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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. Before making your decision to invest in shares of our common stock, you should carefully consider the risks described below, together with the other information contained in this Annual Report, including our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties that we are unaware of, or that we currently believe are not material, may also become important factors that affect us. We cannot assure you that any of the events discussed below will not occur. These events could have a material and adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects. If that were to happen, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could lose all or part of your investment.

Risk Factors Summary

● Our sales have been concentrated in a small number of customers.

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● If we experience poor manufacturing yields, our operating results may suffer.

● We operate in a very competitive industry and must continue to innovate.

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RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY

Our future capital needs are uncertain and we may need to raise additional capital to fund our operations and support our business growth, and such capital may not be available on attractive terms, if at all.

Our cash balance stood at $8.0 million on December 31, 2024; and we have recorded a net loss of $10.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, or approximately $0.9 million per month. We expect losses and negative cash flows to continue in the near term, as our Company grows. While we believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents will be sufficient to fund operations for at least the next twelve months, we have based these estimates on assumptions that may prove to be wrong, and we could spend our available financial resources much faster than we currently expect and need to raise additional capital to fund our operations and support our business growth. However, equity and debt financing might not be available when needed or, if available, might not be available on terms satisfactory to us.

Furthermore, if we issue equity securities to raise additional capital, our existing stockholders may experience dilution, and the new equity securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our existing stockholders. For example, in August 2024, we sold to shares of Series A convertible preferred stock (“Series A Preferred Stock”) and warrants to purchase shares of our common stock, that collectively represented approximately 49.7% of our total outstanding shares of common stock based on our shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024, assuming full conversion of the Series A Preferred Stock and full exercise of the warrants for cash. So long as NR-PRL Partners, LP ("North Run") and its affiliates collectively beneficially own at least 20% of the Conversion Shares underlying the preferred shares issued in 2024 (the “Buyer Ownership Condition”), we may not, without the consent of North Run: create, authorize, or issue shares of capital stock that are senior or pari passu to the Series A Preferred Stock; incur aggregate indebtedness for borrowed money (subject to certain exceptions) in excess of $10.0 million; change our line of business; or amend, alter or repeal any provision of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or bylaws in a manner that adversely affects the special rights, powers and preferences of the Series A Preferred Stock. In addition, for so long as the Buyer Ownership Condition is satisfied, the Company may not, without the consent of North Run, issue more than ten percent (10%) of its outstanding shares of common stock as of August 2, 2024 (subject to exceptions for stock plans and acquisitions). The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to the common stock as to distributions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company, and holders of the Series A Preferred Stock will participate with the holders of the common stock on an as-converted basis to the extent any dividends are declared on common stock. Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are also entitled to redemption rights under certain circumstances. The redemption rights and liquidation preferences assigned to holders of the Series A Preferred Stock, and any other repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we may assign to holders of preferred stock in the future, could affect the residual value of the common stock.

Debt financing, if available, may involve covenants restricting our operations or our ability to incur additional debt. Any debt financing or additional equity that we raise may contain terms that are not favorable to us or our stockholders. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us in the future, our ability to continue as a going concern, to support our business growth, and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited as we may have to delay, reduce the scope of, or eliminate some or all of our initiatives, which could harm our operating results. Ultimately, if we do not become profitable or secure additional financing in a timely manner, we will be unable to fund ongoing operations and pay our obligations as they become due, affecting our ability to continue as a going concern.

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We have incurred significant losses in the past and will likely experience losses in the future.

We have incurred significant losses in the past and recorded a net loss of $10.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, and $16.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2024, we had an accumulated deficit of $53.8 million and $43.0 million at December 31, 2023. Our business and stock price may be adversely affected if we cannot make consistent progress toward future profitability.

Our ability to be profitable in the future depends upon continued demand for our products from existing and new customers. Furthermore, further adoption of our products depends upon our ability to improve the quality of our products. In addition, our profitability will be affected by, among other things, our ability to execute on our business strategy, the timing and size of customer orders, the pricing and costs of our products, competitive offerings, macroeconomic conditions affecting the semiconductor industry, and the extent to which we invest in sales and marketing, research and development, and general and administrative resources.

We have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting. We had previously identified other material weaknesses that have since been remediated. The outstanding material weakness, or a reoccurrence of those recently remediated material weaknesses, could adversely affect our ability to report our results of operations and financial condition accurately and in a timely manner.

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”). Our management is likewise required, on a quarterly basis, to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal controls and to disclose any changes and material weaknesses identified through such evaluation in those internal controls. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our annual or interim consolidated financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis.

As described elsewhere in this Annual Report, we have identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting related to our accounting for and review for significant unusual transactions. As a result of this material weakness, our management concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2024.

Any failure to maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting could adversely impact our ability to report our financial position and results from operations on a timely and accurate basis. We can give no assurance that the measures we have taken will remediate the outstanding material weakness, or will prevent any future material weaknesses, or restatements of financial results will not arise in the future due to a failure to implement and maintain adequate internal control over financial reporting or circumvention of these controls. In addition, our strengthened controls and procedures may not be adequate to prevent or identify irregularities or errors, which could affect the fair presentation of our consolidated financial statements.

Market and economic conditions may negatively impact our business, financial condition, and share price.

A general slowdown in the global economy or in a particular region or industry, other unfavorable changes in economic conditions, such as inflation, higher interest rates, tightening of the credit markets, recession or slowing growth, or an increase in trade tensions with U.S. trading partners could negatively impact our business, financial condition and liquidity. Our general business strategy may be adversely affected by any such economic downturns, volatile business environments and continued unstable or unpredictable economic and market conditions. If these conditions continue to deteriorate or do not improve, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to complete, more costly, and more dilutive. Failure to secure any necessary financing in a timely manner and on favorable terms could have a material adverse effect on our growth strategy, financial performance, and share price and could require us to delay or abandon development or commercialization plans.

We operate in the highly cyclical semiconductor industry, which is subject to significant downturns that may negatively impact our results of operations.

The semiconductor industry is highly cyclical and is characterized by constant and rapid technological change and price erosion, evolving technical standards, short product life cycles (for semiconductors and for the end-user products in which they are used) and wide fluctuations in product supply and demand. From time to time, these and other factors, together with changes in general economic conditions, cause significant upturns and downturns in the industry in general and in our business in particular. Periods of industry downturns have been characterized by diminished demand for end-user products, high inventory levels, underutilization of manufacturing capacity, changes in revenue mix and accelerated erosion of average selling prices. We have experienced these conditions in our business in the past and may experience renewed, and possibly more severe and prolonged, downturns in the future as a result of such cyclical changes. This may reduce our results of operations. Current global macroeconomic conditions, including higher inflation and interest rates and uncertainty caused by the Russian-Ukraine war, Israel-Hamas war, sustained military action and conflict in the Red Sea, and trade tensions between the U.S., the PRC and other countries have led to weaker end-market demand and unstable supply chain. We continue to monitor these trends and uncertainties, and any decline in end-market demand and increase in inventory levels could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

We base our planned operating expenses in part on our expectations of future revenue, and a significant portion of our expenses is relatively fixed in the short term. If revenue for a particular quarter is lower than we expect, we likely will be unable to proportionately reduce our operating expenses for that quarter, which would harm our operating results for that quarter.

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We have a limited operating history upon which investors can evaluate our business and prospects.

We are an emerging commercial company that began commercial operations selling products in 2014. Since we base our expectations of potential customers and future demand for our products on only limited experience, it is difficult for our management and investors to forecast and evaluate our prospects and revenues accurately. Therefore, the proposed progression of our operations is subject to the risks inherent in light of the expenses, difficulties, complications, and delays frequently encountered in connection with the growth of any new business, as well as those risks that are specific to our Company in particular. The risks include but are not limited to our reliance on third parties to complete some processes for the manufacturing and packaging of our products and the possibility that we will not be able to achieve design wins with our products. In addition, to successfully introduce and market our products at a profit, we must establish brand name recognition and competitive advantages for our products. There are no assurances that the Company can successfully address these challenges. If unsuccessful, the Company and its business, financial condition, and operating results will be materially and adversely affected.

We may not generate sufficient cash to service our current or future debt or fund capital expenditures. As a result, we may be forced to take other actions to satisfy our debt obligations and financing requirements, which may not be successful or on terms favorable to us.

Our ability to make scheduled payments on, or to refinance, our current or future debt obligations and to fund working capital, planned expenditures and expansion efforts depends on our ability to achieve profitability or raise additional funds, and on our financial condition and operating performance. However, our financial condition and operating performance are subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and specific financial, business, and other factors beyond our control. As a result, we cannot ensure that we will maintain a level of cash flows from operating activities sufficient to permit us to pay our debt. For example, should our cash flows and capital resources be insufficient to fund our debt service obligations, we may face liquidity issues and be forced to reduce or delay investments and capital expenditures, sell assets, seek additional capital, or restructure or refinance our debt. These alternative measures may not be successful and may not permit us to meet our scheduled debt service and other obligations.

Our operating results are substantially dependent on developing new products and achieving design wins. Therefore, our future revenues that fund our growth in operations, continuing product development, administrative costs, and sales and marketing efforts are highly dependent on winning slots for our new product offerings.

Our largest markets are characterized by high levels of competition from formidable market participants, and they are often much larger in size and have greater capacity than us. Therefore, to effectively compete in our markets, we must introduce new product solutions that satisfy customer demands for greater functionality and improved performance. However, it is possible that we may fail to provide such solutions in time for our end-user customers’ design cycles. In that case, we may experience a lack of growth that is central to our strategic plans or even suffer substantial decreases in our revenue by missing out on these design windows.

Our success depends on our ability to develop and introduce new products in a timely and cost-effective manner and secure production orders from our customers. The development of new products is a highly complex process, and we have experienced delays in completing the development and introduction of new products at times.

We participate in markets with a broad array of applications, which makes our ability to predict market requirements more challenging and consequently makes the definition and design of new products that address those requirements more difficult to ensure the future success of our business.

Our success at effective product development depends on several factors, including the following:

● our ability to recruit and retain qualified product design engineers;

● our ability to supply products that are highly reliable and free of defects;

● our ability to meet industry and customer product ramps; and,

The industry and the markets in which we operate are highly competitive and subject to rapid technological change. Therefore, for our RF products to be competitive and achieve market acceptance, we need to keep pace with the rapid development of new process technologies.

The markets in which we compete are intensely competitive. We operate primarily in the industry that designs and produces semiconductor components for wireless communications and other wireless devices, which are subject to rapid changes in both product and process technologies based on demand and evolving industry standards. The markets for our products are characterized by:

● rapid changes in customer requirements;

● frequent new product introductions and enhancements;

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● fluctuating pricing; and,

● evolving industry standards.

Our R&D activity and resulting products could become obsolete or less competitive sooner than anticipated because of a faster-than-expected change in one or more of the above-noted factors. Therefore, for our products to be competitive and achieve market acceptance, we need to keep pace with the rapid development of new process technologies, which requires us to:

● implement cost reductions in the manufacturing of our products.

Many of our current and potential competitors have entrenched market positions and customer relationships, established patents, and other IP and substantial technological capabilities. Additionally, many of our competitors may have significant financial, technical, manufacturing, and marketing resources, which may allow them to implement new technologies and develop new products more quickly.

We are still developing many of our products, and they may not be accepted in the market or by significant customers.

Although we believe that our products provide advantages over existing MMIC products in the market, we cannot be sure that new products will achieve market acceptance.

The successful development and market acceptance of our MMIC products will be highly complex and will depend on the following principal competitive factors, including our ability to:

● protect, create or otherwise obtain adequate IP for our technology; and,

If we are unsuccessful in accomplishing these objectives, we may not compete successfully against current and potential competitors. As a result, the market may not accept our future MMIC products.

In addition, Tier 1 manufacturers may be less receptive to adopting solutions from smaller companies such as the Company due to their desire to limit the expansion of their approved vendor lists. The Company could also face pressure from competitors who can provide more lucrative bundling options due to the breadth of their overall portfolio.

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We depend on a large distributor and several large customers in the automotive and wireless infrastructure market.

