ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Our business and assets are subject to varying degrees of risk and uncertainty. The following are factors that we believe could cause our actual results to differ materially from expected and historical results. Additional risks that are currently unknown to us or that we currently view as immaterial may also impair our business or adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations. In addition, forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws that are contained in this Form 10-K or in our other SEC filings or public statements may be subject to the risks described below as well as other risks and uncertainties. See the cautionary notice regarding forward-looking statements in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Risks Related to Our Business and Our Industry

The continued spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (“COVID-19”), is adversely affecting, and is expected to continue to adversely affect, demand for our products and our financial results.

In December 2019, a novel strain of COVID-19 was reported to have surfaced in Wuhan, China. COVID-19 has since spread to over 100 countries, including every state in the United States. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic and on March 13, 2020, the U.S. declared a national emergency with respect to COVID-19.

Our global operations expose us to risks associated with COVID-19. We continue to monitor the health of the employees in each of our 45 manufacturing facilities, domestically and outside the U.S., as COVID-19-related illness at a particular location could impact continued manufacturing operations at that location.

Foreign governmental organizations and governmental organizations at the national, state and local levels in the U.S. have taken various actions to combat the spread of COVID-19, including, from time to time, imposing stay-at-home orders that effectively close “non-essential” businesses and their operations. Because we manufacture food ingredients, our operations are currently considered “essential” under most current COVID-19 government regulations, thus permitting us to continue operations at our facilities and sales activities consistent with those regulations.

Certain of our customers, however, have been deemed to be “non-essential” industries and businesses under governmental regulations. The industries and businesses deemed “non-essential” vary by country and region. For

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example, Mexico declared one or more brewing producers as “non-essential” industries for a period of time during the pandemic in 2020. Our customers in affected industries are not able to produce goods during the government-mandated closures, which could adversely affect customer demand for our products. Further, government-enacted stay-at-home orders have significantly limited the end-consumers’ ability in the U.S. and foreign markets to purchase certain food or beverage products due to limitations on the operations of restaurants, bars and regionally specific sales channels. We expect that, to the extent that these limitations continue to be imposed from time to time, such limitations could continue to negatively affect customer demand for our products, further impacting our revenues and our operating results. Further, any inability by our customers to produce goods may delay our customers’ ability to pay outstanding receivables, which would adversely impact our cash flow from operations and working capital.

In addition, COVID-19 has impacted and may further impact the broader economies of affected countries, including negatively affecting economic growth, the proper functioning of financial and capital markets, foreigncurrency exchange rates and interest rates. Such risks include, in addition to those described above, negative impacts on our cost of and access to capital, pressure to extend our customers’ payment terms, insolvency of our customers resulting in increased provisions for credit losses and counterparty failures in our supply chain, customer network or otherwise that would negatively impact our operations. These risks individually and in the aggregate could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, financial condition, cash flows and prospects.

Changes in consumer preferences and perceptions may lessen the demand for our products, which could reduce our sales and profitability and harm our business.

Food products are often affected by changes in consumer tastes, national, regional and local economic conditions and demographic trends. For instance, changes in prevailing health or dietary preferences causing consumers to avoid food products containing sweetener products, including high fructose corn syrup, in favor of foods that are perceived as being healthier, could materially reduce our sales and profitability. Increasing concern among consumers, public health professionals and government agencies about the potential health concerns associated with obesity and inactive lifestyles (reflected, for instance, in taxes designed to combat obesity, which have been imposed recently in North America) represent a significant challenge to some of our customers, including those engaged in the food and soft drink industries, and could materially affect demand for our products.

Current economic conditions may adversely impact demand for our products, reduce access to credit, affect investment returns and cause our customers and others with whom we do business to suffer financial hardship, all of which could adversely impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Economic conditions in South America, the European Union and many other countries and regions in which we do business have experienced various levels of weakness over the last few years and may continue to do so for the foreseeable future. General business and economic conditions that could affect us include barriers to trade (including as a result of tariffs, duties and border taxes, among other factors), the strength of the economies in which we operate, unemployment, inflation and fluctuations in debt markets. While currently these conditions have not impaired our ability to access credit markets and finance our operations, we are subject to the risk of a further deterioration in the financial markets.

There could be a number of other effects from these economic developments on our business, including reduced consumer demand for products, pressure to extend our customers’ payment terms, insolvency of our customers resulting in increased provisions for credit losses, decreased customer demand, including order delays or cancellations and counterparty failures negatively impacting our operations.

In connection with our defined benefit pension plans, adverse changes in investment returns earned on pension assets and discount rates used to calculate pension and related liabilities or changes in required pension funding levels may have an unfavorable impact on future pension expenses and cash flows.

In addition, volatile worldwide economic conditions and market instability may make it difficult for us, our customers and our suppliers to accurately forecast future product demand trends, which could cause us to produce excess

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products that could increase our inventory carrying costs. Alternatively, this forecasting difficulty could cause a shortage of products that could result in an inability to satisfy demand for our products.

Our reliance on certain industries for a significant portion of our sales could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Of our 2021 net sales, approximately 54 percent were generated by sales to the food industry, 9 percent by sales to the beverage industry, 11 percent by sales to the animal nutrition industry, 8 percent by sales to the brewing industry and the remaining 18 percent by sales to other industries. If our food customers, beverage customers, animal feed customers, or brewing industry customers were to substantially decrease their purchases, our business might be materially adversely affected.

The uncertainty of acceptance of products developed through biotechnology could affect our profitability.

The commercial success of agricultural products developed through biotechnology, including genetically modified corn, depends in part on public acceptance of their development, cultivation, distribution and consumption. Public attitudes can be influenced by claims that genetically modified products are unsafe for consumption or that they pose unknown risks to the environment, even if such claims are not based on scientific studies. These public attitudes can influence regulatory and legislative decisions about biotechnology. The sale of our products, which may contain genetically modified corn, could be delayed or impeded because of adverse public perception regarding the safety of our products and the potential effects of these products on human health, the environment and animals.

Our future growth could be negatively impacted if we fail to continue introducing innovative new products and services.

A significant portion of our growth depends on innovation in products, processes and services. Our R&D efforts may not result in new products and services at a rate or of a quality sufficient to gain market acceptance.

It may be difficult to preserve operating margins and maintain market share in the highly competitive environment in which we operate.

We operate in a highly competitive environment. Competition in markets in which we compete is largely based on price, quality and product availability. Unexpected surges in customer demand may affect production planning and product availability. Many of our products compete with virtually identical or similar products manufactured by other companies in the starch and sweetener industry. In the U.S., our competitors include divisions of larger enterprises that have greater financial resources than we do. Some of these competitors, unlike us, have vertically integrated their corn refining and other operations. Many of our products also compete with products made from raw materials other than corn, including cane and beet sugar. Fluctuation in prices of these competing products may affect prices of, and profits derived from, our products. In addition, government programs supporting sugar prices indirectly impact the price of corn sweeteners, especially high fructose corn syrup. Furthermore, co-products such as corn oil and gluten meal compete with products of the corn dry milling industry and with soybean oil, soybean meal and other products, the price of some of which may be affected by government programs such as tariffs or quotas.

Due to market volatility, we may be unable to pass potential increases in the cost of corn and other raw materials on to customers through product price increases, or to purchase quantities of corn and other raw materials at prices sufficient to sustain or increase our profitability.

The price and availability of corn and other raw materials are subject to volatility as a result of economic and industry conditions, including supply and demand factors such as crop disease and severe weather conditions that include drought, floods, frost and ocean currents. These conditions are difficult to anticipate, are beyond our control and could adversely impact our profitability by affecting the prices we pay for raw materials.

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Raw material and energy price fluctuations, and supply interruptions and shortages could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our finished products are made primarily from corn. Purchased corn and other raw material costs account for between 40 percent and 70 percent of finished product costs. Some of our products are based upon specific varieties of corn that are produced in significantly less volumes than yellow dent corn. These specialty grains are higher-cost due to their more limited supply and require planning cycles of up to three years in order for us to receive our desired amounts of specialty corn. We also manufacture certain starch-based products from potatoes. Our current potato starch requirements constitute a material portion of the total available North American supply. It is possible that, in the long term, continued growth in demand for potato starch-based ingredients and new product development could result in capacity constraints. Also, we utilize tapioca in the manufacturing of starch products primarily in Thailand, as well as pulses, gum, rice, plant-based stevia and other raw materials around the world. A significant supply disruption or sharp increase in any of these raw material prices that we are unable to recover through pricing increases to our customers could have an adverse impact on our growth and profitability, especially if such an event disproportionately affects us as compared to our competitors.

Our business could be adversely affected by fluctuations in our energy costs, which represented approximately 8 percent of our finished product costs in 2021. We use energy primarily to create steam required for our production processes and to dry products. We consume natural gas, electricity, coal, fuel oil, wood and other biomass sources to generate energy.

The market prices for our raw materials may vary considerably depending on supply and demand, world economies, trade agreements and tariffs and other factors. We purchase these commodities based on our anticipated usage and future outlook for these costs. We may not be able to purchase these commodities at prices that we can adequately pass on to customers, which could have an adverse impact on our growth and profitability.

