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flo-10k_20210102.htm

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended January 2, 2021

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 1-16247

FLOWERS FOODS, INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

1919 Flowers Circle Thomasville, Georgia 31757

(Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

(229) 226-9110

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class Trading Symbol Name of each exchange on which registered

Common Stock, $0.01 par value FLO NYSE

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ☐No☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☒ Accelerated filer ☐

Non-accelerated filer ☐ Smaller reporting company ☐

Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ☐ No ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based on the closing price of the shares of common stock on the New York Stock Exchange on July 11, 2020, was $4,504,364,713.

The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of February 18, 2021 was 211,699,835.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s Proxy Statement for the 2021 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held May 27, 2021, which is expected to be filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on or about April 13, 2021, have been incorporated by reference into Part III, Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

FORM 10-K REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PART I

Item 1. Business 4

Item 1A. Risk Factors 13

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments 20

Item 2. Properties 21

Item 3. Legal Proceedings 21

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures 21

PART II

Item 6. Selected Financial Data 24

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk 43

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data 43

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures 43

Item 9B. Other Information 44

PART III

Item 10. Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance 45

Item 11. Executive Compensation 45

Item 14. Principal Accounting Fees and Services 45

PART IV

Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules 46

Signatures 51

Forward-Looking Statements

Statements contained in this filing and certain other written or oral statements made from time to time by Flowers Foods, Inc. (the “company”, “Flowers Foods”, “Flowers”, “us”, “we”, or “our”) and its representatives that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements as defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements relate to current expectations regarding our future financial condition and results of operations and the ultimate impact of the novel strain of coronavirus (“COVID-19”) on our business, results of operations and financial condition and are often identified by the use of words and phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “predict,” “project,” “should,” “will,” “would,” “is likely to,” “is expected to” or “will continue,” or the negative of these terms or other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements are based upon assumptions we believe are reasonable.

Forward-looking statements are based on current information and are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those projected. Certain factors that may cause actual results, performance, liquidity, and achievements to differ materially from those projected are discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K (the “Form 10-K”) and may include, but are not limited to:

• our ability to implement new technology and customer requirements as required;

• consolidation within the baking industry and related industries;

• increases in employee and employee-related costs;

The foregoing list of important factors does not include all such factors, nor necessarily present them in order of importance. In addition, you should consult other disclosures made by the company (such as in our other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or in company press releases) for other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those projected by the company. Refer to Part I, Item 1A., Risk Factors, of this Form 10-K for additional information regarding factors that could affect the company’s results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.

We caution you not to place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, as they speak only as of the date made and are inherently uncertain. The company undertakes no obligation to publicly revise or update such statements, except as required by law. You are advised, however, to consult any further public disclosures by the company (such as in our filings with the SEC or in company press releases) on related subjects.

We own or have rights to trademarks or trade names that we use in connection with the operation of our business, including our corporate names, logos and website names. In addition, we own or have the rights to copyrights, trade secrets and other proprietary rights that protect the content of our products and the formulations for such products. Solely for convenience, some of the trademarks, trade names and copyrights referred to in this Form 10-K are listed without the ©, ® and TM symbols, but we will assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, our rights to our trademarks, trade names and copyrights.

PART I

Item 1. Business

The Company

Flowers Foods, Inc. (which we reference to herein as “we,” “our,” “us,” the “company,” “Flowers” or “Flowers Foods”), founded in 1919 as a Georgia corporation and headquartered in Thomasville, Georgia, is currently the second-largest producer and marketer of packaged bakery foods in the United States (“U.S.”). Our principal products include breads, buns, rolls, snack cakes, and tortillas and are sold under a variety of brand names, including Nature’s Own, Dave’s Killer Bread (“DKB”), Wonder, Canyon Bakehouse, Tastykake, and Mrs. Freshley’s. Our brands are among the best known in the baking industry. Many of our brands have a major presence in the product categories in which they compete.

Flowers’ strategic priorities include developing our team, focusing on our brands, prioritizing our margins, and proactively seeking out smart, disciplined acquisitions and are described further in the following section. We believe executing on our strategic priorities will drive future growth and margin expansion and deliver meaningful shareholder value over time.

COVID-19

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) a global pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide, which has led to adverse impacts on the U.S. and global economies. Due to the drastic change in consumer buying patterns as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have experienced a favorable shift in sales mix to our branded retail products resulting in significant growth in income from operations in Fiscal 2020 as compared to Fiscal 2019. If, in future periods, there is a shift in mix away from our branded retail products to store branded and non-retail products, we expect that our results of operations, including our net sales, earnings and cash flows, could be negatively impacted.