A substantial portion of our product revenue results from sales to large suppliers in the automotive industry, which requires special performance and reliability requirements and stringent volume delivery demands. In addition, we rely heavily on the wireless infrastructure market, which, similar to our automotive customers, requires we reliably meet high-volume delivery schedules. Therefore, our future operating results will be heavily affected by the success of large automotive and wireless infrastructure customers.

Our three largest end customers collectively accounted for approximately 43% and 45% of our revenue for 2024 and 2023, respectively. We often service end customers through our largest distributor, who will ship to and bill directly for product shipments. The concentration of billings to this distributor as a portion of our total revenues was 77% and 81% for fiscal years 2024 and 2023, respectively. It is possible that demand for their customers’ products decreases materially, which could negatively impact our financial results.

We depend heavily on third parties.

We partner with a limited number of external suppliers and rely on them to fulfill our customers’ orders. These third-party suppliers perform complex manufacturing processes, including die processing, packaging, and test, tape and reel. The semiconductor industry has experienced supply constraints for specific items.

If these third-party suppliers fail to deliver our products on time, we will be unable to satisfy our customers’ orders, which will negatively impact our financial results, cash flow, and our ability to fund further product development efforts.

Our key suppliers commit to being compliant with applicable ISO 9001 quality standards; however, should they experience quality and reliability issues, this may delay shipments to our customers and negatively affect our reputation directly with customers and our reputation in the market, which could negatively impact our financial results.

We sell to several large companies with considerable bargaining power, which may require us to agree to terms and conditions that could harm our business or ability to recognize revenues.

Large companies comprise a significant portion of our current and target customer base. These customers generally have greater purchasing power than smaller entities and, accordingly, often demand more favorable terms from suppliers, including us. As a result, as we seek to expand our sales to existing customers and acquire new customers, we may be required to agree to terms and conditions that are more favorable to our customers, and that may affect the timing of our ability to recognize revenue, increase our costs, and harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations. Failure to satisfy such onerous terms may result in litigation, damages, additional costs, market share loss, and reputation loss. Additionally, these large customers may require that we agree to most-favored customer or exclusivity provisions concerning specific products that restrict our ability to do business with other customers causing us to increasingly rely on such large customers.

We face risks related to sales through independent sales representatives and distributors.

We sell a significant portion of our products through third-party distributors. We depend on these distributors to help us create end-customer demand, provide technical support and other value-added services to customers, fill customer orders, and stock our products. As a result, a material change in our relationship with one or more of these distributors or their failure to perform as expected could negatively impact our financial results.

Our ability to add or replace distributors for some of our products may be limited because our end-customers may be hesitant to accept the addition or replacement of a distributor due to advantages in the incumbent distributors’ technical support and favorable business terms related to payments, discounts, and stocking of acceptable inventory levels.

Using third parties for sales representation and distribution exposes us to many risks, including competitive pressure, concentration, credit risk, and compliance risks. Other third parties may use one of our distributors or sales representatives to sell products that compete with our products. We may need to provide financial and other incentives, such as higher commission rates, to encourage them to prioritize the sale of our products. Our distributors may face financial difficulties, including bankruptcy, which could harm our collection of accounts receivable and financial results. Violations of the FCPA or similar laws by our distributors or other third-party intermediaries could have a material impact on our business.

Failure to manage risks related to our use of distributors or other third-party intermediaries may reduce sales, increase expenses, and weaken our competitive position.

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Business disruptions could harm our business and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our business could be disrupted by natural disasters, industrial accidents, cybersecurity incidents, telecommunications failures, power or water shortages, extreme weather conditions, public health issues, military actions, acts of terrorism, political or regulatory issues, and other man-made disasters or catastrophic events.

We carry commercial property damage and business interruption insurance against various risks, with limits we deem adequate, for reimbursement for damage to our fixed assets and the resulting disruption of our operations. However, this coverage likely would not wholly cover the negative impact on our business for any lengthy interruption, which could harm our Company in an unanticipated way and result in significant losses, a decline in revenue, and an increase in our costs and expenses. Disruptions from these events would likely require substantial recovery time and impact profits and cash flow in a significant manner. In addition, such business disruptions would adversely impact our relationships with our customers.

If our customers independently experience comparable business disruptions, they may reduce or cancel their orders, which may adversely affect our results of operations.

If we experience poor manufacturing yields, our operating results may suffer.

Our products are unique and fabricated using semiconductor process technologies that are highly complex. In some cases, we assemble our products in customized packages. Some of our products consist of multiple components in a single module and feature enhanced levels of integration and complexity. Our customers insist that we design our products to meet their same quality, performance, and reliability specifications. Our manufacturing yield is a combination of yields across the entire supply chain, including wafer fabrication, assembly, and test yields. Due to the complexity of our products, we periodically experience difficulties in achieving acceptable yields, particularly for new products.

Our end-user customers test our products once they assemble them into their products. The number of usable products that result from our subcontractor production process can fluctuate because of many factors, including:

● design errors;

● defects in photomasks (which are used to print circuits on a wafer);

● minute impurities and variations in materials used;

● contamination of the manufacturing environment;

● equipment failure or variations in the manufacturing processes;

● losses from broken wafers or other human error; and,

● defects in substrates and packaging.

Although our supply chain partners and our engineering and quality groups constantly seek to improve our manufacturing yields, such efforts may encounter significant barriers to success resulting in less-than-optimal yields or losses that would directly impact profits and increase costs and lower cash flows. For example, costs of product defects and deviations from required specifications include the following:

● disposal of inventory or financial write-offs of inventory;

● accepting returns of products;

● providing product replacements at no charge;

● defending against litigation.

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These issues could negatively impact our market position and reputation with customers, resulting in long-term harm to our business and financial results.

We are subject to inventory risks and costs because we build our products based on anticipated customer orders and forecasts often before receiving purchase orders for the products.

To ensure the availability of our products for some of our largest end-user customers, we start manufacturing certain products in advance of receiving purchase orders based on forecasts provided by these customers. However, these forecasts do not represent binding purchase commitments, and we do not recognize sales for these products until they are shipped to our customers. As a result, we incur significant inventory and manufacturing costs in advance of anticipated sales. Because demand for our products may not materialize or may be lower than expected, manufacturing based on forecasts subjects us to heightened risks of higher inventory carrying costs, increased obsolescence, and higher operating costs. In addition, if product demand decreases or we fail to forecast demand accurately, we could be required to write off inventory, which would negatively impact our gross margin and other operating results.

We operate in a very competitive industry and must continue to innovate.

We compete with several companies primarily to design, manufacture, and sell RF solutions and discrete integrated circuits and modules. Increased competition from any source could adversely affect our operating results through lower prices for our products, reduced demand for our products, losses of existing design slots with critical customers, and a corresponding reduction in our ability to recover development, engineering, and manufacturing costs.

Many of our existing and potential competitors have entrenched market positions, historical affiliations with OEMs, considerable internal manufacturing capacity, established IP rights, and substantial technological capabilities. The semiconductor industry has experienced increased industry consolidation over the last several years, a trend we expect to continue. Many of our existing and potential competitors may have more significant financial, technical, manufacturing, or marketing resources than we do. As a result, we cannot be sure that we will compete successfully with our competitors.

Unfavorable changes in interest rates, pricing of certain precious metals, utility rates, and foreign currency exchange rates may adversely affect our financial condition, liquidity, and results of operations.

Any of these macro conditions could negatively impact our supply chain partners and the industry as a whole, which could materially decrease our profits and cash flow.

To compete, we must attract, retain, and motivate key employees, and our failure to do so could harm our business and our results of operations.

We must hire and retain qualified employees, develop leaders for essential business functions, and train and motivate our employees. Our future operating results and success depend on keeping critical technical personnel and management and expanding our sales and marketing, R&D, finance, and administration personnel. We do not have employment agreements with the vast majority of our employees.

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We must attract qualified personnel. The competition for qualified personnel is intense, especially considering the size of our organization, which must compete with much larger companies for top talent. The number of people with experience, particularly in RF engineering, software engineering, integrated circuit design, and technical marketing and support, is limited. In addition, existing or new immigration laws, policies, or regulations in the U.S. may limit the pool of available talent. Changes in the interpretation and application of employment-related laws to our workforce practices may also result in increased operating costs and less flexibility in meeting our changing workforce needs. As a result, we cannot be sure that we will be able to attract and retain skilled personnel in the future, which could harm our business and our results of operations.

Litigation or legal proceedings could expose us to significant liabilities, occupy a considerable amount of our management’s time and attention, and damage our reputation.

We may, from time to time, be a party to various litigation claims and legal proceedings. We will evaluate these claims and proceedings to assess the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes and estimate, if possible, the amount of potential losses. For example, our manufacturers’ failure to successfully manufacture products that conform to our design specifications and the U.S. Federal Communications Commission's ("FCC") strict regulatory requirements may lead to product defects and substantial costs to repair or replace these parts or materials, significantly impacting our ability to develop and implement our technology and improve our products’ performance. In addition, claims made or threatened by our suppliers, distributors, end-user customers, competitors, or current or former employees could adversely affect our relationships, damage our reputation, or otherwise adversely affect our business, financial condition, or results of operations. The costs associated with defending legal claims and paying damages could be substantial. Our reputation could also be adversely affected by such claims, whether or not successful.

We may establish reserves as appropriate based upon assessments and estimates under our accounting policies in accordance with GAAP. We base our assessments, estimates, and disclosures on the information available to us at the time and rely on legal and management judgment. Actual outcomes or losses may differ materially from assessments and estimates. Actual settlements, verdicts, or resolutions of these claims or proceedings may negatively affect our business and financial performance. For example, a successful claim against us that is not covered by insurance or over our available insurance limits could require us to make significant damages payments and could materially adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows.

We may become subject to warranty claims, product recalls, and product liability claims that could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We may become subject to warranty claims, product recalls, and product liability claims that could lead to significant expenses. In addition, although we maintain reserves for reasonably estimable liabilities and purchase product liability insurance, we may elect to self-insure concerning some issues, and our reserves may be inadequate to cover the uninsured portion of such claims.

Product liability insurance is subject to significant deductibles, and such insurance may be unavailable or inadequate to protect against all claims. If one of our end-user customers recalls a product containing one of our devices, we may incur material costs and expenses, including replacement costs, direct and indirect product recall-related costs, diversion of technical and other resources, and reputational harm. Our customer contracts typically contain warranty and indemnification provisions, and in some instances, may also have liquidated damages provisions relating to product quality issues. The potential liabilities associated with such provisions are significant, and in some cases, are included in agreements with some of our largest end customers. Any such liabilities may significantly exceed any revenue we receive from the sale of the relevant products. Costs, payments, or damages incurred or paid by us in connection with warranty and product liability claims and product recalls could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and the results of operations.

Impact of Product Demand on our Business

Our revenue, earnings, margins, and other operating results have fluctuated significantly and may fluctuate considerably in the future. If demand for our products weakens as a result of economic conditions or for other reasons, our revenue and profitability will be impacted. Our future operating results will depend on many factors, including business, political and macroeconomic changes such as trade restrictions and recession or slowing growth in the semiconductor industry and the overall global economy.

If demand for our products slows, our financial and operating results will be negatively impacted, thus impeding our ability to fund future product development efforts and, in extreme cases, negatively impacting our ability to finance normal operations without acquiring funds through credit or equity raises.

In addition, if our end customers experience spikes in demand far more than anticipated, our ability to respond effectively to such demand might be impacted. This type of demand surge could negatively impact cash flow (e.g., supply chain inventory requirements) in the short term and potential loss of credibility with the industry in the long term if we do not meet demands reasonably.

We are subject to high degrees of product demand variability. Even if we achieve a design win, our customers can delay or cancel a program without advanced warning, creating risk for inventory obsolescence, ineffective use of cash, and resources channeled to less-than-optimal business opportunities. The loss of a design win and failure to add new design wins to replace lost revenue and weakened customer demand would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and the results of operations.

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We rely on our intellectual property portfolio and may not be able to successfully protect against the use of our intellectual property by third parties.

We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, trade secret laws, confidentiality procedures, and licensing arrangements to protect our intellectual property rights. We cannot be sure that patents will be issued from any pending applications or that patents will be issued in all countries where we can sell our products. Further, we cannot be sure that any claims allowed from pending applications will be of sufficient scope or strength to provide meaningful protection against our competitors. Our competitors may also be able to design around our patents.