In North America, we sell a large portion of our finished products derived from corn at firm prices established in supply contracts typically lasting for a period of one year. In order to minimize the effect of volatility in the cost of corn related to these firm-priced supply contracts, we enter into corn futures and options contracts, or take other hedging positions in the corn futures market. These derivative contracts typically mature within one year. At expiration, we settle the derivative contracts at a net amount equal to the difference between the then-current price of the commodity and the derivative contract price. The fluctuations in the fair value of these hedging instruments may adversely affect our cash flow. We fund any unrealized losses or receive cash for any unrealized gains on futures contracts on a daily basis. While the corn futures contracts or hedging positions are intended to minimize the effect of volatility of corn costs on operating profits, the hedging activity can result in losses, some of which may be material. In addition, our hedging activities may not be fully successful in limiting the effect of volatility in the cost of corn.

An inability to contain costs could adversely affect our future profitability and growth.

Our future profitability and growth depend on our ability to contain operating costs and per unit product costs and to maintain and implement effective cost control programs, while also maintaining competitive pricing and superior quality products, customer service and support. Our ability to maintain a competitive cost structure depends on continued containment of manufacturing, delivery and administrative costs, as well as the implementation of cost-effective purchasing programs for raw materials, energy and related manufacturing requirements.

If we are unable to contain our operating costs and maintain the productivity and reliability of our production facilities, our profitability and growth could be adversely affected.

Global climate change and legal, regulatory, or market measures to address climate change, may negatively affect our business, operations and financial results.

We are subject to risks associated with the long-term effects of climate change on the global economy and on our industry in particular. Extreme weather and natural disasters within or outside the United States, such as drought, wildfires, storms, changes in ocean currents and flooding, could make it more difficult and costly for us to manufacture

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and deliver our products to our customers, obtain raw materials from our suppliers, or perform other critical corporate functions. In particular, if such climate change impacts negatively affect agricultural productivity, we may be subject to decreased availability or less favorable pricing from certain commodities that are necessary for our products, such as corn, specialty grains, rice, plant-based stevia, peas and sugar. Adverse weather conditions and natural disasters could reduce crop size and crop quality, which could reduce our supplies of raw materials, lower recoveries of usable raw materials, increase the prices of our raw materials, increase our costs of storing and transporting raw materials, or disrupt production schedules. Our manufacturing operations also could be adversely affected by reduced water availability resulting from droughts.

There is a growing societal concern that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may have an adverse effect on global temperatures, weather patterns and the frequency and severity of natural disasters. The increasing concern over climate change could result in new domestic or international legal requirements for us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts of our operations, improve our energy efficiency, or undertake sustainability measures that exceed those we currently pursue. Furthermore, such measures may result in the taxation of greenhouse gas emissions. Any such regulatory requirements could cause disruptions in the manufacture of our products and result in increased capital, procurement, manufacturing and distribution costs. Our reputation and brand could be harmed if we fail, or are seen as having failed, to respond responsibly and effectively to changes in legal and regulatory measures adopted to address climate change.

In addition, changing customer preferences may result in increased demands regarding packaging materials and other components in our products and their environmental impact on sustainability. Further, customers may place increasing importance on purchasing products that are sustainably grown and made, requiring us to incur additional costs for increased due diligence and reporting. These demands may cause us to incur additional costs or make other changes to other operations to respond to such demands, which could adversely affect our financial results.

We may not successfully identify and complete acquisitions or strategic alliances on favorable terms or achieve anticipated synergies relating to any acquisitions or alliances and such transactions could result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures and require significant management resources.

We regularly review potential acquisitions of complementary businesses, technologies, services, or products, as well as potential strategic alliances. We may be unable to find suitable acquisition candidates or appropriate partners with which to form partnerships or strategic alliances. Even if we identify appropriate acquisition or alliance candidates, we may be unable to complete such acquisitions or alliances on favorable terms, or at all. In addition, the process of integrating an acquired business, technology, service, or product into our existing business and operations may result in unforeseen operating difficulties and expenditures. Integration of an acquired company may also require significant management resources that otherwise would be available for ongoing development of our business. Moreover, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition or strategic alliance and such transactions may not generate anticipated financial results. Future acquisitions could also require us to issue equity securities, incur debt, assume contingent liabilities, or amortize expenses related to intangible assets, any of which could harm our business.

Operating difficulties at our manufacturing facilities could adversely affect our operating results.

Producing starches and sweeteners through corn refining is a capital-intensive industry. We conduct preventive maintenance and de-bottlenecking programs at our 45 manufacturing facilities designed to maintain and improve grind capacity and facility reliability. If we encounter operating difficulties at a facility for an extended period of time or start-up problems with any capital improvement projects, we may not be able to meet a portion of our sales order commitments and could incur significantly higher operating expenses, both of which could adversely affect our operating results. We also use boilers to generate steam required in our production processes. An event that impaired the operation of a boiler for an extended period of time could have a significant adverse effect on the operations of any manufacturing facility in which such event occurred.

In addition, we are subject to risks related to such matters as product safety and quality; compliance with environmental, health and safety and food safety regulations; and customer product liability claims. The liabilities that could result from these risks may not always be covered by, or could exceed the limits of, our insurance coverage related

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to product liability and food safety matters. In addition, negative publicity caused by product liability and food safety matters may damage our reputation. The occurrence of any of the matters described above could adversely affect our revenues and operating results.

We operate a multinational business subject to the economic, political and other risks inherent in operating in foreign countries and with foreign currencies.

We have operated in foreign countries and with foreign currencies for many years. Our results are subject to foreign currency exchange fluctuations. Our operations are subject to political, economic and other risks. There has been and continues to be significant political uncertainty in some countries in which we operate. Economic changes, terrorist activity and political unrest may result in business interruption or decreased demand for our products. Protectionist trade measures and import and export licensing requirements could also adversely affect our results of operations.

We primarily sell products derived from world commodities. Historically, we have been able to adjust local prices relatively quickly to offset the effect of local currency depreciation versus the U.S. dollar, although we cannot guarantee our ability to do this in the future. The anticipated strength in the U.S. dollar may continue to involve risks, as it could take us an extended period of time to fully recapture the impact of a loss of foreign currency value versus the U.S. dollar, particularly in South America.

We may hedge transactions that are denominated in a currency other than the currency of the operating unit entering into the underlying transaction. Our hedging activities may not be fully successful in limiting the adverse impacts of our currency risks.

Our profitability could be negatively impacted if we fail to maintain satisfactory labor relations.

As of December 31, 2021, approximately 30 percent of our worldwide employees and approximately 29 percent of our U.S. employees were members of labor unions. Strikes, lockouts, or other work stoppages or slowdowns involving our unionized employees, or attempts to organize for collective bargaining purposes among nonunionized employees, could have a material adverse effect on our business.

The inability for us to attract, develop, retain, motivate, and maintain good relationships with our workforce, including key personnel, could negatively impact our business and our profitability.

Our future success depends on our ability to attract, develop, retain, motivate, and maintain good relationships with qualified personnel, particularly those who have extensive expertise in the ingredients solutions industry and who may also have long service with our company. We have such personnel in our senior executive leadership as well as in other key areas throughout our U.S. and international operations such as manufacturing, sales, and innovation, all of which are critical to our future growth and profitability. We face intensive competition in retaining and hiring individuals with the requisite expertise, both within and outside the ingredients solutions industry, including from companies with greater resources than ours.

Changes in labor markets as a result of COVID-19 and other socioeconomic and demographic changes, have increased the competition for hiring and retaining talent. As a result of this competition, we may be unable to continue to attract, develop, retain, motivate, and maintain good relationships with suitably qualified individuals at acceptable compensation levels who have the managerial, operational, and technical knowledge and experience to meet our needs. Furthermore, the failure to execute on internal succession plans or to effectively transfer knowledge from exiting employees to others in the organization could adversely affect our business and results of operations. Even if we succeed in hiring new personnel to fill vacancies, lengthy training and orientation periods might be required before new employees are able to achieve necessary productivity levels. Any failure by us to attract, develop, retain, motivate, and maintain good relationships with qualified individuals could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

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Natural disasters, war, acts and threats of terrorism, pandemics and other significant events could negatively impact our business.

The economies of any countries in which we sell or manufacture products or purchase raw materials could be affected by natural disasters. Such natural disasters could include, among others, earthquakes, floods, or severe weather conditions; war, acts of war or terrorism; or the outbreak of an epidemic or pandemic such as COVID-19. Any such natural disaster could result in disruptions to operations, asset write-offs, decreased sales and overall reduced cash flows.

The recognition of impairment charges on goodwill or long-lived assets could adversely impact our future financial position and results of operations.

We have $1.3 billion of total net intangible assets as of December 31, 2021, consisting of $914 million of goodwill and $434 million of other net intangible assets, which constitute 13 percent and 6 percent, respectively, of our total assets as of such date. Additionally, we have $2.8 billion of long-lived assets, or 40 percent of our total assets, as of December 31, 2021.

We perform an annual impairment assessment for goodwill and our indefinite-lived intangible assets and as necessary for other long-lived assets. If the results of such assessments were to show that the fair value of these assets were less than the carrying values, we could be required to recognize a charge for impairment of goodwill or long-lived assets and the amount of the impairment charge could be material. We continue to monitor our reporting units in struggling economies and recent acquisitions for circumstances affecting these businesses that may negatively impact the fair value of these reporting units.

