 31,

Assets

Current assets

Cash and cash equivalents $ 4,121 $ 2,483

Property, plant and equipment, net 8,875 8,726

Liabilities and equity

Current liabilities

Salaries, benefits and payroll taxes 3,184 3,125

Current maturities of long-term debt 1,168 643

Stockholders’ equity

Common stock, $1 par value per share 229 234

Additional paid-in capital — —

Accumulated other comprehensive loss (7,542) (8,452)

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Lockheed Martin Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(in millions)

Years Ended December 31,

Operating activities

Pension settlement charge 479 — —

Impairment and other charges 66 87 92

Reach-forward losses on select programs 1,615 1,965 45

Changes in:

Qualified defined benefit pension plans (415) (992) (378)

Investing activities

Net cash used for investing activities (1,977) (1,792) (1,694)

Financing activities

Issuance of long-term debt, net of related costs 1,985 2,970 1,975

Repayments of long-term debt (642) (168) (115)

Net cash used for financing activities (4,942) (4,139) (7,331)

Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year 2,483 1,442 2,547

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year $ 4,121 $ 2,483 $ 1,442

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Lockheed Martin Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Equity

(in millions, except per share data)

Other comprehensive loss, net of tax — — — (780) (780)

Stock-based awards, ESOP activity and other 1 479 — — 480

Other comprehensive income, net of tax — — — 351 351

Stock-based awards, ESOP activity and other 2 565 — — 567

Other comprehensive income, net of tax — — — 910 910

Stock-based awards, ESOP activity and other 2 585 — — 587

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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Lockheed Martin Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1 – Organization and Significant Accounting Policies

Organization – We are a global aerospace and defense technology company that builds and sustains the solutions America and its allies need to deter conflict and advance national security and scientific exploration objectives. Our four business areas – Aeronautics, Missiles and Fire Control (MFC), Rotary and Mission Systems (RMS), and Space – work as one company offering integrated solutions, at scale, across all warfighting domains. Our defense, space, intelligence, homeland security, information technology, and cybersecurity capabilities serve U.S. and international customers in defense, civil and commercial applications. Our principal customers are agencies of the U.S. Government and allies. See “Note 3 – Information on Business Segments” for more details on discussions of our business areas.

Basis of presentation – These consolidated financial statements include the accounts of subsidiaries we control and variable interest entities if we are the primary beneficiary. We eliminate intercompany balances and transactions in consolidation. We classify certain assets and liabilities as current utilizing the duration of the related contract or program as our operating cycle, which is generally longer than one year. This primarily impacts receivables, contract assets, inventories, and contract liabilities. We classify all other assets and liabilities based on whether the asset will be realized or the liability will be paid within one year. Additionally, certain prior year amounts in the consolidated statements of cash flows have been reclassified within operating activities to conform to the current year’s presentation. These reclassifications were not material and had no impact on total net cash provided by operating activities as previously reported.

During the second quarter of 2025, we paid $360 million, in cash, for the acquisition of Amentum’s Rapid Solutions business (Rapid Solutions). The acquisition of Rapid Solutions is expected to enhance our Space business segment′s capabilities, particularly in radar and payload technology, and support our customers′ evolving needs for domain awareness and real- time missions. The purchase price was allocated to the estimated fair value of net tangible and intangible assets acquired, with any excess purchase price recorded as goodwill. As a result, we recorded goodwill of $195 million at our Space business segment. The final determination of the fair values of certain assets and liabilities will be completed within the measurement period of up to one year from the acquisition date. Rapid Solutions operates within our Space business segment and the financial results of Rapid Solutions had been included within our operating results in the period post-acquisition.

Use of estimates – We prepare our consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). In doing so, we are required to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base these estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Our actual results may differ materially from these estimates. Estimates inherent in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements include, but are not limited to, accounting for sales and cost recognition; retirement benefits; environmental liabilities and assets for the portion of environmental costs that are probable of future recovery; evaluation of goodwill, intangible assets, investments and other assets for impairment; income taxes including deferred income taxes; fair value measurements; and contingencies.

