GNL US Equity☆

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with the accompanying financial statements. The following information contains forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks and uncertainties. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. Please see “Forward-Looking Statements” elsewhere in this report for a description of these risks and uncertainties.

Overview

We are a REIT that focuses on acquiring and managing a global portfolio of income producing net lease assets across the U.S., and Western and Northern Europe. Historically, we focused on acquiring and managing a globally diversified portfolio of strategically-located commercial real estate properties, which consisted primarily of mission-critical, single tenant net-lease assets. As a result of acquiring RTL in September 2023, we acquired a diversified portfolio of 989 properties consisting of primarily necessity-based retail single-tenant and multi-tenant properties located in the U.S. Until September 12, 2023, we were managed by the former Advisor, who managed our day-to-day business with the assistance of the Property Manager, who managed and leased our properties to third parties. Prior to September 12, 2023, the former Advisor and the Property Manager were under common control with AR Global, and these related parties had historically received compensation and fees for various services provided to us. On September 12, 2023, we internalized our advisory and property management functions as well as the advisory and property management functions of RTL as a result of the Internalization Merger (as defined below). For additional details on our acquisition of RTL and the internalization of our advisory and property management services and the advisory and property management functions of RTL, also see Note 1 — Organization,Note 3 — The Mergers and Note 12 — Related Party Transactions to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

As of December 31, 2023, we owned 1,296 properties consisting of 66.8 million rentable square feet, which were 96% leased, with a weighted-average remaining lease term of 6.8 years. Based on the percentage of annualized rental income on a straight-line basis as of December 31, 2023, approximately 80% of our properties were located in the U.S. and Canada and approximately 20% were located in Europe. In addition, as of December 31, 2023, our portfolio was comprised of 32% Industrial & Distribution properties, 27% Multi-Tenant retail properties, 21% Single-Tenant Retail properties and 20% Office properties. These represent our four reportable segments and the percentages are calculated using annualized straight-line rent converted from local currency into the U.S. Dollar (“USD”) as of December 31, 2023. The straight-line rent includes amounts for tenant concessions.

Our portfolio is leased to primarily “Investment Grade” rated tenants in well established markets in the U.S. and Europe. A total of 57.6% of our rental income on an annualized straight-line basis for leases in place as of December 31, 2023 was derived from Investment Grade rated tenants, comprised of 33.4% leased to tenants with an actual investment grade rating and 24.2% leased to tenants with an implied investment grade rating. For our purposes, “Investment Grade” includes both actual investment grade ratings of the tenant or guarantor, if available, or implied investment grade. Implied investment grade may include actual ratings of the tenant parent, guarantor parent (regardless of whether or not the parent has guaranteed the tenant’s obligation under the lease) or tenants that are identified as investment grade by using a proprietary Moody’s Analytics tool, which generates an implied rating by measuring an entity’s probability of default. Ratings information is as of December 31, 2023.

The Acquisition of The Necessity Retail REIT and the Internalization

On September 12, 2023 (the “Acquisition Date”), the REIT Merger (as defined below) and the Internalization Merger (as defined below) were both consummated (collectively, the “Mergers”). The REIT Merger and Internalization Merger were conditioned upon each other and accordingly are considered “related” and treated as a single transaction for accounting and reporting purposes (see Note 3 — The Mergers to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information).

The REIT Merger

Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated May 23, 2023 (the “REIT Merger Agreement”), on the Acquisition Date, RTL merged with and into Osmosis Sub I, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of GNL (“REIT Merger Sub”), with REIT Merger Sub continuing as the surviving entity (the “REIT Merger”) and a wholly-owned subsidiary of GNL, followed by Osmosis Sub II, LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Global Net Lease Operating Partnership, L.P. (the “OP”), merging with and into The Necessity Retail REIT Operating Partnership, L.P. (“RTL OP”), with RTL OP continuing as the surviving entity (the “OP Merger” and collectively with the REIT Merger, the “REIT Mergers”).

On the Acquisition Date, pursuant to the REIT Merger Agreement, each issued and outstanding share of RTL’s (i) Class A Common Stock, par value $0.01 per share (the “RTL Class A Common Stock”), was converted into 0.670 shares (the “Exchange Ratio”) of Common Stock, (ii) 7.50% Series A Cumulative Redeemable Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (“RTL Series A Preferred Stock”), was automatically converted into one share of newly created Series D Preferred Stock, and (iii) 7.375% Series C Cumulative Redeemable Perpetual Preferred Stock, par value $0.01 per share (“RTL Series C Preferred Stock”), was automatically converted into one share of newly created Series E Preferred Stock.

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Table of Contents

On the Acquisition Date, after the REIT Merger but prior to the OP Merger, REIT Merger Sub distributed its general partnership interests in RTL OP to the Company. The Company, in turn, contributed its general partnership interests in RTL OP to the OP and, in turn, the OP contributed the general partnership interests in RTL OP to GNL Retail GP, LLC, a newly formed limited liability company that is wholly owned by the OP (“GNL Retail”). By virtue of the OP Merger and without any further action on the part of the OP, (i) GNL Retail became the sole general partner of the surviving company with respect to the OP Merger; (ii) all the preferred units of RTL OP held by REIT Merger Sub immediately after the Acquisition Date were cancelled and no payment was made with respect thereto; (iii) the OP continues as the sole limited partner of RTL OP; and (iv) each units of limited partnership interest in the OP designated as “OP Units” (“OP Units”) held by a limited partner of RTL OP other than RTL or any subsidiary of RTL issued and outstanding immediately prior to the Acquisition Date was automatically converted into new OP units in an amount equal to (x) one multiplied by (y) the Exchange Ratio, and each holder of new OP units was admitted as a limited partner of the OP in accordance with the terms of the partnership agreement of the OP. As a result, GNL Retail became the general partner and the OP is now the limited partner of RTL OP.

The Internalization Merger

Pursuant to the terms and conditions of the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated May 23, 2023 (the “Internalization Merger Agreement”) to internalize the advisory and property management functions of the combined companies, on the Acquisition Date, (i) GNL Advisor Merger Sub LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the OP merged with and into the former Advisor, with the former Advisor continuing in existence; (ii) GNL PM Merger Sub LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the OP merged with and into the Property Manager, with the Property Manager continuing in existence; (iii) RTL Advisor Merger Sub LLC merged with and into Necessity Retail Advisors, LLC (“RTL Advisor”), with RTL Advisor continuing in existence; and (iv) RTL PM Merger Sub LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary of the OP merged with and into Necessity Retail Properties, LLC (“RTL Property Manager”), with RTL Property Manager continuing in existence (collectively, the “Internalization Merger”). As a result of the consummation of the Internalization Merger, the advisory agreements were terminated for both us and RTL and we assumed both ours and RTL’s property management agreements and we were no longer externally managed. We internalized these functions with our own dedicated workforce (see Note 3 — The Mergers for additional information on the Internalization Merger and see Note 12 — Related Party Transactions to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information on the Internalization Merger).

Transaction Fees

BMO Capital Markets Corp. (“BMO”), the financial advisor to the special committee of the Board comprised solely of independent directors that was formed by the Board (the “Special Committee”), was paid a fee of $30.0 million, $3.0 million of which was paid in the quarter ended June 30, 2023 upon delivery of BMO’s opinion regarding the REIT Merger and the remaining $27.0 million was paid upon consummation of the Mergers in the quarter ended September 30, 2023. In addition, the Company paid BMO a fee of $1.0 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2023, which was paid upon delivery of BMO’s opinion regarding the Internalization Merger. The Company has also agreed to reimburse BMO for its transaction-related expenses, which totaled approximately $0.3 million, and agreed to indemnify BMO and certain related parties against certain potential liabilities arising out of or in connection with its engagement.

Significant Accounting Estimates and Accounting Policies

Set forth below is a summary of the significant accounting estimates and accounting policies that management believes are important to the preparation of our financial statements. Certain of our accounting estimates are particularly important for an understanding of our financial position and results of operations, and require the application of significant judgment by our management. As a result, these estimates are subject to a degree of uncertainty. These significant accounting estimates and accounting policies include:

Revenue Recognition

Our revenues, which are derived primarily from lease contracts, which include rents that each tenant pays in accordance with the terms of each lease agreement and are reported on a straight-line basis over the initial term of the lease. As of December 31, 2023, these leases had a weighted-average remaining lease term of 6.8 years. Because many of our leases provide for rental increases at specified intervals, straight-line basis accounting requires us to record a receivable for, and include in revenues, unbilled rent receivables that we will only receive if the tenant makes all rent payments required through the expiration of the initial term of the lease. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, our cumulative straight-line rents receivable in the consolidated balance sheets was $84.3 million, and $73.0 million, respectively. For the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our revenue from tenants included the impact of unbilled rental revenue of $10.4 million, $9.6 million and $5.7 million, respectively, to adjust contractual rent to straight-line rent.

For new leases after acquisition of property, the commencement date is considered to be the date the lease modification is executed. We defer the revenue related to lease payments received from tenants in advance of their due dates. When we acquire a property, the acquisition date is considered to be the commencement date for purposes of this calculation for all leases in place at the time of acquisition. In our Industrial & Distribution, Single-Tenant Retail and Office segments, in addition to base rent, our lease agreements generally require tenants to pay for their property operating expenses or reimburse us for property operating expenses that we incur (primarily insurance costs and real estate taxes). However, some limited property operating

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expenses that are not the responsibility of the tenant are absorbed by us. In our Multi-Tenant Retail segment, we own, manage and leases multi-tenant properties where we generally pay for the property operating expenses for those properties and most of our tenants are required to pay their pro rata share of property operating expenses. Under ASC 842, we elected to report combined lease and non-lease components in a single line “Revenue from tenants.” For expenses paid directly by the tenant, under both ASC 842 and 840, we reflected them on a net basis.

We continually review receivables related to rent and unbilled rent receivables and determine collectability by taking into consideration the tenant’s payment history, the financial condition of the tenant, business conditions in the industry in which the tenant operates and economic conditions in the area in which the property is located. Under lease accounting rules, we are required to assess, based on credit risk only, if it is probable that we will collect virtually all of the lease payments at lease commencement date and we must continue to reassess collectability periodically thereafter based on new facts and circumstances affecting the credit risk of the tenant. Partial reserves, or the ability to assume partial recovery are not permitted. If we determine that it is probable that we will collect virtually all of the lease payments (rent and contractually reimbursable property operating expenses), the lease will continue to be accounted for on an accrual basis (i.e. straight-line). However, if we determine it is not probable that we will collect virtually all of the lease payments, the lease will be accounted for on a cash basis and a full reserve would be recorded on previously accrued amounts in cases where it was subsequently concluded that collection was not probable. Cost recoveries from tenants are included in Revenue from tenants on the accompanying consolidated statements of operations in the period the related costs are incurred, as applicable.

In accordance with lease accounting rules, we record uncollectible amounts as reductions in revenue form tenants. Amounts recorded as reductions of revenue during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 totaled and $3.5 million, $0.7 million, and $1.1 million, respectively.

Investments in Real Estate

Investments in real estate are recorded at cost. Improvements and replacements are capitalized when they extend the useful life of the asset. Costs of repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred.

At the time an asset is acquired, we evaluate the inputs, processes and outputs of the asset acquired to determine if the transaction is a business combination or asset acquisition. If an acquisition qualifies as a business combination, the related transaction costs are recorded as an expense in the consolidated statements of operations. If an acquisition qualifies as an asset acquisition, the related transaction costs are generally capitalized and subsequently amortized over the useful life of the acquired assets. See the Purchase Price Allocation section below for a discussion of the initial accounting for investments in real estate.

Disposal of real estate investments representing a strategic shift in operations that will have a major effect on our operations and financial results are required to be presented as discontinued operations in our consolidated statements of operations. No properties were presented as discontinued operations as of December 31, 2023 and 2022. Properties that are intended to be sold are designated as “held for sale” on our consolidated balance sheets at the lesser of carrying amount or fair value less estimated selling costs when they meet specific criteria to be presented as held for sale, most significantly that the sale is probable within one year. We evaluate probability of sale based on specific facts including whether a sales agreement is in place and the buyer has made significant non-refundable deposits. Properties are no longer depreciated when they are classified as held for sale. As of December 31, 2023, we had two properties classified as held for sale. We did not have any assets held for sale as of December 31, 2022.

