ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations together with the consolidated financial statements and the related notes included in this Annual Report on Form10-K. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that reflect our plans, estimates, and beliefs that involve risks and uncertainties. As a result of many factors, such as those set forth under the “Risk Factors” and “Forward-Looking Statements” sections and elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, our actual results may differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.
This section of the Annual Report on Form 10-K discusses activity as of and for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023. For discussion on activity for the year ended December 31, 2022 and period-over-period analysis on results for the year ended December 31, 2023 to 2022, refer to Part II, “Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2023 filed with the SEC on February 29, 2024.
Overview
We are a leading alternative asset management solutions provider that invests across all major alternative investment strategies. We invest on a primary basis and through direct-oriented strategies, which we define as secondaries, co-investments, direct investments and seed investments. We operate customized separate accounts and commingled funds. We collaborate with our clients to invest on their behalf across the private and public markets, either through portfolios customized to meet a client’s specific objectives or through specialized commingled funds that are developed to meet broad market demands for strategies and risk-return objectives.
We operate at scale across the full range of private markets and absolute return strategies. Private markets and absolute return strategies are primarily defined by the liquidity of the underlying securities purchased, the length of the client commitment, and the form and timing of incentive fees. For private markets strategies, clients generally commit to invest over a three-year time period and have an expected duration of seven years or more. In private markets strategies, carried interest is typically based on realized gains on liquidation of the investment. For absolute return strategies, the securities tend to be more liquid, clients have the ability to redeem assets more regularly, and performance fees can be earned on an annual basis. We offer the following investment strategies:
•Private Equity
•Infrastructure
•Real Estate
•Absolute Return Strategies
•Alternative Credit
•Sustainable and Impact Investing
Our clients include large, sophisticated, global institutional investors who rely on our investment expertise and differentiated investment access to navigate the alternatives market, but also include a growing individual investor client base. As one of the pioneers of the customized separate account solutions, we are equipped to provide investment services to clients with a wide variety of needs, internal resources and investment objectives, and our client relationships are deep and frequently span decades.
Trends Affecting Our Business
As a global alternative asset manager, our results of operations are impacted by a variety of factors, including conditions in the global financial markets and economic and political environments, particularly in the United States, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and the Middle East. While economic factors, such as interest rates, can make alternative investments more or less attractive relative to other asset classes, investors have increasingly gravitated towards the returns generated by alternative investments in order to meet their return objectives. In addition, increased equity market volatility can also contribute to increased investor demand for alternative strategies. Finally, the opportunities in private markets continue to expand as firms raise new funds and launch new vehicles and products to access private markets across the globe.
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In addition to the trends discussed above, we believe the following factors, among others, will influence our future performance and results of operations:
Our ability to retain existing investors and attract new investors in our funds.
Our ability to retain existing assets under management and attract new investors in our funds is partially dependent on the extent to which investors continue to favorably see the alternative asset management industry relative to traditional publicly listed equity and debt securities. A decline in the pace or the size of our fundraising efforts or investments as a result of increased competition in the private markets investing environment or a shift toward public markets may impact our revenues, which are generated from management fees and incentive fees.
Our ability to expand our business through new lines of business and geographic markets.
Our ability to grow our revenue base is partially dependent upon our ability to offer additional products and services by entering into new lines of business and by entering into, or expanding our presence in, new geographic markets. Entry into certain lines of business or geographic markets or the introduction of new types of products or services may subject us to the evolving macroeconomic and regulatory environment of the various countries where we operate or in which we invest.
Our ability to realize investments.
Challenging market and economic conditions may adversely affect our ability to exit and realize value from our investments and we may not be able to find suitable investments in which to effectively deploy capital. During periods of adverse economic conditions, such as current geopolitical turmoil abroad and elevated inflation and interest rates, our funds may have difficulty accessing financial markets, which could make it more difficult to obtain funding for additional investments and impact our ability to successfully exit positions in a timely manner. A general market downturn, a recession or a specific market dislocation may result in lower investment returns for our funds, which would adversely affect our revenues.
Our ability to identify suitable investment opportunities for our clients.
Our success largely depends on the identification and availability of suitable investment opportunities for our clients, including the success of the investment vehicles managed by third-party investment managers in which GCM Funds invest. The availability of investment opportunities is subject to certain factors outside of our control, including the market environment at a given point in time. Although there can be no assurance that we will be able to secure the opportunity to invest on behalf of our clients in all or a substantial portion of the investments we select, or that the size of the investment opportunities available to us will be as large as we would desire, we seek to maintain excellent relationships with investment managers that we have invested with previously or who we may invest with in the future. These investment managers include investment managers of investment funds as well as sponsors of investments that might provide co-investment opportunities in portfolio companies alongside the fund manager. Our ability to identify attractive investments and execute those investments is dependent on a number of factors, including the general macroeconomic environment, valuation, transaction size, and expected duration of such investment opportunity.
Our ability to generate competitive returns.
The ability to attract and retain clients is partially dependent on returns we are able to deliver versus client objectives, our peers and industry benchmarks. The capital we are able to attract drives the growth of our assets under management and the management and incentive fees we earn. Similarly, in order to maintain our desired fee structure in a competitive environment, we must be able to continue to provide clients with investment returns and service that incentivize our investors to pay our desired fee rates.
Our ability to comply with increasing and evolving regulatory requirements.
The complex and evolving regulatory and tax environment may have an adverse effect on our business and subject us to additional expenses or capital requirements, as well as restrictions on our business operations.
Operating Segments
We have determined that we operate in a single operating and reportable segment. This is consistent with how our chief operating decision maker, who is our Chief Executive Officer, allocates resources and assesses performance.
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Organizational Structure
The diagram below depicts our current organizational structure:
Note: The diagram depicts a simplified version of our structure and does not include all legal entities in our structure. Approximate ownership percentages are as of February 14, 2025.
1 Mr. Sacks, the chairman of our board of directors and our Chief Executive Officer, ultimately owns and controls GCM V. The address for Mr. Sacks is c/o GCM Grosvenor, 900 North Michigan Avenue, Suite 1100, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
2 Percentage of combined voting power represents voting power with respect to all shares of Class A common stock and Class C common stock, voting together as a single class. Each holder of Class A common stock is entitled to one vote per share and each holder of Class C common stock is entitled to the lesser of (i) 10 votes per share and (ii) the Class C Share Voting Amount on all matters submitted to stockholders for their vote or approval. From and after the Sunset Date, holders of Class C Common Stock will be entitled to one vote per share. Class C common stock does not have any of the economic rights (including rights to dividends and distributions upon liquidation) associated with Class A common stock.
3 Each warrant entitles the registered holder to purchase one share of Class A common stock at a price of $11.50 per share, subject to adjustment.
4 Mr. Sacks is the ultimate managing member of each of (i) Holdings, (ii) Management LLC, (iii) Holdings II, and (iv) GCM Progress Subsidiary LLC, a Delaware limited liability company (collectively, the “GCMH Equityholders”). Any distribution of proceeds derived from the securities held by the GCMH Equityholders is shared among the respective members of such entities in accordance with the applicable operating agreements of such entities.
5 As of February 14, 2025, there were 44,911,734 shares of Class A common stock outstanding and 144,235,246 common units of GCMH (“Common Units”) outstanding held by the GCMH Equityholders, which may be exchanged for shares of Class A common stock on a one-to-one basis, or, at the Company’s election for cash, pursuant to and subject to the restrictions set forth in the Fifth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Limited Partnership Agreement of GCMH. As of February 14, 2025, GCM V held 144,235,246 shares of Class C common stock, which corresponds to the number of Common Units held by the GCMH Equityholders.
Components of Results of Operations
Revenues
We generate revenues from management fees and incentive fees, which includes carried interest and performance fees.
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Management Fees
Management Fees
We earn management fees from providing investment management services to specialized funds and customized separate account clients. Specialized funds are generally structured as partnerships or companies having multiple investors. Customized separate account clients may be structured using an affiliate-managed entity or may involve an investment management agreement between us and a single client. Certain separate account clients may have us manage assets both with full discretion over investments decisions as well as without discretion over investment decisions and may also receive access to various other advisory services the firm may provide.
Certain of our management fees, typically associated with our private markets strategies, are based on client commitments to those funds during an initial commitment or investment period. During this period fees may be charged on total commitments, on invested capital (capital committed to underlying investments) or on a ratable ramp-in of total commitments, which is meant to mirror typical invested capital pacing. Following the expiration or termination of such period, certain fees continue to be based on client commitments while others are based on invested assets or based on invested capital and unfunded deal commitments less returned capital or based on a fixed ramp down schedule.
Certain of our management fees, typically associated with absolute return strategies, are based on the NAV of those funds. Such GCM Funds either have a set fee for the entire fund or a fee scale through which clients with larger commitments pay a lower fee.
Management fees are determined quarterly and are more commonly billed in advance based on the management fee rate applied to the management fee base at the end of the preceding quarterly period as defined in the respective contractual agreements.
We provided investment management / advisory services on assets of $80.1 billion, $76.9 billion and $73.7 billion as of December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Fund expense reimbursement revenue
We incur certain costs, primarily related to accounting, client reporting, investment-decision making and treasury-related expenditures, for which we receive reimbursement from the GCM Funds in connection with our performance obligations to provide investment management services. We concluded that we control the services provided and resources used before they are transferred to the customer, and therefore we act as a principal. Accordingly, the reimbursement for these costs incurred by us are presented on a gross basis within management fees. Expense reimbursements are recognized at a point in time, in the periods during which the related expenses are incurred and the reimbursements are contractually earned.
Incentive Fees
Incentive fees are based on the results of our funds, in the form of performance fees and carried interest income, which together comprise incentive fees.
Carried Interest
Carried interest is a performance-based capital allocation from a fund’s limited partners earned by us in certain GCM Funds, more commonly in private markets strategies. Carried interest is typically a percentage of the profits calculated in accordance with the terms of fund agreements, certain fees and a preferred return to the fund’s limited partners. Carried interest is ultimately realized when underlying investments distribute proceeds or are sold and therefore carried interest is highly susceptible to market factors, judgments, and actions of third parties that are outside of our control.
Agreements generally include a clawback provision that, if triggered, would require us to return up to the cumulative amount of carried interest distributed, typically net of tax, upon liquidation of those funds, if the aggregate amount paid as carried interest exceeds the amount actually due based upon the aggregate performance of each fund. We have defined the portion to be deferred as the amount of carried interest, typically net of tax, that we would be required to return if all remaining investments had no value as of the end of each reporting period. As of December 31, 2024, deferred revenue relating to constrained realized carried interest was approximately $6.0 million.