Revenue Recognition –The majority of our sales are generated from long-term contracts with the U.S. Government and international customers (including foreign military sales (FMS) contracted through the U.S. Government) for the research, design, development, manufacture, integration and sustainment of advanced technology systems, products and services. We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from both parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. For certain contracts that meet the foregoing requirements, primarily international direct commercial sale contracts, we are required to obtain certain regulatory approvals. In these cases, we recognize revenue when it is probable that we will receive regulatory approvals based upon all known facts and circumstances. We provide our products and services under fixed-price and cost-reimbursable contracts.

Under fixed-price contracts, we agree to perform the specified work for a pre-determined price. To the extent our actual costs vary from the estimates upon which the price was negotiated, we will generate more or less profit or could incur a loss. Some fixed-price contracts have a performance-based component under which we may earn incentive payments or incur financial penalties based on our performance.

Cost-reimbursable contracts provide for the payment of allowable costs incurred during performance of the contract plus a fee up to a ceiling based on the amount that has been funded. Typically, we enter into three types of cost-reimbursable contracts: cost-plus-award-fee, cost-plus-incentive-fee, and cost-plus-fixed-fee. Cost-plus-award-fee contracts provide for an

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award fee that varies within specified limits based on the customer’s assessment of our performance against a predetermined set of criteria, such as targets based on cost, quality, technical and schedule criteria. Cost-plus-incentive-fee contracts provide for reimbursement of costs plus a fee, which is adjusted by a formula based on the relationship of total allowable costs to total target costs (i.e., incentive based on cost) or reimbursement of costs plus an incentive to exceed stated performance targets (i.e., incentive based on performance). Cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts provide a fixed fee that is negotiated at the inception of the contract and does not vary with actual costs.

We assess each contract at its inception to determine whether it should be combined with other contracts. When making this determination, we consider factors such as whether two or more contracts were negotiated and executed at or near the same time or were negotiated with an overall profit objective. If combined, we treat the combined contracts as a single contract for revenue recognition purposes.

We evaluate the products or services promised in each contract at inception to determine whether the contract should be accounted for as having one or more performance obligations. The products and services in our contracts are typically not distinct from one another due to their complex relationships and the significant contract management functions required to perform under the contract. Accordingly, our contracts are typically accounted for as one performance obligation. In limited cases, our contracts have more than one distinct performance obligation, which occurs when we perform activities that are not highly complex or interrelated or involve different product lifecycles. Judgment is required in determining performance obligations, and these decisions could change the amount of revenue and profit recorded in a given period. We classify sales as products or services on our consolidated statements of earnings based on the predominant attributes of the performance obligations.

We determine the transaction price for each contract based on the consideration we expect to receive for the products or services being provided under the contract. For contracts where a portion of the price may vary (e.g., awards, incentive fees and claims), we estimate variable consideration at the most likely amount, which is included in the transaction price to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur. We analyze the risk of a significant revenue reversal and if necessary constrain the amount of variable consideration recognized in order to mitigate this risk.

At the inception of a contract, we estimate the transaction price based on our current rights and do not contemplate future modifications (including unexercised options) or follow-on contracts until they become legally enforceable. Contracts are often subsequently modified to include changes in specifications, requirements or price, which may create new or change existing enforceable rights and obligations. Depending on the nature of the modification, we consider whether to account for the modification as an adjustment to the existing contract or as a separate contract. Generally, modifications to our contracts are not distinct from the existing contract due to the significant integration and interrelated tasks provided in the context of the contract. Therefore, such modifications are accounted for as if they were part of the existing contract and recognized as a cumulative adjustment to revenue.

For contracts with multiple performance obligations, we allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the estimated standalone selling price of the product or service underlying each performance obligation. The standalone selling price represents the amount we would sell the product or service to a customer on a standalone basis (i.e., not bundled with any other products or services). Our contracts with the U.S. Government, including FMS contracts, are subject to the FAR and the price is typically based on estimated or actual costs plus a reasonable profit margin. As a result of these regulations, the standalone selling price of products or services in our contracts with the U.S. Government and FMS contracts are typically equal to the selling price stated in the contract.

For non-U.S. government contracts with multiple performance obligations, we evaluate whether the stated selling prices for the products or services represent their standalone selling prices. We primarily sell customized solutions unique to a customer’s specifications. When it is necessary to allocate the transaction price to multiple performance obligations, we typically use the expected cost plus a reasonable profit margin to estimate the standalone selling price of each product or service. We occasionally sell standard products or services with observable standalone sales transactions. In these situations, the observable standalone sales transactions are used to determine the standalone selling price.