Purchase Price Allocation

In both a business combination and an asset acquisition, we allocate the purchase price of acquired properties to tangible and identifiable intangible assets or liabilities based on their respective fair values. Tangible assets may include land, land improvements, buildings, fixtures and tenant improvements on an as- if vacant basis. Intangible assets may include the value of in-place leases, and above- and below- market leases and other identifiable assets or liabilities based on lease or property specific characteristics. In addition, any assumed mortgages receivable or payable and any assumed or issued non-controlling interests (in a business combination) are recorded at their estimated fair values. In allocating the fair value to assumed mortgages, amounts are recorded to debt premiums or discounts based on the present value of the estimated cash flows, which is calculated to account for either above- or below-market interest rates. In a business combination, the difference between the purchase price and the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired is either recorded as goodwill or as a bargain purchase gain. In an asset acquisition, the difference between the acquisition price (including capitalized transaction costs) and the fair value of identifiable net assets acquired is allocated to the non-current assets. Other than the Mergers, which were accounted for as a business combination, all of the other acquisitions during the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 were asset acquisitions.

For acquired properties with leases classified as operating leases, we allocate the purchase price of acquired properties to tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed, based on their respective fair values. In making estimates of fair values for purposes of allocating purchase price, we utilize a number of sources, including independent

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appraisals that may be obtained in connection with the acquisition or financing of the respective property and other market data. We also consider information obtained about each property as a result of our pre-acquisition due diligence in estimating the fair value of the tangible and intangible assets acquired and intangible liabilities assumed.

We utilize various estimates, processes and information to determine the as-if vacant property value. Estimates of value are made using customary methods, including data from appraisals, comparable sales, discounted cash flow, direct capitalization and other methods. Fair value estimates are also made using significant assumptions such as capitalization rates, discount rates, market rent, and land values per square foot. Identifiable intangible assets include amounts allocated to acquire leases for above- and below-market lease rates, and the value of in-place leases, as applicable.

Factors considered in the analysis of the in-place lease intangibles include an estimate of carrying costs during the expected lease-up period for each property, taking into account current market conditions and costs to execute similar leases. In estimating carrying costs, we include real estate taxes, insurance and other operating expenses and estimates of lost rentals at contract rates during the expected lease-up period, which typically ranges from 12 to 18 months. We also estimate costs to execute similar leases including leasing commissions, legal and other related expenses.

Above-market and below-market lease values for acquired properties are initially recorded based on the present value (using a discount rate which reflects the risks associated with the leases acquired) of the difference between (i) the contractual amounts to be paid pursuant to each in-place lease, and (ii) management’s estimate of market rent for each corresponding in-place lease, measured over a period equal to the remaining initial term of the lease for above-market leases and the remaining term plus the term of any below-market fixed rate renewal options for below-market leases.

The aggregate value of intangible assets related to customer relationships, as applicable, is measured based on our evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease and our overall relationship with the tenant. Characteristics considered by us in determining these values include the nature and extent of its existing business relationships with the tenant, growth prospects for developing new business with the tenant, the tenant’s credit quality and expectations of lease renewals, among other factors.

Accounting for Leases

Lessor Accounting

In accordance with the lease accounting standard, all of our leases as lessor prior to adoption of ASC 842 were accounted for as operating leases and we continued to account for them as operating leases under the transition guidance. We evaluate new leases originated after the adoption date (by us or by a predecessor lessor/owner) pursuant to the new guidance where a lease for some or all of a building is classified by a lessor as a sales-type lease if the significant risks and rewards of ownership reside with the tenant. This situation is met if, among other things, there is an automatic transfer of title during the lease, a bargain purchase option, the non-cancelable lease term is for more than major part of remaining economic useful life of the asset (e.g., equal to or greater than 75%), if the present value of the minimum lease payments represents substantially all (e.g., equal to or greater than 90%) of the leased property’s fair value at lease inception, or if the asset so specialized in nature that it provides no alternative use to the lessor (and therefore would not provide any future value to the lessor) after the lease term. Further, such new leases would be evaluated to consider whether they would be failed sale-leaseback transactions and accounted for as financing transactions by the lessor. During the three-year period ended December 31, 2023, we did not have any leases as a lessor that would be considered as sales-type leases or financings under sale-leaseback rules.

As a lessor of real estate, we have elected, by class of underlying assets, to account for lease and non-lease components (such as tenant reimbursements of property operating expenses) as a single lease component as an operating lease because (a) the non-lease components have the same timing and pattern of transfer as the associated lease component; and (b) the lease component, if accounted for separately, would be classified as an operating lease. Additionally, only incremental direct leasing costs may be capitalized under the accounting guidance. Indirect leasing costs in connection with new or extended tenant leases, if any, are being expensed as incurred.

As of December 31, 2023, we had two parcels of land leased to tenants that qualify as financing leases which were acquired in the REIT Merger. The carrying value of these leases was $6.6 million as of December 31, 2023 and the amounts are included in prepaid expenses and other assets on our consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023. Income of $0.2 million relating to these two leases is included in revenue from tenants in our consolidated statement of operations for the year ended December 31, 2023.

Lessee Accounting

For lessees, the accounting standard requires the application of a dual lease classification approach, classifying leases as either operating or finance leases based on the principle of whether or not the lease is effectively a financed purchase by the lessee. Lease expense for operating leases is recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease, while lease expense for finance leases is recognized based on an effective interest method over the term of the lease. Also, lessees must recognize a right-of-use asset (“ROU”) and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than 12 months regardless of their classification. Further, certain transactions where at inception of the lease the buyer-lessor accounted for the transaction as a

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purchase of real estate and a new lease may now be required to have symmetrical accounting to the seller-lessee if the transaction was not a qualified sale-leaseback and accounted for as a financing transaction. For additional information and disclosures related to the Company’s operating leases, see Note 11 — Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information.

The Company is the lessee under certain land leases which were previously classified prior to adoption of ASC 842 and will continue to be classified as operating leases under transition elections unless subsequently modified, as well as land leases and other operating leases that were acquired or entered into in connection with the Mergers. These leases are reflected on the balance sheet as right of use assets and operating lease liabilities and the rent expense is reflected on a straight-line basis over the lease term.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

If circumstances indicate the carrying value of a property may not be recoverable, we review the asset for impairment. This review is based on an estimate of the future undiscounted cash flows, excluding interest charges, expected to result from the property’s use and eventual disposition. These estimates consider factors such as expected future operating income, market and other applicable trends and residual value, as well as the effects of leasing demand, competition and other factors. If impairment exists due to the inability to recover the carrying value of a property, an impairment loss is recorded to the extent that the carrying value exceeds the estimated fair value of the property for properties to be held and used. For properties held for sale, the impairment loss is the adjustment to fair value less estimated cost to dispose of the asset. These assessments have a direct impact on net income because recording an impairment loss results in an immediate negative adjustment to net earnings.

Gains and Losses on Dispositions of Real Estate Investments

Gains on sales of rental real estate are not considered sales to customers and are generally recognized pursuant to the provisions included in ASC 610-20, Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (“ASC 610-20”).

Goodwill

We evaluate goodwill for impairment at least annually or upon the occurrence of a triggering event. A triggering event is an event or circumstance that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount. We evaluated the company's goodwill upon the completion of the Mergers as we viewed that as a triggering event, and goodwill was not impaired based on that assessment. We also performed our annual impairment evaluation in the fourth quarter of 2023 to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. Based on our assessment, we determined that the goodwill was not impaired as of December 31, 2023. We will continue to assess for triggering events. Should any triggering event occur, we would evaluate the carrying value of our goodwill by segment through an impairment test. If impairment is warranted, the charge would be recorded through the combined income statement as a reduction to earnings.

We recorded goodwill of $25.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 related to the Mergers (see Note 3 — The Mergers to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

Depreciation and Amortization

We are required to make subjective assessments as to the useful lives of the components of our real estate investments for purposes of determining the amount of depreciation to record on an annual basis. These assessments have a direct impact on our results from operations because if we were to shorten the expected useful lives of our real estate investments, we would depreciate these investments over fewer years, resulting in more depreciation expense and lower earnings on an annual basis.

Depreciation is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of up to 40 years for buildings, 15 years for land and building improvements, five years for fixtures and improvements and the shorter of the useful life or the remaining lease term for tenant improvements and leasehold interests.

The value of in-place leases, exclusive of the value of above-market and below-market in-place leases, is amortized to expense over the remaining periods of the respective leases.

If the tenant terminated its lease, the unamortized portion of the in-place lease value and customer relationship intangibles is accelerated through the termination date or the date of the tenant vacates the space to expense.

Assumed mortgage premiums or discounts are amortized as an increase or reduction to interest expense over the remaining terms of the respective mortgages.

Deferred leasing commissions are recorded over the terms of the related leases. Amounts related to leasing commissions incurred from third parties are recorded in depreciation and amortization. Amounts related to leasing commissions incurred from the former Advisor are recorded within operating fees to related parties in the consolidated statements of operations.

Above and Below-Market Lease Amortization

Capitalized above-market lease values are amortized as a reduction of revenue from tenants over the remaining terms of the respective leases and the capitalized below-market lease values are amortized as an increase to revenue from tenants over the

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remaining initial terms plus the terms of any below-market fixed rate renewal options of the respective leases. If a tenant with a below-market rent renewal does not renew, any remaining unamortized amount will be taken into income at that time.

Above-market intangibles and below-market intangibles will also be treated in the same way as in-place intangibles upon a lease termination.

If a tenant modifies its lease, the unamortized portion of the in-place lease value, customer relationship intangibles, above-market leases and below market leases are assessed to determine whether their useful lives need to be amended (generally accelerated). Generally, we would not extend the useful lives of their intangible values upon a modification that is an extension.

The amortization associated with our ROUs is recorded in property operating expenses on a straight-line basis over the terms of the leases.

Derivative Instruments

We may use derivative financial instruments, including interest rate swaps, caps, options, floors and other interest rate derivative contracts, to hedge all or a portion of the interest rate risk associated with its borrowings. In addition, all foreign currency denominated borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility are designated as net investment hedges. Certain of our foreign operations expose us to fluctuations of foreign interest rates and exchange rates. These fluctuations may impact the value of our cash receipts and payments in our functional currency, the USD. We enter into derivative financial instruments to protect the value or fix the amount of certain obligations in terms of its functional currency.

We record all derivatives on the consolidated balance sheets at fair value. The accounting for changes in the fair value of derivatives depends on the intended use of the derivative, whether we have elected to designate a derivative in a hedging relationship and apply hedge accounting and whether the hedging relationship has satisfied the criteria necessary to apply hedge accounting. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset, liability, or firm commitment attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges. Derivatives designated and qualifying as a hedge of the exposure to variability in expected future cash flows, or other types of forecasted transactions, are considered cash flow hedges. Derivatives may also be designated as hedges of the foreign currency exposure of a net investment in foreign operations. Hedge accounting generally provides for the matching of the timing of gain or loss recognition on the hedging instrument with the recognition of the changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk in a fair value hedge or the earnings effect of the hedged forecasted transactions in a cash flow hedge. We may enter into derivative contracts that are intended to economically hedge certain risk, even though hedge accounting does not apply or we elect not to apply hedge accounting.

The accounting for subsequent changes in the fair value of these derivatives depends on whether each has been designed and qualifies for hedge accounting treatment. If we elect not to apply hedge accounting treatment (or for derivatives that do not qualify as hedges), any changes in the fair value of these derivative instruments is recognized immediately in gains (losses) on derivative instruments in the consolidated statements of operations. If a derivative is designated and qualifies for cash flow hedge accounting treatment, the change in the estimated fair value of the derivative is recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) in the consolidated statements of comprehensive (loss) income to the extent that it is effective. Any ineffective portion of a change in derivative fair value is immediately recorded in earnings.

Equity-Based Compensation

We maintain stock-based incentive plans under which our directors, officers, employees, consultants and, historically, entities that provide services to us are eligible to receive awards. Awards granted thereunder are accounted for under the guidance for employee share-based payments. The cost of services received in exchange for a stock award is measured at the grant date fair value of the award and the expense for such awards is included in equity-based compensation on consolidated statements of operations and is recognized over the vesting period or when the requirements for exercise of the award have been met.

We have issued restricted shares of Common Stock (“Restricted Shares”), RSUs and, during the three months ended December 31, 2023, PSUs. Also, although none remain outstanding as of December 31, 2023, we historically had issued long-term incentive plan units of limited partner interest in the OP (“GNL LTIP Units”) (see below for more information). For additional information on all of the equity-based compensation awards issued, seeNote 13 — Equity-Based Compensation to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Multi-Year Outperformance Agreement With Former Advisor

On June 2, 2021, we entered into a multi-year outperformance agreement with the former Advisor (the “2021 OPP”).

