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Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

H.B. Fuller Company is a global formulator, manufacturer and marketer of adhesives and other specialty chemical products. We have three reportable segments: Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives, Engineering Adhesives and Building Adhesive Solutions. See Operating Segment Results for further discussion of changes to our operating segments in fiscal 2025.

The Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives operating segment manufactures and supplies adhesives products in the assembly, packaging, converting, nonwoven, hygiene, health and beauty, flexible packaging, graphic arts and envelope markets. The Engineering Adhesives operating segment provides high-performance adhesives to the transportation, electronics, clean energy, aerospace and defense, textile, appliance and heavy machinery markets. The Building Adhesive Solutions operating segment manufactures and provides specialty adhesives, sealants, tapes and application devices for commercial building roofing systems, heavy infrastructure projects, road/highway transportation applications, telecom/5G utilities, industrial LNG plants, building envelope applications, HVAC insulation systems, performance woodworking and insulating glass.

Total Company

When reviewing our financial statements, it is important to understand how certain external factors impact us. These factors include:

● Global supply of and demand for raw materials,

● Economic growth rates, and

● Currency exchange rates compared to the U.S. dollar.

We purchase thousands of raw materials, the majority of which are petroleum/natural gas derivatives. The price of these derivatives impacts the cost of our raw materials. However, the supply of and demand for key raw materials has a greater impact on our costs. As demand increases in high-growth areas, the supply of key raw materials may tighten, resulting in certain materials being put on allocation. Natural disasters, such as hurricanes, also can have an impact as key raw material producers are shut down for extended periods of time. We continually monitor capacity utilization figures, market supply and demand conditions, feedstock costs and inventory levels, as well as derivative and intermediate prices, which affect our raw materials. With approximately 75 percent of our cost of sales accounted for by raw materials, our financial results are extremely sensitive to changing costs in this area.

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The pace of economic growth directly impacts certain industries to which we supply products. For example, adhesives-related revenues from durable goods customers in areas such as appliances, furniture and other woodworking applications tend to fluctuate with the overall economic activity. In our Building Adhesive Solutions operating segment and business components such as insulating glass, revenues tend to move with more specific economic indicators such as housing starts and other construction-related activity.

The movement of foreign currency exchange rates as compared to the U.S. dollar impacts the translation of the foreign entities’ financial statements into U.S. dollars. As foreign currencies weaken against the U.S. dollar, our revenues and costs decrease as the foreign currency-denominated financial statements translate into fewer U.S. dollars. The fluctuations of the Euro, British pound sterling, Turkish lira, Egyptian pound, Brazilian real, Mexican peso and Chinese renminbi against the U.S. dollar have the largest impact on our financial results as compared to all other currencies. In 2025, currency fluctuations had a negative impact on net revenue of approximately $20.1 million as compared to 2024.

Key financial results and transactions for 2025 included the following:

Our total year organic revenue growth, which we define as the combined variances from sales volume and product pricing, was flat for 2025 compared to 2024 due to an increase in product pricing offset by a decrease in sales volume.

Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP financial measure and should not be construed as an alternative to the reported results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income attributable to H.B. Fuller as reflected in the audited consolidated statements of income, see “Non-GAAP Measures” below.

Information pertaining to fiscal year 2023 was included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended November 30, 2024, under Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Position and Results of Operations,” which was filed with the SEC on January 23, 2025.

Project ONE

In December 2012,our Board of Directors approved a multi-year project to replace and enhance our existing core information technology platforms. The scope for this project includes most of the basic transaction processing for the Company including customer orders, procurement, manufacturing and financial reporting. The project envisions harmonized business processes for each of our operating segments supported with one standard software configuration. The execution of this project, which we refer to as Project ONE, is being supported by internal resources and consulting services. Implementation of Project ONE began in our North America adhesives business in 2014 and, through 2025, we completed implementation of this system in various parts of our business including Latin America (except Brazil), Australia, and various other businesses in North America and EIMEA. During 2026 and beyond, we will continue implementation in Brazil and Asia Pacific.

Total expenditures for Project ONE are estimated to be $300 to $320 million, of which 60-65% is expected to be capital expenditures. Our total project-to-date expenditures are approximately $265 million, of which approximately $165 million are capital expenditures. Given the complexity of the implementation, the total investment to complete the project may exceed our estimate.

Restructuring Plans

During the second and third quarters of 2023, the Company approved restructuring plans (the “Plans”) related to organizational changes and other actions to optimize operations and integrate acquired businesses. In implementing the Plans, the Company currently expects to incur costs of approximately $80.0 million to $85.0 million ($54.6 million to $58.0 million after-tax), which include (i) cash expenditures of approximately $47.0 million to $48.0 million ($32.1 million to $32.8 million after-tax) for severance and related employee costs globally and (ii) other restructuring costs related to the streamlining of processes and the payment of anticipated income taxes in certain jurisdictions related to the Plans. We have incurred costs of $79.2 million under the Plans as of November 29, 2025. The Plans were implemented in the second quarter of fiscal year 2023 and were completed as of November 29, 2025. Remaining cash payments will continue into fiscal year 2026.

Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our results of operations and financial condition are based upon the Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We believe the critical accounting policies and areas that require the most significant judgments and estimates to be used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements relate to goodwill impairment; pension and other postretirement plan assumptions; long-lived assets recoverability; valuation of product, environmental and other litigation liabilities; valuation of deferred tax assets and accuracy of tax contingencies; and valuation of acquired assets and liabilities.

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Goodwill

Goodwill is the excess of cost of an acquired entity over the amounts assigned to assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination. Goodwill is allocated to our reporting units, which are our operating segments or one level below our operating segments (the component level). Reporting units are determined by the discrete financial information available for the component and whether it is regularly reviewed by segment management. Components are aggregated into a single reporting unit if they share similar economic characteristics. Our reporting units are as follows: Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives, Engineering Adhesives and Building Adhesive Solutions.

We evaluate our goodwill for impairment annually at the beginning of the fourth quarter or earlier upon the occurrence of substantive unfavorable events or changes in economic conditions, industry trends, costs, cash flows, or ongoing declines in market capitalization. The quantitative impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, the assignment of assets, liabilities and goodwill to reporting units, and the determination of fair value of each reporting unit. The impairment test requires the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit to its carrying value, including goodwill. In performing the impairment test, we determined the fair value of our reporting units through the income approach by using discounted cash flow (“DCF”) analyses. Determining fair value requires the Company to make judgments about appropriate forecasted revenue and related revenue growth rate, the earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization ("EBITDA") margins rate and the weighted average cost of capital. The cash flows employed in the DCF analysis for each reporting unit are based on the reporting unit's budget, long-term business plan and recent operating performance. Discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of the risk inherent in the future cash flows of the respective reporting unit and market conditions. Given the inherent uncertainty in determining the assumptions underlying a DCF analysis, actual results may differ from those used in our valuations. In assessing the reasonableness of the determined fair values, we reconciled the aggregate determined fair value of the Company to the Company's market capitalization, which, at the date of our 2025 impairment test, included a 21.4 percent control premium.

For the 2025 impairment test, the fair value of the reporting units exceeded the respective carrying values by a range of 33 percent to 80 percent. Significant assumptions used in the DCF analysis included discount rates that ranged from 10.4 percent to 10.7 percent and long-term revenue growth rates and EBITDA margins.

See Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding goodwill. See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the impairment of goodwill associated with the North America Flooring business that was held for sale as of November 30, 2024.

Pension and Other Postretirement Plan Assumptions

The discount rate assumption is determined using an actuarial yield curve approach, which results in a discount rate that reflects the characteristics of the plan. The approach identifies a broad population of corporate bonds that meet the quality and size criteria for the particular plan. We use this approach rather than a specific index that has a certain set of bonds that may or may not be representative of the characteristics of our particular plan. A higher discount rate reduces the present value of the pension obligations. The discount rate for the U.S. pension plan was 5.15 percent at November 29, 2025, 5.23 percent at November 30, 2024 and 5.66 percent at December 2, 2023. Net periodic pension cost for a given fiscal year is based on assumptions developed at the end of the previous fiscal year. A discount rate change of 0.5 percentage points at November 29, 2025 would impact U.S. pension and other postretirement plan (income) expense by $0.1 million (pre-tax) in fiscal 2025. Discount rates for non-U.S. plans are determined in a manner consistent with the U.S. plans.

The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption for the U.S. pension plan was 7.50 percent in 2025 and 7.75 percent in both 2024 and 2023. Our expected long-term rate of return on U.S. plan assets was based on our target asset allocation assumption of 55 percent equities and 45 percent fixed-income. Management, in conjunction with our external financial advisors, determines the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets by considering the expected future returns and volatility levels for each asset class that are based on historical returns and forward-looking observations. For 2025, the expected long-term rate of return on the target equities allocation was 8.50 percent and the expected long-term rate of return on the target fixed-income allocation was 5.60 percent. The total plan rate of return assumption included an estimate of the effect of diversification and the plan expense. A change of 0.5 percentage points for the expected return on assets assumption would impact U.S. net pension and other postretirement plan expense by approximately $2.8 million (pre-tax).

Management, in conjunction with our external financial advisors, uses the actual historical rates of return of the asset categories to assess the reasonableness of the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets. The most recent 10-year and 20-year historical equity returns are shown in the table below. Our expected rate of return on our total portfolio is consistent with the historical patterns observed over longer time frames.

Total Fixed

U.S. Pension Plan Historical Actual Rates of Return Portfolio Equities Income

Beginning in 2022, our target allocation migrated from 60 percent equities and 40 percent fixed-income to 55 percent equities and 45 percent fixed income. The historical actual rate of return for the fixed income of 5.5 percent is since inception (18 years, 11 months).

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The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption for non-U.S. pension plans was a weighted average of 5.03 percent in 2025 compared to 5.01 percent in 2024 and 5.02 percent in 2023. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption used in each non-U.S. plan is determined on a plan-by-plan basis for each local jurisdiction and is based on expected future returns for the investment mix of assets currently in the portfolio for that plan. Management, in conjunction with our external financial advisors, develops expected rates of return for each plan, considers expected long-term returns for each asset category in the plan, reviews expectations for inflation for each local jurisdiction, and estimates the effect of active management of the plan’s assets. Our largest non-U.S. pension plans are in the United Kingdom and Germany. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets for the United Kingdom was 4.50 percent and the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets for Germany was 5.50 percent. Management, in conjunction with our external financial advisors, uses actual historical returns of the asset portfolio to assess the reasonableness of the expected rate of return for each plan.

The projected salary increase assumption is based on historic trends and comparisons to the external market. Higher rates of increase result in higher pension expenses. As this rate is also a long-term expected rate, it is less likely to change on an annual basis. Under the U.S. pension plan, the compensation amount was locked-in as of May 31, 2011 and thus the benefit no longer includes compensation increases.