We recognize revenue as performance obligations are satisfied and the customer obtains control of the products and services. In determining when performance obligations are satisfied, we consider factors such as contract terms, payment terms and whether there is an alternative future use of the product or service. Substantially all of our revenue is recognized over time as we perform under the contract because control of the work in process transfers continuously to the customer. For most contracts with the U.S. Government and FMS contracts, this continuous transfer of control of the work in process to the customer is supported by clauses in the contract that give the customer ownership of work in process and allow the customer to unilaterally terminate the contract for convenience and pay us for costs incurred plus a reasonable profit. For most non-U.S. government contracts, primarily international direct commercial contracts, continuous transfer of control to our customer is

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supported because we deliver products that do not have an alternative use to us and if our customer were to terminate the contract for reasons other than our non-performance we would have the right to recover damages which would include, among other potential damages, the right to payment for our work performed to date plus a reasonable profit.

For performance obligations to deliver products with continuous transfer of control to the customer, revenue is recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation, generally using the percentage-of-completion cost-to-cost measure of progress for our contracts because it best depicts the transfer of control to the customer as we incur costs on our contracts. Under the percentage-of-completion cost-to-cost measure of progress, the extent of progress towards completion is measured based on the ratio of costs incurred to date to the total estimated costs to complete the performance obligation(s). For performance obligations to provide services to the customer, revenue is recognized over time based on costs incurred or the right to invoice method (in situations where the value transferred matches our billing rights) as our customer receives and consumes the benefits.

For performance obligations in which control does not continuously transfer to the customer, we recognize revenue at the point in time in which each performance obligation is fully satisfied. This coincides with the point in time the customer obtains control of the product or service, which typically occurs upon customer acceptance or receipt of the product or service, given that we maintain control of the product or service until that point.

Backlog (i.e., unfulfilled or remaining performance obligations) represents the sales we expect to recognize for our products and services for which control has not yet transferred to the customer. It is converted into sales in future periods as work is performed or deliveries are made. For our cost-reimbursable and fixed-priced-incentive contracts, the estimated consideration we expect to receive pursuant to the terms of the contract may exceed the contractual award amount. The estimated consideration is determined at the outset of the contract and is continuously reviewed throughout the contract period. In determining the estimated consideration, we consider the risks related to the technical, schedule and cost impacts to complete the contract and an estimate of any variable consideration. Periodically, we review these risks and may increase or decrease backlog accordingly. As the risks on such contracts are successfully retired, the estimated consideration from customers may be reduced, resulting in a reduction of backlog without a corresponding recognition of sales. As of December 31, 2025, our ending backlog was $193.6 billion. We expect to recognize approximately 37% of our backlog over the next 12 months and a total of approximately 60% over the next 24 months as revenue, with the remainder recognized thereafter.

For arrangements with the U.S. Government and FMS contracts, we generally do not begin work on contracts until funding is appropriated by the customer. Billing timetables and payment terms on our contracts vary based on a number of factors, including the contract type. Typical payment terms under fixed-price contracts with the U.S. Government provide that the customer pays either performance-based payments (PBPs) based on the achievement of contract milestones or progress payments based on a percentage of costs we incur. Typical payment terms under cost-reimbursable contracts with the U.S Government provide for billing of allowable costs incurred plus applicable fee on a monthly or semi-monthly basis. For the majority of our international direct commercial contracts to deliver complex systems, we typically receive advance payments prior to commencement of work, as well as milestone payments that are paid in accordance with the terms of our contract as we perform. We recognize a liability for payments in excess of revenue recognized, which is presented as a contract liability on the balance sheet. The portion of payments retained by the customer until final contract settlement is not considered a significant financing component because the intent is to protect the customer from our failure to adequately complete some or all of the obligations under the contract. Payments received from customers in advance of revenue recognition are not considered to be significant financing components because they are used to meet working capital demands that can be higher in the early stages of a contract.