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Assets under management that are subject to carried interest, excluding investments of the firm and our professionals from which we generally do not earn incentive fees, were approximately $44.7 billion as of December 31, 2024.
Performance Fees
We may receive performance fees from certain GCM Funds, more commonly in funds associated with absolute return strategies. Performance fees are typically a fixed percentage of investment gains, subject to loss carryforward provisions that require the recapture of any previous losses before any performance fees can be earned in the current period. Performance fees may or may not be subject to a hurdle or a preferred return, which requires that clients earn a specified minimum return before a performance fee can be assessed. These performance fees are determined based upon investment performance at the end of a specified measurement period, generally the end of the calendar year.
Investment returns are highly susceptible to market factors, judgments, and actions of third parties that are outside of our control. Accordingly, performance fees are variable consideration and are therefore constrained and not recognized until it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur. In the event that a client redeems from one of the GCM Funds prior to the end of a measurement period, any accrued performance fee is ordinarily due and payable by such redeeming client as of the date of the redemption.
Assets under management that are subject to performance fees, excluding investments of the firm and our professionals from which we generally do not earn incentive fees, were approximately $13.8 billion as of December 31, 2024.
Other Operating Income
Other operating income primarily consists of administrative fees from certain private investment vehicles where we perform a full suite of administrative functions but do not manage or advise and have no discretion over the capital.
Expenses
Employee Compensation and Benefits
Employee compensation and benefits primarily consists of (1) cash-based employee compensation and benefits, (2) equity-based compensation, (3) partnership interest-based compensation, (4) carried interest compensation, (5) cash-based incentive fee related compensation and (6) other non-cash compensation. Bonus and incentive fee related compensation is generally determined by our management and is discretionary taking into consideration, among other things, our financial results and the employee’s performance. In addition, various individuals, including certain senior professionals have been awarded partnership interests and/or restricted stock units (“RSUs”). These partnership interests grant the recipient the right to certain cash distributions from GCMH Equityholders’ profits (to the extent such distributions are authorized) and/or to certain net sale proceeds after threshold distributions, resulting in non-cash profits interest compensation expense. The Company recognizes compensation expense attributable to the RSUs on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period. Certain employees and former employees are also entitled to a portion of the carried interest and performance fees realized from certain GCM Funds, which is payable upon a realization of the carried interest or performance fees.
General, Administrative and Other
General, administrative and other consists primarily of professional fees, travel and related expenses, IT operations, communications and information services, occupancy, fund expenses, depreciation and amortization, and other costs associated with our operations.
Net Other Income (Expense)
Investment Income
Investment income primarily consists of gains and losses arising from our equity method investments.
Interest Expense
Interest expense includes interest paid and accrued on our outstanding debt, along with the amortization of deferred debt issuance costs incurred from debt issued by us, including the Term Loan Facility and the Revolving Credit Facility (each of
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which defined below) entered into by us. Interest expense also includes (1) the impact of qualifying effective cash flow hedges and (2) the amortization of realized gains or losses on interest rate swaps that initially qualified for hedge accounting and were subsequently terminated. The unrealized gains or losses are reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into interest expense over the original life of the swap for terminated derivative instruments.
Other Income
Other income consists primarily of other non-operating items, including write-off of unamortized debt issuance costs due to prepayments and refinancing of debt and interest income.
Change in Fair Value of Warrant Liabilities
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities are non-cash and consist of fair value adjustments related to the outstanding public and private warrants issued in connection with the Transaction. The warrant liabilities are classified as marked-to-market liabilities pursuant to ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, and the corresponding increase or decrease in value impacts our net income (loss).
Provision for Income Taxes
We are a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes and therefore are subject to U.S. federal and state income taxes on our share of taxable income generated by us and our subsidiaries. GCMH is treated as a pass-through entity for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. As such, income generated by GCMH flows through to its partners, and is generally not subject to U.S. federal or state income tax at the partnership level. Our non-U.S. subsidiaries generally operate as corporate entities in non-U.S. jurisdictions, with certain of these entities subject to local or non-U.S. income taxes. The tax liability with respect to income attributable to noncontrolling interests in GCMH is borne by the holders of such noncontrolling interests.
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries represents the economic interests of third parties in certain consolidated subsidiaries.
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests in GCMH represents the economic interests of GCMH Equityholders in GCMH. Profits and losses, other than partnership interest-based compensation, are allocated to the noncontrolling interests in GCMH in proportion to their relative ownership interests regardless of their basis.
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Results of Operations
The following is a discussion of our consolidated results of operations for the year endedDecember 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. This information is derived from our accompanying Consolidated Financial Statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”).
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Revenues
Expenses
Revenues
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Management fees increased $26.2 million, or 7%, to $401.6 million, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Private market strategies fees increased $24.2 million, or 11%, due to a $18.0 million increase in fees related to private markets strategies specialized funds, including a $6.1 million increase in catch-up management fees, and a $6.3 million increase in fees related to private markets strategies customized separate accounts. Both of
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these increases are as a result of capital raising and deployment. Additionally, there was an increase of $1.9 million, or 1%, in absolute return strategies fees, primarily due to better investment performance in 2024.
Incentive fees consisted of carried interest and performance fees. Carried interest increased $1.3 million, or 3%, to $50.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year endedDecember 31, 2023, primarily due to slightly higher distributions from investments and carry realizations during the year ended December 31, 2024. Performance fees increased $40.0 million, to $55.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024, compared to theyear endedDecember 31, 2023. The increase in performance fees was primarily due to higher returns for absolute return strategies funds during the year ended December 31, 2024 as compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.
Expenses
Employee Compensation and Benefits
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Employee compensation and benefits decreased $19.8 million, or 6%, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The overall decrease was primarily driven by decreases in partnership interest-based compensation and cash-based employee compensation and benefits, partially offset by an increase in cash-based incentive fee related compensation. Partnership interest-based compensation decreased $31.9 million, or 31%, primarily due to expense recorded for the Holdings Awards during the year ended December 31, 2023, partially offset by award modifications in the first quarter of 2024. Holdings Awards are further described in Note 11 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K). These awards do not dilute Class A common stockholders or impact our net cash flows. Cash-based employee compensation and benefits decreased $7.6 million, or 5%, due to lower discretionary bonus accruals and severance for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. Cash-based incentive fee related compensation increased $20.8 million, due to higher incentive fees during the year ended December 31, 2024, which are discussed above.
General, Administrative and Other
General, administrative and other increased $3.5 million, or 3%, to $104.3 million, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023. The overall increase was primarily driven by increases in professional fees.
Net Other Income (Expense)
Investment incomeincreased to $15.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to investment income of $11.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to the change in value of private and public market investments.
Interest expense increased $0.4 million, or 2%, to $24.2 million, for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023, due to increased principal amount outstanding on the Term Loan Facility partially offset by slightly lower effective interest rates on both the hedged and unhedged portions of the Term Loan Facility during the year ended December 31, 2024.
Other income was $1.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to other income of $1.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023.
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Change in fair value of warrant liabilities of $16.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 was due to an increase in the fair value of the warrants from December 31, 2023 to December 31, 2024.
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company’s effective tax rate was 27%and (36)% for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The primary factors impacting the effective tax rate are the allocation of income (loss) to noncontrolling interest as well as state and foreign income taxes paid at the partnership level that are included in income tax expenses but are partially eliminated in consolidation through noncontrolling interest.
Net Income (Loss) Attributable to Noncontrolling Interests
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries was $2.5 million and $5.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in income generated by our consolidated subsidiaries not wholly owned by the Company.
Net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests in GCMH was $15.4 million and $(47.0) million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. The change was primarily attributable to a decrease in partnership-interest based compensation as described above, which was fully allocated to noncontrolling interests in GCMH, and underlying performance of GCMH.
Fee-Paying AUM
FPAUM is a metric we use to measure the assets from which we earn management fees. Our FPAUM comprises the assets in our customized separate accounts and specialized funds from which we derive management fees. We classify customized separate account revenue as management fees if the client is charged an asset-based fee, which includes the vast majority of our discretionary AUM accounts. Our FPAUM for private market strategies typically represents committed, invested or scheduled capital during the investment period and invested capital following the expiration or termination of the investment period. Substantially all of our private markets strategies funds earn fees based on commitments or net invested capital, which are not affected by market appreciation or depreciation. Our FPAUM for our absolute return strategy is based on NAV, which includes impacts of any market appreciation or depreciation.
Our calculations of FPAUM may differ from the calculations of other asset managers, and as a result, this measure may not be comparable to similar measures presented by other asset managers. Our definition of FPAUM is not based on any definition that is set forth in the agreements governing the customized separate accounts or specialized funds that we manage.
Private Markets Strategies Absolute Return Strategies Total
Fee-paying AUM (in millions)
Contracted, not yet fee-paying AUM (“CNYFPAUM”) represents limited partner commitments which are expected to be invested and begin charging fees over the ensuing five years.
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As of December 31,
(in millions)
Of the $8.2 billion CNYFPAUM as of December 31, 2024, approximately $3.0 billion is subject to an agreed upon fee ramp in schedule. The ramp in schedule will result in management fees being charged on approximately $1.0 billion, $0.8 billion and $1.2 billion of such amount beginning in 2025, 2026 and 2027 and beyond, respectively. Management fees will be charged on the remaining approximately $5.2 billion of CNYFPAUM as such capital is invested, which will depend on a number of factors, including the availability of eligible investment opportunities.
Year Ended December 31, 2024 Compared to the Year Ended December 31, 2023
FPAUM increased $3.1 billion, or 5%, to $64.8 billion during the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to $6.0 billion of contributions and a $2.6 billion increase in market value, partially offset by $2.7 billion and $1.7 billion of withdrawals and distributions, respectively.
•Private markets strategies FPAUM increased $2.4 billion, or 6%, to $42.7 billion during the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to $4.7 billion of contributions, partially offset by $1.4 billion of distributions.
•Absolute return strategies FPAUM increased $0.6 billion, or 3%, to $22.0 billion during the year ended December 31, 2024 primarily due to a $2.4 billion increase in market value and $1.3 billion of contributions. partially offset by $2.6 billion of withdrawals.