In recognition and support of our frontline workers, we paid a total of $12.3 million in appreciation bonuses to eligible hourly and non-exempt employees, leased labor, and contract workers in Fiscal 2020. These appreciation bonuses are in addition to the company’s annual bonus program.

On April 14, 2020, we temporarily ceased production at our Tucker, Georgia bakery and on July 9, 2020, we temporarily ceased production at our Savannah, Georgia bakery. Both closures were due to an increase in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases at these bakeries and the related increase in number of workers self-quarantining. Production resumed at the Tucker bakery on April 27, 2020 and at the Savannah Bakery on July 17, 2020. While our other bakeries were able to assist with meeting production needs in these instances, the closure of several of our bakeries across the country at one time or in close succession could negatively impact our ability to meet our production requirements.

While the ultimate health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic remains highly uncertain, we expect that our business operations and results of operations, including our net sales, earnings and cash flows, will continue to be impacted by decreases in foodservice and other non-retail outlets sales. Foodservice sales are likely to remain under pressure until the restaurant industry returns to more normal operations. We cannot predict the timing and speed of the foodservice industry recovery, and any delay in the recovery could significantly impact our future results. We continue to actively monitor the collectability of our trade accounts receivables, particularly our foodservice customers. We may incur losses in the future if these customers are forced into financial distress or bankruptcy and cannot pay us or their other suppliers on a timely basis or at all.

We continue to actively monitor the global outbreak and spread of COVID-19 and are taking steps to mitigate the potential risks to us posed by its spread and related circumstances and impacts. We are focused on navigating these challenges presented by the COVID-19 global pandemic through the implementation of additional procedures at each of our locations to comply with U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations. These procedures and actions include, but are not limited to, monitoring the symptoms of all team members and essential visitors entering our facilities, requiring face coverings, maintaining (where possible) six feet of distance, conducting enhanced cleaning and sanitizing of common areas and frequently touched surfaces, performing additional decontamination of work areas and equipment if there is a confirmed or presumptive case of COVID-19 at a facility, and other considerations. Certain non-production employees have also been working remotely to mitigate contact between personnel. Non-essential travel and non-essential visitors bans also were implemented to reduce potential exposure. We are considering the options available to us under the Families First Coronavirus Response Act (“FFCRA Act”), the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act (“CARES Act”), and the Consolidated Appropriations Act (“CCA Act”). As of the beginning of the second quarter of Fiscal 2020, we began taking advantage of deferrals of certain payroll tax payments in accordance with the CARES Act. In addition, we continue to evaluate the impact of certain tax credits that are available under these Acts. We have also availed ourselves of the deferral of federal income tax payments made available under an emergency declaration on March 13, 2020. The evolving COVID-19 pandemic could continue to impact our results of operations and liquidity; the operations of our suppliers,

vendors, and customers; and our employees as a result of health concerns, quarantines, facility closures, and travel and logistics restrictions.

Strategic Initiatives

In June 2016, the company launched Project Centennial, a comprehensive business and operational review. We identified opportunities to enhance revenue growth, streamline operations, improve efficiencies, and make investments that strengthen our competitive position and improve margins over the long term. We began Project Centennial with an evaluation of our brands, product mix, and organizational structure. On May 3, 2017, the company announced an enhanced organizational structure designed to provide greater focus on the company’s long-term strategic objectives, emphasize brand growth and innovation in line with a national branded food company, drive enhanced accountability, and reduce costs. The new organizational structure established two business units (“BUs”) - Fresh Packaged Bread and Snacking/Specialty - and realigned key leadership roles. The new structure also provided for centralized marketing, sales, supply chain, shared services/administrative, and corporate strategy functions, each with clearly defined roles and responsibilities. On July 17, 2020, the company implemented additional organizational structure changes designed to increase focus on brand growth, product innovation, and improving underperforming bakeries. As part of this realignment, the two BUs were combined into one single function that is responsible for all of our brands.

Project Centennial marked a significant shift in mindset from a sales and operations focused enterprise to a brand focused packaged foods company. Strategic priorities developed as part of Project Centennial were designed to improve margins and profitably grow revenue over time. These priorities included: reducing costs to fuel growth, developing leading capabilities, reinvigorating core business, and capitalizing on product adjacencies.

Today, we are a brand focused company dedicated to the consumer and committed to growing our most profitable brands through innovation, market expansion, and prudent mergers and acquisitions (“M&A”). Based on insights gained from the completion of Project Centennial, we have redefined our strategic priorities and our long-term goals which are as follows:

Strategic Priorities:

• Develop team: Capabilities to build brands and create value.