The laws of some countries in which we develop, manufacture, or sell our products may not protect our products or intellectual property rights to the same extent as U.S. laws. This risk increases the possibility of misappropriation or infringement of our technology and products. Although we intend to defend our intellectual property rights vigorously, we may not be able to prevent the misappropriation of our technology. Additionally, our competitors may independently develop non-infringing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to ours.

We may need to engage in legal actions to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights. Generally, intellectual property litigation is both expensive and unpredictable. Our involvement in intellectual property litigation could divert the attention of our management and technical personnel and have a material, adverse effect on our business.

We may be subject to claims of infringement of third-party intellectual property rights.

Our operating results may be adversely affected if third parties claim that our products infringed their patent, copyright, or other intellectual property rights. Such assertions could lead to expensive and unpredictable litigation, diverting the attention of management and technical personnel. An unsuccessful result in such litigation could adversely affect our business, including injunctions, exclusion orders, and royalty payments to third parties. In addition, if one of our customers or a supplier to one of our customers is found to have infringed on third-party intellectual property rights, such a finding could adversely affect the demand for our products.

If our products contribute to a data security breach, we may lose current or future customers, our reputation and business may be harmed, and we may incur liabilities.

Our end-user customers use our products in a wide variety of ways. Although we do not control security features surrounding the use of our products by our end-user customers, our end-user customers’ security measures may not detect or prevent hacker interceptions, break-ins, security breaches, the introduction of viruses or malicious code, such as “ransomware,” and other disruptions that may jeopardize the security of information transmitted through an electronic pathway using our products. In addition, cyber-attacks and other malicious Internet-based activity continue to increase generally. They may be directed at either the electronic transmission pathway within which our end-user customers use our products or even our own our corporate information technology software and infrastructure.

Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, exploit vulnerabilities, or sabotage systems change frequently and generally are not identified until they are launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques, patch vulnerabilities, or implement adequate preventative measures as we research and develop our products. In addition, certain of our end-user customers may have a greater sensitivity to security defects or breaches in electronic pathways using our products. As a result, any actual or perceived security breach or theft of the business-critical data of one or more of our end-user customers, regardless of whether the breach is attributable to the electronic transmission through one of our products, may adversely affect the market’s perception of our products. There can be no assurance that limitation of liability, indemnification, or other protective provisions in our contracts would be applicable, enforceable, or adequate in connection with a security breach, or would otherwise protect us from any such liabilities or damages concerning any particular claim. We also cannot be sure that our existing general liability insurance coverage and coverage for errors or omissions will continue to be available on acceptable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims, or that the insurer will not deny coverage as to any future claim. As a result, one or more large claims may be asserted against us that exceed our available insurance coverage, or changes in our insurance policies may occur, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements.

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Furthermore, a party that can circumvent security measures or exploit any vulnerabilities in end-user customer systems using our products could misappropriate our end-user customers’ proprietary or confidential information, cause an interruption in their operations, damage or misuse their computer systems, misuse any information that they misappropriate, cause termination of our sales with those end-user customers, subject us to notification and indemnity obligations, litigation, and regulatory investigation or governmental sanctions, cause us to lose existing customers, and harm our ability to attract future customers. Any such breach could cause harm to our reputation, business, financial condition, and results of operations, and we may incur significant liability. As a result, our business and financial position may be harmed.

Security breaches and other disruptions could compromise our proprietary information and expose us to liability, which would cause our business and reputation to suffer.

We rely on trade secrets, technical know-how, and other unpatented proprietary information relating to our product development and manufacturing activities to provide us with competitive advantages. We protect this information by entering into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants, strategic partners, and other third parties. We also design our computer systems and networks and implement various procedures to restrict unauthorized access to the dissemination of our proprietary information.

We face internal and external data security threats. For example, current, departing, or former employees or third parties could attempt to improperly use or access our computer systems and networks to copy, obtain, or misappropriate our proprietary information or otherwise interrupt our business. Like others, we are also subject to significant system or network disruptions from numerous causes, including computer viruses and other cyber-attacks, facility access issues, new system implementations, and energy blackouts.

Security breaches, computer malware, phishing, spoofing, and other cyber-attacks have become more prevalent and sophisticated in recent years. While we defend against these threats daily, we do not believe that such attacks have caused us any material damage to date. Because the techniques used by computer hackers and others to access or sabotage networks constantly evolve and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate, counter, or ameliorate all these techniques. As a result, our and our customers’ proprietary information may be misappropriated, and we cannot predict the impact of any future incident. Any loss of such information could harm our competitive position, result in a loss of customer confidence in the adequacy of our threat mitigation and detection processes and procedures, cause us to incur significant costs to remedy the damages caused by the incident, and divert management and other resources. We routinely implement improvements to our network security safeguards, and we are devoting increasing resources to the security of our information technology systems. However, we cannot assure you that such system improvements will be sufficient to prevent or limit damage from future cyber-attacks or network disruptions.

The costs related to cyber-attacks or other security threats, or computer systems disruptions typically would not be fully insured or indemnified by others. As a result, the occurrence of any of the events described above could result in the loss of competitive advantages derived from our R&D efforts or our IP. Moreover, these events may result in the early obsolescence of our products, product development delays, or diversion of the attention of management and critical information technology and other resources, or otherwise, adversely affect our internal operations and reputation or degrade our financial results and stock price.

Our sales have been concentrated in a small number of end-user customers.

Our revenues have been concentrated in a relatively small number of large end-user customers, and we have historically derived a significant percentage of our total product revenues from a few end-user customers. For fiscal years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023, our five largest end-user customers accounted for approximately 55% and 60% of our total product revenues, respectively. If one of our large end-user customers ceases or significantly reduces its product orders from us, or if we fail to generate additional product sales with these or similarly significant end-user customers, there could be a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

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We expect that we will continue to depend upon a relatively small number of end-user customers for a significant portion of our total revenues for the foreseeable future. Therefore, the loss of any of these end-user customers or industry sector groups of end-user customers for any reason or a change of relationship with any of our key end-user customers could cause a material decrease in our total revenues.

Additionally, mergers or consolidations among our end-user customers could reduce the number of our end-user customers and could adversely affect our revenues and sales. In particular, if our end-user customers are acquired by entities that are not also our end-user customers, that do not use our products or purchase products from one of our competitors, and choose to discontinue, reduce or change the volume of product purchases from us, our business and operating results could be materially and adversely affected.

We depend on many technology providers, and if we cannot source solutions from them, our business and operating results could be harmed.

Our product design and development processes incorporate multiple software components obtained from licensors on a non-exclusive basis. Our license agreements can be terminated for cause. In many cases, these license agreements specify a limited term and are only renewable beyond that term with the licensor’s consent. If a licensor terminates a license agreement for cause, objects to its renewal or conditions renewal on modified terms and conditions, we may be unable to obtain licenses for equivalent software components on reasonable terms and conditions, including licensing fees, warranties, or protection from infringement claims. In addition, some licensors may discontinue licensing their software to us or support the software version used in our product design and development processes. In such circumstances, we may need to redesign our processes with substantial cost and time investment to incorporate alternative software components or be subject to higher technology costs. Any of these circumstances could adversely affect the cost and efficiency of our product research and development.

We may not be able to keep pace with changes in technology or provide timely enhancements to our products.

The market for our products is characterized by rapid technological advancements, changes in customer requirements, frequent new product introductions and enhancements, and changing industry standards. To maintain our growth strategy, we must adapt and respond to our end-user customers’ technological advances and technological requirements. Our future success will depend on our ability to: enhance our current products; introduce new products to keep pace with products offered by our competitors; increase the performance of our internal systems, particularly our research and development systems that meet our end-user customers’ changing requirements; and adapt to technological advancements and changing industry and regulatory standards. We continue to make significant investments in the research and development of new products. If our products become outdated, it may negatively impact our ability to meet performance expectations related to quality, time to market, cost, and innovation relative to our competitors. In addition, the failure to achieve product performance requirements of our new and existing end-user customers and sustain good customer satisfaction may adversely impact our business and operating results.

Any failure to offer high-quality customer support for our products may adversely affect our relationships with our customers and harm our financial results.

Once our products are sold, our customers use our support organization to resolve technical issues relating to our products. In addition, we also believe that our success in selling our products is highly dependent on our business reputation and favorable recommendations from our existing customers. Therefore, any failure to maintain high-quality customer support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality support, could harm our reputation, adversely affect our ability to maintain existing customers or sell our products to existing and prospective customers, and harm our business, operating results, and financial condition.

If we cannot attract and retain key personnel, our business could be harmed.

We must attract and retain highly qualified personnel to execute our business strategy. If any of our key employees were to leave, we could face substantial difficulty hiring qualified successors. We could experience a loss in productivity while any successor obtains the necessary training and experience. Although we have arrangements with some of our executive officers designed to promote retention, our employment relationships are generally at-will, and we have had key employees leave in the past. We cannot assure you that one or more key employees will not leave in the future. In particular, we compete with many other companies for semiconductor developers and other skilled engineering, marketing, sales, and operations professionals, and we may not be successful in attracting and retaining the professionals we need. We have, from time to time in the past, experienced, and we expect to continue to experience in the future, difficulty in hiring and difficulty in retaining highly skilled employees with appropriate qualifications. In particular, we have experienced a competitive hiring environment in the Greater Triad Area, where we are headquartered in North Carolina. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we do. In addition, in making employment decisions, job candidates often consider the value of the equity incentives they are to receive in connection with their employment. If we and our third-party service providers experience difficulty recruiting and retaining qualified personnel, our business may be adversely affected. If the price of our stock declines or experiences significant volatility, our ability to attract or retain key employees will be adversely affected. We intend to continue to hire additional highly qualified personnel, including research and development and operational personnel. Still, we may not be able to attract, assimilate, or retain qualified personnel in the future. Any failure to attract, integrate, motivate, and retain these employees could harm our business.

Our revenues and operating results have fluctuated and are likely to continue to fluctuate, making our quarterly results difficult to predict, which may cause us to miss analyst expectations and may cause the price of our common stock to decline.

Our operating results have been and may continue to be difficult to predict, even in the near term, and are likely to fluctuate due to various factors, many of which are outside of our control.

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Comparisons of our revenues and operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. You should not rely on our past results to indicate our future performance. Each of the following factors, among others, could cause our operating results to fluctuate from quarter to quarter:

•the financial health of our customers;

•occurrence of technological advances and potential effects on our business and operations;

•market acceptance and adoption of our products;

•changes in the regulatory environment affecting our customers;

•our ability to expand our sales and marketing operations;

•our ability to successfully integrate any acquired businesses, technologies, or assets;

•the announcement of new significant contracts or customer relationships;

•the procurement cycles of our customers and the length of our sales cycles;

•changes in end-user customer integration of our products into their business needs;

•variations in the number of new customers booked in a prior quarter, but not delivered until later quarters;

•our mix of products and royalty revenues;

•new competitive product launches by our end-user customers that negatively impact sales or our sales cycle;

•pricing, including discounts by us or our competitors;

•our ability to successfully sell our products in a timely manner;

•our ability to forecast demand and manage lead times for the recruitment and training of required personnel;

•our ability to develop and introduce new products and features to existing products that achieve market acceptance;

•the announcement of a new product, which may cause sales cycles to lengthen;

•federal or state government shutdowns; and,

•future accounting pronouncements and changes in accounting policies.

If we fail to offerhigh-qualityproducts and support for any of our products, our operating results and our ability to sell those products in the future will be harmed.

Our ability to sell our products depends on our product support team providing high-quality support. Once our products are integrated into an end-user customer’s planned use, the end-user customer typically depends on our product support team to help resolve technical issues, if they develop, and assist in optimizing the use of our products. If we do not effectively assist our end-user customers in integrating our products, succeed in helping our end-user customers quickly resolve technical and other post-integration issues, or provide effective ongoing support services, our ability to expand the use of our products within existing end-user customers and to sell our products to new customers will be harmed. If integration of our products is deemed unsatisfactory, we may incur significant costs to attain and sustain end-user customer satisfaction or, in extreme cases, our end-user customers may choose not to use our products. In addition, as we hire new engineering personnel, we may inadvertently hire underperforming people who will have to be replaced, or fail to effectively train such employees, leading in some instances to slower growth, additional costs, and poor customer relations.