CNYFPAUM increased $0.9 billion, or 12%, to $8.2 billion during the year ended December 31, 2024 due to the closing of new commitments during the period, net of reductions for CNYFPAUM that became FPAUM during the period.
AUM increased $3.2 billion, or 4%, to $80.1 billion during the year ended December 31, 2024, primarily driven by the $3.1 billion increase in FPAUM, as well as mark to market increases that do not impact FPAUM.
Non-GAAP Financial Measures
In addition to our results of operations above, we report certain financial measures that are not required by, or presented in accordance with, GAAP. Management uses these non-GAAP measures to assess the performance of our business across reporting periods and believes this information is useful to investors for the same reasons. These non-GAAP measures should not be considered a substitute for the most directly comparable GAAP measures, which are reconciled below. Further, these measures have limitations as analytical tools, and when assessing our operating performance, you should not consider these measurements in isolation or as a substitute for GAAP measures including revenues and net income (loss). We may calculate or present these non-GAAP financial measures differently than other companies who report measures with the same or similar names, and as a result, the non-GAAP measures we report may not be comparable.
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Summary of Non-GAAP Financial Measures
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Revenues
Administrative fees and other operating income 6,127 4,652 4,121
Less:
Fee-Related Earnings Margin(4) 42 % 38 % 36 %
Incentive fees:
Incentive fee related compensation and NCI:
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(1)Excludes fund reimbursement revenue of $14.7 million, $14.6 million and $10.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(2)Excludes severance expense of $1.5 million, $6.8 million and $1.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
(3)Excludes amortization of intangibles of $1.3 million, $1.3 million and $2.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Also excludes completed and contemplated corporate transaction-related costs of $6.1 million, $6.4 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, and non-core expenses of $2.5 million, $2.2 million and $0.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. Transaction-related costs for the year ended December 31, 2024 includes $3.0 million related to a debt amendment and extension expense. Non-core expenses includes New York office relocation costs of $1.9 million and $1.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(4)Fee-related earnings margin represents fee-related earnings as a percentage of our management fee and other operating revenue, net of fund expense reimbursements.
(5)Excludes the impact of non-cash carried interest compensation of $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The net non-cash carried interest compensation for each of the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 was de minimis.
(6)Investment income or loss is generally realized when the Company redeems all or a portion of its investment or when the Company receives or is due cash, such as from dividends or distributions.
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(7)Represents corporate income taxes at a blended statutory effective tax rates of 25.0%, 24.7% and 24.2% applied to Adjusted Pre-Tax Income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The 25.0%, 24.7% and 24.2% are based on a federal statutory rate of 21.0% and a combined state, local and foreign rate net of federal benefits of 4.0%, 3.7%, and 3.2%, respectively.
Net Incentive Fees Attributable to GCM Grosvenor
Net incentive fees are used to highlight fees earned from incentive fees that are attributable to GCM Grosvenor. Net incentive fees represent incentive fees excluding (a) incentive fees contractually owed to others and (b) cash-based incentive fee related compensation. Net incentive fees are used by management in making compensation and capital allocation decisions and we believe that they provide investors useful information regarding the amount that such fees contribute to the Company’s earnings.
The following table shows reconciliations of incentive fees to net incentive fees attributable to GCM Grosvenor for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Incentive fees:
Less incentive fees contractually owed to others:
Non-cash carried interest compensation 460 (48) 52
Less: Cash-based incentive fee related compensation (36,455) (15,628) (11,001)
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(1)Firm share represents incentive fees net of contractual obligations but before discretionary cash based incentive compensation.
Adjusted Pre-Tax Income, Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA
Adjusted Pre-Tax Income, Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA are non-GAAP measures used to evaluate our profitability.
Adjusted Pre-Tax Income represents net income attributable to GCM Grosvenor Inc. including (a) net income (loss) attributable to GCMH, excluding (b) provision for income taxes, (c) changes in fair value of derivatives and warrant liabilities, (d) amortization expense, (e) partnership interest-based and non-cash compensation, (f) equity-based compensation, including cash-settled equity awards (as we view the cash settlement as a separate capital transaction), (g) unrealized investment income, (h) changes in TRA liability and (i) certain other items that we believe are not indicative of our core performance, including charges related to corporate transactions, employee severance, office relocation costs, and loss on extinguishment of debt.
Adjusted Net Income represents Adjusted Pre-Tax Income fully taxed at each period’s blended statutory tax rate.
Adjusted EBITDA represents Adjusted Net Income excluding (a) adjusted income taxes, (b) depreciation and amortization expense and (c) interest expense on our outstanding debt.
We are a holding company with no material assets other than its indirect ownership of equity interests in GCMH and certain deferred tax assets. The GCMH Equityholders may from time to time cause GCMH to redeem any or all of their GCMH common units in exchange, at the Company’s election, for either cash (based on the market price for a share of the Class A common stock) or shares of Class A common stock. As such, net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests in GCMH is added back in order to reflect the full economics of the underlying business as if GCMH Equityholders converted their interests to shares of Class A common stock. Other noncontrolling interests do not have the ability to convert those interests into our equity interests of the Company, and as such, income (loss) attributable to these noncontrolling interests are not adjusted for in our non-GAAP financial measures.
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We believe Adjusted Pre-Tax Income, Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA are useful to investors because they provide additional insight into the operating profitability of our core business across reporting periods. These measures (1) present a view of the economics of the underlying business as if GCMH Equityholders converted their interests to shares of Class A common stock and (2) adjust for certain non-cash and other activity in order to provide more comparable results of the core business across reporting periods. These measures are used by management in budgeting, forecasting and evaluating operating results.
The following table shows reconciliations of net income attributable to GCM Grosvenor Inc. and Adjusted Pre-Tax Income, Adjusted Net Income and Adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023and 2022, respectively:
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Adjusted Pre-Tax Income & Adjusted Net Income
Plus:
Loss on extinguishment of debt 157 — —
Less:
Non-cash carried interest compensation 460 (48) 52
Less:
Adjusted EBITDA
Plus:
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(1)Represents 2024expenses incurred, including $3.0 million related to a debt amendment and extension, and contemplated corporate transactions and 2023 and 2022 expenses related to contemplated corporate transactions.
(2)Includes $1.9 million and $1.2 million related to New York office relocation costs for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
(3)Represents corporate income taxes at a blended statutory effective tax rates of 25.0%, 24.7% and 24.2% applied to Adjusted Pre-Tax Income for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The 25.0%, 24.7% and 24.2% are based on a federal statutory rate of 21.0% and a combined state, local and foreign rate net of federal benefits of 4.0%, 3.7%, and 3.2%, respectively.
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Adjusted Net Income Per Share
Adjusted net income per share is a non-GAAP measure that is calculated by dividing Adjusted Net Income by adjusted shares outstanding. Adjusted shares outstanding assumes the hypothetical full exchange of limited partnership interests in GCMH into Class A common stock of GCM Grosvenor Inc., the dilution from outstanding warrants for Class A common stock of GCM Grosvenor Inc. and the dilution from outstanding equity-based compensation. We believe adjusted net income per share is useful to investors because it enables them to better evaluate per-share performance across reporting periods.
The following table shows a reconciliation of diluted weighted-average shares of Class A common stock outstanding to adjusted shares outstanding used in the computation of adjusted net income per share for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively.
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Adjusted Net Income Per Share
Effect of dilutive warrants, if antidilutive for GAAP 141,420 — —
Effect of RSUs, if antidilutive for GAAP — 808,716 —
Adjusted Net Income Per Share - Diluted $ 0.74 $ 0.55 $ 0.50
Fee-Related Revenue and Fee-Related Earnings
Fee-Related Revenue (“FRR”) is a non-GAAP measure used to highlight revenues from recurring management fees and administrative fees. FRR represents total operating revenues less (1) incentive fees and (2) fund reimbursement revenue. We believe FRR is useful to investors because it provides additional insight into our relatively stable management fee base separate from incentive fee revenues, which tend to have greater variability.
Fee-Related Earnings (“FRE”) is a non-GAAP metric used to highlight earnings from recurring management fees and administrative fees. FRE represents adjusted EBITDA further adjusted to exclude (a) incentive fees and related compensation and (b) other non-operating income, and to include depreciation expense. We believe FRE is useful to investors because it provides additional insights into the management fee driven operating profitability of our business.
The following table shows reconciliations of Total Operating Revenues to Fee-Related Revenue for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
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Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Fee-Related Revenue
Less:
The following table shows reconciliations of Adjusted EBITDA to Fee-Related Earnings for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively:
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Less:
Plus:
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(1)Investment income or loss is generally realized when the Company redeems all or a portion of its investment or when the Company receives or is due cash, such as a from dividends or distributions.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
We have historically financed our operations and working capital through net cash provided by operating activities and borrowings under our Term Loan Facility and Revolving Credit Facility (each as defined below). As of December 31, 2024, we had $89.5 million of cash and cash equivalents and available borrowing capacity of $50.0 million under our Revolving Credit Facility. On July 29, 2022, the SEC declared effective our Registration Statement on Form S-3, pursuant to which the Company may issue a combination of securities described in the prospectus in one or more offerings from time to time. Our primary cash needs are to fund working capital requirements, invest in growing our business, make investments in GCM Funds, make scheduled principal payments and interest payments on our outstanding indebtedness, pay dividends to holders of our Class A common stock, and pay tax distributions to members. Additionally, as a result of the Transaction, we need cash to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. We expect that our cash flow from operations, current cash and cash equivalents and available borrowing capacity under our Revolving Credit Facility will be sufficient to fund our operations and planned capital expenditures and to service our debt obligations for the next twelve months and the foreseeable future.
We are required to maintain minimum net capital balances for regulatory purposes for certain of our foreign subsidiaries as well as our U.S. broker-dealer subsidiary. These net capital requirements are met by retaining cash. As a result, we may be restricted in our ability to transfer cash between different operating entities and jurisdictions. As of December 31, 2024 we are in compliance with these regulatory requirements.
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Cash Flows
Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (1,462) (372) (2,395)
Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
Net cash provided by operating activities is generally comprised of our net income (loss) in the respective periods after adjusting for significant non-cash activities, including equity-based compensation for equity-classified awards, non-cash partnership interest-based compensation, the change in fair value of warrant liabilities and the change in equity value of our investments, all of which are included in earnings; proceeds received from return on investments; inflows for receipt of management and incentive fees; and outflows for operating expenses, including cash-based compensation.