Under the 2021 OPP, we initially recorded equity-based compensation evenly over the requisite service period of approximately 3.1 years. beginning on May 3, 2021, the date that the Company’s independent directors approved the award of GNL LTIP Units. However, in connection with the Internalization Merger Agreement, the parties to the Internalization Merger Agreement agreed to modify the terms of the existing 2021 OPP to accelerate the timing for determining whether the award is

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vested and earned, and as a result, all of the remaining unrecognized compensation expense was accelerated and recorded in the quarter ended September 30, 2023 (through September 11, 2023).

Any awards of long-term incentive plan units of limited partner interest in the RTL OP (the “RTL LTIP Units”) that were earned prior to the Acquisition Date were converted by RTL into RTL Class A Common Stock prior to the Acquisition Date and were included in the consideration issued to holders of RTL Class A Common Stock (see Note 3 — The Mergers to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

For additional information on the 2021 OPP and the ultimate determination of the vesting of the award on September 11, 2023, see Note 13 — Equity-Based Compensation to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Under accounting guidance adopted by us on January 1, 2019, the total equity-based compensation expense calculated as of the adoption of the guidance is fixed and reflected as a charge to earnings over the remaining service period. Further, in the event of a modification, any incremental increase in the value of the instrument measured on the date of the modification both before and after the modification, may result in an incremental amount to be reflected prospectively as a charge to earnings over the remaining service period, however the modification noted above had no incremental value to amortize. The expense for these non-employee awards is included in the equity-based compensation line item of our consolidated statements of operations.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

SeeNote 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies — Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion.

Results of Operations

Below is a discussion of our results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. Please see the “Results of Operations” section located on page 48 under Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022 for a discussion of our results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2021 and year-to-year comparisons between 2022 and 2021.

As a result of the Mergers and the related strategic shift in the Company’s operations, the Company has concluded it operates in four reportable segments: (1) Industrial & Distribution, (2) Multi-Tenant Retail, (3) Single-Tenant Retail and (4) Office (see Note 15 — Segment Reporting to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, for additional details on our reportable segments).

In our Industrial & Distribution, Single-Tenant Retail and Office segments, we own, manage and lease single-tenant properties where in addition to base rent, our tenants are required to pay for their property operating expenses or reimburse us for property operating expenses that we incur (primarily property insurance and real estate taxes). However, some limited property operating expenses that are not the responsibility of the tenant are absorbed by us. The main exceptions are properties leased to the Government Services Administration, which do not require the tenant to reimburse the costs.

In our Multi-Tenant Retail segment, we own, manage and lease multi-tenant properties where we generally pay for the property operating expenses for those properties and most of our tenants are required to pay their pro rata share of property operating expenses.

As more fully discussed inNote 1 — Organization to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, during the quarter ended September 30, 2023 we completed the Mergers which will affect comparable results from operations until the properties acquired have been held for all periods presented. As a result, comparisons of our period to period financial information as set forth herein may not be meaningful. The historical financial information included herein as of any date, or for any periods, prior to September 12, 2023 represents our financial information, prior to the Mergers, on a stand-alone basis.

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2023 to the Year Ended December 31, 2022

Net Loss Attributable to Common Stockholders

Net loss attributable to common stockholders was $239.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, as compared to $8.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change in net loss income attributable to common stockholders is discussed in detail for each line item of the consolidated statements of operations in the sections that follow.

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Revenue from Tenants

Consolidated revenue from tenants, detailed by reportable segment, is as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Revenue From Tenants:

Multi-Tenant Retail 79,799 —

Industrial & Distribution

Revenue from tenants in our Industrial & Distribution segment was $220.1 million and $211.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase in revenue from tenants was primarily driven by revenue of $9.7 million attributable to properties acquired from RTL on the Acquisition Date, with minimal impact from the year-over-year change in average foreign exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2023, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Multi-Tenant Retail

Revenue from tenants in our Multi-Tenant Retail segment was $79.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and there was no corresponding revenue in the prior year period since the revenue is all attributable to properties acquired from RTL on the Acquisition Date.

Single-Tenant Retail

Revenue from tenants in our Single-Tenant Retail segment was $60.6 million and $12.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was primarily due to revenue of $42.5 million attributable to properties acquired from RTL on Acquisition Date and revenue from other properties acquired since January 1, 2022, with minimal impact from the year-over-year change in average foreign exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2023, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Office

Revenue from tenants in our Office segment was $154.6 million and $154.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The minor change period-over-period was primarily driven by a decrease in revenue from properties disposed since January 1, 2022, partially offset by revenue attributable to properties acquired from RTL on the Acquisition Date and revenue from other properties acquired since January 1, 2022, as well as a minimal impact from the year-over-year change in average foreign exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2023, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Property Operating Expenses

Consolidated property operating expenses, detailed by reportable segment, is as follows:

Year Ended December 31,

Property Operating Expenses:

Multi-Tenant Retail 26,951 —

Total Consolidated Property Operating Expenses $ 67,839 $ 32,877

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Industrial & Distribution

Property operating expenses in our Industrial & Distribution segment were $15.5 million and $13.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was primarily due to an increase in property operating expenses resulting from properties acquired from RTL on the Acquisition Date, with minimal impact from the year-over-year change in average foreign exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2023, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Multi-Tenant Retail

Property operating expenses in our Multi-Tenant Retail were $27.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 and there were no corresponding property operating expenses in the prior year period since the expenses are all attributable to properties acquired from RTL on the Acquisition Date.

Single-Tenant Retail

Property operating expenses in our Single-Tenant Retail were $5.3 million and $0.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was primarily due to an increase in property operating expenses of $4.2 million resulting from properties acquired from RTL on the Acquisition Date, with minimal impact from the year-over-year change in average foreign exchange rates, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Office

Property operating expenses in our Office segment were $20.2 million and $18.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was primarily due to an increase in property operating expenses resulting from properties acquired from RTL on the Acquisition Date and the year-over-year change in average foreign exchange rates, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Operating Fees to Related Parties

Operating fees paid to related parties were $28.3 million and $40.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The decline in the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to a decrease in advisory and property management fees paid to affiliates of AR Global as a result of the closing of the Internalization Merger on the Acquisition Date. For additional information, see Note 12 — Related Party Transactions to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Upon the closing of the Mergers, we no longer pay asset management fees to the former Advisor or property management fees to the Property Manager and we internalized our management functions. While we no longer pay the costs of the various fees and expense reimbursements previously paid to the former Advisor and the Property Manager, after the Internalization Merger, our expenses now include the compensation and benefits of our officers, employees, and consultants, as well as overhead expenses, previously paid by those entities in managing our business and operations and are being recorded in general and administrative expenses from the Acquisition Date forward, including in the form of equity compensation.

Impairment Charges

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we recorded aggregate impairment charges of $68.7 million, as described below:

•During the three months ended December 31, 2023, we determined that one of our properties located in Scotland (which was owned prior to the REIT Merger) had an estimated fair value that was lower than its carrying value based on the estimated selling price of the property, and as a result, the Company recorded an impairment charge of approximately $1.8 million. Also during three months ended December 31, 2023, we determined that two of our properties located in the U.S. (which were acquired in the REIT Merger) had an estimated fair value that was lower than their carrying value based on the estimated selling prices of the properties, and as a result, we recorded an impairment charge of approximately $1.2 million.

•During the three months ended September 30, 2023 we determined that the fair values of four of our properties (one in the U.K. and three in the U.S.) were lower than their carrying values. These properties were all owned by us prior to the REIT Merger. As a result, we recorded impairment charges for these properties, including impairments to intangible assets totaling $65.7 million in the three months ended September 30, 2023. The impairment charge for the property in the U.K. was based on a calculation of the estimated fair value of the property. The impairment charges for the properties in the U.S. were based on the estimated selling prices of the properties.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we recorded aggregate impairment charges of $21.6 million for three properties. For one of these properties, which was held for sale in the first quarter, we incurred an additional impairment for costs to sell the asset. The other two properties that were impaired during 2022 were both being marketed for sale. The impairment for the first property being marketed for sale occurred in the second quarter of 2022 and totaled $16.0 million. The impairment was based on a purchase and sale contract; however, the property did not meet the criteria for held for sale at that

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time. In the third quarter, this property met the criteria for held for sale and an additional impairment of $0.8 million was taken for costs to sell the asset. This property was sold in November 2022. The impairment charge for the second property being marketed for sale was recorded in the fourth quarter of 2022 and totaled $4.5 million, based on the agreed upon selling price of the asset.

Merger, Transaction and Other Costs

We recognized $54.5 million and $0.2 million of acquisition, transaction and other costs during the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was due to advisory, legal and other professional costs that were directly related to the Mergers.

Settlement Costs

For the year ended December 31, 2023 we recognized settlement costs of $29.7 million which consists of the cash reimbursement of approximately $8.8 million of expenses to the Blackwells/Related Parties and non-cash equity expense of approximately $20.9 million for Common Stock issued to Blackwells under the Cooperation Agreement (as defined in Note 10 — Stockholders’ Equity to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expenses were $40.2 million and $17.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, primarily consisting of professional fees including audit and taxation related services, employee compensation/payroll expenses, board member compensation, and directors’ and officers’ liability insurance. The overall increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the internalization of our management functions (as discussed above), such as employee compensation/payroll expenses, and as a result of higher legal expenses and other costs in the year ended December 31, 2023.

Equity-Based Compensation

During the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, we recognized equity-based compensation expense of $17.3 million and $12.1 million, respectively. Equity-based compensation in both periods consists of (i) amortization expense related to the GNL LTIPs issued under the 2021 OPP (including accelerated vesting as described below); (ii) amortization of Restricted Shares granted to employees of the former Advisor or its affiliates who were involved in providing services to us prior to the Internalization, some of which vested at the closing of the Mergers; (iii) amortization of RSUs granted to our employees and independent directors. Equity-based compensation expense in the year ended December 31, 2023 also includes expense related to the PSUs, which were granted in November 2023.

The increase in equity-based compensation expense was primarily due to higher expense of approximately $3.9 million recorded in the year ended December 31, 2023 due to the accelerated compensation expense as a result of the modification of the award granted to the former Advisor under the 2021 OPP that changed the timing of the final measurement for determining whether the award is vested and earned to September 11, 2023, resulting in the acceleration of all of the remaining unrecognized compensation expense being recorded in the quarter ended September 30, 2023. In addition, the increase in equity-based compensation expense was due to approximately one month of expense for grants of RSUs and PSUs to employees in November 2023. For additional information, see Note 13 — Equity-Based Compensation to our consolidated financial statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation and amortization expense was $222.3 million and $154.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was due to additional depreciation and amortization expense recorded as a result of the impact of the REIT Merger and the year-over-year change in average foreign exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2023, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

(Loss) Gain on Dispositions of Real Estate Investments

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we sold eleven properties, ten of which were acquired in the REIT Merger, and recorded an aggregate loss of $1.7 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, we sold one property in the U.S., one property in the UK and one property in France for an aggregate contract sales price of approximately $56.0 million. The Company recorded an aggregate gain of $0.3 million on these sales.

Interest Expense

Interest expense was $179.4 million and $97.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was due to the increase in the amount of our total gross debt outstanding of $2.4 billion as of December 31, 2022 to $5.4 billion as of December 31, 2023 and an increase in the weighted-average effective interest rate of our total debt from 4.0% as of December 31, 2022 to 4.8% as of December 31, 2023. The increase in the amount of our gross debt outstanding was

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primarily due to debt assumed in the REIT Merger and additional borrowings on our Revolving Credit Facility to repay amounts outstanding under RTL’s credit facility at the time of the REIT Merger.

The increase in interest expense was also impacted by the year-over-year change in average foreign exchange rates during the year ended December 31, 2023, when compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. As of December 31, 2023 exchange rates were £1.00 to $1.27 for GBP, €1.00 to $1.10 for EUR and $1.00 CAD to $0.75. As of December 31, 2022 exchange rates were £1.00 to $1.37 for GBP, €1.00 to $1.23 for EUR and $1.00 CAD to $0.74.

As of the year ended December 31, 2023, approximately 10% of our total debt outstanding was denominated in EUR, 8% of our total debt outstanding was denominated in GBP and 1% was denominated in CAD. As of December 31, 2022, approximately 23% of our total debt outstanding was denominated in EUR, and 16% of our total debt outstanding was denominated in GBP.

We view a combination of secured and unsecured financing as an efficient and accretive means to acquire properties and manage working capital. As of December 31, 2023, approximately 49% of our total debt outstanding was secured and 51% was unsecured, the latter including amounts outstanding under our Credit Facility and Senior Notes. The availability of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility is based on the value of a pool of eligible unencumbered real estate assets owned by us and compliance with various ratios related to those assets. Our interest expense in future periods will vary based on interest rates, the level of future borrowings, which will depend on refinancing needs and acquisition activity, and changes in currency exchange rates.