In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2021, we recorded an impairment of $340 million related to net assets contributed to a joint venture in South America. Of the impairment, $311 million was related to the write-off of cumulative translation losses associated with the contributed net assets and $29 million was related to the write-down to fair value of the contributed net assets to fair value. See Note 5 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

The future occurrence of a potential indicator of impairment, such as a significant adverse change in the business climate that would require a change in our assumptions or strategic decisions made in response to economic or competitive conditions, could require us to perform an assessment prior to the next required assessment date of July 1, 2022.

Our profitability may be affected by other factors beyond our control.

Our operating income and ability to sustain or increase profitability depend to a large extent upon our ability to price finished products at a level that will cover manufacturing and raw material costs and provide an acceptable profit margin. Our ability to maintain appropriate price levels is determined by a number of factors largely beyond our control, such as aggregate industry supply and market demand, which may vary from time to time, and the economic conditions of the geographic regions in which we conduct our operations.

Risks Related to Our Regulatory Compliance

Government policies and regulations could adversely affect our operating results.

Our operating results could be affected by changes in trade, monetary and fiscal policies, laws and regulations, and other activities of the U.S. and foreign governments, agencies and similar organizations. These conditions include, among others, changes in a country’s or region’s economic or political conditions, modification or termination of trade agreements or treaties promoting free trade, creation of new trade agreements or treaties, trade regulations affecting production, pricing and marketing of products, local labor conditions and regulations, reduced protection of intellectual property rights, changes in the regulatory or legal environment, restrictions on currency exchange activities, currency exchange rate fluctuations, burdensome taxes and tariffs, and other trade barriers. International risks and uncertainties,

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including changing social and economic conditions as well as terrorism, political hostilities and war, could limit our ability to transact business in these markets and could adversely affect our revenues and operating results. Furthermore, the national and global regulation or taxation of greenhouse gas emissions could negatively affect our business, operations and financial results.

Our operations could be adversely affected by actions taken in connection with cross-border disputes by the governments of countries in which we conduct business.

Changes in our tax rates or exposure to additional income tax liabilities could impact our profitability.

We are subject to income taxes in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions. Our effective tax rates could be adversely affected by changes in the mix of earnings by jurisdiction, changes in tax laws, or tax rates changes in the valuation of deferred tax assets and liabilities and material adjustments from tax audits.

The recoverability of our deferred tax assets is dependent upon our ability to generate future taxable income. In addition, we are subject to ongoing audits in various jurisdictions and final determinations of prior-year tax liabilities are dependent upon many factors, including negotiations and dispute resolutions with tax authorities. The outcome of these final determinations could have a material effect on our profitability and cash flows.

Pillar One and Pillar Two of the base erosion and profit shifting (“BEPS”) project undertaken by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) could result in significant tax law changes in jurisdictions in which we do business. An OECD-led coalition of countries is contemplating changes to long-standing international tax norms that determine each country’s right to tax cross-border transactions. These contemplated changes, if adopted by countries in which we do business, could increase tax uncertainty and the risk of double taxation, thereby adversely affecting our provision for income taxes.

Risks Related to Our Financing Activities

Increased interest rates could increase our borrowing costs.

We continue to issue debt securities to finance acquisitions, capital expenditures and working capital, or for other general corporate purposes. An increase in interest rates in the general economy could result in an increase in our borrowing costs for these financings, as well as under our revolving credit facility debt, which bears interest at an unhedged floating rate.

We may not have access to the funds required for future growth and expansion.

We may not have access to additional funds we need to grow and expand our operations. We expect to fund our capital expenditures from operating cash flow to the extent we are able to do so. If our operating cash flow is insufficient to fund our capital expenditures, we may either reduce our capital expenditures or utilize borrowings under our revolving credit facility, which provides liquidity support for our commercial paper program. For further strategic growth through mergers or acquisitions, we may also seek to generate additional liquidity through the sale of debt or equity securities in private or public markets or through the sale of assets. We cannot provide any assurance that our cash flows from operations will be sufficient to fund anticipated capital expenditures or that we will be able to obtain additional funds from financial markets or from the sale of assets at terms favorable to us. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flows or raise sufficient additional funds to cover our capital expenditures or other strategic growth opportunities, we may not be able to achieve our desired operating efficiencies and expansion plans, which may adversely impact our competitiveness and, therefore, our results of operations. Our working capital requirements, including margin requirements on open positions on futures exchanges, are directly affected by the price of corn and other agricultural commodities, which may fluctuate significantly and change quickly.

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Risks Related to Our Information Technology Systems

Any failure by us to maintain effective control over financial reporting could result in loss of investor confidence and adversely impact our stock price.

If we experience material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and are unable to remediate such material weaknesses, or are otherwise unable to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting or our disclosure controls and procedures, our ability to record, process and report financial information accurately and to prepare financial statements within required time periods, could be adversely affected, which could subject us to litigation or investigations requiring management resources and payment of legal and other expenses, negatively affect investor confidence in our financial statements and adversely impact our stock price. We previously reported a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, which we fully remediated in fiscal 2021, related to ineffective information technology general controls in the areas of user access over certain information technology systems that support our financial reporting processes.

Our information technology systems, processes and sites may suffer interruptions, security breaches, or failures which may affect our ability to conduct our business.

Our operations rely on certain key information technology systems, which are dependent on services provided by third parties and provide critical data connectivity, information and services for internal and external users. These interactions include, among others, ordering and managing materials from suppliers, risk management activities, converting raw materials to finished products, inventory management, shipping products to customers, processing transactions, summarizing and reporting results of operations, human resources benefits and payroll management, complying with regulatory, legal and tax requirements, and other processes necessary to manage our business. Increased information technology security and social engineering threats and more sophisticated computer crime, including advanced persistent threats, pose potential risks to the security of our information technology systems, networks and services, as well as the confidentiality, availability and integrity of our third-party and employee data. We have put in place security measures to protect ourselves against cyber-based attacks and disaster recovery plans for our critical systems. However, if our information technology systems are breached, damaged, or cease to function properly due to any number of causes, such as catastrophic events, power outages, security breaches, or cyber-based attacks, and if our disaster recovery plans do not effectively mitigate the risks on a timely basis, we may encounter significant disruptions that could interrupt our ability to manage our operations, cause loss of valuable data and actual or threatened legal actions and cause us to suffer damage to our reputation. These factors may adversely impact our revenues, operating results and financial condition. We reported a malware incident that occurred from October 2019 to December 2019, although this incident did not have a material impact on our business.

The costs to address the foregoing security problems and security vulnerabilities before or after a cyber incident could be significant. Remediation efforts may not be successful and could result in interruptions, delays or cessation of service and loss of existing or potential customers that may impede our sales, manufacturing or other critical functions. Breaches of our security measures and the unapproved dissemination of proprietary information or sensitive or confidential data about us, our employees, our customers or other third parties could expose us, our employees, our customers or other affected third parties to a risk of loss or misuse of this information, result in regulatory enforcement, litigation and potential liability for us, damage our brand and reputation or otherwise harm our business. We rely in certain limited capacities on third-party data management providers and other vendors whose possible security problems and security vulnerabilities may have similar effects on us.

Risks Related to Investment in Our Common Stock

Volatility in the stock market, fluctuations in quarterly operating results and other factors could adversely affect the market price of our common stock.

The market price for our common stock in the past has been, and in the future may continue to be, significantly affected by factors such as our announcement of new products or services or such announcements by our competitors;

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technological innovation by us, our competitors or other vendors; quarterly variations in our operating results or the operating results of our competitors; general conditions in our or our customers’ markets; and changes in earnings estimates by analysts or reported results that vary materially from such estimates. In addition, the stock market has experienced significant price fluctuations that have affected the market prices of equity securities of many companies that have been unrelated to the operating performance of any individual company.

We may not continue to pay dividends or to pay dividends at the same rate we have paid in our most recent fiscal quarters.

The payment of dividends, as well as the amount of any dividends, is solely at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Future dividend payments, if any, also will be subject to our financial results and the availability of statutory surplus funds to pay dividends. These factors could result in a change to our current policy of paying dividends.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

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ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We own or lease (as noted below), directly and through our consolidated subsidiaries, 45 manufacturing facilities. In addition, we lease our corporate headquarters in Westchester, Illinois and our R&D facility in Bridgewater, New Jersey.

The following list provides information about our manufacturing facilities within each of our four reportable business segments as of January 31, 2022:

North America South America Asia-Pacific EMEA

Cardinal, Ontario, Canada Alcantara, Brazil Ganzhou, China Hamburg, Germany

Oxnard, California, U.S.(a) Lima, Peru Ban Kao Dien, Thailand

Idaho Falls, Idaho, U.S. Kalasin, Thailand

Bedford Park, Illinois, U.S. Sikhiu, Thailand

Mapleton, Illinois, U.S. Banglen, Thailand (a)

Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.

Cedar Rapids, Iowa, U.S.

Fort Fairfield, Maine, U.S.

Belcamp, Maryland, U.S.

North Kansas City, Missouri, U.S.

South Sioux City, Nebraska, U.S.

Winston-Salem, North Carolina, U.S.

Salem, Oregon, U.S.

Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.

Richland, Washington, U.S.

Moses Lake, Washington, U.S.

Plover, Wisconsin, U.S.

(a) Facility is leased.

(b) Facility is partially owned and partially leased.