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As we continue to pursue opportunities for larger sales volumes that have greater technical complexity or involve the integration of our untested products, we may experience a more extended time for our products to be integrated. As a result, our product sales revenue may be delayed. Additionally, as we enter agreements with new and existing customers for larger and more complex sales, we have been, and may continue to be, required to agree to end-user customer acceptance and cancellation clauses. With acceptance clauses, delays may occur in obtaining end-user customer acceptance regardless of the quality of our products and may cause us to defer revenue recognition where such acceptance provisions are substantive in nature, or they may require us to incur additional costs to obtain such end-user customer acceptance. Cancellation clauses may result in a customer canceling an order for products, impacting our revenues.

Our sales cycles can be lengthy, and it is difficult for us to predict when or if sales will occur.

Our sales efforts are often targeted at larger end-user customers and distributors. As a result, we face higher costs, must devote greater sales support to individual customers, have longer sales cycles, and have less predictability in completing some of our sales. Also, sales to large end-user customers and distributors often require us to provide greater levels of education regarding the use and benefits of our products. Our sales cycle length could be 12 to 24 months, depending on the end-user customer’s industry base and economic factors beyond our control, as measured from the point of initial contact with a potential customer to the time a purchase order is signed.

We believe that our customers view the purchase of our products as a significant and strategic decision. As a result, customers carefully evaluate our products, often over long periods with various internal constituencies. In addition, the sales of our products may be subject to delays if the customer has lengthy internal budgeting, integration, and approval and evaluation processes. As a result, it is difficult to predict the timing of our future sales.

We depend on our management team and our key sales and development, and engineering personnel. The loss of one or more key employees or groups could harm our business and prevent us from implementing our business plan in a timely manner.

Our success depends on our executive officers’ expertise, efficacy, and continued services. We have, in the past, and may in the future, continue to experience changes in our executive management team resulting from the departure of executives or subsequent hiring of new executives, which may be disruptive to our business. Any changes in business strategies or leadership can create uncertainty, may negatively impact our ability to execute our business strategy quickly and effectively, and ultimately be unsuccessful. In addition, the impact of hiring new executives may not be immediately realized. We are also substantially dependent on the continued service of our existing research and development personnel because of their familiarity with the inherent complexities of our products.

Failure to adequately expand and train our direct sales force and distributors will impede our growth.

We rely almost exclusively on our direct sales force and distributors to sell our products. We believe that our future growth will depend significantly on the continued development of our direct sales force and distributor relationships and their ability to manage and retain our existing end-user customer base, expand the sales of our products to existing end-user customers, and obtain new end-user customers. Because our products are complex and often must interoperate with complex technological functionality, it can take longer for our sales personnel and distributors to become fully productive. Therefore, our ability to achieve significant growth in revenues in the future will depend, in large part, on our success in recruiting, training, and retaining a sufficient number of direct sales personnel and growing our distributor base. New hires require significant training and may, in some cases, take considerable time before becoming fully productive, if at all. If we are unable to hire and develop sufficient numbers of productive direct sales personnel, and if these sales personnel are unable to achieve full productivity, sales of our products will suffer, and our growth will be impeded.

If we fail to increase market awareness of our brand and products, expand our sales and marketing operations, improve our sales execution, and increase our sales channels, our business could be harmed.

We intend to continue to add personnel and resources in sales and marketing as we focus on expanding awareness of our brand and products and capitalize on sales opportunities with new and existing customers. Our efforts to improve sales of our products will increase our sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expense, and these efforts may not be successful. Some newly hired sales and marketing personnel may become unproductive and have to be replaced, resulting in operational and sales delays and incremental costs. If we cannot significantly increase the awareness of our brand and products or effectively manage the costs associated with these efforts, our business, financial condition, and operating results could be harmed.

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We must improve our sales execution to, among other things, increase the number of our sales opportunities and grow our revenues. We must enhance the market awareness of our products, expand our relationships with our distributor partners, and create new distributor partnerships to increase our revenues. Further, we must continue to develop our relationships with new and existing end-user customers and distributor partners and create additional sales opportunities to effectively and efficiently extend our geographic reach and market penetration. Our efforts to improve our sales execution could result in a material increase in our sales and marketing expenses and general and administrative expense. There can be no assurance that such efforts will be successful. Further, as we increase our efforts to target additional industry bases and leverage distributor partnerships to drive sales, we may be unable to tailor our sales efforts to these strategies. If we are unable to improve our sales execution significantly, increase the awareness of our products, create additional sales opportunities, expand our relationships with distributor partners, leverage our relationship with existing distributor partners, or effectively manage the costs associated with these efforts, our operating results and financial condition could be materially and adversely affected.

Our revenues are dependent on our ability to maintain and expand existing customer relationships and our ability to attract new customers.

The continued growth of our revenues depends partly on our ability to expand the use of our products by existing end-user customers and attract new customers. Our customers have no obligation to repeat purchases from us, and there can be no assurance that they will do so. We have had in the past, and may in the future, end-user customers discontinue using some of our products, which may impact such end-user customers’ decisions to continue to use any of our products.

If we cannot expand our end-user customers’ use of our products, maintain our repeat customer purchase rates and expand our customer base, our revenues may decline or fail to increase at historical growth rates, adversely affecting our business and operating results. In addition, if our customers experience dissatisfaction with our products in the future, we may find it more difficult to increase the use of our products within our existing end-user customer base, and it may be more difficult to attract new customers, or we may be required to grant credits or refunds, any of which could negatively impact our operating results and materially harm our business.

Our business is subject to the risks of earthquakes, fire, floods, and other natural catastrophic events and interruption byman-madeproblems such as power disruptions or terrorism.

Our corporate headquarters are located in the Greensboro, North Carolina area. Most of our third-party service providers are located in South Asia, a region known to suffer terrorism and natural disasters, including floods, typhoons, droughts, epidemics, or contagious diseases. A significant natural disaster, such as a fire or a flood, epidemic, or contagious disease, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, occurring at our headquarters or where our third-party service providers are located, could harm our business, operating results, and financial condition. In addition, acts of terrorism could cause disruptions in our business, the businesses of our customers and suppliers, or the economy as a whole. We also rely on information technology systems to communicate among our workforce, which is coordinated within our corporate headquarters in Greensboro, North Carolina. Any disruption to our internal communications, whether caused by a natural disaster, an epidemic or contagious disease, or by man-made problems, such as power disruptions, in the Greensboro, North Carolina area, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, or where any of our customers are located could delay our research and development efforts, or cause delays or cancellations of customer orders.

Our use of open-source andnon-commercialsoftware components could impose risks and limitations on our ability to commercialize our products.

Our product development utilizes software modules licensed under open source and other types of non-commercial licenses. We also may incorporate open source and other licensed software into our product development in the future. However, the use and distribution of such software may entail more significant risks than third-party commercial software, as licenses of these types generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. In addition, some of these licenses require the release of our proprietary source code to the public if we combine our proprietary product development software with open-source software in certain manners. This could allow competitors to create similar products with lower development effort and time and ultimately lose sales for us.

The terms of many open sources and other non-commercial licenses have not been judicially interpreted, and there is a risk that such licenses could be construed in a manner that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to commercialize our products. In such event, to continue offering our products, we could be required to seek licenses from alternative licensors, which may not be available on a commercially reasonable basis or at all, to re-engineer our products or to discontinue the sale of our products in the event we cannot obtain a license or re-engineer our products on a timely basis, any of which could harm our business and operating results. In addition, if an owner of licensed software were to allege that we had not complied with the conditions of the corresponding license agreement, we could incur significant legal costs defending ourselves against such allegations. If such claims were successful, we could be subject to substantial damages, be required to disclose our source code, or be enjoined from the distribution of our products.

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Our reported financial results may be adversely affected by changes in accounting principles generally accepted in the UnitedStates.

GAAP is subject to interpretation by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”), the SEC, and various bodies formed to promulgate and interpret appropriate accounting principles. A change in these principles or interpretations could have a significant effect on our reported operating results and financial condition and could affect the reporting of transactions already completed before the announcement of a change.

If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect, our operating results could be adversely affected.

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes. We base our estimates on historical experience, and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities, and equity and the amount of revenues and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant estimates and judgments involve derivatives and warrant liabilities and the valuation of equity financing. Our operating results may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our operating results to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the trading price of our common stock.

Relations between the PRC andTaiwancould negatively affect our business and financial status and, therefore, the market value of your investment.

Taiwan has a unique international political status. The PRC does not recognize the sovereignty of Taiwan. Although significant economic and cultural relations have been established in recent years between Taiwan and the PRC, relations have often been strained. The government of the PRC has threatened to use military force to gain control over Taiwan in limited circumstances. A substantial portion of our manufacturing and packaging providers are located in Taiwan, and a material amount of our revenues are derived from the sales of our products manufactured and packaged in Taiwan. Therefore, factors affecting military, political, or economic conditions in Taiwan could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

A significant disruption in the operations of our manufacturing and packaging service providers inTaiwan, such as a tradewaror political unrest, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, and the results of operations.

Any disruption in the operations of our service providers in Taiwan or in their ability to meet our needs, whether as a result of a natural disaster or other causes, could impair our ability to operate our business on a day-to-day basis. Furthermore, since many of these third parties are located outside the U.S., we are exposed to the possibility of disruption and increased costs in the event of changes in the policies of the U.S. or foreign governments, political unrest, or unstable economic conditions in any of the countries where we conduct such activities. For example, a trade war could lead to higher tariffs. Any of these matters could materially and adversely affect our product sales and shipment timelines, business, and financial condition.

Risks Related to Regulatory Requirements

Government regulation may adversely affect our business.

The effects of regulation may materially and adversely impact our business. For example, the FCC’s regulatory policies relating to radio frequency emissions, consumer protection laws of the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, product safety regulatory activities of the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission, and environmental regulatory actions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency could impede sales of our products in the United States. In addition, our customers and we are also subject to various import and export laws and regulations. Should we fail to comply with these regulations, we may be unable to produce and deliver these products to specific customers, and we may become subject to investigations, sanctions, mandatory product recalls, enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, fines, damages, civil and criminal penalties, or injunctions.

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Our business is also increasingly subject to complex foreign and U.S. laws and regulations, including but not limited to anti-corruption laws, such as the FCPA and equivalent laws in other jurisdictions, antitrust or competition laws, and data privacy laws, among others. In addition, foreign governments may impose tariffs, duties, and other import restrictions on components we obtain from non-domestic suppliers and export restrictions on products that we sell internationally. These tariffs, duties, or restrictions could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, and the results of operations.

New or revised environmental rules and regulations or other social initiatives could also impact our product or manufacturing standards. Those rules, or similar rules adopted in other jurisdictions, could adversely affect our costs, the availability of minerals used in our products, and our relationships with customers and suppliers.

We may incur substantial expenses related to regulatory requirements, and any regulatory compliance failure could cause our business to suffer.

The wireless communications industry is subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and reviews. Maintaining compliance with these requirements may result in significant additional expense to us, and any failure to maintain such compliance could cause our business to suffer.

Noncompliance with applicable regulations or requirements could also subject us to investigations, sanctions, mandatory product recalls, enforcement actions, disgorgement of profits, fines, damages, civil and criminal penalties, or injunctions. An adverse outcome in such litigation could require paying contractual damages, compensatory damages, punitive damages, attorneys’ fees, and other costs. These enforcement actions could harm our business, financial condition, and the results of operations. If any governmental sanctions are imposed, or if we do not prevail in any possible civil or criminal litigation, our business, financial condition, and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In addition, responding to any action will likely result in a significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and increased professional fees.

We are subject to risks from international sales and operations.