For fixed-price and cost-reimbursable contracts, we present revenues recognized in excess of billings as contract assets on the balance sheet. Amounts billed and due from our customers under both contract types are classified as receivables on the balance sheet.

Significant estimates and assumptions are made in estimating contract sales, costs, and profit. We estimate profit as the difference between estimated sales and total estimated costs to complete the contract. At the outset of a long-term contract, we identify and monitor risks to the achievement of the technical, schedule and cost aspects of the contract, as well as our ability to earn variable consideration, and assess the effects of those risks on our estimates of sales and total costs to complete the contract. The estimates consider the technical requirements (e.g., a newly developed product versus a mature product), the schedule and associated tasks (e.g., the number and type of milestone events) and costs (e.g., material, labor, subcontractor, overhead, general and administrative expenses and the estimated costs to fulfill our industrial cooperation agreements, sometimes referred to as offset or localization agreements, required under certain contracts with international customers). The initial profit booking rate of each contract considers risks surrounding the ability to achieve the technical requirements, schedule and costs in the initial estimated total costs to complete the contract. Profit booking rates may increase during the performance of the contract if we successfully retire risks related to earning variable consideration and/or the technical,

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schedule and cost aspects of the contract, which decreases the estimated total costs to complete the contract or may increase the variable consideration we expect to receive on the contract. Conversely, our profit booking rates may decrease if the estimated total costs to complete the contract increase or our estimates of variable consideration we expect to receive decrease, which we refer to as unfavorable profit booking rate adjustments. All of the estimates are subject to change during the performance of the contract and may affect the profit booking rate. When estimates of total costs to be incurred on a contract exceed total estimates of the transaction price, a provision for the entire loss is determined at the contract level and is recorded in the period in which the loss is evident, which we refer to as a reach-forward loss.

Comparability of our segment sales, operating profit and operating margin may be impacted favorably or unfavorably by changes in profit booking rates on our contracts. Increases in the profit booking rates, typically referred to as favorable profit booking rate adjustments, usually relate to revisions in the estimated total costs to fulfill the performance obligations that reflect improved conditions on a particular contract. Conversely, conditions on a particular contract may deteriorate, resulting in an increase in the estimated total costs to fulfill the performance obligations and a reduction in the profit booking rate and are typically referred to as unfavorable profit booking rate adjustments. Increases or decreases in profit booking rates are recognized in the period they are determined and reflect the inception-to-date effect of such changes. Segment operating profit and margin can be impacted favorably or unfavorably by, for example, certain items listed below, which may or may not impact sales. Favorable items include the positive resolution of contractual matters, cost recoveries on severance and restructuring, insurance recoveries and gains on sales of assets. Unfavorable items include the adverse resolution of contractual matters, supply chain disruptions, restructuring charges (except for significant severance actions, which are excluded from segment operating results), reserves for disputes, certain asset impairments, and losses on sales of certain assets.

The following table presents the effect of profit booking rate adjustments on our financial results (in millions, except per share data):

Segment operating profit (loss) 75 (180) 1,585

% of segment operating profit (loss) 1 % (3) % 21 %

Diluted earnings (loss) per share 0.25 (0.59) 4.98

During the year ended December 31, 2025, we recorded reach-forward losses of $950 million on an ongoing classified program at our Aeronautics business segment, $570 million on Canadian Maritime Helicopter Program (CMHP) and $95 million on Türkish Utility Helicopter Program (TUHP) at our RMS business segment (see discussions that follows within this footnote), and $140 million of unfavorable profit adjustments on C-130 program at our Aeronautics business segment. In addition to these losses and unfavorable profit adjustments, we also recorded $130 million of favorable adjustments upon completion on certain commercial civil space programs at Space, and $90 million favorable adjustments upon completion of a classified program at Aeronautics.

During the year ended December 31, 2024, we recorded losses of $555 million on a classified program at our Aeronautics business segment, reach-forward losses of $1.4 billion recognized on a classified program at our MFC business segment and $155 million of favorable profit rate adjustments following the resolution of a long-standing claim associated with a completed C-5 Galaxy aircraft contract at our Aeronautics business segment.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded a reach-forward loss of $100 million on CMHP as a result of increased costs and lower than planned revenues and a favorable profit adjustment of $65 million on an international surveillance and control program due to the positive resolution of a contractual matter at our RMS business segment.