We believe our manufacturing facilities are sufficient to meet our current production needs. We conduct preventive maintenance and de-bottlenecking programs designed to improve grind capacity and facility reliability. Furthermore, for the foreseeable future, we intend to continue capital investments to support the updating, modification, improvement and efficient operation of our facilities for the foreseeable future.

We have electricity co-generation facilities at our manufacturing facilities in London, Ontario, Canada; Cardinal, Ontario, Canada; Bedford Park, Illinois; Winston-Salem, North Carolina; San Juan del Rio, Queretaro and Mexico City, CDMX, Mexico; Cali, Colombia; Cornwala, Jaranwala, Pakistan; and Balsa Nova and Mogi-Guacu, Brazil. These facilities provide electricity at a lower cost than is available from third parties. We generally own and operate the co-generation facilities, except for the facilities at our Mexico City and Brazil locations, which are owned by and operated pursuant to co-generation agreements with third parties.

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ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

In 2015 and 2016, Ingredion self-reported certain monitoring and recordkeeping issues relating to environmental regulatory matters involving its Indianapolis, Indiana manufacturing facility. In September 2017, following inspections and the provision by Ingredion of requested information to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (the “EPA"), the EPA issued Ingredion a Notice of Violation, which included additional alleged violations beyond those self-reported by Ingredion. These additional alleged violations primarily relate to the results of stack testing at the facility. The allegations in the Notice of Violation, whether from the self-reported information, the inspections or the additional requested information, are not material to us. The EPA has referred the overall matter to the U.S. Department of Justice, Environment and Natural Resources Division (the "DOJ"). The DOJ and Ingredion are engaged in discussions with respect to a resolution of this matter.

We are currently subject to claims and suits arising in the ordinary course of business, including those relating to labor matters, certain environmental proceedings and commercial claims. We also routinely receive inquiries from regulators and other government authorities relating to various aspects of our business, including with respect to compliance with laws and regulations relating to the environment, and at any given time, we have matters at various stages of resolution with the applicable governmental authorities. The outcomes of these matters are not within our complete control and may not be known for prolonged periods of time. We do not believe that the results of currently known legal proceedings and inquires will be material to us. There can be no assurance, however, that such claims, suits or investigations or those arising in the future, whether taken individually or in the aggregate, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

Trading: Ingredion’s common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange (symbol: INGR).

Holders: The number of active stockholders of record of our common stock was 3,295 on January 31, 2022.

Dividends: We have a history of paying quarterly dividends. The amount and timing of the dividend payment, if any, is based on a number of factors, including our estimated earnings, financial position and cash flow. The payment of a dividend, as well as the amount of any dividend, is solely at the discretion of our Board of Directors. Future dividend payments will be subject to our financial results and the availability of funds and statutory surplus to pay dividends.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities: The following provides information about our stock repurchase program:

Maximum Number

(or Approximate

Dollar Value) of

Total Number of Shares That May Yet

Total Average Shares Purchased as be Purchased Under

Number Price Part of Publicly the Plans or Programs

of Shares Paid Announced Plans or at End of Period

(shares in thousands) Purchased per Share Programs (in thousands)

Total — — —

On October 22, 2018, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program permitting us to purchase up to 8.0 million of our outstanding shares of common stock from November 5, 2018, through December 31, 2023. At December 31, 2021, we had 5.1 million shares available for repurchase under the current stock repurchase program.

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

Not applicable.

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Overview

We are a major supplier of high-quality food and industrial ingredient solutions to customers around the world. We have 45 manufacturing facilities located in North America, South America, Asia-Pacific and Europe, the Middle East and Africa (“EMEA”) and we manage and operate our businesses at a regional level. We believe this approach provides us with a unique understanding of the cultures and product requirements in each of the geographic markets in which we operate, bringing added value to our customers. Our ingredients are used by customers in the food, beverage, brewing and animal feed industries, among others.

Effectively managing our manufacturing costs, including costs for corn, other raw materials and utilities, is critical to the success of our business. In addition, our global operations expose us to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. We use derivative financial instruments, when appropriate, for the purpose of minimizing the risks and costs associated with fluctuations in certain raw material and energy costs, foreign exchange rates and interest rates. The capital-intensive nature of our business requires that we generate significant cash flow over time in order to selectively reinvest in our operations and grow organically, as well as to expand through strategic acquisitions and alliances.

In 2021, net sales increased over 15 percent to $6.9 billion from $6.0 billion in 2020. The increase in net sales was driven by higher sales volumes and a strong price mix, including the pass-through of higher input costs to customers. Operating income, net income and diluted earnings per common share in 2021 declined from 2020 levels. Operating income of $310 million in 2021 decreased from $582 million in 2020, primarily due to the $340 million net asset impairment charge related to the contribution of Ingredion’s Argentina assets to the Arcor joint venture. Excluding the net asset impairment charge, operating income increased to reflect our higher sales volumes.

COVID-19: Our operations in recent periods have been adversely affected by impacts of COVID-19. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic, and on March 13, 2020, the United States declared a national emergency with respect to COVID-19. Our global operations expose us to risks associated with public health crises, including pandemics such as COVID-19. Foreign governmental organizations and governmental organizations at the national, state and local levels in the United States have taken various actions to combat the spread of COVID-19, including, from time to time, imposing stay-at-home orders and closing “non-essential” businesses and their operations. As a manufacturer of food ingredients, our operations are considered “essential” under most current COVID-19 government regulations and our facilities are operating globally. We did not experience any material supply chain interruptions in 2021 and were able to continue to operate and ship products from our global network of manufacturing facilities without material interruptions. We place top priority on our employees’ health and safety and continue to follow the advice and the guidelines of public health authorities for physical distancing and to make available personal protective equipment and sanitization supplies. We are monitoring COVID-19 infection rates as well as the pace and effectiveness of vaccination rollouts, as the net sales volume is generally correlated with increased consumer activity and availability of food and beverages consumed away from home.

Cost Smart Program: In July 2018, we announced a Cost Smart program, which we designed to improve profitability, further streamline our global business and deliver increased value to stockholders. We set a $125 million savings target to include an anticipated $75 million in cost of sales savings, including freight, and $50 million in anticipated SG&A savings through 2021. Since the program’s inception, we have periodically updated our savings targets and expect to deliver $170 million in total savings through the end of the program, far exceeding our original target.

Results of Operations

We have significant operations in four reporting segments: North America, South America, Asia-Pacific and EMEA. Fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates affect the U.S. dollar amounts of our foreign subsidiaries’ revenues and expenses. For most of our foreign subsidiaries, the local foreign currency is the functional currency.

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Accordingly, revenues and expenses denominated in the functional currencies of these subsidiaries are translated into U.S. dollars at the applicable average exchange rates for the period.

We acquired KaTech on April 1, 2021, the remaining interest in Verdient on November 3, 2020, and a controlling interest in PureCircle on July 1, 2020. The results of the acquired businesses are included in our consolidated financial results beginning on the respective acquisition dates, which inclusion affects the comparability of results between years. In addition, our share of results in joint ventures is classified as other operating (income) and comparability between years and between financial statement line items is affected by the timing of and consideration provided to the investments. While we identify fluctuations due to the acquisitions, our discussion below also addresses results of operations excluding the impact of the acquisitions and investments, where appropriate, to provide a more comparable and meaningful analysis.

2021 Compared to 2020 - Consolidated

Net sales. Net sales increased 15 percent to $6,894 million in 2021 compared to $5,987 million for 2020. The increase in net sales was driven by strong price mix including the pass through of higher corn costs and higher volumes, which also reflected inclusion of the results of KaTech, Verdient and PureCircle.

Cost of sales. Cost of sales increased by 18 percent to $5,563 million in 2021 compared to cost of sales of $4,715 million in 2020. The increase in cost of sales primarily reflected the increase in net sales. Our gross profit margin of 19 percent for 2021 decreased from 21 percent in 2020. The decrease in gross margin was driven by higher corn and input costs.

Operating expenses. Operating expenses increased 6 percent to $668 million in 2021 compared to $628 million in 2020. The increase in operating expenses during 2021 was primarily attributable to the inclusion of PureCircle and KaTech. Operating expenses as a percentage of net sales were approximately 10 percent in 2021 and 2020.

Other operating (income). Other operating (income) increased 10 percent to $(34) million in 2021 compared to $(31) million in 2020. The increase was due primarily to a net gain related to the Amyris joint venture, an increase in equity method earnings related to the Arcor joint venture, gains on the sale of assets and other items in 2021. These items were partially offset by a reduction in Brazil indirect tax credits recorded in 2021.

Restructuring and impairment charges. Restructuring and impairment charges increased to $387 million in 2021 compared to $93 million in 2020. The increase was primarily driven by an impairment charge of $340 million for net assets from our Argentina business we contributed to the Arcor joint venture, of which $311 million was related to the write-off of the cumulative translation losses associated with the contributed net assets and $29 million was related to the final write-down of the contributed net assets to fair value. This was partially offset by $45 million in impairment charges taken on our TIC tradename intangible asset and our equity method investment in Verdient in 2020.

Financing costs. Financing costs decreased 9 percent to $74 million in 2021 compared to $81 million in 2020. The decrease was primarily due to Argentina hyperinflation costs. As part of the Arcor joint venture, a majority of Argentina’s hyperinflation costs are no longer recorded in financing costs, but instead are reflected in other operating (income) through our share of equity earnings.