Recoverability of Long-Lived Assets

The assessment of the recoverability of long-lived assets reflects our assumptions and estimates. Factors that we must estimate when performing impairment tests include sales volume, prices, inflation, currency exchange rates, tax rates and capital spending. Significant judgment is involved in estimating these factors, and they include inherent uncertainties. The measurement of the recoverability of these assets is dependent upon the accuracy of the assumptions used in making these estimates and how the estimates compare to the eventual future operating performance of the specific businesses to which the assets are attributed.

Judgments made by us include the expected useful lives of long-lived assets. The ability to realize undiscounted cash flows in excess of the carrying amounts of such assets is affected by factors such as the ongoing maintenance and improvement of the assets, changes in economic conditions and changes in operating performance.

See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information regarding the impairment of long-lived assets associated with the North America Flooring business that was held for sale as of November 30, 2024.

Product, Environmental and Other Litigation Liabilities

As disclosed in Item 3. Legal Proceedings and in Note 1 and Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements, we are subject to various claims, lawsuits and other legal proceedings. Reserves for loss contingencies associated with these matters are established when it is determined that a liability is probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The assessment of the probable liabilities is based on the facts and circumstances known at the time that the financial statements are being prepared. For cases in which it is determined that a liability is probable but only a range for the potential loss exists, the minimum amount of the range is recorded and subsequently adjusted as better information becomes available.

For cases in which insurance coverage is available, the gross amount of the estimated liabilities is accrued, and a receivable is recorded for any realizable insurance recoveries. A discussion of environmental, product and other litigation liabilities is disclosed in Item 3. Legal Proceedings and Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Based upon currently available facts, we do not believe that the ultimate resolution of any pending legal proceeding, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our long-term financial condition. However, adverse developments and/or periodic settlements could negatively affect our future results of operations or cash flows.

Income Tax Accounting

As part of the process of preparing the Consolidated Financial Statements, we are required to estimate income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. The process involves estimating actual current tax expense along with assessing temporary differences resulting from differing treatment of items for book and tax purposes. These temporary differences result in deferred tax assets and liabilities, which are included in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. We record a valuation allowance to reduce our deferred tax assets to the amount that is more-likely-than-not to be realized. We have considered future taxable income and ongoing tax planning strategies in assessing the need for the valuation allowance. Increases in the valuation allowance result in additional expense to be reflected within the tax provision in the Consolidated Statements of Income. The valuation allowance to reduce deferred tax assets totaled $11.1 million as of November 29, 2025, and $11.7 million as of November 30, 2024.

We recognize tax benefits for tax positions for which it is more-likely-than-not that the tax position will be sustained by the applicable tax authority at the largest amount of tax benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. We do not recognize a financial statement benefit for a tax position that does not meet the more-likely-than-not threshold. We believe that our liabilities for income taxes reflect the most likely outcome. It is difficult to predict the final outcome or the timing of the resolution of any particular tax position. Future changes in judgment related to the resolution of tax positions will impact earnings in the quarter of such change. We adjust our income tax liabilities related to tax positions in light of changing facts and circumstances. Settlement with respect to a tax position would usually require cash. Based upon our analysis of tax positions taken on prior year returns and expected tax positions to be taken for the current year tax returns, we have identified gross uncertain tax positions of $9.2 million as of November 29, 2025 and $15.6 million as of November 30, 2024.

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We have not recorded U.S. deferred income taxes for certain of our non-U.S. subsidiaries' undistributed earnings as such amounts are intended to be indefinitely reinvested outside of the U.S. Should we change our business strategies related to these non-U.S. subsidiaries, additional U.S. tax liabilities could be incurred. It is not practical to estimate the amount of these additional tax liabilities. See Note 11 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further information on income tax accounting.

Acquisition Accounting

As we enter into business combinations, we perform acquisition accounting requirements including the following:

● Identifying the acquirer,

● Determining the acquisition date,

● Recognizing and measuring goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase.

We complete valuation procedures and record the resulting fair value of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities based upon the valuation of the business enterprise and the tangible and intangible assets acquired. Enterprise value allocation methodology requires management to make assumptions and apply judgment to estimate the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. If estimates or assumptions used to complete the enterprise valuation and estimates of the fair value of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities significantly differed from assumptions made, the resulting difference could materially affect the fair value of net assets.

The calculation of the fair value of the tangible assets, including property, plant and equipment, utilizes the cost approach, which computes the cost to replace the asset, less accrued depreciation resulting from physical deterioration, functional obsolescence and external obsolescence. The calculation of the fair value of the identified intangible assets are determined using cash flow models following the income approach or a discounted market-based methodology approach. Significant inputs include estimated revenue growth rates, gross margins, operating expenses, and estimated attrition, royalty and discount rates. Goodwill is recorded as the difference in the fair value of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities and the purchase price.

Results of Operations

Net revenue

We review variances in net revenue in terms of changes related to sales volume and product pricing (referred to as organic revenue growth), business acquisitions/divestitures (M&A) and changes in foreign currency exchange rates. The following table shows the net revenue variance analysis for fiscal 2025 compared to fiscal 2024.

Organic revenue growth 0.0 %

M&A (2.1 )%

Currency (0.6 )%

Net revenue growth (2.7 )%

Organic revenue in 2025 compared to 2024 was flat and consisted of a 0.7 percent increase in Engineering Adhesives, a 0.1 percent increase in Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives and a 1.3 percent decrease in Building Adhesive Solutions. The flat organic revenue was driven by a 0.8 percent increase in product pricing offset by a 0.8 percent decrease in sales volume. The 2.1 percent decrease from M&A was due to our acquisitions and divestiture that occurred during the last year. The negative 0.6 percent currency impact was primarily driven by a weaker Turkish lira, Egyptian pound, Brazilian real, Mexican peso and Chinese renminbi offset by a stronger Euro and British pound sterling compared to the U.S. dollar.

Cost of sales

Percent of net revenue 68.9 % 70.2 %

Cost of sales in 2025 compared to 2024 decreased 130 basis points as a percentage of net revenue. Raw material cost as a percentage of net revenue decreased 100 basis points in 2025 compared to 2024 due to higher pricing and lower raw material costs. Other manufacturing costs as a percentage of net revenue decreased 30 basis points in 2025 compared to 2024.

Gross profit

Percent of net revenue 31.1 % 29.8 %

Gross profit in 2025 increased 1.8 percent and gross profit margin increased 130 basis points compared to 2024. The increase in gross profit margin as a percentage of net revenue was primarily due to higher pricing, lower raw materials cost and a decrease in other manufacturing costs.

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Selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expenses

Percent of net revenue 20.9 % 20.0 %

SG&A expenses for 2025 compared to 2024 increased 90 basis points as a percentage of net revenue. The increase is due to the impact of acquisitions/divestitures and higher compensation costs.

Other expense, net

Other expense, net $ (11.1 ) $ (37.1 )

Other expense, net in 2025 included $34.8 million for a loss contingency associated with ongoing litigation, $2.3 million for a loss in sale of business and $1.3 million loss of other expense, partially offset by a $22.8 million of pension and other postretirement plan income, a $3.6 million gain on disposal of assets and $0.9 million of currency transaction gains. Other expense, net in 2024 included a $47.3 million loss on the impairment of assets associated with our North American flooring business that was held for sale as of November 30, 2024, $2.5 million of currency transaction losses, a $2.0 million loss on an equity investment and $1.6 million of other expense, partially offset by $15.9 million of net defined benefit pension benefits and a $0.4 million gain on disposal of assets.

Interest expense

Interest expense was $133.3 million and $133.1 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively. We capitalized $0.6 million and $1.9 million of interest expense in 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Interest income

Interest income $ 4.8 $ 4.7

Interest income in 2025 and 2024 was $4.8 million and $4.7 million, respectively, consisting primarily of interest on cross-currency swap activity and other miscellaneous interest income.

Income tax expense:

Income tax expense $ 67.1 $ 56.4

Effective tax rate 31.2 % 30.9 %

Income tax expense of $67.1 million in 2025 includes $7.5 million of discrete tax expense, primarily related to the impact of withholding tax recorded on earnings no longer permanently reinvested, offset by various U.S. and foreign tax matters. Excluding the discrete tax expense of $7.5 million, the overall effective tax rate was 27.7 percent.

Income tax expense of $56.4 million in 2024 includes $5.5 million of discrete tax benefit, primarily related to various foreign tax matters as well as an excess tax benefit related to U.S. stock compensation. Excluding the discrete tax benefit of $5.5 million, the overall effective tax rate was 33.9 percent.

The decrease in the overall effective tax rate for 2025 compared to 2024, excluding the impact of discrete items, is primarily due to the change in the mix of earnings across jurisdictions.

Income from equity method investments

Income from equity method investments $ 3.8 $ 4.1

The income from equity method investments relates to our 50 percent ownership of the Sekisui-Fuller joint venture in Japan. The lower income for 2025 compared to 2024 is due to the unfavorable impact of the weakening of the Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar.

Net income attributable to H.B. Fuller

Net income attributable to H.B. Fuller $ 152.0 $ 130.3 16.7 %

Percent of net revenue 4.4 % 3.6 %

Net income attributable to H.B. Fuller was $152.0 million in 2025 compared to $130.3 million in 2024. due to higher gross profit, increased pension and other postretirement plan income offset by higher compensation expense. Diluted earnings per share were $2.75 per share in 2025 and $2.30 per share in 2024.

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Adjusted EBITDA

Percent of net revenue 17.9 % 16.6 %

Adjusted EBITDA for H.B. Fuller was $620.7 million in 2025 compared to $593.9 million in 2024. Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of net revenue increased 130 basis points in 2025 compared to 2024 due to higher net income and depreciation and amortization expense. For a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to net income attributable to H.B. Fuller as reflected in the audited consolidated statements of income see “Non-GAAP Measures” below.

Operating Segment Results

We are required to report segment information in the same way that we internally organize our business for assessing performance and making decisions regarding allocation of resources. Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA of each of our segments are regularly reviewed by our chief executive officer, who acts as our chief operating decision maker, to make decisions about resources to be allocated to the segments and assess their performance. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as net income before interest, income taxes, depreciation and amortization and foreign currency gain/loss, adjusted for other items within a relevant period which are not reflective of the segment’s operating performance in the period. Corporate expenses, other than those included in Corporate Unallocated, are allocated to each operating segment.

As of November 30, 2024, our three operating segments consisted of Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives, Engineering Adhesives and Construction Adhesives. As of the beginning of fiscal 2025, we reorganized our operating segments by selling our North America Flooring business, previously part of the Construction Adhesives operating segment, and combining our Insulated Glass, Woodworking and Composite businesses, previously part of the Engineering Adhesives operating segment, with Construction Adhesives Roofing and Building Envelope and Infrastructure businesses to form the Building Adhesive Solutions operating segment. All financial results related to North America Flooring have been moved to our Corporate Unallocated segment. Prior period segment information has been recast retrospectively to reflect the realignment.