Loss on Extinguishment of Debt

The loss on extinguishment of debt of $1.2 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily due to early pre-payment penalties from certain mortgage paydowns. The loss on extinguishment of debt of $2.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily related to the early payoff of our mortgage loan that was secured by our properties located in France.

Foreign Currency and Interest Rate Impact on Operations

The loss on derivative instruments of $3.7 million and gain of $18.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively, reflect the marked-to-market impact from foreign currency and interest rate derivative instruments used to hedge the investment portfolio from currency and interest rate movements, and was mainly impacted by currency rate changes in the GBP and EUR compared to the USD. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the loss on derivative instruments consisted of unrealized losses of $7.3 million and realized gains of $3.6 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the gain on derivative instruments consisted of unrealized gains of $9.4 million and realized gains of $9.2 million. The overall gain (or loss) on derivative instruments directly impact our results of operations since they are recorded on the gain on derivative instruments line item in our consolidated results of operations. However, only the realized gains are included AFFO (as defined below).

As a result of our foreign investments in Europe, and, to a lesser extent, our investments in Canada, we are subject to risk from the effects of exchange rate movements in the EUR, GBP and, to a lesser extent, CAD against the USD, which may affect costs and cash flows in our functional currency, the USD. We generally manage foreign currency exchange rate movements by matching our debt service obligation to the lender and the tenant’s rental obligation to us in the same currency. This reduces our overall exposure to currency fluctuations. In addition, we may use currency hedging to further reduce the exposure to our net cash flow. We are generally a net receiver of these currencies (we receive more cash than we pay out), and therefore our results of operations of our foreign properties benefit from a weaker USD, and are adversely affected by a stronger USD, relative to the foreign currency. Conversely, realized gains from derivatives would generally be lower from a weaker USD, and higher from a stronger USD. We maintain our hedging approach by consistently entering into new foreign exchange forwards for three year periods. Interest rate increases could increase the interest expense on our floating rate debt or any new debt and we are constantly evaluating the use of hedging strategies to mitigate this risk.

Unrealized Income (Loss) on Undesignated Foreign Currency Advances and Other Hedge Ineffectiveness

We recorded income of $2.4 million on undesignated foreign currency advances and other hedge ineffectiveness, related to the accelerated reclassification of amounts in other comprehensive income to earnings as a result of certain hedged forecasted transactions becoming probable not to occur, for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not record any amounts due to currency changes on the undesignated excess foreign currency advances over the related net investments.

Income Tax Expense

Although as a REIT we generally do not pay U.S. federal income taxes on the amount of REIT taxable income that is distributed to shareholders, we recognize income tax (expense) benefit domestically for state taxes and local income taxes incurred, if any, and also in foreign jurisdictions in which we own properties. In addition, we perform an analysis of potential deferred tax or future tax benefit and expense as a result of book and tax differences and timing differences in taxes across jurisdictions. Income tax expense was $14.5 million and $11.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022,

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respectively. For additional information, see Note 16 — Income Taxes to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Preferred Stock Dividends

Our net loss was also impacted by dividends on our outstanding preferred stock. We paid dividends on our Preferred Stock of $27.4 million and $20.4 million during years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The increase was due to dividends from our Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock, both of which were assumed from RTL in the REIT Merger. Also see the Liquidity and Capital Resources sections below for more information on the payment of Preferred Stock dividends.

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

The level of cash flows provided by operating activities is driven by, among other things, rental income received, operating fees paid to parties that were previously considered related parties (the former Advisor) and for asset and property management, and interest payments on outstanding borrowings.

During the year ended December 31, 2023, net cash provided by operating activities was $143.7 million. Cash flows provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 reflect net loss of $211.9 million, adjusted for non-cash items of $339.1 million (primarily depreciation, amortization of intangibles, amortization of deferred financing costs, amortization of mortgage discounts, amortization of above- and below-market lease and ground lease assets and liabilities, amortization of right of use assets, amortization of lease incentives and commissions, unbilled straight-line rent (including the effect of adjustments due to rent deferrals), equity-based compensation, unrealized gains on foreign currency transactions, derivatives and impairment charges). In addition, operating cash flow was impacted by lease incentive and commission payments of $2.8 million and a decrease of $5.5 million in working capital items due to an increase in prepaid expenses and other assets of $7.6 million, a decrease in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $9.6 million and a decrease in prepaid rent of $0.7 million.

During the year ended December 31, 2022, net cash provided by operating activities was $181.8 million. Cash flows provided by operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 reflect net income of $12.0 million, adjusted for non-cash items of $191.0 million (primarily depreciation, amortization of intangibles, amortization of deferred financing costs, amortization of mortgage discounts, amortization of above- and below-market lease and ground lease assets and liabilities, amortization of right of use assets, unbilled straight-line rent (including the effect of adjustments due to rent deferrals), equity-based compensation, unrealized gains on foreign currency transactions, derivatives and other, and impairments). In addition, operating cash flow was impacted by the receipt of a $9.0 million termination fee from a tenant, a decrease of $14.2 million in working capital items and lease incentive and commission payments of $6.3 million.

Cash Flows from Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2023 of $551.9 million consisted of net cash used to complete the Mergers of $451.4 million, cash used for other property acquisitions of $134.1 million and capital expenditures of $47.3 million, partially offset by proceeds from dispositions of $80.9 million.

Net cash used in investing activities during the year ended December 31, 2022 of $16.5 million consisted of property acquisitions of $33.9 million and capital expenditures of $29.9 million, partially offset by proceeds from dispositions of $54.7 million.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities of $469.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2023 was a result of net proceeds from borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility of $1.1 billion (for additional information on Revolving Credit Facility activity, see the Liquidity and Capital Resources section below), partially offset by net payments on mortgage notes payable of $340.4 million, dividends paid to common stockholders of $207.0 million, dividends paid to holders of our Series A Preferred Stock of $12.3 million, dividends paid to holders of our Series B Preferred Stock of $8.1 million, dividends paid to holders of our Series D Preferred Stock of $3.7 million, dividends paid to holders of our Series E Preferred Stock of $2.1 million and distributions to non-controlling interest holders of $3.2 million. Distributions to non-controlling interest holders increased $2.8 million in the year ended December 31, 2023, when compared to last year, due to the priority catch-up distribution to the former Advisor in respect of the 883,750 GNL LTIP Units that were earned under the 2021 OPP. The Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred stock were each assumed by GNL in September 2023 in connection with the REIT Merger, and therefore the dividends paid noted above represent one quarter of dividends in the year ended December 31, 2023.

Net cash used in financing activities of $149.7 million during the year ended December 31, 2022 was a result of net payments on mortgage notes payable of $136.7 million, dividends paid to common stockholders of $166.8 million, dividends paid to holders of our Series A Preferred Stock, of $12.3 million, dividends paid to holders of our Series B Preferred Stock, of $8.0 million and distributions to non-controlling interest holders of $0.4 million. These cash outflows were partially offset by

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net proceeds from borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility of $180.2 million, net proceeds from the issuance of Common Stock of $0.9 million and net proceeds from the issuance of Series B Preferred Stock of $4.7 million.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our principal future needs for cash and cash equivalents includes the purchase of additional properties or other investments, payment of related acquisition costs, improvement costs, operating and administrative expenses, repayment of certain debt obligations, which includes our continuing debt service obligations and dividends to holders of our Common Stock and Preferred Stock as well as to any future class or series of preferred stock we may issue. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had cash and cash equivalents of $121.6 million and $103.3 million, respectively. See discussion above our how our cash flows from various sources impacted our cash.

Management expects that cash generated from operations, supplemented by our existing cash, will be sufficient to fund the payment of quarterly dividends to our common stockholders and holders of our Preferred Stock, as well as anticipated capital expenditures. During the year ended December 31, 2023, cash used to pay 60.8% of our dividends was generated from cash flows provided by operations. In addition, we plan on managing our leverage by using proceeds from strategic or opportunistic dispositions to reduce our debt, and we currently have entered into purchase and sale agreements (“PSA’s”)non-binding letters of intent (“LOI’s”) totaling an aggregate of $147.7 million.

Our other sources of capital, which we have used and may use in the future, include proceeds received from our Revolving Credit Facility, proceeds from secured or unsecured financings (which may include note issuances), proceeds from our offerings of equity securities (including Common Stock and Preferred Stock), proceeds from any future sales of properties and undistributed cash flows from operations, if any.

Acquisitions, Dispositions and Pending Transactions

We are in the business of acquiring real estate properties and leasing the properties to tenants. Generally, we fund our acquisitions through a combination of cash and cash equivalents, proceeds from offerings of equity securities, borrowings under our Revolving Credit Facility and proceeds from mortgage or other debt secured by the acquired or other assets at the time of acquisition or at some later point. In addition, to the extent we dispose of properties, we have used and may continue to use the net proceeds from the dispositions (after repayment of any mortgage debt, if any) for future acquisitions or other general corporate purposes.

Acquisitions and Dispositions — Year Ended December 31, 2023

During the year ended December 31, 2023, we acquired nine properties that were accounted for as asset acquisitions for $134.1 million, including capitalized acquisition costs and we completed the Mergers, which were accounted for as a business combination, for cash consideration of $516.0 million and equity consideration of $1.6 billion in which we acquired 989 properties from RTL. The Mergers were completed in the three months ended September 30, 2023, as disclosed in more detail in Note 3 — The Mergers to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In addition, under the REIT Merger Agreement, we repaid all amounts outstanding under RTL’s credit facility and assumed all of RTL’s other indebtedness. In order to repay all amounts outstanding under RTL’s credit facility, we exercised the existing “accordion feature” on our Revolving Credit Facility and increased the commitments under our Revolving Credit Facility by $500.0 million to facilitate the repayment of RTL’s credit facility and to create additional availability (see the “Borrowings - Credit Facility” section below for additional details).

During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold 11 properties, ten of which were acquired in the REIT Merger, for a contract price of $84.7 million.

Dispositions Subsequent to December 31, 2023 and Pending Transactions

Subsequent to December 31, 2023, we disposed of five properties for an aggregate price of $12.2 million. One of these properties was classified as held for sale on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2023.

In addition, as of February 19, 2024, we signed PSA’s to dispose of 27 properties for an aggregate sale price of $117.0 million (four of these were sold later in February 2024 - noted above) and we have signed LOI’s to dispose of 12 properties for an aggregate sale price of $30.7 million. The PSA’s and LOI’s are subject to conditions and there can be no assurance we will be able to complete these dispositions on their contemplated terms, or at all.

Equity Offerings

Common Stock

We have an “at the market” equity offering program (the “Common Stock ATM Program”) pursuant to which we may sell shares of Common Stock, from time to time through our sales agents. In November 2022, we filed a new shelf registration statement and prospectus supplement covering the Common Stock ATM Program having an aggregate offering amount of up to $285.0 million, prior to the expiration of our previous registration statement, which had an aggregate offering amount of up to $500.0 million ($285.0 million was sold under our previous registration statement). During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not sell any shares of Common Stock through the Common Stock ATM Program.

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Preferred Stock

We have an “at the market” equity offering program for our Series B Preferred Stock (the “Series B Preferred Stock ATM Program”) pursuant to which we may sell sales of shares of Series B Preferred Stock, from time to time through our sales agents. In November 2022, we filed a new shelf registration statement and prospectus supplement covering the Series B Preferred Stock ATM Program having an aggregate offering amount of up to $170.0 million, prior to the expiration of our previous registration statement, which had an aggregate offering amount of up to $200.0 million. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we did not sell any shares of Series B Preferred Stock through the Series B Preferred Stock ATM Program.

The timing differences between when we raise equity proceeds or receive proceeds from dispositions and when we invest those proceeds in acquisitions or other investments that increase our operating cash flows have affected, and may continue to affect, our results of operations.

Equity Issuances in Connection with the Mergers

In connection with the completion of the Mergers, we issued: (i) 93,642,852 shares of Common Stock in exchange for RTL Class A Common Stock, (ii) 29,614,825 shares of Common Stock to AR Global in connection with the Internalization Merger, (iii) 115,857 GNL Class A Units to the previous owner of RTL Class A Units, (iv) 7,933,711 shares of newly created Series D Preferred Stock and (v) 4,595,175 shares of newly created Series E Preferred Stock. The issuance of RTL Class A Common Stock in respect of earned and converted RTL LTIP Units and in respect of certain shares of restricted RTL Class A Common Stock (“RTL Restricted Shares”) that vested prior to the Acquisition Date and were included in the consideration issued to holders of RTL Class A Common Stock (see (i) above).