Net cash provided by operating activities was $148.8 million and $92.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These operating cash flows were primarily driven by:
•net income of $152.6 million and $93.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively, after adjusting for $116.0 million and $122.6 million of net non-cash activities for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively;
•a decrease in working capital of $16.9 million during the year ended December 31, 2024, as compared to a decrease in working capital of $11.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2023, largely due to an increase in incentive fees earned during the year ended December 31, 2024, partially offset by lower cash-based compensation during the year ended December 31, 2024; and
•proceeds received from investments of $13.1 million and $10.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
Net cash used in investing activities was $(31.8) million and $(18.8) million for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These investing cash flows were driven by:
•purchases of premises and equipment of $(16.7) million and $(3.8) million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively; and
•contributions/subscriptions to investments of $(26.2) million and $(27.6) million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively; partially offset by
•distributions received from investments of $11.1 million and $12.6 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities
Net cash used in financing activities was $(70.4) million and $(113.7) million, for the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively. These financing cash flows were driven by:
•capital contributions received from noncontrolling interest holders of $1.9 million and $2.3 million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively;
•capital distributions paid to partners and member of $(69.6) million and $(58.3) million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively;
•capital distributions paid to noncontrolling interest holders of $(12.4) million and $(15.4) million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023 respectively;
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•proceeds from the Term Loan Facility amendment of $50.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2024;
•principal payments on the Term Loan Facility of $(3.2) million and $(4.0) million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively;
•payments to repurchase Class A common stock of $(4.5) million during the year ended December 31, 2023;
•the settlement of equity-based compensation to satisfy withholding tax requirements of $(12.7) million and $(10.2) million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively;
•dividends paid of $(20.5) million and $(20.3) million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively; and
•payments to related parties, pursuant to tax receivable agreement of $(3.2) million and $(3.2) million during the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, respectively.
Indebtedness
On January 2, 2014, GCMH entered into a credit agreement (as amended, amended and restated, supplemented or otherwise modified, the “Credit Agreement”) that provides GCMH with a senior secured term loan facility (along with subsequent amendments, the “Term Loan Facility”) and a $50.0 million revolving credit facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility” and, together with the Term Loan Facility, the “Senior Secured Credit Facilities”). Under the Revolving Credit Facility, $15.0 million is available for letters of credit and $10.0 million is available for swingline loans.
On June 23, 2021, the Company amended its Term Loan Facility to increase the aggregate principal amount from $290.0 million to $400.0 million. On June 29, 2023, the Company amended the Term Loan Facility to incorporate changes for the contemplated transition to the Term Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“Term SOFR”), and on July 1, 2023, in conjunction with a Benchmark Transition Event, the interest rate defaulted to the Term SOFR plus a Benchmark Replacement Adjustment as recommended by the Relevant Governmental Body (all terms as defined in the Amended Credit Agreement).
On May 21, 2024, the Company amended the Term Loan Facility to, among other things, increase and extend the maturity date of the Term Loan Facility. The amendment increased the aggregate principal amount available from $388.0 million to $438.0 million, extended the maturity date from February 24, 2028 to February 25, 2030, decreased the interest rate margin to 2.25% over Term SOFR, and removed the Benchmark Replacement Adjustment of 0.11%.
As of December 31, 2024, GCMH had borrowings of $435.8 million outstanding under the Term Loan Facility and no outstanding balance under the Revolving Credit Facility. As of December 31, 2024, we had available borrowing capacity of $50.0 million under our Revolving Credit Facility.
See Note 13 of our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a summary of our outstanding indebtedness.
The terms of the Company’s current debt instruments contain covenants that may restrict the Company and its subsidiaries from paying distributions to its members. As a holding company, we are dependent upon the ability of GCMH to make distributions to its members, including us. However, the ability of GCMH to make such distributions is subject to its operating results, cash requirements and financial condition, restrictive covenants in our debt instruments and applicable Delaware law. These restrictions include restrictions on the payment of distributions whenever the payment of such distributions would cause GCMH to no longer be in compliance with any of its financial covenants under the Term Loan Facility. Absent an event of default under the Credit Agreement governing the terms of the Term Loan Facility, GCMH may make unlimited distributions when the Total Leverage Ratio (as defined in the Credit Agreement) is below stated thresholds. As of December 31, 2024, the Total Leverage Ratio was below 3.00x and the Company was in compliance with all financial covenants.
See Note 14 of our Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K for a summary of our interest rate derivatives to hedge interest rate risk related to the Company’s outstanding indebtedness. During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company entered into swap agreements to hedge interest rate risk related to our debt. Effective on May 31, 2024, we entered into a swap agreement to hedge interest rate risk related to payments for the increase in aggregate principal amount of the Term Loan Facility that has a notional amount of $28.5 million and a fixed rate of 4.47%. On May 23, 2024, the Company entered into a forward-starting swap agreement to hedge interest rate risk related to payments
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during the extended maturity of the Term Loan Facility that has an effective date of February 2028, a notional amount of $317.0 million and a fixed rate of 4.17%.
Dividend Policy
We are a holding company with no material assets other than our indirect ownership of equity interests in GCMH and certain deferred tax assets. As such, we do not have any independent means of generating revenue. However, management of GCM Grosvenor expects to cause GCMH to make distributions to its members, including us, in an amount at least sufficient to allow us to pay all applicable taxes, to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, and to pay our corporate and other overhead expenses. On February 6, 2025, GCMG’s Board of Directors declared a quarterly dividend of $0.11 per share of Class A common stock to record holders as of the close of business on March 3, 2025. The payment date will be March 17, 2025. The payment of cash dividends on shares of our Class A common stock in the future, in this amount or otherwise, will be within the discretion of GCMG’s Board of Directors at such time.
Stock Repurchase Plan
On August 6, 2021, GCMG’s Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase plan which may be used to repurchase our outstanding Class A common stock and warrants to purchase Class A common stock. Our Class A common stock and warrants may be repurchased from time to time in open market transactions, in privately negotiated transactions, including with employees or otherwise, pursuant to the requirements of Rule 10b5-1 and Rule 10b-18 of the Exchange Act, as well as to retire (by cash settlement or the payment of tax withholding amounts upon net settlement) equity-based awards granted under our 2020 Incentive Award Plan, as amended and restated (and any successor plan thereto), with the terms and conditions of these repurchases depending on legal requirements, price, market and economic conditions and other factors. We are not obligated under the terms of the program to repurchase any of our Class A common stock or warrants, the program has no expiration date and we may suspend or terminate the program at any time without prior notice. Any shares of Class A common stock and any warrants repurchased as part of this program will be canceled. GCMG’s Board of Directors has made subsequent increases to its stock repurchase authorization for shares and warrants. As of December 31, 2023, the total authorization was $115 million, excluding fees and expenses. On February 8, 2024, GCMG’s Board of Directors increased the firm's existing repurchase authorization by $25 million, from $115 million to $140 million.
For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we spent $33.2 million and $25.8 million, respectively, to reduce Class A shares to be issued to employees to satisfy tax obligations in connection with the settlement of RSUs; and for the year ended December 31, 2023 we spent $4.5 million to repurchase shares of Class A common stock. We did not repurchase any shares of Class A common stock for the year ended December 31, 2024. For the years ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, we did not repurchase any outstanding warrants to purchase Class A common stock. As of December 31, 2024, $32.0 million remained available under our stock repurchase plan.
On February 6, 2025, GCMG’s Board of Directors increased the firm's existing repurchase authorization by $50 million, from $140 million to $190 million.
We review our capital return plan on an on-going basis, considering our financial performance and liquidity position, investments required to execute our strategic plans and initiatives, acquisition opportunities, the economic outlook, regulatory changes and other relevant factors. As these factors may change over time, the actual amounts expended on repurchase activity, dividends, and acquisitions, if any, during any particular period cannot be predicted and may fluctuate from time to time.
Tax Receivable Agreement
Exchanges of Grosvenor common units by limited partners of GCMH will result in increases in the tax basis in our share of the assets of GCMH and its subsidiaries that otherwise would not have been available. These increases in tax basis are expected to increase our depreciation and amortization deductions and create other tax benefits, and therefore may reduce the amount of tax that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. The Tax Receivable Agreement requires us to pay 85% of the amount of these and certain other tax benefits, if any, that we realize (or are deemed to realize in certain circumstances) to the TRA Parties. As of December 31, 2024, the amount payable to related parties pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement was $51.4 million.
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Contractual Obligations, Commitments and Contingencies
The following table represents our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2024, aggregated by type:
Contractual Obligations
Total Less than1 year 1 – 3years 3 – 5years More than5 years
(in thousands)
Capital commitments to our investments (3) 90,531 90,531 — — —
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(1)Represents scheduled debt obligation payments under our Term Loan Facility.
(2)Represents interest to be paid on our debt obligations. The interest payments are calculated using the interest rate of 6.8% on our Term Loan Facility in effect as of December 31, 2024 and exclude the impact of interest rate hedges.
(3)Represents general partner capital funding commitments to several of the GCM Funds. These amounts are generally due on demand and are therefore presented in the less than one-year category, however, based on historical precedent, are likely to be due over a substantially longer period of time.
The table above does not include payments that we are obligated to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement, as the actual timing and amount of any payments that may be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement are unknown at this time and will vary based on a number of factors. However, we expect that the payments that we are required to make to the TRA Parties in connection with the Tax Receivable Agreement will be substantial. Any payments made by us to the TRA Parties under the Tax Receivable Agreement will generally reduce the amount of cash that might have otherwise been available to us or to GCMH. To the extent that we are unable to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement for any reason, the unpaid amounts will accrue interest until paid. Our failure to make any payment required under the Tax Receivable Agreement (including any accrued and unpaid interest) within 60 calendar days of the date on which the payment is required to be made will generally constitute a material breach of a material obligation under the Tax Receivable Agreement, which may result in the termination of the Tax Receivable Agreement and the acceleration of payments thereunder, unless the applicable payment is not made because (i) we are prohibited from making such payment under applicable law or the terms governing certain of our secured indebtedness or (ii) we do not have, and cannot by using commercially reasonable efforts obtain, sufficient funds to make such payment.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We prepare our Consolidated Financial Statements in accordance with GAAP. In applying many of these accounting principles, we are required to make assumptions, estimates or judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses in our Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying footnotes. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. These assumptions, estimates or judgments, however, are both subjective and subject to change, and actual results may differ from our assumptions and estimates. If actual amounts are ultimately different from our estimates, the revisions are included in our results of operations for the period in which the actual amounts become known. We believe the following critical accounting policies and estimates could potentially produce materially different results if we were to change underlying assumptions, estimates or judgments. See Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form10-K for a summary of our significant accounting policies. The following is a summary of our accounting policies that are most affected by assumptions, estimates or judgments.