The tables below provide certain information regarding the net revenue, Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA margin of each of our operating segments. Adjusted EBITDA margin is defined as Adjusted EBITDA divided by net revenue for each operating segment. Corporate Unallocated amounts include business acquisition and integration costs, organizational restructuring charges and project costs associated with implementing a global Enterprise Resource Planning (“ERP”) system that we refer to as Project ONE. As a result of the change in operating segments and the sale of our North America Flooring business, we have retrospectively moved the results of our divested North America Flooring business to Corporate Unallocated for prior periods.

Net Revenue by Segment

Net % of Net % of

($ in millions) Revenue Total Revenue Total

Corporate Unallocated - 0 % 156.7 5 %

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted % of Adjusted % of

($ in millions) EBITDA Total EBITDA Total

Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives $ 244.4 39 % $ 245.8 41 %

Corporate Unallocated 6.3 1 % 14.4 2 %

Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives

Segment adjusted EBITDA margin 15.7 % 15.9 %

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The following tables provide details of Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives net revenue variances:

Organic revenue growth 0.1 %

Currency (1.3 )%

Net revenue growth 0.3 %

Net revenue increased 0.3 percent in 2025 compared to 2024. The 0.1 percent increase in organic revenue growth was attributable to an increase in product pricing, partially offset by a decrease in sales volume. The 1.5 percent increase in net revenue from M&A was due to acquisitions of GEM S.r.l and Medifill Limited in the first quarter of 2025. The 1.3 percent negative currency effect was due to a weaker Egyptian pound, Brazilian real, Mexican peso and Turkish lira offset by a stronger Euro compared to the U.S. dollar. As a percentage of net revenue, raw material costs increased 10 basis points. Other manufacturing costs as a percentage of net revenue decreased 20 basis points. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net revenue increased 100 basis points due to the impact of acquisitions and higher compensation costs. Segment adjusted EBITDA margin increased 70 basis points due to higher depreciation and amortization expense and higher pension and other postretirement plan income. Segment adjusted EBITDA decreased 0.6 percent and segment adjusted EBITDA margin decreased 20 basis points in 2025 as compared to 2024.

Engineering Adhesives

Segment adjusted EBITDA margin 22.2 % 19.9 %

The following tables provide details of Engineering Adhesives net revenue variances:

Organic revenue growth 0.7 %

Currency (0.2 )%

Net revenue growth 5.2 %

Net revenue increased 5.2 percent in 2025 compared to 2024. The 0.7 percent increase in organic revenue growth was attributable to an increase in product pricing. The 4.7 percent increase in net revenue from M&A was due to the acquisition of ND Industries, Inc. and ND Industries Asia, Inc. in the second quarter of 2024. The 0.2 percent negative currency effect was due to a weaker Chinese renminbi, Turkish lira and Mexican peso offset by a stronger Euro and British pound sterling compared to the U.S. dollar. As a percentage of net revenue, raw material costs decreased 260 basis points due to increased pricing, lower raw material costs and the impact of acquisitions. Other manufacturing costs as a percentage of net revenue increased 20 basis points. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net revenue increased 60 basis points primarily due to the impact of acquisitions and higher compensation costs. Segment adjusted EBITDA margin increased 50 basis points due to higher depreciation and amortization expense and higher pension and other postretirement plan income. Segment adjusted EBITDA increased 17.7 percent and segment adjusted EBITDA margin increased 230 basis points in 2025 as compared to 2024.

Building Adhesive Solutions

Segment adjusted EBITDA margin 15.6 % 15.6 %

The following tables provide details of Construction Adhesives net revenue variances:

Organic revenue growth (1.3 )%

Currency 0.2 %

Net revenue growth 0.4 %

Net revenue increased 0.4 percent in 2025 compared to 2024. The 1.3 percent decrease in organic revenue growth was attributable to a decrease in sales volume, partially offset by an increase in product pricing. The 1.5 percent increase in net revenue from M&A was due to the acquisition of HS Butyl in the third quarter of 2024. The 0.2 percent positive currency effect was due to a stronger Euro and British pound sterling offset by a weaker Turkish lira and Australian dollar compared to the U.S. dollar. As a percentage of net revenue, raw material costs decreased 100 basis points due to increased pricing and lower raw material costs. Other manufacturing costs as a percentage of net revenue increased 50 basis points. SG&A expenses as a percentage of net revenue increased 90 basis points primarily due to higher compensation costs. Segment adjusted EBITDA margin increased 40 basis points due to higher depreciation and amortization expense and higher pension and other postretirement plan income. Segment adjusted EBITDA increased 0.6 percent and segment adjusted EBITDA margin was flat in 2025 as compared to 2024.

Corporate Unallocated

Corporate Unallocated includes acquisition and integration-related charges, restructuring-related charges and costs related to the implementation of Project ONE. As a result of the change in operating segments and the sale of our North America Flooring business, we have retrospectively moved the results of our divested North America Flooring business to Corporate Unallocated for prior periods.

Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources

Total cash and cash equivalents as of November 29, 2025 were $107.2 million compared to $169.4 million as of November 30, 2024. Total long and short-term debt was $2,016.9 million as of November 29, 2025 and $2,010.6 million as of November 30, 2024.

We believe that cash flows from operating activities will be adequate to meet our short-term and long-term liquidity and capital expenditure needs. In addition, we believe we have the ability to obtain both short-term and long-term debt to meet our financing needs for the foreseeable future. Cash available in the United States has historically been sufficient and we expect it will continue to be sufficient to fund U.S. operations, U.S. capital spending and U.S. pension and other postretirement benefit contributions in addition to funding U.S. acquisitions, dividend payments, debt service and share repurchases as needed. For those international earnings considered to be reinvested indefinitely, we currently have no intention to, and plans do not indicate a need to, repatriate these funds for U.S. operations.

Our credit agreements include restrictive covenants that, if not met, could lead to a renegotiation of our credit lines and a significant increase in our cost of financing. At November 29, 2025, we were in compliance with all covenants of our contractual obligations for outstanding indebtedness as shown in the following table:

Covenant Debt Instrument Measurement Result as of November 29, 2025

1 TTM = trailing 12 months

EBITDA for covenant purposes is defined as consolidated net income, plus (i) interest expense, (ii) expense for taxes paid or accrued, (iii) depreciation and amortization, (iv) certain non-cash impairment losses, (v) extraordinary non-cash losses incurred other than in the ordinary course of business, (vi) nonrecurring extraordinary non-cash restructuring charges and the non-cash impact of purchase accounting, (vii) any non-cash charge for the excess of rent expense over actual cash rent paid due to the use of straight-line rent, non-cash charge pursuant to any management equity plan, stock option plan or any other management or employee benefit, (viii) any non-cash finance charges in respect of any pension liabilities or other provisions and income (loss) attributable to deferred compensation plans, (ix) any non-recurring or unusual cash restructuring charges and operating improvements, (x) cost savings initiative and cost synergies related to acquisitions within 12 months, (xi) non-capitalized charges relating to the Company’s SAP implementation, (xii) fees, costs, expenses and charges incurred in connection with the financing, (xiii) fees, costs, expenses, make-whole or penalty payments and other similar items arising out of acquisitions, investments and dispositions, the incurrence, issuance, repayment or refinancing of indebtedness and any issuance of equity interests; minus, non-recurring or unusual non-cash gains incurred not in the ordinary course of business. Provided that the aggregate amounts that may be added back for any period pursuant to clauses (ix), (x) and (xi) shall not exceed 15% of EBITDA for such period (calculated prior to giving effect to all addbacks and adjustments). For Secured Total Indebtedness / TTM EBITDA ratio, TTM EBITDA is adjusted for the pro forma results from Material Acquisitions and Material Divestitures, both as defined in the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, as if the acquisition or divestiture occurred at the beginning of the calculation period. The full definition is set forth in the Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement the Company filed as an exhibit to its 8-K filing dated February 21, 2023.

Consolidated Interest Expense for covenant purposes is defined as the interest expense (including without limitation to the portion of capital lease obligations that constitutes imputed interest in accordance with GAAP) of the Company and its subsidiaries calculated on a consolidated basis for such period with respect to all outstanding indebtedness allocable to such period in accordance with GAAP, including net costs (or benefits) under Interest Rate Swap Agreements and commissions, discounts and other fees and charges with respect to letters of credit and the interest component of all Attributable Receivables Indebtedness.

We believe we have the ability to meet all of our contractual obligations and commitments in fiscal 2026.

Net Financial Assets (Liabilities)

Financial assets:

Cash and cash equivalents $ 107.2 $ 169.4

Foreign exchange contracts 4.8 2.1

Interest rate swaps - 1.8

Financial liabilities:

Notes payable - (0.6 )

Foreign exchange contracts (0.6 ) (7.1 )

Interest rate swaps (29.0 ) (33.0 )

Net investment hedges (113.1 ) (51.9 )

Net financial liabilities $ (2,047.6 ) $ (1,929.4 )

Of the $107.2 million in cash and cash equivalents as of November 29, 2025, $105.4 million was held outside the U.S. Of the $105.4 million of cash held outside the U.S., earnings of $104.6 million are indefinitely reinvested outside of the U.S. It is not practical for us to determine the U.S. tax implications of the repatriation of these funds.

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There are no contractual or regulatory restrictions on the ability of consolidated and unconsolidated subsidiaries to transfer funds in the form of cash dividends, loans or advances to us. Our credit facilities have the following restrictions related to investments and general limitations: 1) a credit facility limitation restricting investments, loans, advances or capital contributions from Loan Parties to non-Loan Parties in excess of $150.0 million, 2) a credit facility limitation that provides total investments, loans, advances or guarantees not otherwise permitted in the credit agreement for all subsidiaries shall not exceed $150.0 million in the aggregate, 3) a credit facility limitation that provides total investments, dividends, and distributions shall not exceed the Available Amount defined in these agreements, all three of which do not apply when our secured leverage ratio is below 4.0x, and 4) typical statutory restrictions, which prohibit distributions in excess of net capital or similar tests. Additionally, we have taken the income tax position that the majority of our cash in non-U.S. locations is indefinitely reinvested.

Debt Outstanding and Debt Capacity

Notes Payable

There were no notes payable at November 29, 2025 and a balance of $0.6 million at November 30, 2024. Notes payable primarily represents various foreign subsidiaries’ short-term borrowings that were not part of committed lines. The weighted-average interest rate on these short-term borrowings was approximately 1.35 percent in 2024.

Long-Term Debt

Long-term debt consists of a senior secured term loan (“Term Loan A”) with an aggregate principal amount of $500.0 million and a senior secured term loan (“Term Loan B”) with an aggregate principal amount of $994.0 million, issued pursuant to a Second Amended and Restated Credit Agreement, dated as of February 15, 2023, as amended. Interest on Term Loan A is payable at the Secured Overnight Financing Rate ("SOFR") plus an adjustment of 0.10 percent and an interest rate spread of 1.50 percent (5.52 percent at November 29, 2025). The interest rate spread is based on a secured leverage grid. Term Loan A matures on February 15, 2028. At November 29, 2025, a balance of $431.3 million was outstanding on Term Loan A. Interest on Term Loan B is payable at SOFR plus an interest rate spread of 1.75 percent with a SOFR floor of 0.50 percent (5.67 percent at November 29, 2025). Term Loan B matures on February 15, 2030. At November 29, 2025, a balance of $979.1 million was outstanding on Term Loan B. On January 12, 2023, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement (amended on February 28, 2023) to convert $400,000 of our variable rate 1-month SOFR debt to a fixed rate of 3.7260. On March 16, 2023, we entered into interest rate swap agreements to convert $300,000 of our 1-month SOFR rate debt to a fixed rate of 3.7210 percent and to convert $100,000 of our 1-month SOFR rate debt to a fixed rate of 3.8990 percent.