We also issued 883,750 shares of Common Stock to AR Global for GNL LTIP Units granted under the 2021 OPP that were earned and converted into the same number of shares of Common Stock on the Acquisition Date (see Note 13 — Equity-Based Compensation to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for more information).

Pursuant to the terms of the Cooperation Agreement below, upon the completion of the Mergers, we issued 1,600,000 shares of Common Stock to the Blackwells/Related Parties in a private placement exempt from registration and we issued an aggregate of 495,000 shares of Common Stock to the Blackwells/Related Parties as a settlement fee on July 11, 2023.

Additionally, we issued an aggregate 104,832 shares of Common Stock to an unaffiliated party in a private placement exempt from registration in July and October, 2023. We issued 45,579 shares ofCommon Stock to the third party on July 13, 2023 as a non-refundable retainer and in October, 2023 issued an additional 59,253 shares of Common Stock to the same third party.

Also, all of the outstanding equity or equity-based awards of RTL held by any employee of RTL Advisor who was offered employment by us on the terms and conditions set forth in the Internalization Merger Agreement had their RTL Restricted Shares converted into Restricted Shares (which totaled 221,136 Restricted Shares).

Borrowings

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had total gross debt outstanding of $5.4 billion and $2.4 billion, respectively, bearing interest at a weighted-average interest rate per annum equal to 4.8% and 4.0%, respectively. Approximately $405.2 million of our debt, consisting only of mortgage notes payable, matures in 2024 (see Mortgage Notes Payable below for more information).

As of December 31, 2023, 80% of our total debt outstanding either bore interest at fixed rates, or was swapped to a fixed rate, which bore interest at a weighted-average interest rate of 4.1% per annum. As of December 31, 2023, 20% of our total debt outstanding was variable-rate debt, which bore interest at a weighted- average interest rate of 7.2% per annum (30% variable with a rate of 4.4% in 2022). The total gross carrying value of unencumbered assets as of December 31, 2023 was $4.9 billion, of which approximately $4.8 billion was included in the unencumbered asset pool comprising the borrowing base under the Revolving Credit Facility and therefore is not available to serve as collateral for future borrowings.

Our debt leverage ratio was 65.0% (total debt as a percentage of total purchase price of real estate investments, based on the exchange rate at the time of purchase) as of December 31, 2023. SeeNote 8 — Fair Value of Financial Instruments to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of fair value of such debt as of December 31, 2023. As of December 31, 2023 the weighted-average maturity of our indebtedness was 3.2 years. We believe we have the ability to service our debt obligations as they come due.

As noted above, we plan on managing our leverage by using proceeds from strategic or opportunistic dispositions to reduce our debt, and we currently have entered into PSA’s and LOI’s totaling an aggregate of $147.7 million.

Senior Notes

In connection with the REIT Merger, we assumed and became a guarantor under RTL’s $500.0 million aggregate principal, 4.50% Senior Notes due 2028 (the “4.50% Senior Notes”), pursuant to a supplemental indenture governing the 4.50% Senior Notes. Both the 4.50% Senior Notes and our original 3.75% Senior Notes (together, the “Senior Notes”) do not require

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any principal payments prior to maturity. As of December 31, 2023, the carrying amount of the outstanding Senior Notes on our balance sheets totaled $886.0 million which is net of $114.0 million of deferred financing costs and discounts, and as of December 31, 2022 the carrying amount of the outstanding Senior Notes on our balance sheets totaled $493.1 million, which is net of $6.9 million of deferred financing costs. See Note 7 — Senior Notes, Net to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion on the Senior Notes and related covenants.

Mortgage Notes Payable

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, we had secured mortgage notes payable of $2.5 billion and $1.2 billion, respectively, net of mortgage discounts and deferred financing costs. All of our current mortgage loans require payment of interest-only with the principal due at maturity. We have principal payments of $405.2 million due on our mortgages during the year ending December 31, 2024.

The increase in the mortgage notes payable, net balance was due to the assumption of RTL mortgage notes payable as required by the REIT Merger Agreement, which totaled $1.6 billion as of the Acquisition Date, less the repayment of the following principal on certain mortgage notes payable, as outlined below:

•During the fourth quarter of 2023, we paid approximately $79.8 million of principal on various mortgage notes payable, which included a $64.2 million paydown on our Multi-Tenant Mortgage Loan V (paid with proceeds from a property disposition in the fourth quarter of 2023), $10.4 million paydown on our net lease mortgage notes interest rates and a $5.2 million paydown on the Column Financial Mortgage Notes. The paydowns on the net lease mortgage notes and the Column Financial Mortgage Notes were made with cash on hand.

•On May 5, 2023 we repaid the mortgage loan that previously encumbered our five properties in Germany. The loan balance was approximately $56.7 million using the exchange rate on the date of repayment. The repayment was fully funded with additional borrowings in EUR under the Revolving Credit Facility and the five properties in Germany were added to the borrowing base of the Revolving Credit Facility. The interest rate on the mortgage loan that was repaid was 3.6% and the current interest rate on the EUR portion of the Revolving Credit Facility was 2.0% as of December 31, 2023.

•On April 25, 2023, we made our scheduled principal repayment of £3.8 million ($4.7 million using the exchange rate on the date of repayment) on its United Kingdom Properties -Bulk Loan, which reduced the balance to approximately £153.1 million (approximately $191.4 million as of the end of April 2023) after the payment. We then repaid the entire remaining principal amount of the United Kingdom Properties -Bulk Loan in May 2023. This mortgage loan had encumbered 41 of our properties in the U.K. We funded the repayment with additional borrowings in GBP under the Revolving Credit Facility and the 41 properties in the U.K. were added to the borrowing base of the Revolving Credit Facility. The interest rate on the mortgage loan that was repaid was 3.2% and the current interest rate on GBP portion of the Revolving Credit Facility was 7.1% as of December 31, 2023.

Credit Facility

As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, outstanding borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility were $1.7 billion and $670.0 million, respectively. The increase in the balance of the Revolving Credit Facility was primarily due to the amounts borrowed to repay RTL’s credit facility at the closing of the REIT Merger on the Acquisition Date. In connection with the Mergers, we amended the Credit Agreement on September 12, 2023 in order to, among other things, repay the outstanding indebtedness and obligations of RTL’s credit facility. We exercised the existing “accordion feature” on the Revolving Credit Facility and increased the aggregate total commitments under the Revolving Credit Facility by $500.0 million from $1.45 billion to $1.95 billion to repay and terminate RTL’s credit facility and to create additional availability after the closing of the REIT Merger. The sublimits for letters of credit and swing loans were also each increased from $50.0 million to $75.0 million.

The amendment to the Credit Agreement also includes modifications to the change of control events to reflect the changes to the Board and our management following the REIT Merger and other modifications to account for multi-tenant properties for the credit support of additional eligible unencumbered properties that are owned by the subsidiaries of RTL OP that serve as guarantors under the Credit Agreement.

In addition, during the year ended December 31, 2023, we made additional borrowings that were primarily used to fund the repayments of the loan that previously encumbered our five properties in Germany (€52.0 million borrowed under the Revolving Credit Facility) (discussed above) and the loan that previously encumbered 41 of or properties in the U.K. (£154.0 million) (discussed above). Also, the additional borrowings were used for other property acquisitions and general corporate purposes. As of December 31, 2023, approximately $14.2 million was available for future borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility.

The Credit Agreement requires payments of interest only prior to maturity. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility bear interest at a variable rate per annum based on an applicable margin that varies based on the ratio of consolidated total indebtedness to consolidated total asset value of us and our subsidiaries plus either (i) the Base Rate (as defined in the Credit Agreement) or (ii) the applicable Benchmark Rate (as defined in the Credit Facility) for the currency being borrowed. The applicable interest rate margin is based on a range from 0.30% to 0.90% per annum with respect to Base Rate borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility and 1.30% to 1.90% per annum with respect to Benchmark Rate borrowings under the Revolving

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Credit Facility. These spreads reflect a reduction from the previous spreads. For Benchmark Rate Loans denominated in Dollars that bear interest calculated by reference to Term SOFR, there is an additional spread adjustment depending on the length of the interest period. In addition, (i) if we achieve an investment grade credit rating from at least two rating agencies, the OP can elect for the spread to be based on our credit rating, and (ii) the “floor” on the applicable Benchmark is 0%. As of December 31, 2023, the Revolving Credit Facility had a weighted-average effective interest rate of 6.0% after giving effect to interest rate swaps in place.

The Revolving Credit Facility matures on October 8, 2026, subject to our option, subject to customary conditions, to extend the maturity date by up to two additional six-month terms. Borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility may be prepaid at any time, in whole or in part, without premium or penalty, subject to customary breakage costs associated with borrowings for the applicable Benchmark Rate.

The Revolving Credit Facility requires us through the OP to pay an unused fee per annum of 0.25% of the unused balance of the Revolving Credit Facility if the unused balance exceeds or is equal to 50% of the total commitment or a fee per annum of 0.15% of the unused balance of the Revolving Credit Facility if the unused balance is less than 50% of the total commitment. From and after the time we obtain an investment grade credit rating, the unused fee will be replaced with a facility fee based on the total commitment under the Revolving Credit Facility multiplied by 0.30%, decreasing as our credit rating increases.

The availability of borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility is based on the value of a pool of eligible unencumbered real estate assets owned by us and compliance with various ratios related to those assets. Also, we have a $7.4 million letter of credit held by lenders which were put in place to cure cash trap sweep events under one of our mortgages (see “— Covenants —Multi-Tenant Mortgage Loan III” section below for additional information on this letter of credit). These letters of credit reduce the availability for future borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility.

Any future borrowings may, at our option be denominated in USD, EUR, CAD, GBP Norwegian Krone, Swedish Krona and Swiss Francs, provided that the total principal amount of non-USD loans cannot exceed the sum of the total revolving commitments minus $100.0 million. Amounts borrowed may not, however, be converted to, or repaid in, another currency once borrowed.

Covenants

As of December 31, 2023, we were in compliance with the covenants under the Indenture governing the 3.75% Senior Notes, the 4.50% Senior Notes and the Credit Agreement (see Note 6 — Revolving Credit Facility and Note 7 — Senior Notes, Net to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion on the Credit Facility and Senior Notes and the related covenants).

Our mortgage notes payable agreements require compliance with certain property-level financial covenants including debt service coverage ratios. As of December 31, 2023, there were certain covenants that we were not in compliance with (as discussed below) however, there were no uncured defaults or events of default. We were in compliance with all of the other financial covenants under our mortgage notes payable agreements.

Benelux Properties

During the three months ended June 30, 2023, the borrower entities under the mortgage loan which is secured by three of our properties in Luxembourg and The Netherlands did not maintain the required loan-to-value ratio and a cash trap event under the loan occurred. The event triggering the cash sweep was not, however, an event of default. As a result, €2.4 million was swept and had been retained by the lender, and during the three months ended September 30, 2023, the Company repaid approximately €2.5 million (approximately $2.7 million at the time of payment) of principal on this mortgage using cash that was previously swept and retained by the lender. In January 2024, we repaid approximately €9.8 million (approximately $10.6 million at the time of payment) of principal on this mortgage. The repayment was comprised of €6.5 million (approximately $7.2 million as of December 31, 2023) that was swept and retained by the lender as of December 31, 2023, and the incremental cash trapped through the January 2024 payment date. The cash trap event is now cured as the required loan-to-value ratio was restored due to these principal repayments.

Multi-Tenant Mortgage Loan III

During the three months ended December 31, 2020, a tenant failed to renew its lease triggering a cash sweep event under one of our mortgage loans secured by seven of our properties with a balance of $98.5 million as of December 31, 2023. The event triggering the cash sweep was not, however, an event of default. During the quarter ended March 31, 2021, we cured the cash sweep event through one of the available options under the loan by putting a $3.2 million letter of credit in place (subject to future increase under the terms of the loan agreement, to a maximum amount of $7.4 million). During the three months ended September 30, 2021, the amount of the letter of credit was increased by an additional $4.2 million, resulting in the lender holding the $7.4 million maximum amount in respect to this obligation as of September 30, 2021. This $7.4 million letter of credit is being held by the lender until such time we are able to find a suitable replacement tenant and it reduces the availability for future borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility.