We operate globally with sales personnel in multiple countries, and some of our business activities are concentrated in Asia. As a result, we are subject to regulatory, geopolitical, and other risks associated with doing business outside the U.S., including:

● global and local economic, social and political conditions and uncertainty;

● currency controls and fluctuations;

● disruptions in capital and securities and commodities trading markets;

Sales to customers located outside the U.S. accounted for approximately18% of our revenue in 2024. We expect that revenue from international sales will continue to be a material part of our total revenue. Any weakness in these economies could decrease demand for products that contain our products, which could materially and adversely affect our business. The imposition by the U.S. of tariffs on goods imported from the PRC and other countries, countermeasures imposed by the PRC and other countries in response, U.S. export restrictions on sales of products to the PRC, and other government actions that restrict or otherwise adversely affect our ability to sell our products to customers in the PRC may have a material impact on our business, including our ability to sell products and to manufacture or source components.

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As a company with material sales outside of the U.S., our results may be affected by movements in currency exchange rates as we grow our sales network. In addition, our exposure may increase or decrease over time as our foreign business levels fluctuate in the countries where we may have sales or operations. These changes could have a material impact on our financial results. The functional currency for our current operations and international sales is the U.S. dollar; however, that may expand to other currencies as we grow.

Economic regulation in the PRC and other countries where we sell products could adversely impact our business and the results of operations.

A significant portion of our potential customer base is located in the PRC and other countries outside of the U.S. For many years, the Chinese economy has experienced periods of rapid growth and wide fluctuations in inflation. In response to these factors, the Chinese government has, from time to time, adopted measures to regulate growth and contain inflation, including currency controls and measures designed to restrict credit, control prices, or set currency exchange rates. Such actions in the future, as well as other changes in Chinese or other non-U.S. laws and regulations, including efforts in furtherance of reducing dependence on foreign semiconductor manufacturers, could increase the cost of doing business in other countries, foster the emergence of foreign competitors, decrease the demand for our products in those countries, or reduce the supply of necessary materials for our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations.

Changes in government trade policies, including the imposition of tariffs and export restrictions, have limited and could continue to limit our ability to sell or provide our products and other items to specific end-user customers, which may materially adversely affect our sales and the results of operations.

The U.S. and foreign governments have taken and may continue to take administrative, legislative, or regulatory action that could materially interfere with our ability to export, re-export, and transfer products and other items in certain countries, particularly in the PRC. For example, the imposition of tariffs has not had a direct, material adverse impact on our business; however, the direct and indirect effects of tariffs and other restrictive trade actions are difficult to measure and are only one part of economic and trade policy.

Furthermore, we have experienced and may continue to experience restrictions on our ability to export, re-export, and transfer our products and other items to specific foreign customers and suppliers where exports, re-exports, or transfers of products require export licenses or are prohibited by government action.

Even if such restrictions are lifted, any financial or other penalties or continuing export restrictions imposed on our customers could have a continuing negative impact on our future revenue and results of operations. In addition, other foreign end-user customers or suppliers affected by future U.S. government sanctions or threats of sanctions may respond by developing new solutions to replace our products or by adopting our foreign competitors’ solutions.

The recent imposition of additional tariffs by the U.S. government on a number of countries in 2025, and threat of trade wars against foreign countries/regions have created even more uncertainties in international trade which may affect our business. We cannot predict what further actions may ultimately be taken concerning tariffs or other trade measures between the U.S. and the PRC or other countries, what products or entities may be subject to such actions, or what steps may be taken by other countries in response.

The imposition of tariffs could increase costs of the end-user products we supply that we may not be able to pass on to our customers, which could in turn cause a decrease in the sales of our products and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. The loss of foreign customers or suppliers or the imposition of restrictions on our ability to sell or transfer products to such customers or suppliers due to tariffs, export restrictions, or other U.S. regulatory actions could materially and adversely affect our sales and business and the results of operations.

Our business couldbe affected by sanctions and export controls targeting Russia and other responses to Russia’

s invasion of Ukraine.

The Russia-Ukraine conflict may adversely affect Guerrilla RF’s business. Currently, we do not have any supply chain partners located in Russia or Ukraine. Nor do we have any pending product sales or product shipments to Russian customers or, to our knowledge, any entities listed on the U.S. Department of the Treasury Office of Foreign Assets Control Sectoral Sanctions Identifications List

. However, the related sanctions and other measures imposed by the European Union, the U.S., and other countries and organizations in response have led and may continue to lead, to disruption and instability in global markets, supply chains, and industries that could negatively impact our business, financial condition, and results of operations. We have taken steps to ensure our export control processes and controls observe enacted and evolving export sanctions imposed upon Russia, Belarus, and all restricted entities that have been identified by the United States government. Nevertheless, if we inadvertently make any product sales or shipments to Russian customers or any sanctioned entities, such non-compliance may have a material effect on our financial condition or operations.

Due to the unknown evolution of sanctions and export controls targeting the PRC and its ability to purchase and manufacture certain semiconductor chips, our business could be adversely affected.

On October 7, 2022, the U.S. Department of Commerce’s Bureau of Industry and Security ("BIS") announced a series of regulations – issued as an interim final rule – amending the Export Administration Regulations to enhance export controls on a range of goods, software, and technology and restrict the PRC’s ability to purchase and manufacture advanced computing chips. The regulations imposed new controls on items relating to advanced computer and semiconductor manufacturing capabilities, broadened end-use restrictions, expanded the scope of foreign-produced items subject to licensing requirements, and added to Entity List prohibitions. We do not anticipate these regulations will have a material effect on our financial condition or operations. The production of our high-performance MMICs is not reliant on any manufacturing in the PRC, or, to our knowledge, on any companies that are owned by the PRC or Chinese investors. In 2024, we received only 1% of all our sales from customers located within the PRC. RF semiconductors, such as what we design and produce, are not currently covered under the BIS restrictions. We have taken steps to ensure our export control processes and controls observe enacted and evolving export sanctions imposed upon the PRC and all restricted entities that have been identified by the United States government. Nevertheless, if we inadvertently make any product sales or shipments to any sanctioned entities, such non-compliance may have a material effect on our financial condition or operations.

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We may be subject to theft, loss, or misuse of personal data by or about our employees, customers, or other third parties, which could increase our expenses, damage our reputation, or result in legal or regulatory proceedings.

In the ordinary course of our business, we have access to sensitive, confidential, or personal data or information regarding our employees and others that is subject to privacy and security laws and regulations. Therefore, the theft, loss, or misuse of personal data collected, used, stored, or transferred by us to run our business, or by our third-party service providers, including business process software applications providers and other vendors that have access to sensitive data, could result in damage to our reputation, disruption of our business activities, significantly increased business and security costs or costs related to defending legal claims.

Global and domestic privacy legislation, enforcement, and policy activity in this area are rapidly expanding and creating a complex regulatory compliance environment. For example, the European Union adopted the General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), which requires companies to comply with rules regarding the handling of personal data, including its use, protection, and the ability of persons whose data is stored to correct or delete such data about themselves. Failure to meet GDPR requirements could result in penalties of up to 4% of worldwide revenue. In addition, the interpretation and application of consumer and data protection laws in the U.S., Europe, and elsewhere are often uncertain and fluid and may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our data practices. As a result, complying with these changing laws has caused, and could continue to cause, us to incur substantial costs, which could harm our business and the results of operations. Further, failure to comply with existing or new rules may result in significant penalties or orders to stop the alleged non-compliant activity. Finally, even our inadvertent failure to comply with federal, State, or international privacy-related or data protection laws and regulations could result in audits, regulatory inquiries, or proceedings against us by governmental entities or others.

The semiconductor industry is heavily regulated. Therefore, any material changes in the political, economic, or regulatory semiconductor environment that affect the purchasing business or the purchasing practices and operations of organizations that utilize semiconductor industry products, or that lead to consolidation in our end-user customer industries, could require us to modify our products available to customers for purchase.

Our ability to grow will depend upon the economic environment of our end-user customer industries and our ability to increase the number of products that we sell to our customers. Our end-user customer industry bases often have different regulatory requirements, and they are subject to changing political, economic, and regulatory influences. As a result, changes in regulations affecting our end-user customers could require us to make unplanned modifications to our products, result in delays or cancellations of orders, or reduce demand for our products.

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RISKS RELATED TO OWNERSHIP OF OUR COMMON STOCK

The market price and trading volume of our common stock may be volatile and could decline.

The market price and trading volume of our common stock could fluctuate substantially due to a variety of factors, including market perception of our ability to meet our growth projections and expectations, quarterly operating results of other companies in the same industry, trading volume in our common stock, changes in general conditions in the economy and the financial markets or other developments affecting our business and the business of others in our industry. In addition, the stock market itself is subject to extreme price and volume fluctuations. This volatility has had a significant effect on the market price of securities issued by many companies for reasons related and unrelated to their operating performance and could have the same effect on our common stock. The market price of shares of our common stock could be subject to wide fluctuations in response to many risk factors listed in this section, and others beyond our control, including:

● the realization of any of the risk factors presented in this Annual Report;

● additions and departures of key personnel;

● failure to comply with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act or other laws or regulations;

● the performance and market valuations of other similar companies;

● speculation in the press or investment community;

● actual, potential or perceived control, accounting or reporting problems; and,

● changes in accounting principles, policies and guidelines.

In the past, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies following periods of volatility in the market price of their shares. This type of litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources, which could have a material adverse effect on us.

Our common stock is quoted on an OTC Markets Group trading platform, the OTCQX, instead of a national exchange or quotation system. Accordingly, our investors may experience significant volatility in the market price of our stock and have difficulty selling their shares.

Our common stock is currently quoted on an OTC Markets Group trading platform, the OTCQX, under the ticker symbol “GUER.” The OTC Markets Group is a regulated quotation service that displays real-time quotes, last sale prices, and volume limitations in over-the-counter securities. Trading in shares quoted on an OTC Markets Group trading platform is often thin and characterized by volatility in trading prices. This volatility may be caused by a variety of factors, including the lack of readily available price quotations, the absence of consistent administrative supervision of bid and ask quotations, lower trading volume, and market conditions. As a result, there may be wide fluctuations in the market price of the shares of our common stock for reasons unrelated to operating performance, and this volatility, when it occurs, may have a negative effect on the market price for our securities. Moreover, the OTC Markets Group is not a stock exchange, and trading of securities on one of its trading platforms is often more sporadic than the trading of securities listed on a national quotation system or stock exchange. Accordingly, our stockholders may not be able to realize a fair price from their shares when they determine to sell them or may have to hold them for a substantial period of time until the market for our common stock improves.

We have issued shares of redeemable convertible preferred stock, and may in the future issue additional shares of preferred stock, with terms that could dilute the voting power or reduce the value of our common stock.

We are authorized to issue, without the approval of our stockholders, one or more series of preferred stock having such designation, powers, privileges, preferences, including preferences over our common stock respecting dividends and distributions, terms of redemption and relative participation, optional, or other rights, if any, of the shares of each such series of preferred stock and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereof, as our board of directors may determine. The terms of one or more series of preferred stock could dilute the voting power or reduce the value of our common stock. For example, the repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we could assign to holders of preferred stock could affect the residual value of our common stock.

In August 2024, we issued an aggregate of 22,000 shares of a newly established series of preferred stock designated as “Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, par value $0.0001 per share,” which have a stated value of $1,000 per share and are convertible into shares of common stock. Holders of shares of Series A Preferred Stock are entitled to vote on an as-converted basis with holders of shares of common stock. In addition, so long as North Run and its affiliates collectively beneficially own at least 20% of the Conversion Shares underlying the preferred shares issued in 2024, we may not, without the consent of North Run: create, authorize, or issue shares of capital stock that are senior or pari passu to the Series A Preferred Stock; incur aggregate indebtedness for borrowed money (subject to certain exceptions) in excess of $10.0 million; change our line of business; or amend, alter or repeal any provision of the Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation or bylaws in a manner that adversely affects the special rights, powers and preferences of the Series A Preferred Stock.

The Series A Preferred Stock ranks senior to the common stock as to distributions and payments upon the liquidation, dissolution and winding up of the Company, and holders of Series A Preferred Stock will participate with the holders of the common stock on an as-converted basis to the extent any dividends are declared on common stock. Holders of Series A Preferred Stock are also entitled to redemption rights under certain circumstances. The redemption rights and liquidation preferences assigned to holders of the Series A Preferred Stock, and any other repurchase or redemption rights or liquidation preferences we may assign to holders of preferred stock in the future, could affect the residual value of the common stock.