Long-term debt also consists of 10-year unsecured public notes (“10-year Public Notes”) with an aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million due February 15, 2027 with a fixed coupon of 4.00 percent and 8-year unsecured public notes (“8-year Public Notes”) with an aggregate principal amount of $300.0 million due October 15, 2028 with a fixed coupon of 4.25 percent. We currently have no intention to prepay the Public Notes. On February 12, 2021, we entered into an interest rate swap agreement to convert our 8-year Public Notes to a variable interest rate of 1-month LIBOR plus 3.28 percent. See Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of this interest rate swap.

Interest payable on our long-term debt totaled $4.5 million as of November 29, 2025.

Revolving Credit Facility

We have a revolving credit agreement with a consortium of financial institutions at November 29, 2025. This revolving credit agreement creates a secured multi-currency revolving credit facility that we can draw upon to repay existing indebtedness, finance working capital needs, finance acquisitions and for general corporate purposes up to a maximum of $700.0 million. Interest on the revolving credit facility is payable at SOFR plus an adjustment of 0.10 percent and an interest rate spread of 1.50 percent (5.52 percent at November 29, 2025). A facility fee of 20 basis points of the unused commitment under the revolving credit facility is payable quarterly. The interest rate spread and the facility fee are based on a secured leverage grid. At November 29, 2025, there was $36.0 million outstanding on the Revolving Credit Facility. The Revolving Credit Facility matures on February 15, 2028.

We are subject to mandatory prepayments in the first quarter of each fiscal year equal to 50 percent of Excess Cash Flow, as defined in our debt agreement, of the prior fiscal year less any voluntary prepayments made during that fiscal year. The Excess Cash Flow Percentage shall be reduced to 25 percent when our Secured Leverage Ratio is below 4.25:1.00 and to 0 percent when our Secured Leverage Ratio is below 3.75:1.00.

For further information related to debt outstanding and debt capacity, see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

As of November 29, 2025, goodwill totaled $1,680.1 million (32.4 percent of total assets) and other intangible assets, net of accumulated amortization, totaled $805.9 million (15.5 percent of total assets).

The components of goodwill and other identifiable intangible assets, net of amortization, by segment are as follows:

Hygiene, Health Building

and Consumable Engineering Adhesive

($ in millions) Adhesives Adhesives Solutions Total

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Hygiene, Health Building

and Consumable Engineering Adhesive

($ in millions) Adhesives Adhesives Solutions Total

Indefinite-lived intangible assets - 0.2 0.3 0.5

Selected Metrics of Liquidity and Capital Resources

Key metrics we monitor are net working capital as a percent of annualized net revenue, trade receivables days sales outstanding (DSO), inventory days on hand, free cash flow and debt capitalization ratio.

November 29, November 30,

Net working capital as a percentage of annualized net revenue1 15.8 % 14.5 %

Trade receivables DSO (in days)2 57 55

Inventory days on hand (in days)3 73 67

Trade accounts payable DPO (in days)4 70 68

Debt capitalization ratio6 50.2 % 50.8 %

1Net working capital (trade receivables, net of allowance for doubtful accounts plus inventory minus trade payables) divided by annualized net revenue.

2Trade receivables net of allowance for doubtful accounts multiplied by 91 (13 weeks) and divided by the net revenue.

3Total inventory multiplied by 91 (13 weeks) and divided by cost of sales (excluding delivery costs).

4Trade accounts payable multiplied by 91 (13 weeks) and divided by cost of sales.

5 Net cash provided by operating activities less purchased property, plant and equipment. See "Non GAAP Measures" for reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow.

6 Total debt divided by total debt plus total stockholders’ equity.

Free cash flow, a non-GAAP financial measure, is defined as net cash provided by operating activities less purchased property, plant and equipment. Free cash flow is an integral financial measure used by the Company to assess its ability to generate cash in excess of its operating needs, therefore, the Company believes this financial measure provides useful information to investors. For a reconciliation of net cash provided by operating activities to free cash flow see “Non-GAAP Measures” below.

Summary of Cash Flows

Cash Flows from Operating Activities

Net cash provided by operating activities $ 263.5 $ 302.4

Net income including non-controlling interest was $152.1 million in 2025 and $130.4 million in 2024. Depreciation and amortization expense totaled $178.3 million in 2025 compared to $174.7 million in 2024. The higher depreciation and amortization expense in 2025 is related to the assets acquired in our business acquisitions.

Changes in net working capital (trade receivables, inventory and trade payables) accounted for a use of cash of $51.9 million compared to a source of cash of $28.6 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively. Following is an assessment of each of the net working capital components:

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Contributions to our pension and other postretirement benefit plans were $3.3 million and $2.9 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively. Income taxes payable resulted in a $6.1 million and a $23.1 million use of cash in 2025 and 2024, respectively. Other assets resulted in a $28.7 million and a $17.5 million use of cash in 2025 and 2024, respectively. The higher use of cash in 2025 compared to 2024 is primarily driven by short-term investments and other taxes partially offset by a decrease in other long-term prepaid assets in 2025 compared to 2024. Other accrued expenses resulted in a $35.3 million and $6.0 million source of cash in 2025 and 2024, respectively. The large source of cash in 2025 compared to 2024 is primarily due to a liability for a loss contingency associated with ongoing litigation. Accrued compensation resulted in a $4.9 million and a $12.7 million source of cash in 2025 and 2024, respectively, relating to lower overall compensation accruals at the end of 2025 compared to 2024. Other liabilities resulted in a $34.9 million source of cash and a $30.3 million use of cash in 2025 and 2024, respectively. The source of cash in 2025 compared to use of cash in 2024 was due to an increase in hedging liabilities from interest rate swap activity of $55.3 million in 2025 compared to a decrease of $6.2 million in the prior year. In 2024, we also recorded a $47.3 million loss on the impairment of assets held for sale.

Cash Flows used in Investing Activities

Net cash used in investing activities $ (232.2 ) $ (407.1 )

Purchases of property, plant and equipment were $142.3 million in 2025 compared to $139.2 million in 2024. The higher purchases in 2025 reflect the timing of capital projects and expenditures related to growth initiatives. We paid cash, net of cash acquired, of $167.0 million and $273.9 million for purchased businesses in 2025 and 2024, respectively. We received cash of $75.7 million in proceeds from the sale of a business in 2025. Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment were $5.0 million in 2025 compared to $1.2 million in 2024. We received cash of $4.9 million in proceeds from insurance recoveries related to property, plant and equipment in 2024.

Cash Flows from Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities $ (107.9 ) $ 112.1

In 2025, we received $1,300.3 million in proceeds and repaid $1,305.4 million of long-term debt including borrowings and repayments on our revolving credit facility and in 2024, we received $1,932.9 million in proceeds and repaid $1,764.9 million of long-term debt. See Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion of debt borrowings and repayments. Debt issuance costs of $1.0 million were paid in 2025 compared to $3.5 million paid in 2024. Cash paid for dividends were $50.3 million and $47.6 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively. Cash generated from the exercise of stock options was $9.8 million and $35.9 million in 2025 and 2024, respectively. Indirect repurchases of common stock through a net-settlement feature related to statutory minimum tax withholding upon vesting of restricted stock were $3.8 million in 2025 compared to $7.8 million in 2024. We had $56.9 million of repurchases of stock from our share repurchase program in 2025 and $31.8 million of repurchases of common stock from our share repurchase program in 2024.

We expect 2026 capital expenditures to be approximately $160.0 million.

Non-GAAP Measures

We use both GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures for operational and financial decision making, and to assess Company and segment business performance. Our non-GAAP measures include Adjusted EBITDA and Free Cash Flow. Our calculation of these non-GAAP measures may not be comparable to similarly titled measures of other companies due to potential differences between companies in the method of calculation. As a result, the use of these non-GAAP measures has limitations and should not be considered superior to, in isolation from, or as a substitute for, related U.S. GAAP measures.

These non-GAAP measures allow management and investors to view operating trends, perform analytical comparisons and benchmark performance between periods and among geographic regions to understand operating performance without regard to items we do not consider a component of our core operating performance. Furthermore, these non-GAAP measures allow investors the opportunity to measure and monitor our performance against our externally communicated targets and evaluate the investment decisions being made by management to improve Adjusted EBITDA. Management uses these measures in its financial, investment and operational decision-making processes, for internal reporting and as part of its forecasting and budgeting processes. Further, our Board of Directors uses certain of these and other measures as key metrics to determine management performance under our performance-based compensation plans. For these reasons, we believe these non-GAAP measures are useful for our investors.

Adjusted EBITDA is presented net of noncontrolling interests and is used by management and can be used by investors to review our consolidated operating results because it excludes depreciation, amortization, interest income, interest expense and income taxes as well as certain additional adjustments that are not considered part of our core operations. Examples of adjustments to EBITDA include, but are not limited to, costs for acquisition projects, organizational realignment, Project One, business divestitures, discrete taxes, and the income tax effect on these adjustments. For Adjusted EBITDA, once we have made an adjustment in the current period for an item, we will also adjust the related non-GAAP measure in future periods in which there is an impact from the item. The following table reflects the manner in which Adjusted EBITDA is determined and provides a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to Net income attributable to H.B. Fuller, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Reconciliation of Net income attributable to H.B. Fuller to Adjusted EBITDA

Year Ended

November 29, November 30, December 2,

Adjustments:

Business divestiture - 47,267 -

Add:

1 Other includes losses associated with ongoing litigation and product claims related to a divested business and costs associated with the exit of a product line for the year ended November 29, 2025.

2Interest expense added back for EBITDA is adjusted for amounts already included in adjusted net income attributable to H.B. Fuller.

3 Depreciation and amortization expense added back for EBITDA is adjusted for amounts already included in adjusted net income attributable to H.B. Fuller.