We have various development programs for new and upgraded products, services, and related technologies which have complex design and technical challenges. This development work is inherently uncertain and subject to significant variability in estimates of the cost and time required to complete the work by us and our suppliers. Many of these programs have cost-type contracting arrangements (e.g., cost-reimbursable or cost-plus-fee). In such cases, the associated financial risks are primarily in reduced fees, lower profit rates, or program cancellation if cost, schedule, or technical performance issues arise.

However, some of our existing development programs are contracted on a fixed-price basis or include cost-type contracting for the development phase with fixed-price production options and our customers continue to implement procurement strategies such as these that shift risk to contractors. Competitively bid programs with fixed-price development work or fixed-price production options increase the risk of a reach-forward loss upon contract award and during the period of

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contract performance. Due to the complex and often experimental nature of development programs, we may experience (and have experienced in the past) technical and quality issues during the development of new products or technologies for a variety of reasons. Our development programs are ongoing, and while we believe the cost and fee estimates incorporated in the financial statements are appropriate, the technical complexity of these programs and fixed-price contract structure creates financial risk as estimated completion costs may exceed the current contract value, which could trigger earnings charges, termination provisions, or other financially significant exposures. These programs have risk for reach-forward losses if our estimated costs exceed our estimated contract revenues, and such losses could be significant to our financial results in any period that they are recognized. Any such losses are recognized in the period in which the loss is evident.

Aeronautics Classified Program

We have experienced significant performance issues on an existing classified program at our Aeronautics business segment. The initial phase is on a fixed-price incentive fee contract with fixed-price incentive fee options for additional phases. Phases within the program involve highly complex design and systems integration. Challenges and performance issues continued into 2025 and had a greater impact on schedule and costs than previously estimated. There were also new, unanticipated events that occurred in 2025 that impacted the program’s performance, as described below. As a result of performance issues with the program, Aeronautics performed a comprehensive review of its design, integration, test, and other processes to achieve the technical requirements of the program, which was completed in the second quarter of 2025. The events that occurred in 2025, and the comprehensive review completed in the second quarter of 2025, resulted in significant changes in the program’s processes and testing approach and led to an extension of the program’s schedule, which drove a substantial increase in cost estimates. As a result, during the second quarter of 2025, we recognized additional reach-forward losses of $950 million across both phases of the program. The primary drivers of the additional reach-forward losses recognized in the second quarter of 2025 included: (1) software development performance degradation and integration findings observed over a continued period; (2) learnings in recent software and build experience on another program specifically relevant to the program; (3) significant changes in test plan resulting from customer discussions and changes in test execution strategy; (4) safety-critical and other necessary design and engineering changes in response to certain observed performance degradation and a discrete event; and (5) complete schedule realignment, including as a result of items (1) through (4).

As of December 31, 2025, cumulative losses recognized to date on this program remained at approximately $1.8 billion across both phases. As of December 31, 2025, $495 million of the losses remained accrued in other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet. We continue to proactively manage the technical requirements and our performance, the remaining work and any future changes in scope or schedule, and estimated costs to complete the program, including future phases. Due to the nature of the highly complex design and systems integration on this program, we may need to record additional losses in future periods if performance issues, increases in scope, or increases in cost from prior estimates indicate that further losses are evident. Our estimates may change, in particular, as we conduct further development and testing on the program, which may lead to new findings or cause us to modify our expectations or understandings of the risks inherent in the program. Any such losses could be material to our financial results in any period that they are recognized. We and our industry team will continue to incur advanced procurement costs (also referred to as pre-contract costs) to enhance our ability to achieve the schedule and certain milestones which could be significant. We will monitor the recoverability of pre-contract costs, which could be impacted by our assessment of the customer’s decision regarding the funding of future phases of the program.