Principles of Consolidation
We consolidate all entities that we control as the primary beneficiary of variable interest entities (“VIEs”).
We first determine whether we have a variable interest in an entity. Fees paid to a decision maker or service provider are not deemed variable interests in an entity if (i) the fees are compensation for services provided and are commensurate with the level of effort required to provide those services; (ii) the service arrangement includes only terms, conditions, or amounts that are customarily present in arrangements for similar services negotiated at arm’s length; and (iii) the decision maker does not
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hold other interests in the entity that individually, or in the aggregate, would absorb more than an insignificant amount of the entity’s expected losses or receive more than an insignificant amount of the entity’s expected residual returns. We have evaluated our arrangements and determined that management fees, performance fees and carried interest are customary and commensurate with the services being performed and are not variable interests. For those entities in which we have a variable interest, we perform an analysis to determine whether the entity is a VIE.
The assessment of whether the entity is a VIE requires an evaluation of qualitative factors and, where applicable, quantitative factors. These judgments include: (a) determining whether the equity investment at risk is sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, (b) evaluating whether the equity holders, as a group, can make decisions that have a significant effect on the economic performance of the entity, and (c) determining whether the equity investors have proportionate voting rights to their obligations to absorb losses or rights to receive returns from the entity. The granting of substantive kick-out rights is a key consideration in determining whether a limited partnership or similar entity is a VIE.
For entities that are determined to be VIEs, we consolidate those entities where we have concluded we are the primary beneficiary. We are determined to be the primary beneficiary if we hold a controlling financial interest which is defined as possessing (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. In evaluating whether we are the primary beneficiary, we evaluate our economic interests in the entity held either directly or indirectly by us.
We determine whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE at the time we become involved with a VIE and reconsider that conclusion continuously. At each reporting date, we assess whether we are the primary beneficiary and will consolidate or deconsolidate accordingly.
Entities that do not qualify as VIEs are assessed for consolidation as voting interest entities. Under the voting interest entity model, we consolidate those entities that we control through a majority voting interest.
Partnership Interest-Based Compensation
Various individuals, including our current and former employees, have been awarded partnership interests in Holdings, Holdings II and Management LLC. These partnership interests either (a) grant the recipients the right to certain cash distributions of profits from Holdings, Holdings II and Management LLC to the extent such distributions are authorized or (b) transfer equity ownership between certain existing employee members of the GCMH Equityholders.
A partnership interest award is accounted for based on its substance. A partnership interest award that is in substance a profit-sharing arrangement or performance bonus would generally not be within the scope of the stock-based compensation guidance and would be accounted for under the guidance for deferred compensation plans, similar to a cash bonus. However, if the arrangement has characteristics more akin to the risks and rewards of equity ownership, the arrangement would be accounted for under stock-based compensation guidance. Payments to the employees for partnership interest awards are made by Holdings, Holdings II and Management LLC. As a result, we record a non-cash profits interest compensation charge and an offsetting deemed contribution to equity (deficit) to reflect the payments made by the GCMH Equityholders.
We analyze awards granted to recipients at the time they are granted or modified. Awards that are in substance a profit-sharing arrangement in which rights to distributions of profits are based fully on the discretion of the managing member of Holdings, Holdings II and Management LLC, are recorded as partnership interest-based compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) when Holdings, Holdings II and Management LLC makes distributions to the recipients. Awards that are in substance stock-based compensation are recorded as partnership interest-based compensation expense on a straight-line basis over the service period. Profit-sharing arrangements that contain a stated target payment are recognized as partnership interest-based compensation expense equal to the present value of expected future payments on a straight-line basis over the service period. Any such expense previously recorded is reversed if the target amount is canceled or forfeited or if the required service period is not provided. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded approximately $72 million of partnership interest-based compensation. Changes to the existing awards granted to recipients, granting of new awards or fluctuation in distributions of profits could significantly impact expense recognized in future periods.
Revenue Recognition of Incentive Fees
Incentive fees are based on the results of our funds, in the form of performance fees and carried interest, which together comprise incentive fees.
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Performance Fees
We may receive performance fees from certain GCM Funds investing in public market investments. Performance fees are typically a fixed percentage of investment gains, subject to loss carryforward provisions that require the recapture of any previous losses before any performance fees can be earned in the current period. Performance fees may or may not be subject to a hurdle or a preferred return, which requires that clients earn a specified minimum return before a performance fee can be assessed. With the exception of certain GCM Funds, these performance fees are determined based upon investment performance at the end of a specified measurement period, generally the end of the calendar year. Certain GCM Funds have performance measurement periods extending beyond one year.
Investment returns are highly susceptible to market factors, judgments and actions of third parties that are outside of our control. Accordingly, performance fees are considered variable consideration and are therefore constrained and not recognized as revenue until it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur. In the event that a client redeems from one of the GCM Funds prior to the end of a measurement period, any accrued performance fee is ordinarily due and payable by such redeeming client as of the redemption date. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded $55 million of performance fees. Performance fees can vary materially period to period based on actual investment returns and timing of redemptions.
Carried Interest
Carried interest is a performance-based capital allocation from a fund’s limited partners in certain GCM Funds invested in longer-term public market investments and private market investments. Carried interest is typically a percentage of the profits calculated in accordance with the terms of fund agreements at rates that range between 2.5-20% after returning invested capital, certain fees and a preferred return to the fund’s limited partners. Carried interest is ultimately realized when underlying investments distribute proceeds or are sold and therefore carried interest is highly susceptible to market factors, judgments and actions of third parties that are outside of our control. Accordingly, carried interest is considered variable consideration and is therefore constrained and not recognized as revenue until (a) it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur or (b) the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.
Agreements generally include a clawback provision that, if triggered, would require us to return up to the cumulative amount of carried interest distributed, typically net of tax, upon liquidation of those funds, if the aggregate amount paid as carried interest exceeds the amount actually due based upon the aggregate performance of each fund. Accordingly, the amount of carried interest, typically net of tax, that we would be required to return if all remaining investments had no value as of the end of each reporting period is deferred at each reporting period. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company recorded $51 million of carried interest. Carried interest can vary materially period to period based on the judgments, market factors and actions of third parties discussed above.
Provision for Income Taxes
The Company is taxed as a corporation for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes. GCMH is treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Prior to the Transaction, partners of GCMH were taxed on their allocable share of the Partnership’s earnings. Subsequent to the Transaction, GCMH Equityholders, as applicable, are taxed on their share of the Partnership’s earnings; therefore, the Company does not record a provision for federal income taxes on the GCMH Equityholders’ allocable share of the Partnership’s earnings.
We use the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the carrying value of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using the statutory tax rates expected to be applied in the periods in which those temporary differences are settled. The effect of a change in tax rates on deferred tax assets and liabilities is recognized in the period of the change. A valuation allowance is recorded on our net deferred tax assets when it is “more-likely-than not” that such assets will not be realized. When evaluating the realizability of our deferred tax assets, all evidence, both positive and negative, is evaluated. Items considered in this analysis include the ability to carry back losses, the reversal of temporary differences, tax planning strategies and expectations of future earnings. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has $51 million of net deferred tax assets. Changes in judgment regarding the realizability of the deferred tax assets or changes in corporate tax rates could significantly increase or decrease the carrying value of the assets.
The amount of tax benefit to be recognized is the amount of benefit that is “more-likely-than-not” to be sustained upon examination. We analyze our tax filing positions in the U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax jurisdictions where we are required to file income tax returns, as well as for all open tax years in these jurisdictions. If, based on this analysis, we
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determine that uncertainties in tax positions exist, a liability is established. We recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, if any, within provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss). Accrued interest and penalties, if any, would be included within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. As of December 31, 2024, the Company has $1 million in uncertain tax positions. Changes in judgment regarding the uncertainty of tax positions could result in liabilities.
Tax laws are complex and subject to different interpretations by the taxpayer and respective governmental taxing authorities. Significant judgment is required in determining tax expense and in evaluating tax positions, including evaluating uncertainties under GAAP. We review our tax positions quarterly and adjust our tax balances as new legislation is enacted or new information becomes available.
Tax Receivable Agreement
In connection with the Transaction, we entered into the Tax Receivable Agreement with the GCMH Equityholders. We will generally pay them 85% of the amount of the tax savings, if any, that we realize as a result of increases in tax basis resulting from our acquisition of equity interests in GCMH from certain current or former GCMH Equityholders, from certain existing tax basis in the assets of GCMH and its subsidiaries, and from certain deductions arising from payments made in connection with the Tax Receivable Agreement.
The Tax Receivable Agreement makes certain simplifying assumptions regarding the determination of the tax savings that we realize or are deemed to realize from applicable tax attributes (including use of an assumed state and local income tax rate), which may result in payments pursuant to the Tax Receivable Agreement in excess of those that would result if such assumptions were not made and therefore in excess of 85% of our actual tax savings.
The actual increases in tax basis arising from our acquisition of interests in GCMH, as well as the amount and timing of any payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement, will vary depending on a number of factors, including, but not limited to, the price of our Class A common stock at the time of the purchase or exchange, the timing of any future exchanges, the extent to which exchanges are taxable, and the amount and timing of our income and the tax rates then applicable. We expect that the payments we are required to make under the Tax Receivable Agreement could be substantial.
Based on current projections, we anticipate having sufficient taxable income to utilize these tax attributes and receive corresponding tax deductions in future periods. As of December 31, 2024, the Tax Receivable Agreement results in a liability of $51 million. Significant changes in the projected liability resulting from the Tax Receivable Agreement may occur based on changes in anticipated future taxable income, changes in applicable tax rates or other changes in tax attributes that may occur and could affect the expected future tax benefits to be received by us.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Information regarding recent accounting developments and their impact on our results can be found in Note 2 in the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.
ITEM 7A. QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
In the normal course of business, we are exposed to a broad range of risks inherent in the financial markets in which we participate, including price risk, interest-rate risk, access to and cost of financing risk, liquidity risk, counterparty risk and foreign exchange-rate risk. Potentially negative effects of these risks may be mitigated to a certain extent by those aspects of our investment approach, investment strategies, fundraising practices or other business activities that are designed to benefit, either in relative or absolute terms, from periods of economic weakness, tighter credit or financial market dislocations.