Free cash flow, a non-GAAP financial measure, is defined as net cash provided by operating activities less purchased property, plant and equipment. Free cash flow is an integral financial measure used by the Company to assess its ability to generate cash in excess of its operating needs, therefore, the Company believes this financial measure provides useful information to investors. The following table reflects the manner in which free cash flow is determined and provides a reconciliation of free cash flow to net cash provided by operating activities, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and reported in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

Reconciliation of Net cash provided by operating activities to Free cash flow

Net cash provided by operating activities $ 263.5 $ 302.4

Less: Purchased property, plant and equipment 142.3 139.2

Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a safe harbor for forward-looking statements. This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may be identified by the use of words like "plan," "expect," "aim," "believe," "project," "anticipate," "intend," "estimate," "will," "should," "could" (including the negative or variations thereof) and other expressions that indicate future events and trends. These plans and expectations are based upon certain underlying assumptions, including those mentioned with the specific statements. Such assumptions are in turn based upon internal estimates and analyses of current market conditions and trends, our plans and strategies, economic conditions and other factors. These plans and expectations and the assumptions underlying them are necessarily subject to risks and uncertainties inherent in projecting future conditions and results. Actual results could differ materially from expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements if one or more of the underlying assumptions and expectations proves to be inaccurate or is unrealized. In addition to the factors described in this report, Item 1A. Risk Factors identifies some of the important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in any such forward-looking statements. In order to comply with the terms of the safe harbor, we have identified these important factors which could affect our financial performance and could cause our actual results for future periods to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements. These factors should be considered, together with any similar risk factors or other cautionary language that may be made elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

The list of important factors in Item 1A. Risk Factors does not necessarily present the risk factors in order of importance. This disclosure, including that under Forward-Looking Statements and Risk Factors, and other forward-looking statements and related disclosures made by us in this report and elsewhere from time to time, represents our best judgment as of the date the information is given. We do not undertake responsibility for updating any of such information, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise, except as required by law. Investors are advised, however, to consult any further public company disclosures (such as in filings with the SEC or in our press releases) on related subjects.

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Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Market Risk

We are exposed to various market risks, including changes in interest rates, foreign currency rates and prices of raw materials. Market risk is the potential loss arising from adverse changes in market rates and prices, such as interest rates and foreign currency exchange rates.

Our financial performance may be negatively affected by unfavorable economic conditions. Recessionary economic conditions may have an adverse impact on our sales volumes, pricing levels and profitability. As domestic and international economic conditions change, trends in discretionary consumer spending also become unpredictable and subject to reductions due to uncertainties about the future. A general reduction in consumer discretionary spending due to a recession in the domestic and international economies, or uncertainties regarding future economic prospects, could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Interest Rate Risk

Exposure to changes in interest rates results primarily from borrowing activities used to fund operations. Committed floating rate credit facilities are used to fund a portion of operations. We believe that probable near-term changes in interest rates would not materially affect our financial condition, results of operations or cash flows. The annual impact on interest expense of a one-percentage point interest rate change on the outstanding balance of our variable rate debt, net of interest rate swap derivatives as of November 29, 2025, would have resulted in a change in net income of approximately $6.6 million or $0.12 per diluted share.

Foreign Exchange Risk

As a result of being a global enterprise, there is exposure to market risks from changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Our operating results, financial condition and net investment in foreign subsidiaries are subject to both currency translation and currency transaction risk. Approximately 56 percent of net revenue was generated outside of the United States in 2025. Principal foreign currency exposures relate to the Euro, Turkish lira, Egyptian pound, Brazilian real, Mexican peso, Chinese renminbi, British pound sterling, Indian Rupee, Australian dollar and Canadian dollar.

We enter into cross-border transactions through importing and exporting goods to and from different countries and locations. These transactions generate foreign exchange risk as they create assets, liabilities and cash flows in currencies other than their functional currency. This also applies to services provided and other cross-border agreements among subsidiaries. Our objective is to balance, where possible, non-functional currency denominated assets to non-functional currency denominated liabilities to have a natural hedge and minimize foreign exchange impacts.

In the event a natural hedge is not available, we take steps to minimize risks from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations through normal operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative instruments. We do not enter into any speculative positions with regard to derivative instruments.

Based on 2025 financial results, a hypothetical one percent change in our cost of sales due to foreign currency rate changes would have resulted in a change in net income attributable to H.B. Fuller of approximately $9.1 million or $0.17 per diluted share. Based on 2025 financial results and foreign currency balance sheet positions as of November 29, 2025, a hypothetical overall 10 percent change in the U.S. dollar would have resulted in a change in net income of approximately $18.0 million or $0.32 per diluted share.

Raw Materials

The principal raw materials used to manufacture products include resins, polymers, synthetic rubbers, vinyl acetate monomer and plasticizers. We generally avoid sole source supplier arrangements for raw materials. While alternate supplies of most key raw materials are available, unplanned supplier production outages may lead to strained supply-demand situations for several key raw materials such as ethylene and propylene, several polymers and other petroleum derivatives such as waxes.

The purchase of raw materials is our largest expenditure. Our objective is to purchase raw materials that meet both our quality standards and production needs at the lowest total cost. Most raw materials are purchased on the open market or under contracts that limit the frequency but not the magnitude of price increases. In some cases, however, the risk of raw material price changes is managed by strategic sourcing agreements which limit price increases to increases in supplier feedstock costs, while requiring decreases as feedstock costs decline. The leverage of having substitute raw materials approved for use wherever possible is used to minimize the impact of possible price increases. Based on 2025 financial results, a hypothetical one percent change in our raw material costs would have resulted in a change in net income of approximately $12.6 million or $0.23 per diluted share.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information concerning new accounting standards and the impact of the implementation of these standards on our financial statements.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of H.B. Fuller Company

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of H.B. Fuller Company and subsidiaries (the Company) as of November 29, 2025 and November 30, 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, total equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended November 29, 2025, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at November 29, 2025 and November 30, 2024, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended November 29, 2025, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of November 29, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework), and our report dated January 22, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Critical Audit Matter

The critical audit matter communicated below is a matter arising from the current period audit of the financial statements that was communicated or required to be communicated to the audit committee and that: (1) relates to accounts or disclosures that are material to the financial statements and (2) involved our especially challenging, subjective or complex judgments. The communication of the critical audit matter does not alter in any way our opinion on the consolidated financial statements, taken as a whole, and we are not, by communicating the critical audit matter below, providing a separate opinion on the critical audit matter or on the account or disclosure to which it relates.

Valuation of Goodwill for the Building Adhesive Solutions reporting unit

Description of the Matter

At November 29, 2025, the Company had goodwill of approximately $552 million related to the Building Adhesive Solutions reporting unit. As discussed in the notes to the consolidated financial statements, the Company performs goodwill impairment testing on an annual basis as of the beginning of the fourth quarter, and between annual tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of a reporting unit below its carrying amount.

Auditing management’s annual goodwill impairment test for the Building Adhesive Solutions reporting unit was complex and judgmental due to the significant estimation required in determining the fair value of the reporting unit. In particular, the Company estimates fair value using the income approach which is sensitive to certain assumptions, such as the earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) margins rate, and the weighted average cost of capital which are affected by management’s business plans and expectations about future market or economic conditions.

How We Addressed the Matter in Our Audit

We obtained an understanding, evaluated the design, and tested the operating effectiveness of controls over the Company's annual goodwill impairment review process, including controls over management’s review of the significant assumptions described above.

To test the estimated fair value of the Building Adhesive Solutions reporting unit, we performed audit procedures that included, among others, assessing the valuation methodology used by management and testing the significant assumptions discussed above, as well as the underlying data used by the Company in its analysis. For example, we compared the significant assumptions used by management in the prospective financial information to current industry trends as well as other relevant factors. We assessed the reasonableness of the forecasted future EBITDA margins rate by comparing the forecasts to historical results and previous assumptions. We performed sensitivity analyses of significant assumptions to evaluate the changes in the fair value of the reporting unit that would result from changes in the assumptions. We involved our valuation specialists to assist in our evaluation of the valuation models, methodologies and significant assumptions used by the Company, specifically the weighted average cost of capital.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2019.

Minneapolis, Minnesota

January 22, 2026

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and the Board of Directors of H.B. Fuller Company

Opinion on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

We have audited H.B. Fuller Company and subsidiaries’ internal control over financial reporting as of November 29, 2025, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, H.B. Fuller Company and subsidiaries (the Company) maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of November 29, 2025, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of November 29, 2025 and November 30, 2024, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, total equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended November 29, 2025, and the related notes and our report dated January 22, 2026 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ Ernst & Young LLP

Minneapolis, Minnesota

January 22, 2026

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

H.B. Fuller Company and Subsidiaries

(In thousands, except per share amounts)

Fiscal Years

November 29, November 30, December 2,

Net expense attributable to non-controlling interest (106 ) (139 ) (82 )

Earnings per share attributable to H.B. Fuller common stockholders:

Weighted-average common shares outstanding:

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

H.B. Fuller Company and Subsidiaries

(In thousands)

Fiscal Years

November 29, November 30, December 2,

Other comprehensive income (loss)

Defined benefit pension plans adjustment, net of tax 21,867 38,438 792

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

H.B. Fuller Company and Subsidiaries

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

November 29, November 30,

Assets

Current assets:

Liabilities, non-controlling interest and total equity

Current liabilities:

Notes payable $ - $ 587

Commitments and contingencies (Note 14)

Equity:

H.B. Fuller stockholders' equity:

Preferred stock (no shares outstanding) Shares authorized – 10,045,900 - -

Non-controlling interest (24 ) 1,189

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF TOTAL EQUITY

H.B. Fuller Company and Subsidiaries

(In thousands)

H.B. Fuller Company Shareholders

Accumulated

Additional Other Non-

Common Paid-in Retained Comprehensive Controlling

Stock Capital Earnings (Loss) Income Interest Total

Repurchases of common stock (38 ) (2,529 ) - - - (2,567 )

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CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS of CASH FLOWS

H.B. Fuller Company and Subsidiaries

(In thousands)

Fiscal Years

November 29, November 30, December 2,

Cash flows from operating activities:

(Gain) loss on disposal of assets (3,702 ) (501 ) 59

Loss on the sale of a business 2,327 - -

Loss on impairment of intangible asset 924 - -

Loss on impairment of assets held for sale - 47,267 -

Loss on impairment of equity investment - 1,966 -

Gain from insurance proceeds - (4,871 ) -

Debt issuance cost write-off - - 2,689

Change in assets and liabilities, net of effects of acquisitions:

Cash flows from investing activities:

Proceeds from the sale of a business 75,727 - -

Purchase of cost method investment (2,549 ) - -

Purchase of non-controlling interest (1,170 ) - -

Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment 5,025 1,152 5,029

Proceeds from insurance recoveries - 4,871 -

Cash flows from financing activities:

Contingent consideration payment - - (1,477 )

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:

Dividends paid with company stock $ 386 $ 404 $ 363

See accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

H.B. Fuller Company and Subsidiaries

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

Note 1: Nature of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Nature of Business

H.B. Fuller Company and our subsidiaries formulate, manufacture and market specialty adhesives, sealants, coatings, polymers, tapes, encapsulants, additives and other specialty chemical products globally, with sales operations in 34 countries in North America, Europe, Latin America, Asia Pacific, India, the Middle East and Africa.

We have three reportable segments: Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives, Engineering Adhesives and Building Adhesive Solutions. In 2025, as a percentage of total net revenue by operating segment, Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives accounted for 45 percent, Engineering Adhesives 30 percent and Building Adhesive Solutions 25 percent.