MFC Classified Program

Our MFC business segment has been performing under a competitively bid classified contract, which includes a cost-reimbursable base contract for the initial phase of the program and multiple fixed-price options for additional phases. We previously disclosed that the options may be exercised over the next several years and if performed expect they would each be at a loss. During the first quarter of 2024, we concluded it was probable that the first option would be exercised and recognized a reach-forward loss of approximately $100 million. During the fourth quarter of 2024, we again assessed the likelihood that additional options may be exercised and concluded then that it is probable that all options will be exercised based on performance to date, future requirements of the program, discussions with the customer and suppliers, and anticipated customer funding, among other factors, resulting in the recognition of additional reach-forward losses of approximately $1.31 billion. As of December 31, 2025, cumulative losses recognized on the program remained at approximately $1.46 billion in total, of which, $1.19 billion remained accrued in other current liabilities in our consolidated balance sheet.

Canadian Maritime Helicopter Program

Our RMS business segment has been performing the Canadian Maritime Helicopter Program (CMHP) under contracts with the Canadian government. The program provides for design, development, and production of CH-148 aircraft (the Original Equipment contract), which is a military variant of the S-92 helicopter, and for logistical support to the fleet (the In Service Support contract) over an extended time period. The program has experienced performance issues and we have been in

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discussions with the Canadian government to potentially restructure certain contractual terms and conditions that may be beneficial to both parties. We entered into a contract modification in 2024 to better align contract scope with the Canadian government’s need, which resulted in a reduction in our contract assets in the fourth quarter of 2024 and first quarter of 2025. Communications with the customer during the second quarter of 2025 led to subsequent decisions made by us to focus on providing additional mission capabilities, enhanced logistical support, fleet life extension, and revised expectations regarding flight hours. Based on these discussions with the customer and decisions made by management, we revised our cost and sales estimates for this program and recognized additional losses of $570 million on the program during the second quarter of 2025. As of December 31, 2025, cumulative losses recognized on the program remained at approximately $670 million and approximately $625 million of contract assets remained on the balance sheet. The final aircraft under the program was delivered to Canada during the third quarter of 2025 and has been subsequently accepted. Any restructuring discussions may be prolonged or unsuccessful, and could result in a contract termination, and are dependent upon Canadian government resources and priorities and other factors outside of our control, such as trade relations with the United States. These items in addition to future performance issues or changes in our estimates may affect our ability to recover our costs, including recovery of the contract assets recognized on the balance sheet and our assessment of the reach-forward loss, and potential damages, which could be material to our financial results in any period that they are recognized.

Türkish Utility Helicopter Program

As previously disclosed, we have a number of contracts with Türkish industry for the Türkish Utility Helicopter Program (TUHP), which anticipates co-production with Türkish industry for production of T70 helicopters for use in Türkiye, as well as the related provision of Türkish goods and services under buy-back or offset obligations. Sanctions imposed in 2020 by the U.S. Government on Turkey’s defense procurement agency (SSB) and certain persons have affected our ability to perform under the TUHP contracts. During the second quarter of 2025, we recognized a loss of $95 million in light of the status of restructuring discussions with our prime customer and the status of the TUHP. As of December 31, 2025, cumulative losses recognized to date on the program remained at approximately $130 million and the program remains in a contract liability position on the balance sheet. In the fourth quarter of 2025, we finalized an agreement with our prime contract customer to terminate the existing TUHP contracts and establish new contracts for a reduced scope of work, which became effective in January 2026. Our performance under the new contracts is subject to the receipt of U.S. export authorizations. However, if our future licensing applications are denied, our customer could drawdown on letters of credit, which could negatively affect our cash flows and our ability to recover our costs, and we could incur additional losses of up to approximately $115 million.

Research and development and similar costs – We conduct research and development (R&D) activities using our own funds (referred to as company-funded or independent R&D (IR&D)) and under contractual arrangements with our customers (referred to as customer-funded R&D) to enhance existing products and services and to develop future technologies. R&D costs include basic research, applied research, concept formulation studies, design, development, and related test activities. Company-funded R&D costs are allocated to customer contracts as part of the general and administrative overhead costs and are generally recoverable to the extent allocable to our cost-reimbursable customer contracts with the U.S. Government. These costs also may be recoverable to the extent allocable to certain fixed-price incentive contracts with the U.S. Government. Customer-funded R&D costs are charged directly to the related customer contracts. Substantially all R&D costs are charged to operating costs as incurred. Company-funded R&D costs charged to operating costs totaled $2.0 billion, $1.6 billion and $1.5 billion in 2025, 2024 and 2023.