Provision for income taxes. Our effective income tax rates for 2021 and 2020 were 49.6 percent and 30.0 percent, respectively. The increase in the effective income tax rate resulted primarily from an impairment charge related to the Arcor joint venture in Argentina and a change in the mix of earnings. These items were partially offset by the reversal of an accrual from unremitted earnings, favorable judgments related to the treatment of interest and credits on indirect taxes in Brazil and inflation adjustments in Mexico.

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests. Net income attributable to non-controlling interests increased 33 percent to $8 million in 2021 compared to $6 million in 2020.

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Net Income attributable to Ingredion. Net income attributable to Ingredion for 2021 decreased to $117 million from $348 million in 2020. The decrease in net income was largely attributable to the $340 million impairment charge for the Argentina assets contributed to the Arcor joint venture, partially offset by strong price mix and volume improvement.

North America

Net sales. North America’s net sales increased 13 percent to $4,137 million in 2021 compared to $3,662 million in 2020. The increase was primarily driven by a 9 percent improvement in price and product mix, a 3 percent increase in volume and a 1 percent favorable foreign exchange.

Operating income. North America’s operating income was flat at $487 million for 2021 and 2020. Favorable price mix and higher volumes in 2021 were fully offset by higher corn and input costs and ramp-up costs related to our plant-based protein operations in our South Sioux City and Vanscoy facilities.

South America

Net sales. South America’s net sales increased 15 percent to $1,057 million in 2021 from $919 million in 2020. The increase was primarily driven by a 26 percent improvement in price and product mix, which was partially offset by an 8 percent decrease in volume and a 3 percent unfavorable foreign exchange impact. The decrease in volume was driven by the contribution of our Argentina, Chile and Uruguay operations to the Arcor joint venture.

Operating income. South America’s operating income increased 23 percent to $138 million in 2021 compared to $112 million in 2020. The increase was primarily due to a strong price mix that more than offset higher corn and input costs.

Asia-Pacific

Net sales. Asia-Pacific’s net sales increased 23 percent to $997 million in 2021 compared to $813 million in 2020. The increase was driven by favorable volumes of 18 percent, a favorable price and product mix of 3 percent and favorable foreign exchange impacts of 2 percent.

Operating income. Asia-Pacific’s operating income increased 9 percent to $87 million in 2021 compared to $80 million in 2020. The increase was primarily driven by a favorable price and product mix and year-over-year improvement in PureCircle results that more than offset higher raw materials and input costs.

EMEA

Net sales. EMEA’s net sales increased by 19 percent to $703 million in 2021, compared to $593 million in 2020. The increase was driven by favorable volumes of 11 percent, partially due to the purchase of KaTech on April 1, 2021, a favorable price and product mix of 5 percent and favorable foreign exchange impacts of 3 percent.

Operating income. EMEA’s operating income increased 4 percent to $106 million in 2021 compared to $102 million in 2020. The increase was primarily attributable to a favorable price mix in Pakistan and higher volumes in Europe.

2020 Compared to 2019 – Consolidated

A discussion of the year-over-year comparison of results for 2020 and 2019 is not included in this report and can be found in Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations in Ingredion’s annual report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2020.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

As of December 31, 2021, Ingredion had total available liquidity of approximately $1,719 million. Domestic liquidity of $770 million consisted of $20 million in cash and cash equivalents and $750 million available through a $1 billion commercial paper program that had $250 million of outstanding borrowings. The commercial paper program, which we entered on July 27, 2021, is backed by $1 billion of borrowing availability under a five-year revolving credit agreement that we entered on June 30, 2021 (“Revolving Credit Agreement”).

As of December 31, 2021, we had international liquidity of approximately $953 million, consisting of $308 million of cash and cash equivalents and $4 million of short-term investments held by our operations outside the U.S., as well as $641 million of unused operating lines of credit in the various foreign countries in which we operate. As the parent company, we guarantee certain obligations of our consolidated subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2021, such guarantees aggregated $61 million. We believe that such consolidated subsidiaries will be able to meet their financial obligations as they become due.

As of December 31, 2021, we had repaid in full the $380 million of borrowings outstanding under a term loan credit agreement that we previously amended on March 16, 2021 (the “Term Loan Credit Agreement”). The Term Loan Credit Agreement restated the previous agreement by extending the maturity date of the borrowings under the previous agreement until March 15, 2022. No new borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Agreement were incurred in connection with the amendment and restatement. Borrowings under the Term Loan Credit Agreement bore interest at a variable annual rate based on a London Interbank Offering Rate (“LIBOR”) or a base rate, at our election, subject to the terms and conditions thereof, plus, in each case, an applicable margin. The Term Loan Credit Agreement reduced the applicable interest rate margin for loans accruing interest based on LIBOR from 0.80 percent to 0.75 percent. We were required to pay a fee on the unused availability under the Term Loan Credit Agreement, which contained customary representations, warranties, covenants and events of default, including covenants restricting the incurrence of liens, the incurrence of indebtedness by our subsidiaries and certain fundamental changes involving us and our subsidiaries, subject to certain exceptions in each case. We were also required to maintain a specified maximum consolidated leverage ratio and a specified minimum consolidated interest coverage ratio.

On June 30, 2021, we entered into the Revolving Credit Agreement to replace our previous revolving credit agreement, which we terminated. The Revolving Credit Agreement provides for a five-year unsecured revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of $1 billion outstanding at any time. The facility will mature on June 30, 2026. Loans under the facility accrue interest at a per annum rate equal, at our option, to either a specified LIBOR plus an applicable margin, or a base rate (generally determined according to the highest of the prime rate, the federal funds rate or the specified LIBOR plus 1.00 percent) plus an applicable margin. The Revolving Credit Agreement contains customary affirmative and negative covenants that, among other matters, specify customary reporting obligations, and that, subject to exceptions, restrict the incurrence of additional indebtedness by our subsidiaries, the incurrence of liens and the consummation of certain mergers, consolidations and sales of assets. We are subject to compliance, as of the end of each quarter, with a maximum leverage ratio of 3.5 to 1.0 and a minimum ratio of consolidated EBITDA to consolidated net interest expense of 3.5 to 1.0, as each such financial covenant is calculated for the most recently completed four-quarter period. As of December 31, 2021, we were in compliance with these financial covenants.

On July 27, 2021, we established a commercial paper program under which we may issue senior unsecured notes of short maturities up to a maximum aggregate principal amount of $1 billion outstanding at any time. The notes may be sold from time to time on customary terms in the U.S. commercial paper market. We intend to use the note proceeds for general corporate purposes. During the period from July 27, 2021 through December 31, 2021, the average amount of commercial paper outstanding was $670 million. As of December 31, 2021, the $250 million of commercial paper then outstanding had a weighted average interest rate of 0.35 percent over a weighted average maturity of 40 days. The amount of commercial paper outstanding under this program in 2022 is expected to fluctuate.

As of December 31, 2021, we had total debt outstanding of $2.0 billion, or $1.7 billion excluding the outstanding commercial paper and other short-term borrowings. Of our outstanding debt, $1.7 billion consists of senior notes that do not require principal repayment until 2026 through 2050. The weighted average interest rate on our total indebtedness was approximately 3.0 percent for 2021 and 3.4 percent for 2020.

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The principal source of our liquidity is our internally generated cash flow, which we supplement as necessary with our ability to borrow under our credit facilities and to raise funds in the capital markets. We currently expect that our available cash balances, future cash flow from operations, access to debt markets and borrowing capacity under our revolving credit facility and commercial paper program, will provide us with sufficient liquidity to fund our anticipated capital expenditures, dividends and other investing and financing activities for at least the next twelve months and for the foreseeable future thereafter. Our future cash flow needs will depend on many factors, including our rate of revenue growth, the timing and extent of our expansion into new markets, the timing of introductions of new products, potential acquisitions of complementary businesses and technologies, continuing market acceptance of our new products and general economic and market conditions. We may need to raise additional capital or incur indebtedness to fund our needs for less predictable strategic initiatives, such as acquisitions.

Net Cash Flows

Our cash provided by operating activities decreased to $392 million in 2021 from $829 million in 2020, primarily due to changes in working capital. Our cash used by investing activities decreased to $335 million in 2021 from $571 million in 2020, primarily due to our acquisition of a controlling interest in PureCircle in 2020. In 2021, we used $373 million of cash for financing activities compared to cash provided by financing activities of $143 million in 2020. Cash used for financing activities in 2021 was primarily used for our repayment of the $380 million outstanding under the Term Loan Credit Agreement.

To manage price risk related to corn purchases, we use derivative instruments, consisting of corn futures and options contracts, to lock in our corn costs associated with firm-priced customer sales contracts. As the market price of these commodities fluctuates, our derivative instruments change in value and we fund any unrealized losses or receive cash for any unrealized gains related to outstanding commodity futures and option contracts.

We used $300 million of cash for capital expenditures and mechanical stores purchases to update, expand and improve our facilities in 2021, as compared to $340 million that we paid in 2020 for capital expenditures and mechanical stores. Capital investment commitments for 2022 are anticipated to be between $300 million and $335 million.

In April 2021, we acquired a controlling interest in KaTech for $40 million, net of cash acquired.