Our Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives operating segment produces and supplies a full range of specialty industrial adhesives such as thermoplastic, thermoset, reactive, water-based and solvent-based products for applications in various markets, including packaging (food and beverage containers, flexible packaging, consumer goods, package integrity and re-enforcement, and non-durable goods), converting (corrugation, folding carton, tape and label, paper converting, envelopes, books, multi-wall bags, sacks, and tissue and towel), nonwoven and hygiene (disposable diapers, feminine care and medical garments) and medical and beauty.

Our Engineering Adhesives operating segment produces and supplies high performance industrial adhesives such as reactive, light cure, two-part liquids, polyurethane, silicone, film and fast cure products to the durable assembly (appliances and filters), performance wood (windows, doors and wood flooring) and textile (footwear and sportswear), transportation, electronics, clean energy, aerospace and defense, appliance, heavy machinery and insulating glass markets.

Our Building Adhesive Solutions operating segment includes products used for the commercial roofing industry (pressure-sensitive adhesives, tapes and sealants) and heating, ventilation and air conditioning and insulation applications (duct sealants, weather barriers and fungicidal coatings and block fillers). This operating segment also includes caulks and sealants for the consumer market and professional trade, sold through retailers, primarily in Australia and New Zealand.

Principles of Consolidation

The Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of H.B. Fuller Company and its wholly-owned and majority-owned subsidiaries. All significant intercompany transactions and accounts have been eliminated. Investments in affiliated companies in which we exercise significant influence, but which we do not control, are accounted for in the Consolidated Financial Statements under the equity method of accounting. As such, consolidated net income includes our equity portion in current earnings of such companies, after elimination of intercompany profits. Investments in which we do not exercise significant influence (generally less than a 20 percent ownership interest) are accounted for using the measurement alternative.

Our 50 percent ownership in Sekisui-Fuller Company, Ltd., our Japan joint venture, is accounted for under the equity method of accounting as we do not exercise control over the investee. In fiscal years 2025,2024 and 2023, this equity method investment was not significant as defined in Regulation S-X under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. As such, financial information as of November 29, 2025, November 30, 2024, and December 2, 2023 for Sekisui-Fuller Company, Ltd. is not required.

Our fiscal year ends on the Saturday closest to November 30. Fiscal year-end dates were November 29, 2025, November 30, 2024, and December 2, 2023 for 2025,2024 and 2023, respectively. Every five or six years we have a 53rd week in our fiscal year. 2022 was a 53-week year.

Use of Estimates

Preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“U.S. GAAP”) requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Revenue Recognition

We sell a variety of adhesives, sealants and other specialty chemical products to a diverse customer base. The vast majority of our arrangements contain a single performance obligation to transfer manufactured goods to the customer as governed by an individual purchase order.

We recognize revenue at the amount of consideration to which we expect to be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods to the customer. The transaction price includes an estimation of any variable amounts of consideration to which we will be entitled. The most common forms of variable consideration within our arrangements are customer rebates, which are recorded as a reduction to revenue at the time of the initial sale using the expected value method. The expected value method is the sum of probability-weighted amounts in a range of possible consideration amounts and is based on consideration of historical, current and forecast information. Changes in estimates are updated each reporting period. There are no material instances where variable consideration is constrained and not recorded at the initial time of sale. Product returns are recorded as a reduction to revenue based on historical experience and anticipated sales returns that occur in the normal course of business. We primarily have assurance-type warranties that do not result in separate performance obligations. We have elected to present revenue net of sales and other similar taxes.

We recognize revenue when control of goods is transferred to the customer. For the vast majority of our arrangements, control transfers at a point in time either upon shipment or upon delivery of the goods to the customer. The timing of transfer of control is determined considering the timing of the transfer of legal title, physical possession, and risks and rewards of goods to the customer.

We record shipping and handling revenue in net revenue and outbound shipping and handling costs in cost of goods sold. The majority of our shipping and handling activities are performed prior to transfer of control of the goods to the customer. For those arrangements where we provide shipping and handling services after control of the goods has transferred to the customer, we have elected the practical expedient allowed under Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) Topic 606 to account for these activities as a fulfillment cost rather than as a separate performance obligation.

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Provisions for sales returns are estimated based on historical experience and are adjusted for known returns, if material. Customer incentive programs (primarily volume purchase rebates) and arrangements such as cooperative advertising, slotting fees and buy-downs are recorded as a reduction of net revenue in accordance with ASC 606. Customer incentives recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Income as a reduction of net revenue were $37,941, $43,548 and $35,896 in 2025,2024 and 2023, respectively.

For certain products, consigned inventory is maintained at customer locations. For this inventory, revenue is recognized in the period that the inventory is consumed. Sales to distributors require a distribution agreement or purchase order. As a normal practice, distributors do not have a right of return.

Cost of Sales

Cost of sales includes raw materials, container costs, direct labor, manufacturing overhead, delivery expenses and other less significant indirect costs related to the production of our products.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative (“SG&A”) expenses include sales and marketing, research and development, technical and customer service, finance, legal, human resources, general management and similar expenses.

Income Taxes

The income tax provision is computed based on income before income from equity method investments included in the Consolidated Statement of Income. The asset and liability approach is used to recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities. Enacted statutory tax rates applicable to future years are applied to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax basis of existing assets and liabilities. The effect on deferred taxes of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. Valuation allowances reduce deferred tax assets when it is not more-likely-than-not that a tax benefit will be realized. See Note 11 for further information.

Acquisition Accounting

As we enter into business combinations, we perform acquisition accounting requirements including the following:

● Identifying the acquirer,

● Determining the acquisition date,

● Recognizing and measuring goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase

The calculation of the fair value of the tangible assets, including property, plant and equipment, utilizes the cost approach, which computes the cost to replace the asset, less accrued depreciation resulting from physical deterioration, functional obsolescence and external obsolescence. The calculation of the fair value of the identified intangible assets is determined using cash flow models following the income approach or a discounted market-based methodology approach. Significant inputs include estimated revenue growth rates, gross margins, operating expenses and estimated attrition, royalty and discount rates. Goodwill is recorded as the difference in the fair value of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities and the purchase price.

Cash Equivalents

Cash equivalents are highly liquid instruments with an original maturity of three months or less. We review cash and cash equivalent balances on a bank by bank basis to identify book overdrafts. Book overdrafts occur when the amount of outstanding checks exceed the cash deposited at a given bank. Book overdrafts, if any, are included in trade payables in our Consolidated Balance Sheets and in operating activities in our Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Restrictions on Cash

There were no restrictions on cash as of November 29, 2025 or November 30, 2024. There are no contractual or regulatory restrictions on the ability of consolidated and unconsolidated subsidiaries to transfer funds to us, except for typical statutory restrictions which prohibit distributions in excess of net capital or similar tests. The majority of our cash in non-U.S. locations is considered indefinitely reinvested.

Trade Receivables and Allowances

Trade receivables are recorded at the invoiced amount and do not bear interest. Allowances are maintained for doubtful accounts, credits related to pricing or quantities shipped and early payment discounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts includes an estimate of future uncollectible receivables based on the aging of the receivable balance and our collection experience. The allowance also includes specific customer accounts when it is probable that the full amount of the receivable will not be collected. Current expectations of future doubtful accounts using market and industry data are considered in the specific customer accounts. See Note 4 for further information.

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Inventories

Inventories are recorded at cost as determined by the weighted-average cost method and are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value.

Investments

Investments with a value of $10,388 and $9,814 represent the cash surrender value of life insurance contracts as of November 29, 2025 and November 30, 2024, respectively. These assets are held to primarily support supplemental pension plans and are recorded in other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The corresponding gain or loss associated with these contracts is reported in earnings each period as a component of selling, general and administrative expenses.

Equity Investments

Investments in an entity where we own less than 20% of the voting stock of the entity and do not exercise significant influence over operating and financial policies of the entity are accounted for using the measurement alternative at cost less impairment plus or minus observable price changes in orderly transactions. We have a policy in place to review our investments at least annually, to evaluate the accounting method and identify observable price changes that could indicate impairment. If we believe that an impairment exists, it is our policy to calculate the fair value of the investment and recognize as impairment any amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the investment. We recognized an impairment of $1,966 for the year ended November 30, 2024. The book value of the equity investments was $3,574 and $1,023 as of November 29, 2025 and November 30, 2024, respectively and are presented in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are carried at cost and depreciated over the useful lives of the assets using the straight-line method. Estimated useful lives range from 20 to 40 years for buildings and improvements, 3 to 20 years for machinery and equipment, and the shorter of the lease or expected life for leasehold improvements. Fully depreciated assets are retained in property and accumulated depreciation accounts until disposed. Upon sale of an asset, the difference between the proceeds and remaining net book value is charged or credited to other (expense) income, net on the Consolidated Statements of Income. Expenditures that add value or extend the life of the respective assets are capitalized, while expenditures that are typical recurring repairs and maintenance are expensed as incurred. Interest costs associated with construction and implementation of property, plant and equipment of $562, $1,859 and $1,769 were capitalized in 2025,2024 and 2023, respectively.

Goodwill

We evaluate our goodwill for impairment annually at the beginning of the fourth quarter or earlier upon the occurrence of substantive unfavorable changes in economic conditions, industry trends, costs, cash flows or ongoing declines in market capitalization. The quantitative impairment test requires judgment, including the identification of reporting units, the assignment of assets, liabilities and goodwill to reporting units, and the determination of fair value of each reporting unit. The impairment test requires the comparison of the fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill. In performing the impairment test, we determined the fair value of our reporting units through the income approach by using discounted cash flow (“DCF”) analyses. Determining fair value requires the Company to make judgments about appropriate discount rates, perpetual growth rates and the amount and timing of expected future cash flows. The cash flows employed in the DCF analysis for each reporting unit are based on the reporting unit's budget, long-term business plan and recent operating performance. Discount rate assumptions are based on an assessment of the risk inherent in the future cash flows of the respective reporting unit and market conditions. If the estimated fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying value, goodwill is considered to not be impaired. If the carrying value exceeds estimated fair value, an impairment charge is recorded for any excess of the carrying value over the estimated fair value. Based on the analysis performed for our fiscal 2025 annual impairment test, there were no indications of impairment for any of our reporting units. See Note 5 for further information.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets include patents, customer lists, technology, trademarks and other intangible assets acquired from independent parties and are amortized on a straight-line basis with estimated useful lives ranging from 2 to 20 years. The straight-line method of amortization of these assets reflects an appropriate allocation of the costs of the intangible assets to earnings in proportion to the amount of economic benefits obtained in each reporting period.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

Our long-lived assets are tested for impairment whenever events or circumstances indicate that a carrying amount of an asset (asset group) may not be recoverable. An impairment loss would be measured and recognized when the carrying amount of an asset (asset group) exceeds the estimated undiscounted future cash flows expected to result from the use of the asset (asset group) and its eventual disposition. The impairment loss to be recorded would be the excess of the asset's carrying value over its fair value. Fair value is generally determined using a DCF analysis or other valuation technique. Costs related to internally developed intangible assets are expensed as incurred.