The borrower entities under the same mortgage loan, based upon a review conducted during the three months ended June 30, 2022, identified that during the three months ended March 31, 2022, the borrowers failed to maintain the debt service

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coverage ratio required by the loan agreement for such period (a “DSCR Sweep Trigger”). Such failure, upon delivery of notice of the same by the lender, triggered a separate cash sweep event under the loan. A DSCR Sweep Trigger is not an event of default and instead triggers a cash sweep. The lender notified the borrower entities of the occurrence of the DSCR Sweep Trigger under the loan for the three-months ended March 31, 2022 and the continuance of such DSCR Sweep Trigger for the three months ended June 30, 2022. Per the loan agreement we can cure the cash sweep resulting from a DSCR Sweep Trigger by delivering a letter of credit in the face amount of the excess cash flow for the trailing three months immediately preceding the date of the DSCR Sweep Trigger. Such letter of credit is recalculated and increased (but never decreased) every three-month period until such time as the borrowers demonstrate compliance with the debt service coverage ratio required by the loan for a period of two consecutive calendar quarters. We cured the cash sweep resulting from the DSCR Sweep Trigger referenced above for the relevant periods by delivering a letter of credit to the lender in the face amount of approximately $0.9 million. The face value of such letter of credit was thereafter incrementally increased by an aggregate of $3.8 million to reflect the continuance of the DSCR Sweep Trigger for the three months ended September 30, 2022, December 31, 2022, March 31, 2023, June 30, 2023 and September 30, 2023. The DSCR Sweep Trigger remained in place for the quarter ended December 31, 2023 and the Company intends to cure the cash sweep that would otherwise result from such continuance by further increasing the letter of credit by an additional $0.9 million as required by the terms of the loan agreement. Such letter of credit is held by the lender, and we expect to maintain the effectiveness of the cash sweep cure by future increases to the face value of such letter of credit on a quarterly basis, in each case in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement, until such time as we restore compliance with the debt service coverage ratio required by the loan agreement for the requisite two-calendar-quarter time period. For so long as it remains outstanding, the face value of such letter of credit will represent a dollar-for-dollar reduction to availability under the Revolving Credit Facility for future borrowings.

Also, during the three months ended September 30, 2023, a separate tenant failed to deliver notice of renewal of its lease within the timeframe required under the same mortgage loan, triggering a cash sweep event. The event triggering the cash sweep was not, however, an event of default. We cured the cash sweep event through one of the available options under the loan by putting a $1.0 million letter of credit in place (subject to future increase under the terms of the loan agreement to a maximum amount of $2.7 million). The cash sweep remained in place for the quarter ended December 31, 2023 and we intend to cure the cash sweep that would otherwise result from such continuance by further increasing the letter of credit by an additional $1.3 million as required by the terms of the loan agreement. This letter of credit is being held by the lender until such time as either (i) renewal of the existing lease with the current tenant is confirmed or (ii) following formal non-renewal by the current tenant, we secure a suitable replacement tenant for the property. For so long as it remains outstanding, the face value of such letter of credit will represent a dollar-for-dollar reduction to availability under the Revolving Credit Facility for future borrowings.

Mortgage Loan II

During the three months ended September 30, 2023, a tenant failed to deliver notice of renewal of its lease within the timeframe required under one of our mortgage loans securing 12 of our properties with a balance of $210.0 million as of December 31, 2023, triggering a cash sweep event thereunder. The event triggering the cash sweep was not, however, an event of default. We cured the cash sweep event through one of the available options under the loan by putting a $0.8 million letter of credit in place. This letter of credit is being held by the lender until such time as either (i) renewal of the existing lease with the current tenant is confirmed or (ii) following formal non-renewal by the current tenant, we secure a suitable replacement tenant for the property. For so long as it remains outstanding, the face value of such letter of credit will represent a dollar-for-dollar reduction to availability under the Revolving Credit Facility for future borrowings.

Multi-Tenant Mortgage Loan IV

During the three months ended September 30, 2021, a tenant exercised its right to terminate its lease effective December 31, 2022. Notice of the termination triggered a lease sweep event, which began in the fourth quarter of 2021, under one of our mortgage loans secured by this property. This was not, however, an event of default. The mortgage loan had a balance of $97.5 million as of December 31, 2023 and it encumbers 16 properties, including this property. Pursuant to the terms of the loan agreement, the lender has swept all cash flow attributable to the lease that triggered the lease sweep event into a rollover reserve account no to exceed an aggregate cap of $0.8 million, which has been met. This reserve is being held by the lender who is required to make the reserve funds available to us to fund re-tenanting expenses for the property. The lease sweep event will be cured under the loan agreement if and when we lease the space to a new tenant approved by the lender and, at such time, any amounts remaining in the rollover reserve account in respect of the lease sweep event will be released to us.

Multi-Tenant Mortgage Loan V

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, we completed an arm’s length sale of a major tenant property encumbered on one of our mortgage loans secured by eleven of our properties with a balance of $204 million as of September 30, 2023. In connection with the sale the major tenant property was released from the encumbrance of the loan and the balance of such loan was reduced to $139.8 million as of December 31, 2023. While processing such paydown and release with the lender, the lender independently determined that the failure by the associated major tenant to renew its lease during the 12-month period prior to lease expiration constituted a major tenant cash sweep event under the loan agreement and implemented an ongoing cash sweep on the loan (subject in all cases to the cap described below). As of December 31, 2023, the lender has swept excess cash flow from the properties on the loan totaling $5.4 million to a major tenant reserve escrow account

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established in connection with the alleged major tenant cash sweep event. The loan agreement caps the amount that may be swept in connection with this alleged major tenant cash sweep event at $9.0 million. Upon accumulation of the full capped amount in the major tenant reserve escrow account the ongoing sweep associated with such major tenant cash sweep event will stop and excess cash flow in excess of the capped amount will be released to us. This alleged major tenant cash sweep event was not, however, an event of default. As the major tenant property and lease associated with the alleged major tenant cash sweep event has been released from the loan collateral (with the principal balance of the loan significantly reduced in connection with such release in accordance with the terms of the loan agreement) we disagree with the lender’s decision to implement a major tenant cash sweep event under these circumstances and are vigorously pursuing cancellation of the cash sweep and release of all amounts current held in the major tenant reserve escrow account as soon as possible with the master servicer and special servicer of the loan.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This section discusses the non-GAAP financial measures we use to evaluate our performance including Funds from Operations (“FFO”), Core Funds from Operations (“Core FFO”) and Adjusted Funds from Operations (“AFFO”). A description of these non-GAAP measures and reconciliations to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, which is net income, is provided below.

Use of Non-GAAP Measures

FFO, Core FFO, and AFFO should not be construed to be more relevant or accurate than the current GAAP methodology in calculating net income or in its applicability in evaluating our operating performance. The method utilized to evaluate the value and performance of real estate under GAAP should be construed as a more relevant measure of operational performance and considered more prominently than the non-GAAP FFO, Core FFO and AFFO measures. Other REITs may not define FFO in accordance with the current NAREIT (as defined below) definition (as we do), or may interpret the current NAREIT definition differently than we do, or may calculate Core FFO or AFFO differently than we do. Consequently, our presentation of FFO, Core FFO and AFFO may not be comparable to other similarly-titled measures presented by other REITs.

We consider FFO, Core FFO and AFFO useful indicators of our performance. Because FFO, Core FFO and AFFO calculations exclude such factors as depreciation and amortization of real estate assets and gain or loss from sales of operating real estate assets (which can vary among owners of identical assets in similar conditions based on historical cost accounting and useful-life estimates), FFO, Core FFO and AFFO presentations facilitate comparisons of operating performance between periods and between other REITs.

As a result, we believe that the use of FFO, Core FFO and AFFO, together with the required GAAP presentations, provide a more complete understanding of our operating performance including relative to our peers and a more informed and appropriate basis on which to make decisions involving operating, financing, and investing activities. However, FFO, Core FFO and AFFO are not indicative of cash available to fund ongoing cash needs, including the ability to make cash distributions. Investors are cautioned that FFO, Core FFO and AFFO should only be used to assess the sustainability of our operating performance excluding these activities, as they exclude certain costs that have a negative effect on our operating performance during the periods in which these costs are incurred.

Funds from Operations, Core Funds from Operations and Adjusted Funds from Operations

Funds from Operations

Due to certain unique operating characteristics of real estate companies, as discussed below, the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”), an industry trade group, has promulgated a measure known as FFO, which we believe to be an appropriate supplemental measure to reflect the operating performance of a REIT. FFO is not equivalent to net income or loss as determined under GAAP.

We calculate FFO, a non-GAAP measure, consistent with the standards established over time by the Board of Governors of NAREIT, as restated in a White Paper approved by the Board of Governors of NAREIT effective in December 2018 (the “White Paper”). The White Paper defines FFO as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding depreciation and amortization related to real estate, gain and loss from the sale of certain real estate assets, gain and loss from change in control and impairment write-downs of certain real estate assets and investments in entities when the impairment is directly attributable to decreases in the value of depreciable real estate held by the entity. Our FFO calculation complies with NAREIT’s definition.

The historical accounting convention used for real estate assets requires straight-line depreciation of buildings and improvements, and straight-line amortization of intangibles, which implies that the value of a real estate asset diminishes predictably over time. We believe that, because real estate values historically rise and fall with market conditions, including inflation, interest rates, unemployment and consumer spending, presentations of operating results for a REIT using historical accounting for depreciation and certain other items may be less informative. Historical accounting for real estate involves the use of GAAP. Any other method of accounting for real estate such as the fair value method cannot be construed to be any more

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accurate or relevant than the comparable methodologies of real estate valuation found in GAAP. Nevertheless, we believe that the use of FFO, which excludes the impact of real estate related depreciation and amortization, among other things, provides a more complete understanding of our performance to investors and to management, and, when compared year over year, reflects the impact on our operations from trends in occupancy rates, rental rates, operating costs, general and administrative expenses, and interest costs, which may not be immediately apparent from net income.

Core Funds from Operations

In calculating Core FFO, we start with FFO, then we exclude certain non-core items such as merger, transaction and other costs, settlement costs related to the Blackwells/Related Parties litigation (as described herein), as well as certain other costs that are considered to be non-core, such as debt extinguishment costs. The purchase of properties, and the corresponding expenses associated with that process, is a key operational feature of our core business plan to generate operational income and cash flows in order to make dividend payments to stockholders. In evaluating investments in real estate, we differentiate the costs to acquire the investment from the subsequent operations of the investment. We also add back non-cash write-offs of deferred financing costs and prepayment penalties incurred with the early extinguishment of debt which are included in net income but are considered financing cash flows when paid in the statement of cash flows. We consider these write-offs and prepayment penalties to be capital transactions and not indicative of operations. By excluding expensed acquisition, transaction and other costs as well as non-core costs, we believe Core FFO provides useful supplemental information that is comparable for each type of real estate investment and is consistent with management’s analysis of the investing and operating performance of our properties.

Adjusted Funds from Operations

In calculating AFFO, we start with Core FFO, then we exclude certain income or expense items from AFFO that we consider more reflective of investing activities, other non-cash income and expense items and the income and expense effects of other activities or items, including items that were paid in cash that are not a fundamental attribute of our business plan or were one time or non-recurring items. These items include early extinguishment of debt and other items excluded in Core FFO as well as unrealized gain and loss, which may not ultimately be realized, such as gain or loss on derivative instruments, gain or loss on foreign currency transactions, and gain or loss on investments. In addition, by excluding non-cash income and expense items such as amortization of above-market and below-market leases intangibles, amortization of deferred financing costs, straight-line rent and equity-based compensation from AFFO, we believe we provide useful information regarding income and expense items which have a direct impact on our ongoing operating performance. We also exclude revenue attributable to the reimbursement by third parties of financing costs that we originally incurred because these revenues are not, in our view, related to operating performance. We also include the realized gain or loss on foreign currency exchange contracts for AFFO as such items are part of our ongoing operations and affect our current operating performance.

In calculating AFFO, we also exclude certain expenses which under GAAP are treated as operating expenses in determining operating net income. All paid and accrued acquisition, transaction and other costs (including prepayment penalties for debt extinguishments and merger related expenses) and certain other expenses, including expenses incurred for our 2023 proxy contest and related Blackwells/Related Parties litigation (as described herein), expenses related to our European tax restructuring and transition costs related to the Mergers, negatively impact our operating performance during the period in which expenses are incurred or properties are acquired and will also have negative effects on returns to investors, but are not reflective of on-going performance. Further, under GAAP, certain contemplated non-cash fair value and other non-cash adjustments are considered operating non-cash adjustments to net income. In addition, as discussed above, we view gain and loss from fair value adjustments as items which are unrealized and may not ultimately be realized and not reflective of ongoing operations and are therefore typically adjusted for when assessing operating performance. Excluding income and expense items detailed above from our calculation of AFFO provides information consistent with management’s analysis of our operating performance. Additionally, fair value adjustments, which are based on the impact of current market fluctuations and underlying assessments of general market conditions, but can also result from operational factors such as rental and occupancy rates, may not be directly related or attributable to our current operating performance. By excluding such changes that may reflect anticipated and unrealized gain or loss, we believe AFFO provides useful supplemental information. By providing AFFO, we believe we are presenting useful information that can be used to, among other things, assess our performance without the impact of transactions or other items that are not related to our portfolio of properties. AFFO presented by us may not be comparable to AFFO reported by other REITs that define AFFO differently. Furthermore, we believe that in order to facilitate a clear understanding of our operating results, AFFO should be examined in conjunction with net income (loss) as presented in our consolidated financial statements. AFFO should not be considered as an alternative to net income (loss) as an indication of our performance or to cash flows as a measure of our liquidity or ability to make distributions.