Our predominant exposure to market risk is related to our role as general partner or investment manager for our funds and the sensitivity to movements in the fair value of their investments, which may adversely affect our investment income, management fees, and incentive fees, as applicable.
Fair value of the financial assets and liabilities of our funds may fluctuate in response to changes in the value of securities, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates. The impact of investment risk is as follows:
•Investment income changes along with the realized and unrealized gains of the underlying investments in our specialized funds and certain customized separate accounts in which we have a general partner commitment. Our
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general partner investments include unique underlying portfolio investments with no significant concentration in any industry or country outside of the United States.
•Our management fees from our absolute return strategies are typically based on the NAV of those funds, and therefore the amount of fees that we may charge will increase or decrease in direct proportion to the effect of changes in the fair value of the fund’s investments. Our management fees from our specialized funds and customized separate accounts attributable to our private markets strategies are not significantly affected by changes in fair value as the management fees are not generally based on the value of the specialized funds or customized separate accounts, but rather on the amount of capital committed or invested in the specialized funds or customized separate accounts, as applicable.
•Incentive fees from our specialized funds and customized separate accounts are not materially affected by changes in the fair value of unrealized investments because they are based on realized gains and subject to achievement of performance criteria rather than on the fair value of the specialized fund’s or customized separate account’s assets prior to realization. We had $6.0 million of deferred incentive fee revenue on our Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as of December 31, 2024. Minor decreases in underlying fair value would not affect the amount of deferred incentive fee revenue subject to clawback.
Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk
Several of our specialized funds and customized separate accounts hold investments denominated in non U.S. dollar currencies that may be affected by movements in the rate of exchange between the U.S. dollar and foreign currency, which could impact investment performance. We do not possess significant assets in foreign countries in which we operate or engage in material transactions in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. Therefore, changes in exchange rates are not expected to materially impact our consolidated financial statements.
Interest Rate Risk
As of December 31, 2024, we had $435.8 million of borrowings outstanding under our Term Loan Facility. The Term Loan Facility accrues interest at 2.25% over Term SOFR, is subject to a 0.50% SOFR floor and has a maturity date of February 25, 2030, after we entered into Amendment No. 8 to the Credit Agreement as discussed in Note 13 in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form10-K. For the year ended December 31, 2024, the weighted average interest rate for our Term Loan Facility was 7.54%.
Based on the floating rate component of our Term Loan Facility and excluding any impact of interest rate hedges as of December 31, 2024, we estimate that a 100 basis point increase in interest rates would result in increased interest expense of$4.4 million over the next 12 months.
In October 2022, the Company terminated certain derivative instruments which were entered into in 2021. As a result of interest rate risk, in November 2022 the Company entered into an interest rate swap agreement with a total notional amount of $300 million and a maturity date of February 2028, to hedge interest rate risk related to a portion of its Term Loan Facility.
In May 2024, we entered into a swap agreement and a forward-starting swap agreement that have a notional amount of $28.5 million and $317.0 million, respectively, with the purpose of hedging interest rate risk related to payments for the increase in aggregate principal amount and extended maturity of the Term Loan Facility.
Credit Risk
We are party to agreements providing for various financial services and transactions that contain an element of risk in the event that the counterparties are unable to meet the terms of such agreements. In such agreements, we depend on the respective counterparty to make payment or otherwise perform. We generally endeavor to minimize our risk of exposure by limiting the counterparties with which we enter into financial transactions to reputable financial institutions. In other circumstances, availability of financing from financial institutions may be uncertain due to market events, and we may not be able to access these financing markets.
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Enterprise Risk Management Committee
The GCM Grosvenor Enterprise Risk Management Committee (“ERMC”) is tasked with overseeing firm-wide risks and potential conflicts arising from the operations of the firm. The ERMC meets at least quarterly, and as needed, and is comprised of some of the most senior professionals at the firm across the spectrum of departments. The ERMC aims to identify, assess, monitor and mitigate such key enterprise risks at the corporate, business unit and fund level. Senior management reports to the audit committee of the Board of Directors on the agenda of risk topics evaluated by the ERMC.
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ITEM 8. FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Index to Consolidated Financial Statements Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm (PCAOB ID: 42) 106
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition 109
Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) 110
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss) 111
Consolidated Statements of Equity (Deficit) 112
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows 115
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements 117
105
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Opinion on the Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of GCM Grosvenor Inc. (the Company) as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income (loss), comprehensive income (loss), equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2024 and 2023, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated February 20, 2025 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Critical Audit Matter
The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the accounts or disclosures to which it relates.
106
Other Investments Measured at Fair Value
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2014.
Chicago, Illinois
February 20, 2025
107
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Shareholders and the Board of Directors of GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
We have audited GCM Grosvenor Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, GCM Grosvenor Inc. (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2024, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial condition of the Company as of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the related consolidated statements of income (loss), comprehensive income (loss), equity (deficit) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2024, and the related notes and our report dated February 20, 2025, expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.
Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
Chicago, Illinois
February 20, 2025
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GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
As of December 31,
Assets
Liabilities and Equity (Deficit)
Accrued compensation and employee related obligations 112,519 98,561
Accrued expenses and other liabilities 30,697 31,213
Commitments and contingencies (Note 16)
Class B common stock, $0.0001 par value, 500,000,000 authorized; none issued — —
Accumulated other comprehensive income 1,650 2,630
Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries 52,233 59,757
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss)
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Year Ended December 31,
Revenues
Expenses
Earnings (loss) per share of Class A common stock:
Weighted average shares of Class A common stock outstanding :
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
110
GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Loss)
(In thousands)
Year Ended December 31,
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustment (1,236) (352) (2,083)
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
111
GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Equity (Deficit)
(In thousands)
Deferred tax and other tax adjustments 28 — — — 28
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
112
GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Equity (Deficit) — (Continued)
(In thousands)
Repurchase of Class A common stock — — (1,003) — — — (3,475) (4,478)
Partners’ distributions — — — — — — (58,278) (58,278)
Net change in cash flow hedges — — — — (1,387) — (5,937) (7,324)
Translation adjustment — — — — (79) — (273) (352)
Deferred tax and other tax adjustments — — 384 — — — — 384
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
113
GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Equity (Deficit) — (Continued)
(In thousands)
Partners’ distributions — — — — — (69,627) (69,627)
Net change in cash flow hedges — — — — (693) — (2,771) (3,464)
Translation adjustment — — — — (287) — (949) (1,236)
Deferred tax and other tax adjustments — — (492) — — — — (492)
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
Year Ended December 31,
Cash flows from operating activities
Proceeds received for terminated interest rate derivatives — — 40,344
Loss on extinguishment of debt 157 — —
Change in assets and liabilities:
Accrued compensation and employee related obligations 13,170 8,222 (40,202)
Cash flows from investing activities
Cash flows from financing activities
Capital contributions received from noncontrolling interest 1,869 2,255 1,789
Proceeds from senior loan issuance 50,000 — —
Debt issuance costs (556) — —
Payments to repurchase Class A common stock — (4,478) (26,391)
Payments to repurchase warrants — — (2,569)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (1,462) (372) (2,395)
Cash and cash equivalents
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GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows — (Continued)
(In thousands)
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information
Cash paid during the year for income taxes, net $ 5,016 $ 3,446 $ 8,543
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information from operating activities
Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information from investing activities
Supplemental disclosure of non-cash information from financing activities
See accompanying notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.
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GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts and where otherwise noted)
1. Organization
GCM Grosvenor Inc. (“GCMG”) and its subsidiaries including Grosvenor Capital Management Holdings, LLLP (the “Partnership” or “GCMH” and collectively, the “Company”), provide comprehensive investment solutions to institutional and individual clients who seek allocations to alternative investments such as absolute return strategies, private equity, real estate, infrastructure and alternative credit. The Company collaborates with its clients to construct investment portfolios across one or more investment strategies in the private and public markets, often customized to meet their specific objectives. The Company also offers specialized funds which span the alternatives investing universe and are developed to meet broad market demands for strategies and risk-return objectives.
The Company, through its subsidiaries acts as the investment adviser, general partner or managing member to customized funds and specialized funds (collectively, the “GCM Funds”).
GCMG was incorporated on July 27, 2020 under the laws of the State of Delaware for the purpose of consummating the Transaction as described below and merging with CF Finance Acquisition Corp. (“CFAC”), which was incorporated on July 9, 2014 under the laws of the State of Delaware. GCMG owns all of the equity interests of GCM Grosvenor Holdings, LLC (“IntermediateCo”), formerly known as CF Finance Intermediate Acquisition, LLC until November 18, 2020, which is the general partner of GCMH subsequent to the Transaction. GCMG’s ownership (through IntermediateCo) of GCMH as of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023 was approximately 23.7% and 23.0%, respectively.
GCMH is a holding company operated pursuant to the Fifth Amended and Restated Limited Liability Limited Partnership Agreement (the “Partnership Agreement”) dated November 17, 2020, among the limited partners including, Grosvenor Holdings, L.L.C. (“Holdings”), Grosvenor Holdings II, L.L.C. (“Holdings II”) and GCM Grosvenor Management, LLC (“Management LLC”) (collectively, together with GCM Progress Subsidiary LLC, the “GCMH Equityholders”).
On November 17, 2020, the Company consummated a business combination pursuant to the definitive Transaction Agreement dated as of August 2, 2020, by and among CFAC, IntermediateCo, CF Finance Holdings, LLC (the “CF Sponsor”), Holdings, Management LLC, Holdings II, GCMH GP, L.L.C. (“GCMHGP LLC”), GCM V, LLC (“GCM V”) and the Company (the “Transaction”). The Transaction was treated as a transaction between entities under common control.
GCMG indirectly holds general partnership and limited partnership interests in GCMH. The structure of the Transaction is an "Up-C” structure with the owners of GCMH retaining their ownership in GCMH.
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The Consolidated Financial Statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company, its wholly-owned or majority-owned subsidiaries and entities in which the Company is deemed to have a direct or indirect controlling financial interest based on either a variable interest model or voting interest model. All intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
The portion of the consolidated subsidiaries not owned by GCMG and any related activity is eliminated through noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition and net income (loss) attributable to noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).