Foreign Currency Translation

Assets and liabilities of non-U.S. functional currency entities are translated to U.S. dollars at period-end exchange rates, and the resulting gains and losses arising from the translation of those net assets are recorded as a cumulative translation adjustment, a component of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) in stockholders' equity. Revenues and expenses are translated using average exchange rates during the year. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in other (expense) income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

We consider a subsidiary’s sales price drivers, currency denomination of sales transactions and inventory purchases to be the primary indicators in determining a foreign subsidiary’s functional currency. Our subsidiaries in certain European countries have a functional currency different than their local currency. All other foreign subsidiaries, which are located in North America, Latin America, Europe, India, the Middle East and Africa ("EIMEA") and Asia Pacific, have the same local and functional currency.

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Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits

We sponsor defined-benefit pension plans in both the U.S. and non-U.S. entities. Also in the U.S., we sponsor other postretirement plans for health care and life insurance benefits. Expenses and liabilities for the pension plans and other postretirement plans are actuarially calculated. These calculations are based on our assumptions related to the discount rate, expected return on assets, projected salary increases, health care cost trend rates and mortality rates. The discount rate assumption is determined using an actuarial yield curve approach, which results in a discount rate that reflects the characteristics of the plan. The approach identifies a broad population of corporate bonds that meet the quality and size criteria for the particular plan. We use this approach rather than a specific index that has a certain set of bonds that may or may not be representative of the characteristics of our particular plan. Our expected long-term rate of return on U.S. plan assets was based on our target asset allocation assumption of 55 percent equities and 45 percent fixed income. Management, in conjunction with our external financial advisors, determines the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets by considering the expected future returns and volatility levels for each asset class that are based on historical returns and forward-looking observations. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets assumption used in each non-U.S. plan is determined on a plan-by-plan basis for each local jurisdiction and is based on expected future returns for the investment mix of assets currently in the portfolio for that plan. Management, in conjunction with our external financial advisors, develops expected rates of return for each plan, considers expected long-term returns for each asset category in the plan, reviews expectations for inflation for each local jurisdiction, and estimates the impact of active management of the plan’s assets. Note 10 includes disclosure of assumptions employed in these measurements for both the non-U.S. and U.S. plans.

Asset Retirement Obligations

We recognize asset retirement obligations ("ARO") in the period in which we have an existing legal obligation associated with the retirement of a tangible long-lived asset, and the amount can be reasonably estimated. The ARO is recognized at fair value when the liability is incurred. Upon initial recognition of a liability, that cost is capitalized as part of the related long-lived asset and accreted on a straight-line basis over the remaining estimated useful life of the related asset. We have recognized a liability related to special handling of asbestos related materials in certain facilities for which we have plans or expectation of plans to undertake a major renovation or demolition project that would require the removal of asbestos or have plans or expectation of plans to exit a facility. In addition, we have determined that we have facilities with some level of asbestos that will require abatement action in the future. Once the probability and timeframe of an action are determined, we apply certain assumptions to determine the related liability and asset. These assumptions include the use of inflation rates, the use of credit adjusted risk-free discount rates and the estimation of costs to handle asbestos related materials. The recorded liability is required to be adjusted for changes resulting from the passage of time and/or revisions to the timing or the amount of the original estimate. The asset retirement obligation liability was $3,155 and $3,321 at November 29, 2025 and November 30, 2024, respectively.

Environmental Costs

Environmental expenditures that relate to current operations are expensed or capitalized as appropriate. Expenditures that relate to an existing condition caused by past operations, and which do not contribute to current or future revenue generation, are expensed. Liabilities are recorded when environmental assessments are made, or remedial efforts are probable, and the costs can be reasonably estimated. The timing of these accruals is generally no later than the completion of feasibility studies.

Contingent Consideration Liabilities

Concurrent with business acquisitions, we enter into agreements that require us to pay the sellers a certain amount based upon a formula related to the entity’s financial results. The change in fair value of the contingent consideration liability is recorded in SG&A expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Share-based Compensation

We have various share-based compensation programs which provide for equity awards, including non-qualified stock options, incentive stock options, restricted stock units, performance awards and deferred compensation. We use the straight-line attribution method to recognize compensation expense associated with share-based awards based on the fair value on the date of grant, net of the estimated forfeiture rate. Expense is recognized over the requisite service period related to each award, which is the period between the grant date and the earlier of the award’s stated vesting term or the date the employee is eligible for early retirement based on the terms of the plan. The fair value of stock options is estimated using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. All of our stock compensation expense is recorded in SG&A expenses in the Consolidated Statements of Income.See Note 9 for additional information.

Earnings per Share

Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income attributable to H.B. Fuller by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding during the applicable period. Diluted earnings per share is based upon the weighted-average number of common and common equivalent shares outstanding during the applicable period. The difference between basic and diluted earnings per share is attributable to share-based compensation awards. We use the treasury stock method to calculate the effect of outstanding awards, which computes total employee proceeds as the sum of (a) the amount the employee must pay upon exercise of the award and (b) the amount of unearned share-based compensation costs attributed to future services. Share-based compensation awards for which total employee proceeds exceed the average market price over the applicable period have an antidilutive effect on earnings per share, and accordingly, are excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share. The computations for basic and diluted earnings per share are as follows:

Equivalent shares from share-based compensation plans 753 1,697 1,626

Diluted earnings per share $ 2.75 $ 2.30 $ 2.59

Share-based compensation awards for 2,119,140, 853,398 and 1,089,054 shares for 2025,2024 and 2023, respectively, were excluded from the diluted earnings per share calculation because they were antidilutive.

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Financial Instruments and Derivatives

As a part of our ongoing operations, we are exposed to market risks such as changes in foreign currency exchange rates and interest rates. To manage these risks, we may enter into derivative transactions pursuant to our established policies.

Our objective is to balance, where possible, non-functional currency denominated assets to non-functional currency denominated liabilities to have a natural hedge and minimize foreign exchange impacts. We minimize risks from foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations through normal operating and financing activities and, when deemed appropriate, through the use of derivative instruments. Derivatives consisted primarily of forward currency contracts used to manage foreign currency denominated assets and liabilities. For derivative instruments outstanding that were not designated as hedges for accounting purposes, the gains and losses related to mark-to-market adjustments were recognized as other (expense) income, net in the income statement during the periods the derivative instruments were outstanding. To manage exposure to currency rate movements on expected cash flows, the Company may enter into cross-currency swap agreements.

The Company manages interest expense using a mix of fixed and floating rate debt. To manage exposure to interest rate movements and to reduce borrowing costs, the Company may enter into interest rate swap agreements.

Changes in the fair values of derivatives are recorded in net earnings or other comprehensive income, based on the type of derivative, and whether the instrument is designated and effective as a hedge transaction. Gains or losses on derivative instruments reported in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) are reclassified to earnings in the period the hedged item affects earnings. Any ineffectiveness is recognized in earnings in the current period. We maintain master netting arrangements that allow us to net settle contracts with the same counterparties; we do not elect to offset amounts in our Consolidated Balance Sheet. These arrangements generally do not call for collateral. We do not enter into any speculative positions with regard to derivative instruments. See Note 12 for further information regarding our financial instruments.

Purchase of Company Common Stock

Under the Minnesota Business Corporation Act, repurchased stock is included in authorized shares but is not included in shares outstanding. The excess of the repurchase cost over par value is charged to additional paid-in capital. When additional paid-in capital is exhausted, the excess reduces retained earnings. We indirectly repurchased 56,228, 93,102 and 113,868 shares of common stock in 2025,2024 and 2023, respectively, through a net-settlement feature in connection with the statutory minimum tax withholding related to vesting of restricted stock. We repurchased 977,537 shares and 407,400 shares of common stock from our share repurchase program in 2025 and 2024, respectively. No shares were repurchased from our share repurchase program in 2023.

Supplier Finance Program

We have agreements with third parties to provide supplier finance programs which facilitate participating suppliers' ability to finance payment obligations of the Company with designated third-party financial institutions. Participating suppliers may, at their sole discretion, elect to finance one or more payment obligations of the Company prior to their scheduled due dates at a discounted price to participating financial institutions. The Company has no economic interest in the sale of these suppliers’ receivables and no direct financial relationship with the financial institutions concerning these services. The Company’s obligations to its suppliers, including amounts due and scheduled payment dates, are not impacted by suppliers’ decisions to finance amounts under these arrangements. The outstanding payment obligations that were confirmed as valid and remained outstanding as of November 29, 2025 were approximately $7,379. These obligations under the Company’s supplier finance programs are included in Accounts Payable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, and the associated payments are reflected in the cash flows from operating activities section of the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

The following table summarizes the outstanding obligations confirmed as valid under the Company’s supplier finance programs for the year ended November 29, 2025:

Confirmed obligations outstanding, beginning of year $ 5,180

Invoices confirmed during the year 39,590

Confirmed invoices paid during the year (37,391 )

Confirmed obligations outstanding, end of year $ 7,379

Business Interruption Insurance Proceeds

The Company made insurance claims to recover lost margin and additional costs incurred in connection with a fire at our Tucker production facility in June 2022 and unprecedented freezing weather that impacted our Texas facilities in February 2021. During the year ended November 30, 2024, the Company received business interruption insurance recovery payments of $2,393, which have been recorded in selling, general and administrative expenses. The insurance claims were fully settled in September 2024. We did not receive any insurance recovery payments in 2025.

New Accounting Pronouncements

In November 2024, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") No.2024-03,Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income - Expense Disaggregation Disclosures (Subtopic 220-40): Disaggregation of Income Statement Expenses, which requires additional disclosure of the nature of expenses included in our Consolidated Financial Statements. Our effective date of this ASU is our fiscal year ending December 2, 2028. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance on the related financial statement disclosures.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No.2023-09,Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures. This ASU requires entities to provide additional information in the rate reconciliation and additional disclosures about income taxes paid. This guidance requires public entities to disclose in their rate reconciliation table additional categories of information about federal, state, and foreign income taxes and to provide more details about the reconciling items in some categories if the items meet a quantitative threshold. Our effective date of this ASU is our fiscal year ending November 28, 2026. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance on the related financial statement disclosures.

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In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No.2023-07,Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures. This ASU requires enhanced disclosures regarding significant segment expenses and other segment items. The guidance requires public entities to provide in interim periods all disclosures about a reportable segment's profit or loss and assets that are currently required annually. We adopted the standard retrospectively beginning with our fiscal year ending November 29, 2025. Refer to Note 15,Segments, for further information on our segment reporting.

Recently issued accounting standards or pronouncements not disclosed above have been excluded as they are not relevant to the Company.

Note 2: Acquisitions and Divestiture

Acquisitions

ND Industries Fastening Elements Locking and Sealing Technologies Industry and Trade Inc.