We declare and pay cash dividends to our common stockholders of record on a quarterly basis. Dividends paid, including those to noncontrolling interests, increased 3 percent to $184 million during 2021 compared to $178 million during 2020. The increase was primarily due to an increase in the dividend paid per share during 2021. Additionally, during 2021, we repurchased 765 thousand outstanding shares of common stock in open market transactions at a net cost of $68 million.

We have not provided foreign withholding taxes, state income taxes and federal and state taxes on foreign currency gains/losses on accumulated undistributed earnings of certain foreign subsidiaries because these earnings are considered to be permanently reinvested. It is not practicable to determine the amount of the unrecognized deferred tax liability related to the undistributed earnings. We do not anticipate the need to repatriate funds to the U.S. to satisfy domestic liquidity needs arising in the ordinary course of business, including liquidity needs associated with our domestic debt service requirements.

Key Financial Performance Metrics

We use certain key financial performance metrics to monitor our progress towards achieving our long-term strategic business objectives. These metrics relate to our ability to drive profitability, create value for stockholders and monitor our financial leverage. We assess whether we are achieving our profitability and value creation objectives by measuring our Adjusted Return on Invested Capital (“Adjusted ROIC”). We monitor our financial leverage by regularly reviewing our ratio of net debt to adjusted earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (“Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA”). We believe these metrics provide valuable managerial information to help us run our business and are useful to investors.

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The metrics Adjusted ROIC and Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA include certain financial measures (Adjusted operating income, net of tax and Adjusted EBITDA, respectively) that are not calculated in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). We also have presented below the most comparable metrics calculated using components determined in accordance with GAAP. Management uses these non-GAAP financial measures internally for strategic decision-making, forecasting future results and evaluating current performance. Management believes that the non-GAAP financial measures provide a more consistent comparison of our operating results and trends for the periods presented. These non-GAAP financial measures are used in addition to and in conjunction with results presented in accordance with GAAP and reflect an additional way of viewing aspects of our operations that, when viewed with our GAAP results, provides a more complete understanding of factors and trends affecting our business. The non-GAAP financial measures should be considered as a supplement to, and not as a substitute for, or superior to, the corresponding measures calculated in accordance with GAAP.

In accordance with our long-term objectives, we set certain objectives relating to these key financial performance metrics that we strive to meet. However, no assurance can be given that we will continue to meet our financial performance metric targets. See Item 1A. Risk Factors and Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk. The objectives reflect our current aspirations in light of our present plans and existing circumstances. We may change these objectives from time to time in the future to address new opportunities or changing circumstances as appropriate to meet our long-term needs and those of our stockholders.

A reconciliation of non-GAAP historical financial measures to the most comparable GAAP measure is provided in the tables below.

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Adjusted ROIC: Adjusted ROIC is a financial performance ratio not defined under GAAP, and it should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, GAAP financial measures. Ingredion defines Adjusted ROIC as Adjusted operating income, net of tax, divided by Average end-of-year balances for current year and prior year Total net debt and equity. Similarly named measures may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner. Ingredion believes Adjusted ROIC is meaningful to investors as it focuses on profitability and value-creating potential, taking into account the amount of capital invested. The most comparable measure calculated using components determined in accordance with GAAP is Return on Invested Capital, which Ingredion defines as Net income, divided by Average end-of-year balances for current year and prior year Total net debt and equity. The calculations for Return on Invested Capital and Adjusted ROIC for the periods indicated are provided in the table below.

Year Ended December 31,

Return on Invested Capital (dollars in millions) 2021 2020

Net income (a) $ 125 $ 354

Adjusted for:

Provision for income taxes 123 152

Other non-operating (income) expense (12) (5)

Financing cost, net 74 81

Restructuring/impairment charges (i) 47 93

Acquisition/integration costs 3 11

Impairment on disposition of assets 340 —

Other matters (ii) (15) (27)

Adjusted operating income, net of tax (b) 510 482

Short-term debt 308 438

Less: Cash and cash equivalents (328) (665)

Short-term investments (4) —

Share-based payments subject to redemption 36 30

Total redeemable non-controlling interests 71 70

Total net debt and equity $ 4,939 $ 4,593

Return on Invested Capital (a ÷ c) 2.6% 7.9%

Adjusted Return on Invested Capital (b ÷ c) 10.7% 10.8%

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Year Ended December 31, 2021 Year Ended December 31, 2020

Add back (deduct):

Impairment/restructuring charges 47 11 93 18

Acquisition/integration costs 3 (3) 11 2

Impairment on disposition of assets 340 — — —

Fair value adjustments on equity investments (6) (1) — —

Other matters (15) 7 (22) (8)

Other tax matters — (6) — (3)

Tax item-Mexico — 27 — (3)

Our long-term objective is to maintain an Adjusted ROIC in excess of 10 percent. For 2021, we achieved an Adjusted ROIC of 10.7 percent as compared to 10.8 percent for 2020.

Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA: Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA is a financial performance ratio that is not defined under GAAP, and it should be considered in addition to, and not as a substitute for, GAAP financial measures. Ingredion defines this measure as Short-term and Long-term debt less Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments, divided by Adjusted EBITDA. Similarly named measures may not be defined and calculated by other companies in the same manner. Ingredion believes Total net debt to Adjusted EBITDA is meaningful to investors as it focuses on Ingredion’s leverage on a comparable Adjusted EBITDA basis and helps investors better understand the time required to pay back Ingredion’s outstanding debt. The most comparable ratio calculated using components determined in accordance with GAAP is Total net debt to Income before income taxes, calculated as Short-term and Long-term debt less Cash and cash equivalents and Short-term investments, divided by Income before income taxes. The calculations for

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the ratio of Total net debt to Income before income taxes and for the ratio of Total net debt to Adjusted EBITDA are provided in the table below.

As of December 31,

Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio 2021 2020

Short-term debt $ 308 $ 438

Less: Cash and cash equivalents (328) (665)

Short-term investments (4) —

Income before income taxes (b) 248 506

Adjusted for:

Depreciation and amortization 220 213

Financing cost, net 74 81

Restructuring/impairment (i) 38 85

Acquisition/integration costs 3 11

Impairment from disposition of assets 340 —

Other matters (ii) (15) (22)

Fair value adjustments to equity investments (6) —

Adjusted EBITDA (c) $ 902 $ 874

Net Debt to Income before income tax ratio (a ÷ b) 6.9 3.0

Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA ratio (a ÷ c) 1.9 1.7

Our long-term objective is to maintain a ratio of Net Debt to Adjusted EBITDA of less than 2.25. As of December 31, 2021, and December 31, 2020, the ratio was 1.9 and 1.7, respectively.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions.

We have identified below the most critical accounting policies upon which the financial statements are based and that involve our most complex and subjective decisions and assessments. Our senior management has discussed the development, selection and disclosure of these policies with members of the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. These accounting policies are provided in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. The discussion that follows should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

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Business Combinations: Our acquisitions of KaTech in 2021 and PureCircle and Verdient in 2020 were accounted for in accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 805, Business Combinations. In purchase accounting, identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed are recognized at their estimated fair values on the date of acquisition and any remaining purchase price is recorded as goodwill. In determining the fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we make significant estimates and assumptions, particularly for long-lived tangible and intangible assets. Critical estimates used in valuing tangible and intangible assets include, but are not limited to, future expected cash flows, discount rates, market prices and asset lives. Although our estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, actual results may differ. See Note 2 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to our acquisitions.

Property, Plant and Equipment and Definite-Lived Intangible Assets: We have substantial investments in property, plant and equipment (“PP&E”) and definite-lived intangible assets. For PP&E, we recognize the cost of depreciable assets in operations over the estimated useful life of the assets and evaluate the recoverability of these assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. For definite-lived intangible assets, we recognize the cost of these amortizable assets in operations over their estimated useful life and evaluate the recoverability of the assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the assets may not be recoverable. The carrying values of PP&E and definite-lived intangible assets at December 31, 2021 were $2.4 billion and $434 million, respectively.

In assessing the recoverability of the carrying value of PP&E and definite-lived intangible assets, we may have to make projections regarding future cash flows. In developing these projections, we make a variety of important assumptions and estimates that have a significant impact on our assessments of whether the carrying values of PP&E and definite-lived intangible assets should be adjusted to reflect impairment. Among these are assumptions and estimates about the future growth and profitability of the related asset group, anticipated future economic, regulatory and political conditions in the asset group’s market and estimates of terminal or disposal values.

Through our continual assessment to optimize our operations, we address whether there is a need for additional consolidation of manufacturing facilities or to redeploy assets to areas where we can expect to achieve a higher return on our investment. This review may result in the closing or selling of certain of our manufacturing facilities. The closing or selling of any of the facilities could have a significant negative impact on the results of operations in the year in which the closing or selling of a facility occurs.

Indefinite-Lived Intangible Assets and Goodwill: We have certain indefinite-lived intangible assets in the form of tradenames and trademarks. Our methodology for allocating the purchase price of acquisitions is based on established valuation techniques that reflect the consideration of a number of factors, including valuations performed by third-party appraisers when appropriate. Goodwill is measured as the excess of the cost of an acquired business over the fair value assigned to identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed. We have identified several reporting units for which cash flows are determinable and to which goodwill may be allocated. Goodwill is either assigned to a specific reporting unit or allocated between reporting units based on the relative excess fair value of each reporting unit. The carrying value of indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill at December 31, 2021 was $143 million and $914 million, respectively, compared to $143 million and $902 million, respectively, at December 31, 2020.