North Run and its affiliates’ ownership may limit or preclude other stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters.

North Run and its affiliates held 41.3% of the voting power of our capital stock based on shares outstanding as of December 31, 2024. In addition, North Run may acquire additional shares of common stock and voting power upon exercise of their warrants. For as long as North Run and its affiliates hold a significant amount of our Series A Preferred Stock and common stock, they will be able to exert significant control over us. This concentrated control may limit or preclude other stockholders’ ability to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future, including the election of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets, or other major corporate transaction requiring stockholder approval. In addition, this may prevent or discourage unsolicited acquisition proposals or offers for our capital stock that stockholders may believe are in their best interest. North Run and its affiliates may also determine to sell substantial amounts of our securities in one or more transactions, including to one or several private parties in negotiated transactions. In that case, those buyers may subsequently be able to exert significant control over us.

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Because we became a reporting company under the Exchange Act by means other than a traditional underwritten initial public offering, we may not be able to attract the attention of research analysts at major brokerage firms.

Because we did not become a reporting company by conducting an underwritten initial public offering of our common stock, and because we are not listed on a national securities exchange, security analysts of brokerage firms may not provide coverage of our Company. In addition, investment banks may be less likely to agree to underwrite secondary offerings on our behalf than they might if we became a public reporting company by means of an underwritten initial public offering, because they may be less familiar with our Company as a result of more limited coverage by analysts and the media, and because we became public at an early stage in our development. The failure to receive research coverage or support in the market for our shares could have an adverse effect on our ability to develop a liquid market for our common stock.

We are an emerging growth company and a smaller reporting company, and any decision on our part to comply only with certain reduced reporting and disclosure requirements applicable to emerging growth companies and smaller reporting companies could make our common stock less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups ("JOBS") Act, and, for as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may choose to take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies but not to emerging growth companies, including:

We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years. Our status as an emerging growth company will end as soon as any of the following takes place:

We cannot predict if investors will find our common stock less attractive if we choose to rely on any of the exemptions afforded emerging growth companies. If some investors find our common stock less attractive because we rely on any of these exemptions, there may be a less active trading market for our common stock and the market price of our common stock may be more volatile.

Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can also delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to avail ourselves of this provision of the JOBS Act. As a result, we will not be subject to new or revised accounting standards at the same time as other public companies that are not emerging growth companies. Therefore, our consolidated financial statements may not be comparable to those of companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

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We are also a “smaller reporting company” as defined in the Exchange Act. We may continue to be a “smaller reporting company” even after we are no longer an emerging growth company. We may take advantage of certain of the scaled disclosures available to smaller reporting companies and will be able to take advantage of these scaled disclosures for so long as our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter, or our annual revenues are less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and our voting and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $700 million measured on the last business day of our second fiscal quarter.

We may face risks related to securities litigation that could result in significant legal expenses and settlement or damage awards.

We may in the future become subject to claims and litigation alleging violations of the securities laws or other related claims, which could harm our business and require us to incur significant costs. Significant litigation costs could impact our ability to comply with certain financial covenants under our credit agreement. We are generally obliged, to the extent permitted by law, to indemnify our current and former directors and officers who are named as defendants in these types of lawsuits. Regardless of the outcome, litigation may require significant attention from management and could result in significant legal expenses, settlement costs, or damage awards that could have a material impact on our financial position, results of operations, and cash flows.

Anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us, which may be beneficial to our stockholders, more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.

Our certificate of incorporation and our bylaws contain provisions that could delay or prevent a change in control of our company. These provisions could also make it difficult for stockholders to elect directors who are not nominated by current members of our Board of Directors or take other corporate actions, including effecting changes in our management. These provisions:

● prohibit cumulative voting; and,

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In addition, our certificate of incorporation provides that the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware will be the exclusive forum for: any derivative action or proceeding brought on our behalf; any action asserting a breach of fiduciary duty; any action asserting a claim against us arising pursuant to the Delaware General Corporation Law ("DGCL"), our certificate of incorporation, or our bylaws; or any action asserting a claim against us that is governed by the internal affairs doctrine.

Section 22 of the Securities Act creates concurrent jurisdiction for federal and State courts over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Our restated bylaws will provide that the federal district courts of the United States of America will, to the fullest extent permitted by law, be the exclusive forum for resolving any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act (“Federal Forum Provision”). Our decision to adopt a Federal Forum Provision followed a decision by the Supreme Court of the State of Delaware holding that such provisions are facially valid under Delaware law. While there can be no assurance that federal courts or state courts will follow the holding of the Delaware Supreme Court or determine that the Federal Forum Provision should be enforced in a particular case, application of the Federal Forum Provision means that suits brought by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Securities Act must be brought in federal court and cannot be brought in state court. While neither the exclusive forum provision nor the Federal Forum Provision applies to suits brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act creates exclusive federal jurisdiction over all claims brought to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder. Accordingly, actions by our stockholders to enforce any duty or liability created by the Exchange Act or the rules and regulations thereunder also must be brought in federal court. Thus, our stockholders will not be deemed to have waived our compliance with the federal securities laws and the regulations promulgated thereunder.

Any person or entity purchasing or otherwise acquiring or holding any interest in any of our securities shall be deemed to have notice of and consented to our exclusive forum provisions, including the Federal Forum Provision. These provisions may limit a stockholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of their choosing for disputes with us or our directors, officers, or other employees, which may discourage lawsuits against us and our directors, officers, and other employees.

In addition, Section 203 of the DGCL may discourage, delay or prevent a change in control of our company. Section 203 imposes certain restrictions on mergers, business combinations, and other transactions between us and holders of 15% or more of our common stock.

If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or publish unfavorable or inaccurate research about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.

Our stock price and trading volume can be heavily influenced by the way analysts and investors interpret our financial information and other disclosures. Securities and industry analysts do not currently, and may never, publish research on our business. If few securities or industry analysts commence coverage of us, our stock price could be negatively affected. If securities or industry analysts downgrade our common stock or publish negative reports about our business, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of us or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our common stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price to decline and could decrease the trading volume of our common stock.

The designation of our common stock as “penny stock” would limit the liquidity of our common stock.

Our common stock may be deemed a “penny stock” (as that term is defined under Rule 3a51-1 of the Exchange Act). Generally, a “penny stock” is a common stock that is not listed on a securities exchange and trades for less than $5.00 a share. Prices often are not available to buyers and sellers and the market may be very limited. Penny stock in start-up companies is among the riskiest equity investments. Broker-dealers who sell penny stock must provide purchasers with a standardized risk disclosure document prepared by the SEC. The document provides information about penny stock and the nature and level of risks involved in investing in the penny stock market. A broker must also provide purchasers with bid and offer quotations and information regarding broker and salesperson compensation and make a written determination that the penny stock is a suitable investment for the purchaser and obtain the purchaser’s written agreement to the purchase. Many brokers choose not to participate in penny stock transactions. If our common stock is deemed “penny stock”, because of penny stock rules, there may be less trading activity and stockholders are likely to have difficulty selling their shares.

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We do not anticipate paying dividends on our common stock, and investors may lose the entire amount of their investment.

Cash dividends have never been declared or paid on our common stock, and we do not anticipate such a declaration or payment for the foreseeable future. Any future determination about the payment of dividends will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors and will depend upon our earnings, if any, capital requirements, operating and financial conditions, contractual restrictions, including any loan or debt financing agreements, and on such other factors as our Board of Directors deems relevant. In addition, we may enter into agreements in the future that could contain restrictions on payments of cash dividends. We expect to use future earnings, if any, to fund business growth. Therefore, stockholders will not receive any funds absent a sale of their shares of common stock. If we do not pay dividends, our common stock may be less valuable because a return on your investment will only occur if our stock price appreciates. We cannot assure stockholders of a positive return on their investment when they sell their shares, nor can we assure that stockholders will not lose the entire amount of their investment.

FINRA sales practice requirements may limit a stockholder’s ability to buy and sell our stock.

The Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ("FINRA") has adopted rules requiring that, in recommending an investment to a customer, a broker-dealer must have reasonable grounds for believing that the investment is suitable for that customer. Prior to recommending speculative or low-priced securities to their non-institutional customers, broker-dealers must make reasonable efforts to obtain information about the customer’s financial status, tax status, investment objectives, and other information. Under interpretations of these rules, FINRA has indicated its belief that there is a high probability that speculative or low-priced securities will not be suitable for at least some customers. If these FINRA requirements are applicable to us or our securities, they may make it more difficult for broker-dealers to recommend that at least some of their customers buy our common stock, which may limit the ability of our stockholders to buy and sell our common stock and could have an adverse effect on the market for and price of our common stock.

Future sales and issuances of our securities could result in additional dilution of the percentage ownership of our shareholders and could cause our share price to fall.

Additional capital may be needed in the future to continue our planned operations, including research and development, increased marketing, hiring new personnel, commercializing our products, and continuing activities as a public company. To the extent we raise additional capital by issuing equity securities, our shareholders may experience substantial dilution. We may sell common stock, convertible securities, or other equity securities in one or more transactions at prices and in a manner we determine from time to time. If we sell common stock, convertible securities, or other equity securities in more than one transaction, investors may be materially diluted by subsequent sales. Such sales may also result in material dilution to our existing shareholders, and new investors could gain rights superior to our existing shareholders.

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ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

None.

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

Risk Management and Strategy

We recognize the paramount importance of cybersecurity in preserving the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of our systems, data, and operations. Our cybersecurity program is designed to identify, assess, monitor, and manage material risks from cybersecurity threats. We have developed a comprehensive approach based on recognized frameworks including the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cybersecurity Framework and industry best practices.

Our cybersecurity program employs a defense-in-depth strategy that implements multiple layers of controls to protect our digital assets:

● Advanced endpoint protection solutions

● Next-generation firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems

● Data loss prevention tools and encryption for sensitive data

● Multi-factor authentication for all critical systems and applications

● Regular vulnerability scanning and penetration testing

● Continuous monitoring of our network and systems

We conduct regular risk assessments of our infrastructure, applications, and processes to identify vulnerabilities and implement appropriate controls. These assessments incorporate:

● Identification of reasonably foreseeable internal and external threats

● Assessment of the likelihood and potential impact of identified threats

● Regular testing and auditing of our security controls

All employees undergo mandatory security awareness training upon hiring and annually thereafter. This training covers best practices, emerging threats such as phishing and social engineering, and incident response procedures. We also conduct regular phishing simulation exercises to reinforce training and identify areas for improvement.

Industry Engagement and Staying Current

We maintain current with evolving cybersecurity threats, technologies, and best practices through:

● Active participation in industry-specific information sharing organizations

● Membership in cybersecurity forums and communities

Third-Party Risk Management

Our third-party risk management program is integrated into our overall cybersecurity strategy. We recognize the significant challenges posed by the need to govern third-party service providers and vendors, and have implemented robust processes to oversee and manage these risks:

● Contractual requirements for security and privacy protections

● Continuous monitoring of critical third-party services

● Incident response coordination with key vendors

Before sharing or allowing the hosting of sensitive data in computing environments managed by third parties, we conduct thorough information security assessments. All third parties with access to our information systems must review and acknowledge our acceptable use policy before access is granted.

Incident Response and Business Continuity

We maintain a formal incident response plan with clearly defined roles, responsibilities, and procedures for:

● Identifying a cybersecurity incident

● Assessing its nature and scope

● Minimizing and containing the impact

● Investigating the root cause

● Communication and reporting to stakeholders

● Recovering and restoring affected systems

Our incident response procedures include escalation protocols to notify appropriate members of senior and executive management, the Board, and regulatory authorities in a timely manner based on the criticality of the cybersecurity incident. We conduct regular tabletop exercises and simulations to test the effectiveness of our response capabilities.

We also maintain business continuity and disaster recovery plans to ensure operational resilience in the event of a significant cybersecurity incident. These plans are regularly tested and updated based on lessons learned from exercises and actual incidents.