The Company was an “emerging growth company” (“EGC”), as defined in Section 2(a) of the Securities Act, as modified by the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012 (the “JOBS Act”), following the consummation of the merger of CFAC and the Company. The Company elected to use this extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards pursuant to Section 102(b)(1) of the JOBS Act that have different effective dates for public and private companies, however, as of December 31, 2023, the Company no longer qualified as an EGC. Therefore, the Company was no longer able to take advantage of the extended transition period for adopting new or revised accounting standards for periods ended on or after December 31, 2023.
117
GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts and where otherwise noted)
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Company’s management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Consolidated Financial Statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Principles of Consolidation
The Company first determines whether it has a variable interest in an entity. Fees paid to a decision maker or service provider are not deemed variable interests in an entity if (i) the fees are compensation for services provided and are commensurate with the level of effort required to provide those services; (ii) the service arrangement includes only terms, conditions, or amounts that are customarily present in arrangements for similar services negotiated at arm’s length; and (iii) the decision maker does not hold other interests in the entity that individually, or in the aggregate, would absorb more than an insignificant amount of the entity’s expected losses or receive more than an insignificant amount of the entity’s expected residual returns. The Company has evaluated its arrangements and determined that management fees, performance fees and carried interest are customary and commensurate with the services being performed and are not variable interests. For those entities in which it has a variable interest, the Company performs an analysis to determine whether the entity is a variable interest entity (“VIE”).
The assessment of whether the entity is a VIE requires an evaluation of qualitative factors and, where applicable, quantitative factors. These judgments include: (a) determining whether the equity investment at risk is sufficient to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support, (b) evaluating whether the equity holders, as a group, can make decisions that have a significant effect on the economic performance of the entity, and (c) determining whether the equity investors have proportionate voting rights to their obligations to absorb losses or rights to receive returns from an entity. The granting of substantive kick-out rights is a key consideration in determining whether a limited partnership or similar entity is a VIE.
For entities that are determined to be VIEs, the Company consolidates those entities where it has concluded it is the primary beneficiary. The Company is determined to be the primary beneficiary if it holds a controlling financial interest which is defined as possessing (a) the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses of the VIE or the right to receive benefits from the VIE that could potentially be significant to the VIE. In evaluating whether the Company is the primary beneficiary, the Company evaluates its economic interests in the entity held directly and indirectly by the Company.
The Company determines whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE at the time it becomes involved with a VIE and reconsiders that conclusion continuously. At each reporting date, the Company assesses whether it is the primary beneficiary and will consolidate or deconsolidate accordingly. Refer to Note 9 for additional information on the Company’s VIEs.
Entities that do not qualify as VIEs are assessed for consolidation as voting interest entities. Under the voting interest entity model, the Company consolidates those entities it controls through a majority voting interest.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and cash equivalents consist of cash and short-term, highly liquid money market funds with original maturities of three months or less. In circumstances when Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured limits are exceeded, the risk of default depends on the creditworthiness of the counterparties to each of these transactions. Interest earned on cash and cash equivalents of $2.7 million, $2.0 million and $0.8 million during the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, are recorded within other expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss). As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Company held $18.5 million and $20.2 million, respectively, of foreign cash included within cash and cash equivalents in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
118
GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts and where otherwise noted)
Foreign Currency
The Company consolidates certain subsidiaries that have a non-U.S. dollar functional currency. The assets and liabilities of these subsidiaries are translated at the exchange rate prevailing at the reporting date and income and expenses are translated at the average monthly rates of exchange with the resulting translation adjustment included in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).
The Company earns fees denominated in several different foreign currencies. Corresponding transaction gains or losses are recognized in other expense in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).
Management Fees and Incentive Fees Receivables
Management fees and incentive fees receivables are equal to contractual amounts reduced for allowances, including expected credit losses, if applicable. The Company considers fees receivable to be fully collectible; accordingly, minimal to no allowance for credit losses has been established as of December 31, 2024 and 2023. The Company’s management fees and incentive fees receivables are predominantly with its investments funds, which have low risk of credit loss based on the Company’s historical experience. Historical experience may be adjusted for current conditions and forecasts, including the Company’s expectation of near-term realizations. Allowances are charged directly to general, administrative and other in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).
Due from Related Parties
Due from related parties includes amounts receivable from the Company’s existing partners, employees, and nonconsolidated funds. Refer to Note 17 for further disclosure of transactions with related parties.
Fair Value Measurements
The Company categorizes its fair value measurements according to a three-level hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are defined as follows:
•Level 1 – Inputs that reflect unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access at the measurement date;
•Level 2 – Inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability either directly or indirectly, including inputs in markets that are not considered to be active; and
•Level 3 – Inputs that are unobservable and require significant management judgment or estimation.
Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the assumptions market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available under the circumstances.
The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents and fees receivable approximate fair value due to the immediate or short-term maturity of these financial instruments.
Investments
Investments primarily consist of investments in GCM Funds and other funds the Company does not control, but is deemed to exert significant influence, and are generally accounted for using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company records its share of the underlying income or loss of such entities, which reflects the net asset value of such investments. Management believes the net asset value of the funds is representative of fair value. The resulting gains and losses are included as investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).
119
GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts and where otherwise noted)
The Company’s equity method investments in the GCM Funds investing in private equity, real estate and infrastructure (“GCM PEREI Funds”) are valued based on the most recent available information, which typically has a delay of up to three months due to the timing of financial information received from the investments held by the GCM PEREI Funds. The Company records its share of capital contributions to and distributions from the GCM PEREI Funds within investments in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition during the three-month lag period. To the extent that management is aware of material events that affect the GCM PEREI Funds during the intervening period, the impact of the events would be disclosed in the notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Certain subsidiaries which hold the general partner capital interest in the GCM Funds are not wholly owned, and as such, the portion of the Company’s investments owned by limited partners in those subsidiaries are reflected within noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
For certain other debt investments, the Company has elected the fair value option. Such election is irrevocable and is made at the investment level at initial recognition. The debt investments are not publicly traded and are a Level 3 fair value measurement. For investments carried at fair value, the Company records the increase or decrease in fair value as investment income in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss). See Note 5 for additional information regarding the Company’s other investments.
Premises and Equipment
Premises and equipment and aircraft-related assets are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is calculated on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the assets ranging from three to seven years. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the shorter of their estimated useful lives or lease terms.
Leases
The Company’s leases primarily consist of operating lease agreements for office space in various countries around the world, including for its headquarters in Chicago, Illinois. The Company accounts for its ROU assets and lease liabilities under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 842, Leases. ROU assets and lease liabilities are recorded on the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition for all operating leases with initial terms exceeding one year. Lease ROU assets represent the Company’s right to use an underlying asset for the lease term and lease liabilities represent the Company’s remaining minimum lease obligations. The Company made a permitted accounting policy election not to apply the ROU model to short-term leases, which are defined as leases with initial terms of one year or less.
The Company determines whether a contract contains a lease at inception. Lease ROU assets and lease liabilities are initially recognized on the lease commencement date based on the present value of the minimum lease payments over the lease term. When determining the lease term, the Company generally does not include options to renew as it is not reasonably certain at contract inception that the Company will exercise the option(s). As the implicit rate is not generally readily determinable, the Company uses its incremental borrowing rate to determine the present value of future minimum lease payments. Lease ROU assets may include initial direct costs incurred by the Company and are reduced by lease incentives. Operating lease expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term within general, administrative and other in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).
Intangible Assets and Goodwill
Finite-lived intangible assets primarily consist of investment management contracts, investor relationships, technology and trade name. These assets are amortized on a straight-line basis over their respective useful lives, ranging from 2 to 12 years. Intangible assets are reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances suggest that the asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable. An impairment loss, calculated as the difference between the estimated fair value and the carrying value of the asset, is recognized if the sum of the estimated undiscounted cash flows relating to the asset is less than the corresponding carrying value. The Company has not recognized any impairment in the periods presented.
Goodwill is reviewed for impairment at least annually at the reporting unit level utilizing a qualitative or quantitative approach, and more frequently if circumstances indicate impairment may have occurred. The impairment testing for goodwill under the qualitative approach is based first on a qualitative assessment to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair
120
GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts and where otherwise noted)
value of a reporting unit is less than its respective carrying value. If it is determined that it is more likely than not that the reporting unit’s fair value is less than its carrying value or when the quantitative approach is used, the amount of impairment is calculated as the excess of the carrying value of the reporting unit over its fair value.
The Company performed an annual assessment of its goodwill on October 1, 2024 and 2023 and did not identify any impairment.
Public and Private Warrants
The Company evaluated the public and private warrants under ASC 815-40, Derivatives and Hedging—Contracts in Entity’s Own Equity, and concluded that they do not meet the criteria to be classified as equity (deficit) in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Specifically, the exercise of the public and private warrants may be settled in cash upon the occurrence of a tender offer or exchange that involves 50% or more of the Company’s Class A shareholders. Because such a tender offer may not result in a change in control and trigger cash settlement and the Company does not control the occurrence of such event, the Company concluded that the public warrants and private warrants do not meet the conditions to be classified as equity (deficit) in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Since the public and private warrants meet the definition of a derivative under ASC 815, the Company recorded these warrants as liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition at fair value upon the closing of the Transaction in accordance with ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, with subsequent changes in their respective fair values recorded in the change in fair value of warrant liabilities within the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) at each reporting date.
Noncontrolling Interests
For entities that are consolidated, but not 100% owned, a portion of the income or loss and equity is allocated to owners other than the Company. The aggregate of the income or loss and corresponding equity that is not owned by the Company is included within noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Noncontrolling interests is presented as a separate component of equity (deficit) in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Net income includes the net income attributable to the holders of noncontrolling interests in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss). Profits and losses, other than profit interest expense, are allocated to noncontrolling interest in proportion to their relative ownership interests.
Revenue Recognition
Contracts which earn the Company management fees and incentive fees are evaluated as contracts with customers under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, for the services further described below. Under ASC 606, the Company is required to (a) identify the contract(s) with a customer, (b) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (c) determine the transaction price, (d) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (e) recognize revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies its performance obligation.