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Year Ended December 31,

(Gain) loss on dispositions of real estate investments 1,672 (325)

Merger, transaction and other costs (2) 54,492 244

Loss on extinguishment of debt 1,221 2,040

Non-cash portion of interest expense 8,622 9,494

Straight-line rent (rent deferral agreements) (4) — (159)

Eliminate unrealized gains on foreign currency transactions (5) 7,286 (9,366)

Amortization of mortgage discounts 18,916 939

Expenses attributable to European tax restructuring (7) 2,169 —

Transition costs related to the Mergers (8) 2,484 —

Summary

Core FFO attributable to common stockholders $ 138,719 $ 169,183

_____

(1)FFO, Core FFO and AFFO for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes income from a lease termination fee of $0.3 million which is recorded in Revenue from tenants in the consolidated statements of operations. The termination fee of approximately $9.0 million was paid to us by the tenant at the end of the lease term on January 4, 2022, however it was earned and recorded as income evenly over the period from September 3, 2021 through January 4, 2022.

(2)For the year ended December 31, 2023, these costs primarily consist of advisory, legal and other professional costs that were directly related to the REIT Merger and Internalization Merger. The year ended December 31, 2022 did not have any of these costs.

(3)In the year ended December 31, 2023, we recognized these settlement costs which include one-half of the reasonable, documented, out-of-pocket expenses (including legal fees) incurred by the Blackwells/Related Parties in connection with the proxy contest and related litigation as well as expense for Common Stock issued to the Blackwells/Related Parties, as required under the cooperation agreement with the Blackwells/Related Parties. There were no such costs in the year ended December 31, 2022.

(4)Represents amounts related to deferred rent pursuant to lease negotiations which qualify for FASB relief for which rent was deferred but not reduced. These amounts are included in the straight-line rent receivable on our balance sheet but are considered to be earned revenue attributed to the current period for rent that was deferred, for purposes of AFFO, as they are expected to be collected. Accordingly, when the deferred amounts are collected, the amounts reduce AFFO.

(5)For AFFO purposes, we adjust for unrealized gains and losses. For the year ended December 31, 2023, the loss on derivative instruments (related to foreign currencies) was $3.7 million which consisted of unrealized losses of $7.3 million and realized gains of $3.6 million. For the year ended December 31, 2022, the gain on derivative instruments was $18.6 million which consisted of unrealized gains of $9.4 million and realized gains of $9.2 million.

(6)Amount relates to costs incurred for the 2023 proxy that were specifically related to our 2023 proxy contest and related litigation. We do not consider these expenses to be part of our normal operating performance and have, accordingly, increased AFFO for this amount.

(7)Amount relates to costs incurred related to the tax restructuring of our European entities. We do not consider these expenses to be part of our normal operating performance and have, accordingly, increased AFFO for this amount.

(8)Amount includes costs related to (i) compensation incurred for our retiring Co-Chief Executive Officer; (ii) a transition service agreement with the former Advisor and; (iii) insurance premiums related to expiring directors and officers insurance of former RTL directors. We do not consider these expenses to be part of our normal operating performance and have, accordingly, increased AFFO for this amount.

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Dividends

The amount of dividends payable to our common stockholders is determined by our Board and is dependent on a number of factors, including funds available for dividends, our financial condition, provisions in our Credit Agreement or other agreements that may restrict our ability to pay dividends, capital expenditure requirements, as applicable, requirements of Maryland law and annual distribution requirements needed to maintain our status as a REIT.

In connection with the Mergers, our Board set the dividend at an annual rate of $1.42 per share, or $0.354 per share on a quarterly basis. The first dividend declared and paid at the new rate occurred in the fourth quarter of 2023. During the nine months ended September 30, 2023 and the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, we paid dividends at an annual rate of $1.60 per share or $0.40 per share on a quarterly basis.

On February 26, 2024, the Board approved a dividend policy that will reduce our future Common Stock dividend rate and we expect the next formal declaration of Common Stock dividends to be $0.275 per share on a quarterly basis ($1.10 annualized). The new Common Stock dividend rate will become effective upon the next formal dividend declaration, which is expected to be declared in April 2024. The reduction of the dividend rate is expected to yield benefits to us, including increasing the amount of cash that may be used to lower leverage.

Dividends authorized by our Board and declared by us are paid on a quarterly basis on the 15th day of the first month following the end of each fiscal quarter (unless otherwise specified) to common stockholders of record on the record date for such payment.

Dividends accrue on our Preferred Stock as follows:

•Dividends on our Series A Preferred Stock accrue in an amount equal to $0.453125 per share per quarter to Series A Preferred Stockholders, which is equivalent to 7.25% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share of Series A Preferred Stock per annum.

•Dividends on our Series B Preferred Stock accrue in an amount equal to $0.4296875 per share per quarter to Series B Preferred Stockholders, which is equivalent to 6.875% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share of Series B Preferred Stock per annum.

•Dividends on our Series D Preferred Stock accrue in an amount equal to $0.46875 per share per quarter to Series D Preferred Stockholders, which is equivalent to the rate of 7.50% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share per annum.

•Dividends on our Series E Preferred Stock accrue in an amount equal to $0.4609375 per share per quarter to Series E Preferred Stockholders, which is equivalent to the rate of 7.375% of the $25.00 liquidation preference per share per annum.

Dividends on the Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock, Series D Preferred Stock and Series E Preferred Stock are payable quarterly in arrears on the 15th day of January, April, July and October of each year (or, if not on a business day, on the next succeeding business day) to holders of record on the close of business on the record date set by our Board. Any accrued and unpaid dividends payable with respect to the Series A Preferred Stock and Series B Preferred Stock become part of the liquidation preference thereof.

Pursuant to the Credit Agreement, we may not pay distributions, including cash dividends on, or redeem or repurchase Common Stock, Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock, Series D Preferred Stock, Series E Preferred Stock, or any other class or series of stock we may issue in the future, that exceed 100% of our Adjusted FFO as defined in the Credit Facility (which is different from AFFO disclosed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K) for any period of four consecutive fiscal quarters, except in limited circumstances, including that for one fiscal quarter in each calendar year, we may pay cash dividends and other distributions and redeem or repurchase an aggregate amount equal to no more than 105% of our Adjusted FFO. We last used the exception to pay dividends that were between 100% of Adjusted FFO and 105% of Adjusted FFO during the quarter ended on June 30, 2020, and may use this exception in the future. In the past, the lenders under our Revolving Credit Facility have consented to increase the maximum amount of our Adjusted FFO we may use to pay cash dividends and other distributions and make redemptions and other repurchases in certain periods, but there can be no assurance that they will do so again in the future.

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The following table shows the sources for the payment of dividends to holders of our Common Stock, Series A Preferred Stock, Series B Preferred Stock, Series D Preferred Stock, Series E Preferred stock and distributions to holders of LTIP Units for the periods indicated:

Three Months Ended Year Ended

Dividends and Distributions:

Dividends to holders of Series D Preferred Stock — — — 3,718 3,718

Dividends to holders of Series E Preferred Stock — — — 2,118 2,118

Source of dividend coverage:

_____

(1) Year-to-date totals will not equal the sum of the quarters. Each quarter and year-to-date period is evaluated separately for purposes of this table.

Foreign Currency Translation

Our reporting currency is the USD. The functional currency of our foreign investments is the applicable local currency for each foreign location in which we invest. Assets and liabilities in these foreign locations (including intercompany balances for which settlement is not anticipated in the foreseeable future) are translated at the spot rate in effect at the applicable reporting date. The amounts reported in the consolidated statements of operations are translated at the average exchange rates in effect during the applicable period. The resulting unrealized cumulative translation adjustment is recorded as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income in the consolidated statements of equity. We are exposed to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates on property investments in foreign countries which pay rental income, incur property related expenses and borrow in currencies other than our functional currency, the USD. We have used and may continue to use foreign currency derivatives including options, currency forward and cross currency swap agreements to manage our exposure to fluctuations in GBP-USD and EUR-USD exchange rates (seeNote 9 — Derivatives and Hedging Activities to the consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion).

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Election as a REIT

We elected to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code, effective for our taxable year ended December 31, 2013. We believe that, commencing with such taxable year, we have been organized and have operated in a manner so that we qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Code. We intend to continue to operate in such a manner to qualify for taxation as a REIT, but can provide no assurances that we will operate in a manner so as to remain qualified as a REIT. To continue to qualify for taxation as a REIT, we must distribute annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (which does not equal net income as calculated in accordance with GAAP), determined without regard for the deduction for dividends paid and excluding net capital gains, and must comply with a number of other organizational and operational requirements. If we continue to qualify for taxation as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal corporate income tax on the portion of our REIT taxable income that we distribute to our stockholders. Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we may be subject to certain state and local taxes on our income and properties, as well as federal income and excise taxes on our undistributed income.

In addition, our international assets and operations, including those owned through direct or indirect subsidiaries that are disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes, continue to be subject to taxation in the foreign jurisdictions where those assets are held or those operations are conducted.

Inflation

We may be adversely impacted by inflation on the leases that do not contain indexed escalation provisions, or those leases which have escalations at rates which do not exceed or approximate current inflation rates. As of December 31, 2023, the increase to the 12-month CPI for all items, as published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, was 3.4%. To help mitigate the adverse impact of inflation, approximately 78.0% of our leases with our tenants contain rent escalation provisions that increase the cash rent that is due over time by an average cumulative increase of 1.3% per year. These provisions generally increase rental rates during the terms of the leases either at fixed rates or indexed escalations (based on the Consumer Price Index or other measures). As of December 31, 2023, using annualized straight-line rent as a weighting, approximately 59.7% are fixed-rate increase averaging 1.7%, 14.3% are based on the Consumer Price Index, subject to certain caps, 4.0% are based on other measures, and 22.0% do not contain any escalation provisions.

In addition, we may be required to pay costs for maintenance and operation of properties which may adversely impact our results of operations due to potential increases in costs and operating expenses resulting from inflation. However, our net leases require the tenant to pay its allocable share of operating expenses, which may include common area maintenance costs, real estate taxes and insurance. This may reduce our exposure to increases in costs and operating expenses resulting from inflation. As the costs of general goods and services continue to rise, we may be adversely impacted by increases in general and administrative costs due to overall inflation.

Related-Party Transactions and Agreements

Please see Note 12 — Related Party Transactions to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a discussion of the various related party transactions, agreements and fees and see Note 3 — The Mergers for information on the Internalization Merger.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources that are material to investors.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Market Risk

Market risk is the exposure to loss resulting from changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, and equity prices. The primary risks to which we are exposed are interest rate risk and foreign currency exchange risk, and we are also exposed to further market risk as a result of concentrations of tenants in certain industries and/or geographic regions. Adverse market factors can affect the ability of tenants in a particular industry/region to meet their respective lease obligations. In order to manage this risk, we view our collective tenant roster as a portfolio, and in our investment decisions we attempt to diversify our portfolio so that we are not overexposed to a particular industry or geographic region.

Generally, we do not use derivative instruments to hedge credit risks or for speculative purposes. However, from time to time, we have entered and may continue to enter into foreign currency forward contracts to hedge our foreign currency cash flow exposures.

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Interest Rate Risk

The values of our real estate and related fixed-rate debt obligations are subject to fluctuations based on changes in interest rates. The value of our real estate is also subject to fluctuations based on local and regional economic conditions and changes in the creditworthiness of lessees, all of which may affect our ability to refinance property-level mortgage debt when due. Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors, including governmental monetary and tax policies, domestic and international economic and political conditions, and other factors beyond our control. Increases in interest rates may impact the credit profile of certain tenants.