We assess indefinite-lived intangible assets and goodwill for impairment annually (or more frequently if impairment indicators arise). We perform this annual impairment assessment as of July 1 each year. In testing indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment, we first assess qualitative factors to determine whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is impaired. After assessing the qualitative factors, if we determine that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset is greater than its carrying amount, then we would not be required to compute the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset. In the event the qualitative assessment leads us to conclude otherwise, then we would be required to determine the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets and perform a quantitative impairment test in accordance with ASC subtopic 350-

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30, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other. In performing the qualitative analysis, we consider various factors including net sales derived from these intangibles and certain market and industry conditions. Based on the results of our assessment, we concluded that as of July 1, 2021, there were no impairments in our indefinite-lived intangible assets.

In testing goodwill for impairment, we first assess qualitative factors in determining whether it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. After assessing the qualitative factors, if we determine that it is more-likely-than-not that the fair value of a reporting unit is greater than its carrying amount, then we do not perform an impairment test. If we conclude otherwise, then we perform the impairment test as described in ASC Topic 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other. Under this impairment test, the fair value of the reporting unit is compared to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds the carrying value of its net assets, goodwill is not considered impaired, and no further testing is required. If the carrying value of the net assets exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit, then an impairment exists for the difference between the fair value and carrying value of the reporting unit. This difference is not to exceed the goodwill recorded at the reporting unit.

In performing our impairment tests for goodwill, management makes certain estimates and judgments. These estimates and judgments include the identification of reporting units and the determination of fair values of reporting units, which management estimates using both discounted cash flow analyses and an analysis of market multiples. Significant assumptions used in the determination of fair value for reporting units include estimates for discount and long-term net sales growth rates, in addition to operating and capital expenditure requirements. We consider changes in discount rates for the reporting units based on current market interest rates and specific risk factors within each geographic region. We also evaluate qualitative factors, such as legal, regulatory, or competitive forces, in estimating the impact to the fair value of the reporting units, noting no significant changes that would result in any reporting unit failing the impairment test. Changes in assumptions concerning projected results or other underlying assumptions could have a significant impact on the fair value of the reporting units in the future. Based on the results of the annual assessment, we concluded that as of July 1, 2021, there were no impairments in our reporting units.

Retirement Benefits: We and our subsidiaries sponsor noncontributory defined benefit pension plans (qualified and non-qualified) covering a substantial portion of employees in the U.S. and Canada, and certain employees in other foreign countries. We also provide healthcare and life insurance benefits for retired employees in the U.S., Canada and Brazil. In order to measure the expense and obligations associated with these benefits, our management must make a variety of estimates and assumptions, including discount rates, expected long-term rates of return, rate of compensation increases, employee turnover rates, retirement rates, mortality rates and other factors. We review our actuarial assumptions on an annual basis as of December 31 (or more frequently if a significant event requiring remeasurement occurs) and modify our assumptions based on current rates and trends when it is appropriate to do so. The effects of modifications are recognized immediately on the Consolidated Balance Sheets but are generally amortized into operating earnings over future periods, with the deferred amount recorded in accumulated other comprehensive loss (“AOCL”). We believe the assumptions utilized in recording our obligations under our plans, which are based on our experience, market conditions and input from our actuaries, are reasonable. We use third-party specialists to assist management in evaluating our assumptions and estimates, as well as to appropriately measure the costs and obligations associated with our retirement benefit plans. Had we used different estimates and assumptions for these plans, our retirement benefit obligations and related expense could vary from the actual amounts recorded and such differences could be material. Additionally, adverse changes in investment returns earned on pension assets and discount rates used to calculate pension and postretirement benefit related liabilities or changes in required funding levels may have an unfavorable impact on future expense and cash flow. Net periodic pension and postretirement benefit cost for all of our plans was $3 million in 2021 and $4 million in 2020.

We determine our assumption for the discount rate used to measure year-end pension and postretirement obligations based on high-quality fixed-income investments that match the duration of the expected benefit payments, which has been benchmarked using a long-term, high-quality AA corporate bond index. We use a full yield curve approach in the estimation of the service and interest cost components of benefit cost by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve used in the determination of the benefit obligation to the relevant projected cash flows. The weighted average discount rate used to determine our obligations under U.S. pension plans as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, was 2.91 percent and 2.58 percent, respectively. The weighted average discount rate used to determine our obligations under non-U.S. pension plans as of 2021 and 2020, was 3.47 percent and 2.84 percent, respectively. The

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weighted average discount rate used to determine our obligations under our postretirement plans as of December 31, 2021 and 2020, was 4.22 percent and 3.69 percent, respectively.

A one percentage point decrease in the discount rates at 2021, would have increased the accumulated benefit obligation and projected benefit obligation by the following amounts (millions):

U.S. Pension Plans

Accumulated benefit obligation $ 43

Projected benefit obligation 43

Non-U.S. Pension Plans

Accumulated benefit obligation $ 30

Projected benefit obligation 33

Postretirement Plans

Accumulated benefit obligation $ 8

Our investment approach and related asset allocation for the U.S. and Canada plans is a liability-driven investment approach by which a higher proportion of investments will be in interest-rate sensitive investments (fixed income) under an active-management approach. The approach seeks to protect the current funded status of the plans from market volatility with a greater asset allocation to interest-rate sensitive assets. The greater allocation to interest-rate sensitive assets is expected to reduce volatility in plan funded status by more closely matching movements in asset values to changes in liabilities.

Our current investment policy for our pension plans is to balance risk and return through diversified portfolios of actively managed equity index instruments, fixed income index securities and short-term investments. Maturities for fixed income securities are managed such that sufficient liquidity exists to meet near-term benefit payment obligations. The asset allocation is reviewed regularly, and portfolio investments are rebalanced to the targeted allocation when considered appropriate or to raise sufficient liquidity when necessary to meet near-term benefit payment obligations. For 2021 net periodic pension cost, we assumed an expected long-term rate of return on assets, which is based on the fair value of plan assets, of 4.10 percent for U.S. plans and approximately 3.06 percent for Canadian plans. In developing the expected long-term rate of return assumption on plan assets, which consist mainly of U.S. and Canadian debt and equity securities, management evaluated historical rates of return achieved on plan assets and the asset allocation of the plans, input from our independent actuaries and investment consultants, and historical trends in long-term inflation rates. Projected return estimates made by such consultants are based upon broad equity and bond indices. We also maintain several funded pension plans in other international locations. The expected returns on plan assets for these plans are determined based on each plan’s investment approach and asset allocations. A hypothetical 25 basis point decrease in the expected long-term rate of return assumption would increase 2022 net periodic pension cost for the U.S. and Canada plans by approximately $1 million each.

Healthcare cost trend rates are used in valuing our postretirement benefit obligations and are established based upon actual health care cost trends and consultation with actuaries and benefit providers. At December 31, 2021, the health care cost trend rate assumptions for the next year for the U.S., Canada and Brazil plans were 6.00 percent, 5.74 percent and 7.79 percent, respectively.

See Note 11 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for more information related to our benefit plans.

New Accounting Standards

For information about new accounting standards, see Note 1 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Forward-Looking Statements

This Form 10-K contains or may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Ingredion intends these forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for such statements.

Forward-looking statements include, among others, any statements regarding Ingredion’s prospects, future operations, or future financial condition, earnings, net sales, tax rates, capital expenditures, cash flows, expenses or other financial items, including management’s plans or strategies and objectives for any of the foregoing and any assumptions, expectations or beliefs underlying any of the foregoing.

These statements can sometimes be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “anticipate,” “assume,” “believe,” “plan,” “project,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “continue,” “pro forma,” “forecast,” “outlook,” “propels,” “opportunities,” “potential,” “provisional,” or other similar expressions or the negative thereof. All statements other than statements of historical facts therein are “forward-looking statements.”

These statements are based on current circumstances or expectations, but are subject to certain inherent risks and uncertainties, many of which are difficult to predict and beyond our control. Although we believe our expectations reflected in these forward-looking statements are based on reasonable assumptions, investors are cautioned that no assurance can be given that our expectations will prove correct.