Cybersecurity Governance and Personnel

The Audit Committee of our Board of Directors provides oversight of our cybersecurity program. The committee receives annual briefings from IT management on:

● The state of our cybersecurity program

● Significant security incidents and their resolution

● Results of security assessments and audits

● Progress on security initiatives and investments

Primary responsibility for assessing, monitoring, and managing our cybersecurity risks rests with our Senior Vice-President of IT, who has over 20 years of experience in information technology and cybersecurity, including a Bachelor of Science degree. Our SVP of IT reports directly to our Chief Executive Officer on a monthly basis and is responsible for updates to the Audit Committee regarding our cybersecurity posture and initiatives.

Our IT department includes staff members who hold certifications in security, networking, and systems administration. This team of qualified professionals works collaboratively to implement and maintain our comprehensive cybersecurity program. Their specialized expertise is supplemented by strategic partnerships with third-party security providers who hold additional industry-recognized certifications such as CISSP, CISM, CEH, and CompTIA Security+.

Our IT team is responsible for:

● Developing and implementing security policies and procedures

● Monitoring and responding to security threats

● Coordinating security awareness training

● Managing incident response

● Providing regular reports to senior management and the Audit Committee

In the event of a material cybersecurity incident, our SVP of IT is responsible for promptly reporting to the CEO and the Audit Committee. A special meeting of the Audit Committee or full Board may be convened as necessary to address significant cybersecurity matters.

Material Incidents

As of December 31, 2024, we have not experienced any cybersecurity incidents that have materially affected our operations, business strategy, financial condition, or financial results. Our management has assessed known cybersecurity incidents for potential materiality and disclosure using formal documented processes.

While we have implemented extensive measures to fortify our defenses against cyber threats, it is important to acknowledge that the cybersecurity landscape is constantly evolving, with threat actors employing increasingly sophisticated tactics. Despite our best efforts, we cannot guarantee that our systems will be completely immune to cyber attacks. We remain vigilant in our efforts to protect our systems and data and continue to invest in our cybersecurity program to address emerging threats.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

Our corporate headquarters are located in Greensboro, NC, where we lease in excess of 50,000 square feet. We moved into and took possession of our new corporate headquarters building in the first quarter of 2023. The lease term is 10 years and two months.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

We are not a party to any material pending legal proceedings. We may become involved in lawsuits and legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business from time to time.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

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PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

MARKET INFORMATION AND HOLDERS OF RECORD

Our common stock is quoted on the OTCQX, an OTC Markets Group platform, under the trading symbol "GUER".

As of March 24, 2025, we had approximately 211stockholders of record.

DIVIDEND POLICY

We currently intend to retain future earnings, if any, to maintain and expand our operations. We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our common stock, and we do not intend to pay any cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Any future determination related to our dividend policy will be made at the discretion of our Board of Directors in light of conditions then-existing, including factors such as our results of operations, financial condition, and requirements, business conditions, and covenants under any applicable contractual arrangements.

PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES BY THE ISSUER AND AFFILIATED PURCHASERS

No repurchases of any shares of the Company's common stock were made by the Company or any affiliated purchasers in 2024.

SECURITIES AUTHORIZED FOR ISSUANCE UNDER EQUITY COMPENSATION PLANS

Equity Compensation Plan Information

The following table presents information as of December 31, 2024 with respect to compensation plans under which shares of our common stock may be issued.

Number of

securities

remaining

available for

Number of future issuance

securities under equity

to be issued Weighted compensation

upon exercise of average exercise plans (excluding

outstanding price of securities

securities outstanding reflected in

Plan Category (#) options ($) column(a)) (#)

(a) (b) (c)

Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders — — —

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ITEM 6. RESERVED

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and other financial information included in this Annual Report. Some of the information contained in this discussion and analysis or set forth elsewhere in this Annual Report, including information with respect to our plans and strategy for our business, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties as described under the heading “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” elsewhere in this Annual Report. You should review the disclosure under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report for a discussion of important factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results described in or implied by the forward-looking statements contained in the following discussion and analysis.

Overview

Guerrilla RF is a fabless semiconductor company based in Greensboro, N.C. Guerrilla RF was founded in 2013 with a mission to employ RF semiconductor technology to deliver RF solutions to customers in underserved markets. Over the past several years, Guerrilla RF has become a leader in developing high-performance MMIC products for wireless connectivity. It continues to target underserved markets and customers, delivering a range of high-performance MMIC products and associated technical support to a diverse set of customers that enable a more connected world.

Guerrilla RF possesses in-house design, applications, sales, and customer support functions as a fabless semiconductor company. We outsource the manufacture and production of our MMIC products to subcontractors, providing access to multiple semiconductor process technologies. Guerrilla RF’s primary external wafer foundries are located in Taiwan and Singapore, and our primary assembly and test suppliers are located in Malaysia and the Philippines.

FISCAL 2024 FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

● Revenue for fiscal year 2024 increased by 33.4% compared to fiscal year 2023, driven by the acquisition of new customers, the launch of new product programs, and increased market share in our core markets. Catalog, Wireless Infrastructure, Wireless Audio, and SatCom all posted solid gains, while Automotive experienced a temporary decline due to a key customer’s delayed initiative. Despite this delay, our automotive product line remained a significant contributor, with significant order volume OEM customers and from major electronics suppliers to OEM component manufacturers. Our ongoing market‐diversification strategy continued to boost revenue, with notable sales increases in repeaters, wireless audio, and SatCom.

● Gross profit for fiscal year 2024 was 63.7% of revenues as compared to 57.1% for fiscal year 2023. Although the Company has continued to experience supply chain price increases, we have mitigated these cost pressures by carefully shifting our product mix toward higher-margin offerings. Product contribution margins rose from 70.5% in 2023 to 74.8% in 2024. Product contribution margins were partially offset by higher overhead costs, on a comparative period basis, which increased due to headcount additions in our Quality group, as well as increased facility costs.

● Operating loss was $8.8 million for 2024 as compared to $12.9 million for 2023. This decrease in operating loss was due to higher revenue, while our operating expenses remained relatively flat, with expenses in our engineering and research and development areas decreasing $0.6 million or 6% year over year. Sales and marketing expenses increased, rising $0.6 million to $6.3 million or 10% over the prior year period. Administration costs experienced a small increase of $49 thousand or 1% over the prior year period.

● Basic net loss per share was $1.12 and $2.25 for fiscal year 2024 and 2023, respectively.

● Purchases of property, plant and equipment were $0.4 million for fiscal year 2024 and $0.1 million for the fiscal year 2023. The majority of capital expenditures for 2024 are related to capital additions for the Company's laboratory equipment and related facilities.

Ongoing Funding of Operations

As a relatively young company in its early stages of market penetration and customer acquisition, we have historically sought funding to support our operations and our research and development efforts, in furtherance of new product introductions, market share increases, and participation in new markets. On March 28, 2024, we completed a private placement offering of approximately $5 million, raising net cash proceeds of approximately $3 million, after deduction of expenses and the conversion of existing debt. On August 5, 2024, we completed a $22 million private placement offering, raising net cash proceeds of approximately $21.6 million, after deduction of expenses. We project these funds will be adequate to fund the business for the rest of this fiscal year and beyond. However, we may seek additional funding from capital and debt markets to support new product development efforts, take advantage of business opportunities, and expand our sales and marketing capabilities and reach.

New Headquarters and Design Center Capital

In the first quarter of 2023, we moved into a new headquarters building in Greensboro, NC to support our growing employee base and research and development and customer support laboratory space requirements. The new facility incorporates over 50,000 square feet of office and clean laboratory space, and replaced our former headquarters (also in Greensboro) of approximately 10,000 square feet of space.

Distributor and Sales Networks

We work with global distributors and sales representatives to promote and expand our sales force. Guerrilla RF leverages these ongoing business partnerships for long-term sales and market strategies. In 2022, we expanded our sales representative network in North America, Korea, Japan, and the PRC. Currently, we work with three large electronic component distributors and over 19 sales representative organizations worldwide.

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Key Metrics (Non-GAAP Measures)

These non-GAAP measures have limitations as analytical tools and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of Company results as reported under GAAP. The Company compensates for such limitations by relying primarily on GAAP results and using non-GAAP measures only as supplemental data. In addition, because these non-GAAP measures are not measures of financial performance under GAAP and are susceptible to varying calculations, these measures, as defined by us, may differ from and may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies.

We regularly review the following key metrics to measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections, make strategic business decisions, and assess working capital needs.

Year Ended December 31,

Key Metrics

Number of products released 32 12

Number of total products 163 131

Number of products with lifetime revenue exceeding $100 thousand 73 62

Product backlog (in millions) $ 5.44 $ 5.96

Number of products released: The total quantity of distinct new products released into production (products that have completed design, quality, and supply chain readiness) for the period.

Number of total products: The cumulative number of production-released products since Guerrilla RF's inception through the end of the period.

Number of products with lifetime revenue exceeding $100 thousand: The number of products that have achieved the threshold of cumulative sales of $100,000 since our inception through the end of the period.

Product backlog: The amount of product sales that have been committed to by customers, but have not yet been completed, shipped, or invoiced. The Company's product backlog can be materially impacted by supply chain constraints, a shift in customer ordering patterns whereby customers place orders in anticipation of extended product delivery lead times, or other customer order delivery request modifications. Furthermore, because the Company partners closely with a number of its customers to produce high-performance, quality components that are often designed into customers’ end products, immediate substitution of the Company’s products is neither typically desired by customers nor necessarily feasible. As such, the Company has not historically experienced significant order cancellations, and the Company does not expect significant order cancellations in the future. The Company closely monitors product backlog and its potential impact on the Company’s financial performance.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenues

We derive our revenue from sales of high-performance RF semiconductor products. We design, integrate, and package differentiated, semiconductor-based products that we sell to customers through our direct sales organization, a network of independent sales representatives, and distributors. We generate revenue from customers located within and outside the U.S. In addition to sales to customers, we generate royalty revenue under a royalty agreement with one semiconductor manufacturer.

Direct Product Costs and Gross Profit

Direct Product Costs. Our direct product costs consist of actual direct product expenses, salaries and related expenses, overhead, third-party services vendors, and depreciation expense related to the equipment and information technology costs incurred directly in the Company’s revenue-generating activities.

Gross Profit. Our gross profit is calculated by subtracting our direct product costs from revenues. Gross margin is expressed as a percentage of total revenues. Our gross profit may fluctuate from period to period as revenues fluctuate due to the mix of products we sell to customers, royalty revenue volume, operational efficiencies, and changes to our technology expenses and customer support.

We plan to focus on and grow the sales volume of new and existing products with the highest gross margin. We intend to continue investing additional resources in our engineering and design capabilities, which drive our research and development efforts and, in turn, drive additional revenue streams and enable us to improve our gross margin over time. The level and timing of investment in these areas could affect our direct product costs in the future.

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Operating Expenses

Operating expenses consist primarily of research and development expenses, sales and marketing expenses, and employee compensation costs for operations management, finance, accounting, information technology, compliance, and human resources personnel. In addition, general and administrative expenses include non-personnel costs, such as facilities, legal, accounting, and other professional fees, and other supporting corporate expenses not allocated to other departments. We expect our general and administrative expenses will decrease in the near term as the Company continues to focus on expense reduction. Over the longer term we expect general and administrative expenses to grow in absolute dollars as our business grows, but we expect general and administrative expenses to decrease as a percentage of revenues in the coming years.

Research and development expenses consist of costs for the design, development, testing, and enhancement of our products and are generally expensed as incurred. These costs consist primarily of personnel costs, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and share-based compensation for our product development personnel. Research and development expenses also include training costs, product management, third-party partner fees, and third-party consulting fees. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in absolute dollars as our business grows, but as a percentage of revenues, R&D expenses are expected to decrease.

Sales and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee compensation costs related to sales and marketing, including salaries, benefits, bonuses, and share-based compensation, costs of general marketing activities and promotional activities, travel-related expenses, and allocated overhead. Sales and marketing expenses also include costs for advertising and other marketing activities. Advertising is expensed as incurred. As we expand our sales and marketing efforts, we expect our sales and marketing expenses will increase moderately in absolute dollars, but as a percentage of revenues, sales and marketing expenses are expected to decrease.