We are exposed to the impact of interest rate changes primarily through our borrowing activities. We have obtained, and may in the future obtain, variable-rate, non-recourse mortgage loans, and as a result, we have entered into, and may continue to enter into, interest rate swap agreements or interest rate cap agreements with lenders. Interest rate swap agreements effectively convert the variable-rate debt service obligations of the loan to a fixed rate, while interest rate cap agreements limit the underlying interest rate from exceeding a specified strike rate. Interest rate swaps are agreements in which one party exchanges a stream of interest payments for a counterparty’s stream of cash flows over a specific period, and interest rate caps limit the effective borrowing rate of variable-rate debt obligations while allowing participants to share in downward shifts in interest rates. These interest rate swaps and caps are derivative instruments designated as cash flow hedges on the interest payments on the debt obligation. The face amounts on which the swaps or caps, are based are not exchanged. Our objective in using these derivatives is to limit our exposure to interest rate movements. We estimated that the total fair value of our interest rate swaps, which are included in derivative assets, at fair value and derivative liabilities, at fair value on our consolidated balance sheets, totaled $10.6 million and $5.1 million as of December 31, 2023, respectively (seeNote 9 — Derivatives and Hedging Activities to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

The following table presents future principal payments based upon expected maturity dates and fixed/variable classification of our debt obligations outstanding as of December 31, 2023:

(In thousands) Fixed-rate debt (1) (2) Variable-rate debt (1) Total Debt

Additional Details:

Percentage of Fixed / Variable Rate Debt 80.0 % 20.0 % 100.0 %

Weighted-average effective interest rate 4.1 % 7.2 % 4.8 %

________

(1)Assumes exchange rates of £1.00 to $1.27 for GBP, €1.00 to $1.10 for EUR and $1.00 CAD to $0.75 as of December 31, 2023, for illustrative purposes, as applicable.

(2)Fixed-rate debt includes variable debt that bears interest at margin plus a floating rate which is fixed through our interest rate swap agreements. Also see Item 1A. Risk Factors - Risks Related to Our Indebtedness - Our derivative financial instruments have been, and any derivative financial instruments in the future, will be subject to counterparty default risk.

(3)Represents the variable portion of the mortgage that secures the properties in Finland. Interest on this mortgage is 80% fixed as a result of a “pay-fixed” interest rate swap agreement and 20% variable.

(4)Represents the portion of the Revolving Credit Facility that bears interest at variable rates. The GBP and CAD portions of the Revolving Credit Facility are 100% variable and the USD portion in 71% variable. The EUR portion of Revolving Credit Facility is 100% fixed via swaps.

As of December 31, 2023, our total consolidated debt, which includes secured mortgage financings, borrowings under the Revolving Credit Facility, our 3.75% Senior Notes and our 4.50% Senior Notes, had a total gross carrying value of $5.4 billion, an estimated fair value of $5.1 billion. The annual interest rates on our fixed-rate debt mortgage debt as of December 31, 2023 ranged from 1.4% to 6.5% and the interest rates on our 3.75% Senior Notes and 4.50% Senior Notes are fixed at 3.75% and 4.50%, respectively. The contractual annual interest rates on our variable-rate debt as of December 31, 2023 ranged from 2.4% to 6.0%. Our interest expense in future periods will vary based on our level of future borrowings, which will depend on, among other things, our refinancing needs or plans to reduce our leverage and acquisition activity. In addition, our interest expense will vary based on movements in interest rates. Our debt obligations are more fully described in Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations above.

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The estimated fair value of our fixed-rate debt and our variable-rate debt that currently bears interest at fixed rates or has effectively been converted to a fixed rate through the use of interest rate swaps is affected by changes in interest rates. A decrease or increase in interest rates of 1% would change the estimated fair value of this debt as of December 31, 2023 by an aggregate increase of $759.1 million or an aggregate decrease of $914.5 million, respectively.

Annual interest expense on our unhedged variable-rate debt that does not bear interest at fixed rates as of December 31, 2023 would increase or decrease by approximately $11.1 million for each respective 1% change in annual interest rates.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

We own foreign investments, primarily in Europe but also in Canada and as a result are subject to risk from the effects of exchange rate movements in the Euro, the GBP and the CAD which have affected and may continue to affect future costs and cash flows, in our functional currency, the USD. We generally manage foreign currency exchange rate movements by matching our debt service obligation to the lender and the tenant’s rental obligation to us in the same currency. This reduces, but does not eliminate, our overall exposure to currency fluctuations. In addition, we have used and may continue to use currency hedging to further reduce the exposure to our net cash flow. We are generally a net receiver of the Euro, the GBP and the CAD (we receive more cash than we pay out). Our results of operations of our foreign properties benefit from a weaker USD, and are adversely affected by a stronger USD, relative to the foreign currency subject to any impacts from our hedging activity.

We have designated all current foreign currency draws under the Credit Facility as net investment hedges to the extent of our net investment in foreign subsidiaries. To the extent foreign draws in each currency exceed the net investment, we reflect the effects of changes in currency on such excess in earnings. As of December 31, 2023, we did not have any foreign currency draws in excess of our net investments in our foreign subsidiaries (seeNote 9— Derivatives and Hedging Activities to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K).

We enter into foreign currency forward contracts and put options to hedge certain of our foreign currency cash flow exposures. A foreign currency forward contract is a commitment to deliver a certain amount of foreign currency at a certain price on a specific date in the future. By entering into forward contracts and holding them to maturity, we are locked into a future currency exchange rate for the term of the contract. A foreign currency put option contract consists of a right, but not the obligation, to sell a specified amount of foreign currency for a specified amount of another currency at a specific date. If the exchange rate of the currency fluctuates favorably beyond the strike rate of the put at maturity, the option would be considered “in-the-money” and exercised accordingly. The total estimated fair value of our foreign currency forward contracts and put options, which are included in derivatives, at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets, was in a net asset position of $1.6 million as of December 31, 2023 (see Note 8 — Fair Value of Financial Instruments to our consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K). We have obtained, and may in the future obtain, non-recourse mortgage financing in a foreign currency. To the extent that currency fluctuations increase or decrease rental revenues as translated to USD, the change in debt service, as translated to USD, will partially offset the effect of fluctuations in revenue and, to some extent, mitigate the risk from changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Scheduled future minimum rents, exclusive of renewals, under non-cancelable operating leases, for our foreign operations as of December 31, 2023, during each of the next five calendar years and thereafter, are as follows:

Future Minimum Base Rent Payments (1)

(In thousands) EUR GBP CAD Total

______

(1)Assumes exchange rates of £1.00 to $1.27 for GBP, €1.00 to $1.10 for EUR and $1.00 CAD to $0.75 as of December 31, 2023 for illustrative purposes, as applicable.

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Scheduled debt service payments (principal and interest) for mortgage notes payable for our foreign operations as of December 31, 2023, during each of the next five calendar years and thereafter, are as follows:

Future Debt Service Payments

Mortgage Notes Payable

(In thousands) EUR GBP Total

Thereafter — — —

(1) In January 2024, the maturity date of the mortgage note that encumbers our properties in Finland (principal balance of $81.7 million as of December 31, 2023) was extended to February 2029.

We currently anticipate that, by their respective due dates, we will have repaid or refinanced certain of these loans, or extended them, but there can be no assurance that we will be able to refinance these loans on favorable terms, if at all. If refinancing has not occurred, we would expect to use our cash resources, including unused capacity on our Credit Facility, to make these payments, if necessary.

Concentration of Credit Risk

Concentrations of credit risk arise when a number of tenants are engaged in similar business activities or have similar economic risks or conditions that could cause them to default on their lease obligations to us. We regularly monitor our portfolio to assess potential concentrations of credit risk. While we believe our portfolio is reasonably well diversified, it does contain concentrations in excess of 10%, based on the percentage of our annualized rental income as of December 31, 2023, in certain areas. See Item 2. Properties in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for further discussion on distribution across countries and industries.

Based on our annualized rental income, the majority of our directly owned real estate properties and related loans are located in the U.S. and Canada (80%) and the remaining are in the United Kingdom (11%), The Netherlands (2%), Finland (2%) and Germany (1%). No individual tenant accounted for more than 10% of our annualized rental income as of December 31, 2023. Based on annualized rental income, as of December 31, 2023, our directly owned real estate properties contain significant concentrations in the following asset types: Industrial & Distribution (32%), Multi-Tenant Retail (27%), Single-Tenant Retail (21%) and Office (20%).

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

The information required by this Item 8 is hereby incorporated by reference to our consolidated financial statements beginning on page F-1 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Item 9. Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures.

Disclosure Controls and Procedures

In accordance with Rules 13a-15(b) and 15d-15(b) of the Exchange Act, we, under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded, as of December 31, 2023, the end of such period, that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, within the time periods specified in the SEC rules and forms, information required to be disclosed by us in our reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act, and in such information being accumulated and communicated to management as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Annual Reporting on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) or 15d-15(f) promulgated under the Exchange Act.

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Our management assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023. In making that assessment, management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (“COSO”) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013).

Based on its assessment, our management concluded that, as of December 31, 2023, our internal control over financial reporting was effective.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023 has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated on its report, which is included on page F-2 in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item9B. Other Information.

Rule 10b5-1 Trading Plans

During the three months ended December 31, 2023, none of the Company’s directors or officers (as defined in Rule 16a-1(f) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended) adopted, modified or terminated a Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement or a non-Rule 10b5-1 trading arrangement (as such terms are defined in Item 408 of Regulation S-K of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended).

Item9C. Disclosure Regarding Foreign Jurisdictions that Prevent Inspections.

Not applicable.

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that applies to all of our executive officers and directors, including but not limited to, our principal executive officer and principal financial officer. A copy of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics may be obtained, free of charge, by sending a written request to our executive office – 650 Fifth Avenue – 30th Floor, New York, NY 10019, attention Chief Financial Officer. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is also available on our website, www.globalnetlease.com.

The information required by this Item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the 2023 fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 11. Executive Compensation.

The information required by this Item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the 2023 fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 12. Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

The information required by this Item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the 2023 fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 13. Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

The information required by this Item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the 2023 fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference.

Item 14. Principal Accountant Fees and Services.

The information required by this Item will be set forth in our definitive proxy statement with respect to our 2024 annual meeting of stockholders to be filed not later than 120 days after the end of the 2023 fiscal year, and is incorporated herein by reference.

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PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.

(a) Financial Statement Schedules

See the Index to audited consolidated financial statements at page F-1 of this report.

The following financial statement schedule is included herein at page F-54 of this report:

Schedule III – Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation as of December 31, 2023 and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

(b) Exhibits

EXHIBITS INDEX

The following exhibits are included, or incorporated by reference, in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 (and are numbered in accordance with Item 601 of Regulation S-K).

Exhibit No. Description

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Exhibit No. Description

67

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Exhibit No. Description

68

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Exhibit No. Description

69

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Exhibit No. Description

70

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Exhibit No. Description

10.61 * + Form of Restricted Stock Unit Award Agreement (Directors).

10.63 * + Non-Employee Director Compensation Guidelines

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Exhibit No. Description

21.1 * List of Subsidiaries.

23.1 * Consent of PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP.

97.1 * Global Net Lease, Inc. Dodd-Frank Clawback Policy

101.SCH * Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.CAL * Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.DEF * Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.LAB * Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE * Inline XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

_________________

* Filed herewith

+ Indicates a management contract or compensatory plan.

Item 16. Form 10-K Summary.

None.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized this 27th day of February, 2024.

GLOBAL NET LEASE, INC.

By: /s/ Edward M. Weil, Jr.

Edward M. Weil, Jr.

CO-CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER

By: /s/ James L. Nelson

James L. Nelson

CO-CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER AND PRESIDENT

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, this Annual Report on Form 10-K has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Name Capacity Date

P. Sue Perrotty

Edward M. Weil, Jr.

James L. Nelson

Christopher J. Masterson

/s/ M. Therese Antone Independent Director February 27, 2024

M. Therese Antone

/s/ Lisa D. Kabnick Independent Director February 27, 2024

Lisa D. Kabnick

Leslie D. Michelson

Stanley R. Perla

/s/ Edward G. Rendell Independent Director February 27, 2024

Edward G. Rendell

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GLOBAL NET LEASE, INC.

INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Page

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID 238) F-2

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 F-4

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements F-11

Financial Statement Schedule:

Financial statement schedules other than those listed above are omitted because the required information is given in the financial statements, including the notes thereto, or because the conditions requiring their filing do not exist.

F-1

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To theBoard of Directors and Stockholders of Global Net Lease, Inc.

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Global Net Lease, Inc. and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the related consolidated statements of operations, of comprehensive loss, of equity and of cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the accompanying index (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2023 and 2022, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2023 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2023, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

Basis for Opinions

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Annual Reporting on Internal Control over Financial Reporting appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

F-2

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Critical Audit Matters

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the consolidated financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that (i) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the consolidated financial statements and (ii) involved our especially challenging, subjective, or complex judgments. The communication of critical audit matters does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.

Purchase Price Allocation for Asset Acquisitions and Business Combinations