Stock-based compensation – We issue stock-based compensation awards in the form of restricted stock units (RSUs) and performance stock units (PSUs) that generally vest three years from the grant date and are settled in shares. Compensation cost related to all stock-based awards is measured at the grant date based on the estimated fair value of the award. The grant date fair value of RSUs is equal to the closing market price of our common stock on the grant date less a discount to reflect the delay in payment of dividend-equivalent cash payments that are made only upon vesting. The grant date fair value of PSUs is measured in a manner similar to RSUs for awards that vest based on service and performance conditions or using a Monte Carlo model for awards that vest based on service and market conditions.

For all RSUs, we recognize the grant date fair value, less estimated forfeitures, as compensation expense ratably over the requisite service period, which is shorter than the vesting period if the employee is retirement eligible on the date of grant or will become retirement eligible before the end of the vesting period. For PSUs that vest based on service and performance conditions, we recognize the grant date fair value, less estimated forfeitures, as compensation expense ratably over the vesting period based on the number of awards expected to ultimately vest. For PSUs that vest based on service and market conditions, we recognize the grant date fair value, less estimated forfeitures, as compensation expense ratably over the vesting period. At each reporting date, estimated forfeitures for all stock-based compensation awards and the number of PSUs expected to vest based on service and performance conditions is adjusted.

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Income taxes – We calculate our provision for income taxes using the asset and liability method, under which deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized based on the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences that exist between the financial statement carrying amount of assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, as well as from operating loss and tax credit carry-forwards. The provision for income taxes differs from the amounts currently receivable or payable because certain items of income and expense are recognized in different periods for financial reporting purposes than for income tax purposes. We measure deferred tax assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates that will apply in the years in which we expect the temporary differences to be recovered or paid.

We periodically assess our tax exposures related to periods that are open to examination. Based on the latest available information, we evaluate our tax positions to determine whether the position will more likely than not be sustained upon examination by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or other taxing authorities. If we cannot reach a more-likely-than-not determination, no benefit is recorded. If we determine that the tax position is more likely than not to be sustained, we record the largest amount of benefit that is more likely than not to be realized when the tax position is settled. We record interest and penalties related to income taxes as a component of income tax expense on our consolidated statements of earnings.

In accordance with the regulations that govern cost accounting requirements for government contracts, current state and local income and franchise taxes are generally considered allowable and allocable costs and, consistent with industry practice, are recorded in operating costs and expenses. We generally recognize changes in deferred state taxes and unrecognized state tax benefits in unallocated corporate expenses.

Cash and cash equivalents – Cash equivalents include highly liquid instruments with original maturities of 90 days or less.

Receivables – Receivables, net represent our unconditional right to consideration under the contract and include amounts billed and currently due from customers. Receivables, net are recorded at the net amount expected to be collected. There were no significant impairment losses related to our receivables in 2025, 2024 or 2023.

Contract assets – Contract assets include unbilled amounts typically resulting from sales under contracts when the percentage-of-completion cost-to-cost method of revenue recognition is utilized and revenue recognized exceeds the amount billed to the customer. Contract assets are recorded at the net amount expected to be billed and collected. Contract assets are classified as current based on our contract operating cycle and include amounts that may be billed and collected beyond one year due to the long-cycle nature of our contracts.

Contract liabilities – Contract liabilities include advance payments and billings in excess of revenue recognized. Contract liabilities are classified as current based on our contract operating cycle and reported on a contract-by-contract basis, net of revenue recognized, at the end of each reporting period.

Inventories – We record inventories at the lower of cost or estimated net realizable value. The majority of our inventory represents work-in-process for contracts where control has not yet passed to the customer. Work-in-process primarily consists of labor, material, subcontractor, and overhead costs. In addition, costs incurred to fulfill a contract in advance of the contract being awarded are recorded in inventories as work-in-process if we determine that those costs relate directly to a contract or to an anticipated contract that we can specifically identify and contract award is probable, the costs generate or enhance resources that will be used in satisfying performance obligations, and the costs are recoverable (referred to as pre-contract costs). Pre-contract costs that are initially capitalized in inventory are generally recognized as operating cost consistent with the transfer of products and services to the customer upon the receipt of the anticipated contract. All other pre-contract costs, including start-up costs, are expensed as incurred. We determine the costs of other inventories such as materials, spares and supplies by using the first-in first-out or average cost methods. If events or changes in circumstances indicate that pre-contract costs are no longer recoverable or the utility of our inventories have diminished through damage, deterioration, obsolescence, changes in price or other causes, a loss is recognized in the period in which it occurs.