• Prioritize margins: Optimize the portfolio and supply chain.

Long-term Goals:

• Grow sales by 1% to 2% annually (excluding any future acquisitions).

• Grow earnings per share by 7% to 9% annually.

The key to our success in achieving our goals is our talented and dedicated team. We recognize the importance of investing in our people as further discussed in the “Human Capital Resources” section below, which details how we attract, retain, and develop our team. Additionally, we recognize the importance of realigning people and responsibilities in successfully implementing our long-term strategies. This realignment can take the form of organizational changes or providing crucial tools, including investments in our information systems. During Fiscal 2020, we implemented organizational changes to better align the team to our new strategies, hired new team members with unique expertise and insight, and created the transformation office. The transformation office is a cross-functional team responsible for over-overseeing the implementation of our strategic priorities, including our digital and ERP initiative, which is discussed in more detail under the “Digital StrategyInitiative” section below.

A major focus of our long-term strategy is to evolve our sales portfolio to higher margin, value-added branded retail products that we expect will drive top line growth and improve overall profitability. We expect an optimized portfolio will drive share gains by targeting growth segments with new, innovative products. We have established clear roles for the brands and product lines within our portfolio to enable more targeted decision-making on brand investment. Over the past several years, we have completed brand rationalization initiatives resulting in a more streamlined brand and product assortment, reduced brand portfolio complexity, and

increased efficiency. In Fiscal 2020, our sales mix shifted to more profitable branded retail products due toincreases in at-home dining resulting from COVID-19, which led to increased sales and operating income, further illustrating the potential of an optimized portfolio.

As we implement our targeted sales portfolio strategy, the flexibility of our production and distribution systems allows us to pivot capacity to meet this changing demand. As an example, in Fiscal 2020, we repurposed bakery assets at our Lynchburg, Virginia facility, converting it to an all-organic bakery to meet rising demand for our DKB products and to better serve east coast markets with fresher product and reduce distribution costs. Additionally, we believe our flexible bakery system has been crucial in navigating demand changes caused by the pandemic as we have been able to quickly shift production to high demand products and adjust distribution where needed. We are continuing to optimize our distribution system by reducing network complexity through depot consolidation and reducing transport miles.

M&A has always been, and we expect will continue to be, an important part of our long-term growth strategy. We employ a disciplined approach to M&A, seeking out candidates primarily in the grain-based foods arena that will enhance our branded portfolio, extend our geographic presence, are a strong cultural fit, and add enhanced capabilities to our company. We believe our strong balance sheet and cash flow generation will enable us to execute our M&A strategy.

Digital Strategy Initiative

We have launched a digital strategy initiative to transform our information systems and processes. This includes upgrading our information system to a more robust platform and is expected to improve data management and efficiencies while automating many of our processes. The primary goals of this new strategic initiative are: (1) enable more agility in our business model, empowering the organization by fundamentally redesigning core business processes and our ways of working; (2) embed digital capabilities where it matters and transform the way we engage with our consumers, our customers and our employees; and (3) modernize and simplify our application and configuration landscape to remove existing roadblocks and support new ways of working with the new ERP system becoming a key enabler of our business strategies. We completed the initial planning and road mapping phase of this multi-year project as of the end of Fiscal 2020 and transitioned into the design phase in early Fiscal 2021. We expect this initiative will require significant capital investment and expense over the next several years. See Item 1A., Risk Factors, “We may experience difficulties in designing and implementing our new ERP system.”

Segment

Since the beginning of Fiscal 2019, we have managed our business as one operating segment. As discussed above, due to the organizational structure changes implemented under Project Centennial, the company concluded it has one operating segment based on the nature of the products the company sells, its intertwined production and distribution model, the internal management structure and information that is regularly reviewed by the chief executive officer (“CEO”), who is the chief operating decision maker, for the purpose of assessing performance and allocating resources. Beginning with the first quarter of Fiscal 2019, the comparative periods have been presented on a consolidated basis due to the change to a single operating segment. See Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for more detailed financial information about our operating segment.

Brands & Products

We report our sales as branded retail, store branded retail, or non-retail and other. The non-retail and other category includes foodservice, restaurant, institutional, vending, thrift stores, and contract manufacturing. The chart below presents our Fiscal 2020 sales by sales category (source: internal sales data warehouse (“SDW”); amounts may not compute due to rounding).