Actual results and developments may differ materially from the expectations expressed in or implied by these statements, based on various factors, including the impact of COVID-19 on the demand for our products and our financial results; changing consumption preferences relating to high fructose corn syrup and other products we make; the effects of global economic conditions and the general political, economic, business and market conditions that affect customers and consumers in the various geographic regions and countries in which we buy our raw materials or manufacture or sell our products, including, particularly, economic, currency and political conditions in South America and economic and political conditions in Europe, and the impact these factors may have on our sales volumes, the pricing of our products and our ability to collect our receivables from customers; future purchases of our products by major industries which we serve and from which we derive a significant portion of our sales, including, without limitation, the food, beverage, animal nutrition and brewing industries; the uncertainty of acceptance of products developed through genetic modification and biotechnology; our ability to develop or acquire new products and services at rates or of qualities sufficient to gain market acceptance; increased competitive and/or customer pressure in the corn-refining industry and related industries, including with respect to the markets and prices for our primary products and our co-products, particularly corn oil; the availability of raw materials, including potato starch, tapioca, gum Arabic and the specific varieties of corn upon which some of our products are based, and our ability to pass along potential increases in the cost of corn or other raw materials to customers; energy costs and availability, including energy issues in Pakistan; our ability to contain costs, achieve budgets and realize expected synergies, including with respect to our ability to complete planned maintenance and investment projects on time and on budget as well as with respect to freight and shipping costs; the effects of climate change and legal, regulatory and market measures to address climate change; our ability to successfully identify and complete acquisitions or strategic alliances on favorable terms as well as our ability to successfully integrate acquired businesses or implement and maintain strategic alliances and achieve anticipated synergies with respect to all of the foregoing; operating difficulties at our manufacturing facilities; the behavior of financial and capital markets, including with respect to foreign currency fluctuations, fluctuations in interest and exchange rates and market volatility and the associated risks of hedging against such fluctuations; our ability to maintain satisfactory labor relations; our ability to attract, develop, retain, motivate, and maintain good relationships with our workforce; the impact on our business of natural disasters, war, threats or acts of terrorism, the outbreak or continuation of pandemics such as COVID-19, or the occurrence of other significant events beyond our control; the impact of impairment charges on our goodwill or long-lived assets; changes in government policy, law, or regulation and costs of legal compliance, including compliance with environmental regulation; changes in our tax rates or exposure to additional income tax liability; increases in our borrowing costs that could result from increased interest rates; our ability to raise funds at reasonable rates and other factors affecting our access to sufficient funds for future growth and expansion; security breaches with respect to information technology systems, processes and sites; volatility in the stock market and other factors that could adversely affect our stock price; risks affecting the continuation of our dividend policy; and our ability to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting.

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Our forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and we do not undertake any obligation to update any forward-looking statement to reflect events or circumstances after the date of the statement as a result of new information or future events or developments. If we do update or correct one or more of these statements, investors and others should not conclude that we will make additional updates or corrections. For a further description of these and other risks, see Item 1A. Risk Factors above and our subsequent reports on Form 10-Q and Form 8-K.

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Hedging: We are exposed to market risk stemming from changes in commodity prices (primarily corn and natural gas), foreign-currency exchange rates and interest rates. In the normal course of business, we actively manage our exposure to these market risks by entering various hedging transactions, authorized under established policies that place controls on these activities. These transactions utilize exchange-traded derivatives or over-the-counter derivatives with investment grade counterparties. Our hedging transactions may include, but are not limited to, a variety of derivative financial instruments such as commodity-related futures, options and swap contracts, forward currency-related contracts and options, interest rate swap agreements and Treasury lock agreements (“T-Locks”). We plan to continue to use derivative instruments to hedge such price risk and, accordingly, we will be required to make cash deposits to or be entitled to receive cash from our margin accounts depending on the movement in the market price of the underlying commodities. See Note 6 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information.

Raw Material, Energy and Other Commodity Exposure: Our principal use of derivative financial instruments is to manage commodity price risk in North America relating to anticipated purchases of corn and natural gas to be used in our manufacturing process. Our finished products are made primarily from corn. In North America, we sell a large portion of finished products at firm prices established in supply contracts typically lasting for periods of up to one year. In order to minimize the effect of volatility in the cost of corn related to these firm-priced supply contracts, we enter into corn futures contracts or take other hedging positions in the corn futures market. These contracts typically mature within one year. At expiration, we settle the derivative contracts at a net amount equal to the difference between the then-current price of corn and the futures contract price. While these hedging instruments are subject to fluctuations in value, changes in the value of the underlying exposures we are hedging generally offset such fluctuations. While the corn futures contracts or other hedging positions are intended to minimize the volatility of corn costs on operating profits, occasionally the hedging activity can result in losses, some of which may be material. Outside of North America, sales of finished products under long-term, firm-priced supply contracts are not material.

Energy costs represent approximately 8 percent of our cost of sales. The primary use of energy is to create steam in the production process and to dry product. We consume natural gas, electricity, coal, fuel oil, wood and other biomass sources to generate energy. The market prices for these commodities vary depending on supply and demand, world economies and other factors. We purchase these commodities based on our anticipated usage and the future outlook for these costs. We cannot assure that we will be able to purchase these commodities at prices that we can adequately pass on to customers to sustain or increase profitability. We use derivative financial instruments, such as over-the-counter natural gas swaps, to hedge portions of our natural gas costs generally over the following 12 to 24 months, primarily in our North America operations.

At December 31, 2021, we had outstanding futures and option contracts that hedged the forecasted purchase of approximately 135 million bushels of corn, as well as outstanding swap contracts that hedged the forecasted purchase of approximately 35 million mmbtus of natural gas. Based on our overall commodity hedge position at December 31, 2021, a hypothetical 10 percent decline in market prices applied to the fair value of the instruments would result in a charge to other comprehensive loss (“OCL”) of approximately $3 million, net of income tax benefit of $1 million. Any change in the fair value of the contracts, real or hypothetical, would be substantially offset by an inverse change in the value of the underlying hedged item.

Unrealized gains and losses associated with marking our commodities-based cash flow hedge derivative instruments to market are recorded as a component of OCL. As of December 31, 2021, our AOCL included $51 million of net gains (net of income tax expense of $19 million) related to these derivative instruments. It is anticipated that $45 million of net gains (net of income tax expense of $16 million) will be reclassified into earnings during the next 12 months. We expect the net gains to be offset by changes in the underlying commodities costs.

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Interest Rate Exposure: We are exposed to interest rate risk on our variable rate debt and price risk on our fixed rate debt. As of December 31, 2021, approximately 85 percent, or $1.7 billion, of our total debt is fixed rate debt and 15 percent, or approximately $311 million, of our total debt is variable rate debt subject to changes in short-term rates, which could affect our interest costs. We assess market risk based on changes in interest rates utilizing a sensitivity analysis that measures the potential change in earnings, fair values and cash flows based on a hypothetical 1 percentage point change in interest rates at December 31, 2021. A hypothetical increase of 1 percentage point in the weighted average floating interest rate would increase our annual interest expense by approximately $3 million and would change the fair value of our fixed rate debt at December 31, 2021 by approximately $189 million. See Note 8 of the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information.

Since we have no current plans to repurchase our outstanding fixed rate instruments before their maturities, the impact of market interest rate fluctuations on our long-term debt is not expected to have a significant effect on our Consolidated Financial Statements.

We occasionally use interest rate swaps and T-Locks to hedge our exposure to interest rate changes, to reduce the volatility of our financing costs, or to achieve a desired proportion of fixed versus floating rate debt, based on current and projected market conditions. The changes in fair value of interest rate swaps designated as hedging instruments that effectively offset the variability in the fair value of outstanding debt obligations are reported in earnings. These amounts offset the gains or losses (the changes in fair value) of the hedged debt instruments that are attributable to changes in interest rates (the hedged risk), which are also recognized in earnings. As of December 31, 2021, and 2020, we did not have any outstanding interest rate swaps.

We did not have any T-Locks outstanding as of December 31, 2021. As of December 31, 2021, our AOCL account included $3 million of net losses (net of $1 million tax benefit) related to settled T-Locks. These deferred losses are being amortized to financing costs over the term of the senior notes with which they are associated. The net losses reclassified into earnings during the next 12 months are not anticipated to be significant.

Foreign Currencies: Due to our global operations, we are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates. As a result, we have exposure to translational foreign exchange risk when our foreign operation results are translated to U.S. dollars and to transactional foreign exchange risk when transactions not denominated in the functional currency of the operating unit are revalued.

We selectively use derivative instruments such as forward contracts, currency swaps and options to manage transactional foreign exchange risk. Based on our overall foreign currency transactional exposure at December 31, 2021, we estimate that a hypothetical 10 percent decline in the value of the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a transactional foreign exchange gain of approximately $9 million. At December 31, 2021, our AOCL account included in the equity section of our Consolidated Balance Sheets includes a cumulative translation loss of approximately $903 million. The aggregate net assets of our foreign subsidiaries where the local currency is the functional currency approximated $1.7 billion at December 31, 2021. A hypothetical 10 percent decline in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies would have resulted in a reduction to our cumulative translation loss and a credit to OCL of approximately $190 million.

We primarily use derivative financial instruments such as foreign-currency forward contracts, swaps and options to manage our foreign currency transactional exchange risk. We enter foreign-currency derivative instruments that are designated as both cash flow hedging instruments as well as instruments not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes. As of December 31, 2021, we had foreign currency forward sales contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $360 million and foreign currency forward purchase contracts with an aggregate notional amount of $205 million not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes. The amount included in AOCL relating to these hedges at December 31, 2021 was insignificant. The net losses reclassified into earnings during the next 12 months are not anticipated to be significant.

Some of the countries in which we operate may incur high inflation. We elected hyperinflation accounting for our affiliate in Argentina, which had high cumulative inflation, determined its functional currency to be the U.S. dollar,

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and measure its income statement and balance sheet in U.S. dollars using both current and historical rates of exchange. The effect of changes in exchange rates on its local currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities was reflected in earnings in financing costs in the Consolidated Statements of Income until its assets were contributed to a joint venture in 2021 and it was deconsolidated.

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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

Consolidated Statements of Income 47

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income 48

Consolidated Balance Sheets 49

Consolidated Statements of Equity and Redeemable Equity 50

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 51

Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements 52

INGR US Equity

INGR · 10-K · period ended 2021-12-31

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INGR US Equity☆

INGR · 10-K · period ended 2021-12-31

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

ITEM 6. [RESERVED]

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

INGR US Equity