Management Fees
Management Fees
The Company earns management fees from providing investment management services to specialized funds and customized separate account clients. Specialized funds are generally structured as partnerships having multiple investors. Separate account clients may be structured using an affiliate-managed entity or may involve an investment management agreement between the Company and a single client. Certain separate account clients may have the Company manage assets both with full discretion over investments decisions as well as without discretion over investment decisions and may also receive access to various other advisory services the firm may provide as part of a single customized service which the Company has determined is a single performance obligation. The Company determined that for specialized funds, the fund is generally considered to be the customer while the individual investor or limited partner is the customer with respect to customized separate accounts. The Company satisfies its performance obligations over time as the services are rendered and the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services as they are performed, using the same time-based measure of progress towards completion.
121
GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts and where otherwise noted)
The transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised services to the customer. The Company’s management fees attributable to the GCM Funds investing in public market investments consist primarily of fees based on the net asset value of the assets managed. Fees may be calculated on a monthly or quarterly basis as of each subscription date, either in advance or arrears. Investment management fees calculated on a monthly or quarterly basis are primarily based on the assets under management at the beginning or end of such monthly or quarterly period or on average net assets.
The Company’s management fees attributable to the GCM Funds investing in longer-term public market investments and private market investments are typically based on limited partner commitments to those funds during an initial commitment or investment period. Following the expiration or termination of such period, the fees generally become based on invested assets or based on invested capital and unfunded deal commitments less returned capital. Management fees are determined quarterly and are more commonly billed in advance based on the management fee rate applied to the management fee base at the end of the preceding quarterly period as defined in the respective contractual agreements.
Management fees are a form of variable consideration as the basis for the management fee fluctuates over the life of the contract, therefore, management fees are constrained and not recognized until it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur.
Certain GCM Fund agreements contain a management fee schedule that simulates the pattern of a fee based on invested capital that increases over the investment period and decreases over the life of the fund. In those circumstances, the Company satisfies its performance obligations over time as the services are rendered and records as revenue the amounts it is entitled to invoice for the applicable quarter for which services have been rendered.
Certain agreements contain a requirement to return management fees for commitments left unfunded at the termination of the GCM Fund’s life. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, deferred revenue of $3.7 million and $3.2 million, respectively, relating to the portion of the fees collected that the Company views as probable of being returned based on the Company’s investing experience, was recorded within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Certain operating agreements limit the expenses a fund bears to a percentage of the market value of the assets managed. The Company is required to reimburse the customer for such exceeded amounts (which the Company may be entitled to recoup in subsequent periods if expenses are sufficiently below the limit). The Company records these amounts as adjustments to the transaction price, which are reflected within management fees in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).
Fund Expense Reimbursement Revenue
The Company incurs certain costs, primarily related to accounting, client reporting, investment-decision making and treasury-related expenditures, for which it receives reimbursement from the GCM Funds in connection with its performance obligations to provide investment management services. The Company concluded it controls the services provided and resources used before they are transferred to the customer and therefore is a principal. Accordingly, the reimbursement for these costs incurred by the Company are presented on a gross basis within management fees and the related costs within general, administrative and other in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) with any outstanding amounts recorded within due from related parties in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition. Expense reimbursements are generally recognized at a point in time, in the periods during which the related expenses are incurred and the reimbursements are contractually earned.
The Company may pay on behalf of and seek reimbursement from GCM Funds for certain professional fees and administrative or other fund expenses that the Company arranges for the GCM Funds. The Company concluded that the nature of its promise is to arrange for the services to be provided and it does not control the services provided by third parties before they are transferred to the customer. As a result, the Company is acting in the capacity of an agent to the GCM Funds and the reimbursement for these professional fees paid on behalf of the investment funds is presented on a net basis. Accordingly, outstanding amounts related to these disbursements are recorded within due from related parties in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
122
GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts and where otherwise noted)
Incentive Fees
Incentive fees consists of performance based incentive fees in the form of performance fees and carried interest.
Performance Fees
The Company may receive performance fees from certain GCM Funds investing in public market investments. Performance fees are typically a fixed percentage of investment gains, subject to loss carryforward provisions that require the recapture of any previous losses before any performance fees can be earned in the current period. Performance fees may or may not be subject to a hurdle or a preferred return, which requires that clients earn a specified minimum return before a performance fee can be assessed. With the exception of certain GCM Funds, these performance fees are determined based upon investment performance at the end of a specified measurement period, generally the end of the calendar year. Certain GCM Funds have performance measurement periods extending beyond one year.
Investment returns are highly susceptible to market factors, judgments and actions of third parties that are outside of the Company’s control. Accordingly, performance fees are considered variable consideration and are therefore constrained and not recognized as revenue until it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur. In the event that a client redeems from one of the GCM Funds prior to the end of a measurement period, any accrued performance fee is ordinarily due and payable by such redeeming client as of the redemption date.
Carried Interest
Carried interest is a performance-based capital allocation from a fund’s limited partners earned by the Company in certain GCM Funds invested in longer-term public market investments and private market investments. Carried interest is typically calculated as a percentage of the profits calculated in accordance with the terms of fund agreements at rates that range between 2.5%-20% after returning invested capital, certain fees and a preferred return to the fund’s limited partners. Carried interest is ultimately realized when underlying investments distribute proceeds or are sold and therefore carried interest is highly susceptible to market factors, judgments and actions of third parties that are outside of the Company’s control. Accordingly, carried interest is considered variable consideration and is therefore constrained and not recognized as revenue until it is probable that a significant reversal will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.
Agreements generally include a clawback provision that, if triggered, would require the Company to return up to the cumulative amount of carried interest distributed, typically net of tax, upon liquidation of those funds, if the aggregate amount paid as carried interest exceeds the amount actually due based upon the aggregate performance of each fund. Accordingly, the amount of carried interest, typically net of tax, that the Company would be required to return if all remaining investments had no value as of the end of each reporting period is deferred at each reporting period. As of December 31, 2024 and December 31, 2023, deferred revenue relating to constrained realized carried interest of $6.0 million and $5.6 million respectively, was recorded within accrued expenses and other liabilities in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Other Operating Income
Other operating income primarily consists of administrative fees from certain private investment vehicles that the Company does not manage or advise. The Company satisfies its performance obligations over time as the services are rendered and the customer simultaneously receives and consumes the benefits of the services as they are performed, using the same time-based measure of progress towards completion.
Distribution Relationships
The Company has entered into a number of distribution relationships with financial services firms to assist it in developing and servicing its client base. These relationships are non-exclusive and generally enable the Company to have direct contact with major clients.
123
GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts and where otherwise noted)
Management and incentive fee revenue in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss) is recorded on a gross basis. Expenses pursuant to the revenue sharing arrangements in connection with these distribution agreements of $5.5 million, $5.5 million and $5.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2024, 2023 and 2022, respectively, were recorded within general, administrative and other in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).
Employee Compensation and Benefits
Cash-based Employee Compensation and Benefits
The Company compensates its employees through the cash payment of both a fixed component (“base salary”) and a variable component (“bonus”). Base salary is recorded on an accrual basis over each employee’s period of service. Bonus compensation is determined by the Company’s management and is generally discretionary taking into consideration, among other things, the financial results of the Company, as well as the employee’s performance.
Cash-based Incentive Fee Related Compensation
Incentive fee compensation consists of discretionary compensation accrued and paid annually based on the Company’s share of incentive fee revenue.
Carried Interest Compensation
Certain employees and former employees are entitled to a portion of the carried interest realized from certain GCM Funds, which generally vest over a multi-year period and are payable upon a realization of the carried interest. Accordingly, carried interest resulting from a realization event gives rise to the incurrence of an obligation. Amounts payable under these arrangements are recorded within employee compensation and benefits when they become probable and reasonably estimable.
For certain GCM Funds, realized carried interest is subject to clawback. Although the Company defers the portion of realized carried interest not meeting the criteria for revenue recognition, accruing an expense for amounts due to employees and former employees is based upon when it becomes probable and reasonably estimable that carried interest has been earned and therefore a liability has been incurred. As a result, the recording of an accrual for amounts due to employees and former employees generally precedes the recognition of the related carried interest revenue. The Company withholds a portion of the amounts due to employees and former employees as a reserve against contingent repayments to the GCM Funds. As of December 31, 2024 and 2023, an accrual of $10.6 million and $12.7 million, respectively, relating to amounts withheld was recorded within accrued compensation and employee related obligations in the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition.
Other Non-cash Compensation
The Company has established deferred compensation programs for certain employees and accrues deferred compensation expense ratably over the related vesting schedules, recognizing an increase or decrease in compensation expense based on the performance of certain GCM Funds. In addition, the Company has granted compensation awards to employees that represent investments that will be made in GCM Funds on behalf of the employees and were compensation for past services that were fully vested upon the award date. Compensation expense related to deferred compensation and other awards are included within employee compensation and benefits in the Consolidated Statements of Income (Loss).
Partnership Interest-Based Compensation
Various individuals, including current and former employees of the Company (“Recipients”), have been awarded partnership interests in Holdings, Holdings II and Management LLC. These partnership interests either (a) grant the Recipients the right to certain cash distributions of profits from Holdings, Holdings II and Management LLC to the extent such distributions are authorized or (b) transfer equity ownership between certain existing employee members of the GCMH Equityholders.
A partnership interest award is accounted for based on its substance. A partnership interest award that is in substance a profit-sharing arrangement or performance bonus would generally not be within the scope of the stock-based compensation guidance and would be accounted for under the guidance for deferred compensation plans, similar to a cash bonus. However, if the arrangement has characteristics more akin to the risks and rewards of equity ownership, the arrangement would be
124
GCM Grosvenor Inc.
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(In thousands, except share and per share amounts and where otherwise noted)
accounted for under stock-based compensation guidance. Since payments or settlements of partnership interest awards are made by GCMH Equityholders, the Company records a non-cash profits interest compensation charge and an offsetting deemed contribution to equity (deficit).
The Company analyzes awards granted to Recipients at the time they are granted or modified. Awards that are in substance a profit-sharing arrangement in which rights to distributions of profits are based fully on the discretion of the managing member of Holdings, Holdings II and Management LLC, are recorded within employee compensation and benefits in the Consolidated Statements of Income when Holdings, Holdings II or Management LLC makes distributions to the Recipients. Awards that are in substance stock-based compensation are recorded within employee compensation and benefits on a straight-line basis over the service period based on the grant date fair value of the equity awards. Profit-sharing arrangements that contain a stated target payment are recognized as partnership interest-based compensation expense equal to the present value of expected future payments on a straight-line basis over the service period. Any such expense previously recorded is reversed if the target amount is canceled or forfeited or if the required service period is not provided.
Equity-Based Compensation