On November 17, 2025, we completed the acquisition of ND Industries Fastening Elements Locking and Sealing Technologies Industry and Trade Inc. ("ND Industries Turkey") for a purchase price of 334,106 Turkish lira, or approximately $7,902 which was funded through existing cash. This includes a holdback amount of 105,699 Turkish lira that will be paid in two payments on the 18-month and 36-month anniversaries of the closing date. Headquartered in Istanbul, Turkey, ND Industries Turkey is a leading provider of specialty adhesives and fastener locking and sealing solutions. The acquisition of ND Industries Turkey is expected to accelerate the realization of our top growth priorities in EIMEA, consistent with our strategy to proactively drive capital allocation to the highest margin, highest growth market segments within the functional coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomer industry. The acquisition fair value measurement was preliminary as of November 29, 2025 and includes goodwill of $4,716, other intangible assets of $2,292 and other net assets of $894. Goodwill represents expected synergies from combining ND Industries Turkey with our existing business. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. ND Industries Turkey is included in our Engineering Adhesives operating segment.

ND Industries Asia, Inc.

On February 15, 2025, we acquired the assets of ND Industries Asia, Inc. ("ND Industries Taiwan") for a purchase price of 271,860 Taiwan dollars, or approximately $8,310 which was funded through existing cash. Headquartered in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ND Industries Taiwan is a leading provider of specialty adhesives and fastener locking and sealing solutions. The acquisition of ND Industries Taiwan is expected to accelerate the realization of our top growth priorities in Greater Asia, consistent with our strategy to proactively drive capital allocation to the highest margin, highest growth market segments within the functional coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomer industry. The acquisition fair value measurement was final as of November 29, 2025 and includes goodwill of $2,801, other intangible assets of $2,400 and other net assets of $3,109. Goodwill represents expected synergies from combining ND Industries Taiwan with our existing business. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. ND Industries Taiwan is included in our Engineering Adhesives operating segment.

GEM S.r.l. and Medifill Limited

On January 15, 2025, we completed the acquisition of GEM S.r.l. (“GEM”) and on December 2, 2024, we completed the acquisition of Medifill Limited (Medifill) for a total purchase price of 191,868 Euros, or approximately $196,990 which was funded through borrowings on our credit facility and existing cash. The transaction includes a 30,000 Euro holdback to be paid in three annual tranches beginning one year after the date of acquisition. The fair value of the holdback was 28,170 Euros and is included in the total purchase price. See Note 12 for more information on the fair value of the holdback.

Although they were independent transactions, the acquisitions of GEM and Medifill were accounted for as a single business combination under ASC 805, as they were negotiated concurrently and are economically interdependent. Headquartered in Viareggio, Italy, GEM develops, produces and sells medical adhesives for wound closure in both surgical and topical applications. Headquartered in Dublin, Ireland, Medifill produces medical-grade cyanoacrylate adhesives tailored to the wound closure market for GEM. The acquisitions of GEM and Medifill establish a European headquarters for our Medical Adhesives Technologies business and European production capabilities for our medical adhesive offerings, further shifting our portfolio toward highly profitable, higher growth markets. The acquisition fair value measurement was preliminary as of November 29, 2025 and includes goodwill of $90,593, other intangible assets of $104,723 and other net assets of $1,674. Goodwill represents expected synergies from combining GEM and Medifill with our existing business. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. GEM and Medifill are included in our Hygiene, Health and Consumable Adhesives operating segment.

HS ButylLimited

On August 5, 2024, we acquired HS Butyl Limited (“HS Butyl”) for a purchase price of 18,342 British pound sterling, or approximately $23,428 which was funded through existing cash. This includes a holdback amount of 2,700 British pound sterling that will be paid on the 18-month anniversary of the closing date. HS Butyl, headquartered in Lymington, England, is the United Kingdom's largest manufacturer and distributor of high-quality butyl tapes, which provide strong, permanent, watertight seals for a wide variety of applications within the construction, infrastructure, automotive and renewable energy industries. The acquisition of HS Butyl establishes our presence in the European waterproofing tape market, expanding our position as a solution provider to existing customers. It also expands our relevance to more markets and creates opportunities to deliver new, in-demand solutions for our customers, given the technology's relevance to multiple high-value applications. The acquisition fair value measurement was final as of August 30, 2025, and includes other intangible assets of $6,974, goodwill of $3,805 and other net assets of $12,649. Goodwill represents expected synergies from combining HS Butyl with our existing business. Goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes. HS Butyl is included in our Building Adhesive Solutions operating segment.

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ND Industries, Inc.

On May 20, 2024, we acquired the assets of ND Industries, Inc. (“ND Industries”) for a base purchase price of $254,037 which was funded through borrowings on our credit facility and existing cash. ND Industries, headquartered in Clawson, Michigan, is a leading provider of specialty adhesives and fastener locking and sealing solutions serving customers in the automotive, electronics, aerospace and other industries. The acquisition of ND Industries is expected to accelerate the realization of our top growth priorities, consistent with our strategy to proactively drive capital allocation to the highest margin, highest growth market segments within the functional coatings, adhesives, sealants and elastomer industry. The acquisition fair value measurement was final as of March 1, 2025. ND Industries is included in our Engineering Adhesives operating segment.

The following table summarizes the fair value measurement of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed as of the date of acquisition:

Amounts

Property, plant and equipment 26,044

Other intangibles

Trademarks/trade names 8,700

Other assets 13

Current liabilities (2,773 )

The expected useful lives of the acquired intangible assets are 15 years for technology, 13 years for customer relationships and ten years for trademarks and tradenames. Based on the fair value measurement of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, we allocated $81,268 to goodwill for the expected synergies from combining ND Industries with our existing business. Such goodwill is deductible for tax purposes.

All acquisitions, individually and in the aggregate, are not material and therefore pro forma financial information is not provided.

Divestiture

North America Flooring

December 2, 2024, we completed the sale of certain assets in our North American Flooring business, which was included in our former Construction Adhesives segment for a fair value of

$74,327. The net book value of the assets sold was

$76,654, which resulted in a

$2,327 loss. The loss on sale is recorded in other (expense) income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended

November 29, 2025.

During the fourth quarter of the year ended November 30, 2024, when we committed to a plan to sell our North American Flooring business, we classified the assets and liabilities of this business as held for sale and included them in their corresponding categories in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of November 30, 2024. Assets and liabilities held for sale are required to be recorded at the lower of carrying value or fair value, less costs to sell in accordance with ASC 360,Impairment or Disposal of Long Lived Assets. We measured the fair value of these assets and liabilities primarily using observable inputs at the measurement date and determined their carrying value was greater than the fair value less costs to sell. Accordingly, we recorded a pre-tax loss on assets held for sale of $47,267 during the year ended November 30, 2024. Included in this amount was $32,079 for goodwill impairment, $6,109 for net intangible impairment and $9,079 for net property, plant and equipment impairment. The loss is recorded in other (expense) income, net in the Consolidated Statements of Income for the year ended November 30, 2024.

The following table summarizes the condensed assets and liabilities that were held for sale as of November 30 2024:

Amounts

Trade receivables, net $ 19,888

Other current assets 321

Property, plant and equipment, net 37,429

Other intangibles, net 12,673

Other accrued expenses (5,548 )

Other liabilities (1,707 )

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Note 3: Restructuring Actions

During fiscal year 2023, the Company approved restructuring plans (the "Plans") related to organizational changes and other actions to optimize operations and integrate acquired businesses. The Plans began to be implemented in the second quarter of fiscal year 2023 and were completed as of November 29, 2025. Remaining cash payments will continue into fiscal year 2026. In implementing the Plans, the Company currently expects to incur pre-tax costs of approximately $80,000 to $85,000 for severance and related employee costs globally, and other restructuring costs related to the streamlining of processes and the payment of anticipated income taxes in certain jurisdictions related to the Plans.

The following table summarizes the pre-tax distribution of charges under these restructuring plans by income statement classification:

The restructuring charges are all recorded in Corporate Unallocated for segment reporting purposes.

A summary of the restructuring liability is presented below:

Employee-

Related Asset-Related Other Total

Foreign currency translation (343 ) - - (343 )

Foreign currency translation 360 - - 360

Non-cash charges include accelerated depreciation resulting from the cessation of use of certain long-lived assets, write-offs of certain long-lived assets, the recording of an inventory provision related to the discontinuance of certain products, inventory disposals and lease termination payments. Restructuring liabilities have been classified as a component of other accrued expenses on the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Note 4: Supplemental Financial Statement Information

Statement of Income Information

Additional details of income statement amounts for 2025,2024 and 2023 are as follows:

Foreign currency transaction gains (losses), net $ 882 $ (2,501 ) $ (11,615 )

Gain (loss) on disposal of assets 3,627 424 (58 )

Loss contingency associated with ongoing litigation (34,799 ) - -

Loss on sale of business (2,327 ) - -

Loss on impairment of assets held for sale - (47,267 ) -

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Balance Sheet Information

Additional details of balance sheet amounts as of November 29, 2025 and November 30, 2024 are as follows:

Inventories

Other current assets

Prepaid taxes other than income taxes 45,083 31,295

Property, plant and equipment

Other assets

Investments in company owned life insurance $ 10,388 $ 9,814

Other accrued expenses

Current obligations of finance leases 1,939 1,908

Reserve for ongoing litigation 34,579 -

Other liabilities

Asset retirement obligations $ 3,155 $ 3,321

Postretirement other than pension 1,691 1,837

Noncurrent operating lease liabilities 42,451 48,628

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Additional details on the trade receivables allowance for doubtful accounts, credits related to pricing or quantities shipped and early payment discounts for 2025,2024 and 2023 are as follows:

Foreign currency translation effect (73 ) (575 ) 439

Statement of Comprehensive Income Information

The following tables provides details of total comprehensive income (loss):

Non-controlling

H.B. Fuller Stockholders Interest

Pretax Tax Net Net

Other comprehensive income (loss)

Non-controlling

H.B. Fuller Stockholders Interest

Pretax Tax Net Net

Other comprehensive (loss) income

Non-controlling

H.B. Fuller Stockholders Interest

Pretax Tax Net Net

Other comprehensive income

Defined benefit pension plans adjustment2 1,554 (762 ) 792 -

1 Income taxes are not provided for foreign currency translation relating to indefinite investments in international subsidiaries.

2 Gain reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive loss into earnings as part of net periodic benefit related to pension and other postretirement benefit plans is reported in cost of sales and SG&A expenses.

3 (Loss) gain reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into earnings is reported in other (expense) income, net.

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Statement of Total Equity Information

Components of accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income are as follows:

Non-

H.B. Fuller controlling

Total Stockholders Interests

Reclassification of AOCI tax effects (18,341 ) (18,341 ) -

Non-

H.B. Fuller controlling

Total Stockholders Interests

Interest rate swap, net of taxes of $2,169 (6,744 ) (6,744 ) -

FUL US Equity

FUL · 10-K · period ended 2025-11-29

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

FUL US Equity☆

FUL · 10-K · period ended 2025-11-29

Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

FUL US Equity