Property, plant and equipment – Property, plant and equipment are initially recorded at cost. The cost of plant and equipment are depreciated generally using accelerated methods during the first half of the estimated useful lives of the assets and the straight-line method thereafter. The estimated useful lives of our plant and equipment generally range from 10 to 40 years for buildings and five to 15 years for machinery and equipment. No depreciation expense is recorded on construction in progress until such assets are placed into operation.

We review the carrying amounts of long-lived assets for impairment if events or changes in the facts and circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. We assess impairment by comparing the estimated undiscounted future cash flows of the related asset grouping to its carrying amount. If an asset is determined to be impaired, we recognize an impairment charge in the current period for the difference between the fair value of the asset and its carrying amount.

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Capitalized software – We capitalize certain costs associated with the development or purchase of internal-use software. The amounts capitalized are included in other noncurrent assets on our consolidated balance sheets and are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the resulting software, which ranges from two to 15 years. As of December 31, 2025 and 2024, capitalized software totaled $2.4 billion and $1.9 billion, net of accumulated amortization of $3.4 billion and $3.1 billion. No amortization expense is recorded until the software is ready for its intended use. Amortization expense related to capitalized software was $393 million in 2025, $346 million in 2024 and $263 million in 2023.

Fair value of financial instruments – We measure the fair value of our financial instruments using observable and unobservable inputs. Observable inputs reflect market data obtained from independent sources, while unobservable inputs reflect internal market assumptions. The following hierarchy classifies the inputs used to determine fair value into three levels:

Level 1 – quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 – inputs, other than quoted prices, observable by a marketplace participant either directly or indirectly.

Level 3 – unobservable inputs significant to the fair value measurement.

Investments – We hold a portfolio of marketable securities to fund our non-qualified employee benefit plans. A portion of these securities are held in common/collective trust funds and are measured at fair value using Net Asset Value (NAV) per share as a practical expedient. Marketable securities accounted for as trading are recorded at fair value on a recurring basis and are included in other noncurrent assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Gains and losses on these investments are included in other unallocated, net within operating costs and expenses on our consolidated statements of earnings.

We make investments in companies that we believe are advancing or developing new technologies applicable to our business. These investments are primarily in early-stage companies and may be in the form of common or preferred stock, warrants, convertible debt securities, investments in funds or equity method investments. Most of these investments are in equity securities without readily determinable fair values (privately held securities), which are measured initially at cost and are then adjusted to fair value only if there is an observable price change or reduced for impairment, if applicable. The carrying amounts of the investments were $669 million and $600 million at December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024 and are included on our consolidated balance sheets within other assets, both current and noncurrent. Changes in fair value and/or sales of investments are reflected in the other non-operating income, net account on our consolidated statements of earnings. We recorded net gains of $55 million ($41 million, or $0.18 per share, after tax) and $22 million ($17 million, or $0.07 per share, after-tax) during 2025 and 2024 and net losses of $64 million ($48 million, or $0.19 per share, after-tax) during 2023.

Equity method investments – Investments where we have the ability to exercise significant influence, but do not control, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are included in other noncurrent assets on our consolidated balance sheets. Significant influence typically exists if we have a 20% to 50% ownership interest in the investee. Under this method of accounting, our share of the net earnings or losses of the investee is included in operating profit in other income, net on our consolidated statements of earnings since the activities of the investee are closely aligned with the operations of the business segment holding the investment. We evaluate our equity method investments for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may be impaired. If a decline in the value of an equity method investment is determined to be other than temporary, a loss is recorded in earnings in the current period. As of December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, our equity method investments totaled $653 million and $654 million, which was primarily composed of our investment in the United Launch Alliance (ULA) joint venture. Our share of net earnings related to our equity method investees was $28 million in 2025, $56 million in 2024 and $40 million in 2023, of which approximately $5 million, $45 million and $20 million was included in our Space business segment operating profit.