Administrative expenses consist primarily of employee compensation costs related to executive management of the Company, financial management, human resources and information technology. In addition, administrative expenses include business and liability insurance, audit and legal fees as well as consulting and advising fees. Currently the Company is focused on limiting the growth of administrative expenses and expect such expenses to decline moderately in the coming year.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consists primarily of the interest incurred on our debt obligations, our factoring arrangement expenses, the non-cash interest expense associated with the amortization of shares of common stock issued to certain debtholders as debt discount and debtholders that have a bifurcated conversion feature related to certain convertible notes payable, and lease expense related to our capital leases.

Change in Fair Value of Derivative Liabilities

Change in fair value of derivative liabilities is fully attributable to the call and put options features of the convertible notes for the years ended December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023.

Other Income (Expenses)

Other income (expense) for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2024 was immaterial in each period (no more than $281 thousand). Included in other income (expense) were small transactions related to foreign currency transactions and recognition of a county economic development grant.

The following table summarizes the results of our operations for the periods presented:

Year Ended December 31,

Operating expenses:

Other income (expenses):

Loss on debt extinguishment (1,523,221 ) —

Change in fair value of derivative liabilities 158,000 (142,200 )

Change in fair value of warrant liabilities 2,198,051 —

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Comparison for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023:

Year Ended December 31,

Revenues increased by $5.0 million to $20.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $15.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This growth was primarily driven by increased product sales in our wireless infrastructure and catalog segments. Our product offerings and customer base both expanded during the year, reflecting our ongoing sales strategy of enhancing existing relationships and acquiring new customers through targeted marketing activities. Meanwhile, royalty and non‐recurring revenue declined by 99%, from $400 thousand in 2023 to $2 thousand in 2024, underscoring its reduced significance in our overall revenue plan.

We generate revenue from customers located within and outside the U.S. While we have several large customers, we define major customers as those responsible for more than 10% of Guerrilla RF’s annual product shipment revenue. Using this definition, Guerrilla RF had one major customer, Richardson RFPD, Inc. ("RFPD"), during the years ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023. RFPD, a large product distributor serving numerous end customers, generated 77% and 81% of product shipment revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023.

Our existing product sales increased from $11.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $17.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, or 74% and 84% of total product sales, respectively. We continued to develop and sell new products into our markets, however new product sales fell from $3.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 to $3.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, or 24% and 15% of total product sales, respectively, primarily due to the delays related to a new product program.

International shipments amounted to $4.0 million (approximately 20% of total product revenue) and $2.3 million (approximately 16% of total product revenue) for the years ended December 31, 2024, and December 31, 2023, respectively.

Direct Product Costs and Gross Profit

Year Ended December 31,

Direct product costs increased $0.8 million to $7.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $6.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The 13% increase in direct product costs was driven by increased product sales of 37% (excluding royalty and non-recurring revenue). This increase was also impacted to a lesser extent by an increase in fixed overhead costs (Quality staffing and related costs) of $0.1 million. Year-over-year gross profit increase was due to a sales volume increase of 37% combined with improved product contribution margins from product mix changes between 2023 and 2024, as sales from one of our higher margin categories (5G Infrastructure) grew disproportionately compared to other sales, reflecting a year over year increase of 360%.

Research and Development Expenses

Year Ended December 31,

Research and development expenses decreased $0.6 million to $9.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. R&D spending decreased as prototype mask sets related to new product development declined, driven in part by reduced efforts on silicon development. Lab, facility and information technology support decreased $0.6 million due to expense reduction efforts. This was offset by wages increasing $0.2 million primarily due to executive bonuses being paid for 2024, whereas there were no comparable bonuses in 2023.

Sales and Marketing Expenses

Year Ended December 31,

Sales and marketing expenses increased $0.6 million to $6.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The 10% increase year over year was driven primarily by increases in wages and benefits of $0.7 million, including sales representative commissions. Driving cost increases in this category were executive bonuses of $0.1 million in 2024, with no comparable bonuses in 2023, increased share-based compensation of $0.2 million, and headcount related increases for the United Kingdom and European sales team of $0.2 million. In addition, sales representative commissions increased almost $0.2 million driven by significant increases in sales volumes in 2024 compared to 2023. Lastly, facility and information support costs declined by $0.1 million from the previous year due to cost-cutting efforts.

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General and Administrative Expenses

Year Ended December 31,

General and administrative expenses were $5.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, and 2023. There was a decrease of $0.8 million in wages and benefits resulting from reductions in headcount. In addition, software costs fell by $0.4 million as a result of cost-cutting efforts. These decreases were offset by increases in non-income taxes of $0.3 million and professional fees of $0.2 million. Increases of $0.7 million in general expenses, which included facilities costs, office supplies and expenses, and general information technology support, including cyber security, resulted in a net increase overall in general and administrative costs of less than $0.1 million.

Other Income (Expenses)

Year Ended December 31,

Other expense decreased approximately $1.1 million to $2.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was largely attributable to a change in warrant liabilities of $2.2 million, which was driven by a significant decrease in the Company’s share price, which was a key determinant in the value of those warrant liabilities. Offsetting this gain was a loss of $1.5 million on the loss on debt extinguishment. Following the significant funding event in the third quarter of 2024, the Company repaid a significant amount of an existing loan facility (“Salem Loan Facility”) with Salem Investment Partners V, Limited Partnership (“Salem”), resulting in the write-off of unamortized costs associated with that debt that was being amortized over 5 years.

In addition, the Company had smaller contributors to other income including $0.2 million in interest income earned on funds deposited in a money market account which it did not have in 2023, and a change in its derivative liabilities, reflecting an decrease in fair value of $0.2 million.

Finally, an increase in interest expense, as a result of higher levels of debt during the first three quarters of 2024 compared to 2023 of $0.3 million was counteracted by a $0.3 million of other income driven by a grant that was received during 2024.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary source of liquidity has been cash raised from private placements and debt financing. As of December 31, 2024, we had cash resources of $8.0 million. We also have a loan facility for up to $3.75 million (referred to as the Spectrum Loan Facility, described in Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements) with Spectrum Commercial Services Company, L.L.C. (“Spectrum”). On March 28, 2024 we completed a private placement offering of approximately $5 million, raising net cash proceeds of approximately $3 million, after deduction of expenses and the conversion of existing debt. On August 5, 2024, we completed a $22 million private placement offering, raising net cash proceeds of approximately $21.6 million, after deduction of expenses. As of December 31, 2024, we had drawn down $0.6 million under the Spectrum Loan Facility and had an outstanding balance of $4.5 million under the Salem Loan Facility. The Company believes that its existing cash and cash equivalents following this raise will provide sufficient resources to support operations through the rest of this fiscal year and beyond. However, we may seek additional funding opportunities if management believes such funds can be successfully invested in business opportunities for the Company.

As described in Note 1 to our consolidated financial statements, we have incurred recurring losses and negative cash flows from operations since inception and have an accumulated deficit at December 31, 2024 of $53.8 million. We expect losses and negative cash flows to continue in the near term, primarily due to continued investment in research and development, sales and marketing efforts, and increased administration expenses as our Company grows. We plan to continue to invest in the implementation of our long-term strategic plan and we anticipate that we will continue to narrow cash burn from historical levels. so that cash reserves will provide the necessary working capital to conclude the Company is a going concern.

The following table summarizes our sources and uses of cash for each of the periods presented.

Cash (used in) provided by:

Year Ended December 31,

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Operating Activities

Cash used in operating activities was $6.7 million and $13.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2024 principally resulted from our net loss of $10.8 million, with uses offset by $1.7 million in share-based compensation, non-cash depreciation and amortization of $1.5 million, accretion of notes payable of $1.3 million, non-cash interest expense related to debt refinancing of $0.4 million, as well as a change in inventory allowance of $0.2 million, and further adjusted by an aggregate gain of $2.3 million on the change in fair value of derivative and warrant liabilities. There was also $0.1 million provided from the decrease of prepaid expenses, an increase of accounts receivable of $0.2 million, and an increase in operating lease liability of $0.4 million. In addition, there was a $0.5 million increase in inventories.

Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023, principally resulted from our net loss of $16.0 million, with uses offset by non-cash depreciation and amortization of $1.6 million, non-cash interest expense related to debt refinancing of $0.4 million, accretion of notes payable of $1.1 million as well as $1.3 million in share-based compensation. There was also $1.0 million provided from the decrease of prepaid expenses, an increase of accounts receivable of $1.0 million, and a decrease in operating lease expense of $0.1 million. In addition, there was a $2.2 million decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses and a $0.1 million decrease in inventory.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities was $0.8 million and $0.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. Cash used in investing activities resulted from capital expenditures on property and equipment for all periods presented, and additional capital expenditures in 2024 for the purchase of intangible assets.

Financing Activities

Cash provided by financing activities during the year ended December 31, 2024, of $14.6 million was principally attributable to $8.3 million in net payments related to the Spectrum Loan Facility and Salem Loan more than offset by total net proceeds from equity financing of $24.6 million. Principal payments on capital leases reduced total cash provided by financing by $1.0 million.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments

The following summarizes our significant contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024.

Payments due by period

Total Less than 1 year 1 – 3 years 4 – 5 years More than 5 years

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, we do not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or variable interest entities, which would have been established for the purpose of facilitating off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires us to make certain estimates and assumptions. These estimates and assumptions affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the balance sheet date and reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting period. Our most significant estimates and judgments involve derivatives and warrant liabilities and the valuation of equity financing. Accordingly, actual results may differ from these estimates. To the extent that there are differences between our estimates and actual results, our future consolidated financial statement presentation, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows will be affected.

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Other than as described under Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements, the Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023, filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission on March 29, 2024, have not materially changed.

We believe that the accounting policies described below involve a greater degree of judgment and complexity. Accordingly, these are the policies we think are the most critical to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our financial condition and results of operations.

Liquidity and Going Concern

In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No.2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern (Subtopic205-40), the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions and events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been presented on a going concern basis, which contemplates the realization of assets and the satisfaction of liabilities in the ordinary course of business. The Company has historically financed its activities through a combination of commercial loans and the proceeds of debt and equity issuances. The consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments relating to the recoverability of the recorded assets or the classification of liabilities that may be necessary should the Company be unable to continue as a going concern.

The Company has incurred substantial negative cash flows from operations in nearly every fiscal period since inception. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company incurred a net loss of $10.8 million and $16.0 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company used $6.7 million and $13.5 million in cash to fund operations, respectively. As a result, the Company had an accumulated deficit of $53.8 million as of December 31, 2024. The Company's cash and working capital as of December 31, 2024 was $8.0 million and $6.3 million, respectively. We expect losses and negative cash flows to continue in the near term, primarily due to continued investment in research and development, sales and marketing efforts, and increased administration expenses as our Company grows. The Company plans to continue to invest in the implementation of its long-term strategic plan and anticipates that it will continue to narrow cash burn from historical levels.

Our primary source of liquidity has been from cash raised from private placements and debt financing. We also have a loan facility for up to $3.75 million with a specialty lender (referred to as the Spectrum Loan Facility, described in Note 5 to our consolidated financial statements). On March 28, 2024 we completed a private placement offering of approximately $5 million, raising net cash proceeds of approximately $3 million, after deduction of expenses and the conversion of existing debt. On August 5, 2024, we completed a $22 million private placement offering, raising net cash proceeds of approximately $21.6 million, after deduction of expenses. Additionally, on August 2, 2024, the Company initiated the amendment of the a loan facility (referred to as the Salem Loan Facility, described in Note 5) to (i) reduce the outstanding principal balance from $12.0 million to $4.5 million, (ii) extend the maturity date from January 31, 2026 to December 31, 2028, and (iii) reduce the interest rate from 14% (comprising 3% payment-in-kind (deferred) and 11% cash) to 12% cash. The amendment was effective on August 5, 2024 after the principal balance was reduced from $12.0 million to $4.5 million by using a portion of the proceeds from the private placement offering in August 2024. As a result, the Company believes that its existing cash and cash equivalents will provide sufficient resources to fund operations for at least the next twelve months after the issuance date of these financial statements.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

GUER US Equity

GUER · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

ITEM 6. RESERVED

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

GUER US Equity☆

GUER · 10-K · period ended 2024-12-31

ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

ITEM 1C. CYBERSECURITY

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR REGISTRANT’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

ITEM 6. RESERVED

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

GUER US Equity