Our brands are some of the best-known in the U.S. fresh packaged bread industry and hold leading market positions in the categories in which they compete. We believe having a well-diversified portfolio of brands allows us to be more competitive in the marketplace and appeal to a broader range of consumers. Our principal products are breads, buns, rolls, snack cakes, and tortillas. The table below presents the major brands within our diversified brand portfolio:

Strategic Positioning Key Brands

Mainstream Nature's Own, Wonder, Tastykake

Organic Dave's Killer Bread

Gluten Free Canyon Bakehouse

Brand Highlights

Our brands and products are sold through various channels throughout the U.S. The table below presents our sales by channel for Fiscal 2020 (source: internal SDW; amounts may not compute due to rounding).

* All Other includes thrift store, vending, and retail distributor sales.

Marketing

We support our key brands with an advertising and marketing effort that targets consumers through electronic and in-store coupons, social media (such as Facebook and Twitter), digital media (including e-newsletters to consumers), websites (our brand sites and third-party sites), event and sports marketing, on-package promotional offers and sweepstakes, and print advertising. When appropriate, we may join other sponsors with promotional tie-ins. We often focus our marketing efforts on specific products and holidays, such as hamburger and hot dog bun sales during Memorial Day, the Fourth of July, and Labor Day, and snack cakes for specific seasons. Additionally, we have and are continuing to make marketing investments to target e-commerce sales as consumers shift to more online shopping alternatives, such as grocery delivery sites, retailer websites and apps, among others.

Customers

Our top 10 customers in Fiscal 2020 accounted for 53.6% of sales. During Fiscal 2020, our largest customer, Walmart/Sam’s Club, represented 21.2% of the company’s sales. The loss of, or a material negative change in our relationship with, Walmart/Sam’s Club or any other major customer could have a material adverse effect on our business. Walmart/Sam’s Club was the only customer to account for 10.0% or more of our sales during Fiscal 2020, 2019, and 2018.

Fresh baked foods’ customers include mass merchandisers, supermarkets and other retailers, restaurants, quick-serve chains, food wholesalers, institutions, dollar stores, and vending companies. We also sell returned and surplus product through a system of thrift stores. The company currently operates 246 such stores and reported sales of $71.9 million during Fiscal 2020 from these outlets.

We also (1) supply national and regional restaurants, institutions and foodservice distributors, and retail in-store bakeries with breads and rolls; (2) sell packaged bakery products to wholesale distributors for ultimate sale to a wide variety of food outlets; and (3) sell packaged snack cakes primarily to customers who distribute them nationwide through multiple channels of distribution, including mass merchandisers, supermarkets, vending outlets and convenience stores. In certain circumstances, we enter into co-packing arrangements with retail customers or other food companies, some of which are competitors. While we service public health care, military commissaries, and prisons, among other governmental institutions, we do not have any material government contracts.

Distribution

We distribute our products through a direct-store-delivery (“DSD”) distribution system and a warehouse delivery system. The DSD distribution system involves aggregating order levels and delivering products from bakeries to independent distributors for sale

and direct delivery to customer stores. The independent distributors are responsible for ordering products, stocking shelves, maintaining special displays, and developing and maintaining good customer relations to ensure adequate inventory and removing unsold goods. The warehouse delivery system involves primarily delivering our products to customers’ warehouses.

The company has sold the majority of the distribution rights for territories to independent distributors under long-term financing arrangements. Independent distributors, highly motivated by financial incentives from their distribution rights ownership, strive to increase sales by offering outstanding service and merchandising. Independent distributors have the opportunity to benefit directly from the enhanced value of their distribution rights resulting from higher branded sales volume.

Our DSD distribution system is comprised of three types of territories: (1) independent distributor-owned and operated territories (independent distributors own the rights to distribute certain brands of our fresh packaged bakery foods in defined geographic markets); (2) distribution rights that are classified as available for sale in the Consolidated Balance Sheets; and (3) other company operated territories. The table below presents the approximate number of territories used by the company as of January 2, 2021:

Type of territory Number of territories

Independent distributor-owned and operated territories 5,498

Territories classified as available for sale 366

Other company operated territories 96

Total territories 5,960

Our warehouse distribution system delivers a portion of our packaged bakery snack products from a central distribution facility located near our Crossville, Tennessee snack cake bakery. We believe this centralized distribution system allows us to achieve both production and distribution efficiencies. Products coming from different bakeries are then cross-docked and shipped directly to customers’ warehouses nationwide. Our frozen bread and roll products are shipped to various outside freezer facilities for distribution to our customers.

Intellectual Property

We own a number of trademarks, trade names, patents, and licenses. The company also sells products under franchised and licensed trademarks and trade names which we do not own pursuant to contractual arrangements. We consider all of our trademarks and trade names important to our business since we use them to build strong brand awareness and consumer loyalty.

Raw Materials

Our primary baking ingredients are flour, sweeteners, shortening, yeast and water. We also purchase organic and gluten-free ingredients. We also use paper products, such as corrugated cardboard, films and plastics to package our bakery foods. We strive to maintain diversified sources for all of our baking ingredients and packaging products. In addition, we are dependent on natural gas or propane as fuel for firing our ovens.

Commodities, such as our baking ingredients, periodically experience price fluctuations. The cost of these inputs may fluctuate widely due to government policy and regulation, weather conditions, domestic and international demand, or other unforeseen circumstances. We enter into forward purchase agreements and other derivative financial instruments in an effort to manage the impact of such volatility in raw material prices, but some organic and specialty ingredients do not offer the same hedging opportunities to reduce the impact of price volatility. Any decrease in the supply available under these agreements and instruments could increase the effective price of these raw materials to us and significantly impact our earnings.

Regulations

As a producer and marketer of food items, our operations are subject to regulation by various federal governmental agencies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Department of Commerce, and the U.S. Department of Labor (the “DOL”). We also are subject to the regulations of various state agencies, with respect to production processes, product quality, packaging, labeling, storage, distribution, labor, and local regulations regarding the licensing of bakeries and the enforcement of state standards and facility inspections. Under various statutes and regulations, these federal and state agencies prescribe requirements and establish standards for quality, purity, and labeling. Failure to comply with one or more regulatory requirements could result in a variety of sanctions, including monetary fines or compulsory withdrawal of products from store shelves.

Advertising of our businesses is subject to regulation by the Federal Trade Commission, and we are subject to certain health and safety regulations, including those issued under the Occupational Safety and Health Act.

The cost of compliance with such laws and regulations has not had a material adverse effect on the company’s business. We believe we are currently in substantial compliance with all material federal, state and local laws and regulations affecting the company and its properties.

Our operations, like those of similar businesses, are subject to various federal, state and local laws and regulations with respect to environmental matters, including air and water quality and underground fuel storage tanks, as well as other regulations intended to protect public health and the environment. The company is not a party to any material proceedings arising under these laws and regulations. We believe compliance with existing environmental laws and regulations will not materially affect the Consolidated Financial Statements or the competitive position of the company. The company is currently in substantial compliance with all material environmental laws and regulations affecting the company and its properties.

Competitive Overview

The U.S. market for fresh and frozen bakery products is estimated at $37.6 billion at retail. This category is intensely competitive and has continued to experience consolidation. From a national standpoint, Flowers Foods is currently the second-largest company in the U.S. fresh baking industry based on market share as presented in the following chart (amounts may not compute due to rounding). (Source: IRI Flowers custom database, 52 weeks ending 12-27-20; Flowers private label sales from SDW):

The current competitive landscape for breads and rolls in the U.S. baking industry consists of Bimbo Bakeries USA (BBU), Flowers Foods, and Campbell Soup Company, under the Pepperidge Farm brand, along with a number of smaller independent regional bakers, local bakeries, and retailer-owned bakeries.

Some of these smaller regional bakers do not enjoy the competitive advantages of larger operations, including greater brand awareness and economies of scale in purchasing, distribution, production, IT, advertising and marketing. However, size alone is not sufficient to ensure success in our industry. The company faces significant competition from regional and independent bakeries in certain geographic areas.

Competition in the baking industry continues to be driven by a number of factors, including the ability to serve retail and foodservice customers, generational changes in family-owned businesses, and competitors’ promotional efforts on branded bread and store brands. Competition typically is based on the ability to target changing consumer preferences, product availability (including through e-commerce channels), product quality, brand loyalty, price, and effective promotions. Customer service, including frequent deliveries to keep store shelves well-stocked, is also a competitive factor.

The company also faces competition from store brands that are produced either by us or our competitors. Store brands (also known as “private label”) have been offered by food retailers for decades. With the growth of mass merchandisers like Walmart and the ongoing consolidation of regional supermarkets into larger operations, store brands have become a significant competitor to the company in those areas where the company does not have the contract to produce the store brand. The store brand share of retail fresh packaged bread in the U.S. accounts for approximately 20% of the dollar sales and approximately 30% of unit sales, though its share has steadily declined over the past six years.

Human Capital Resources

As of January 2, 2021, Flowers and its subsidiaries had approximately 9,200 employees located throughout the U.S. and approximately 4,200 long-term leased employees. Approximately 1,070 employees are covered by collective bargaining agreements and there are no material outstanding labor disputes.

Supporting our people is a foundational value for Flowers. We believe company success depends on our ability to attract, develop, and retain key personnel whose skills, experience and industry knowledge benefit our operations and performance. The company’s Board of Directors (the “Board”), Board committees, and management oversee various employee initiatives including compensation and benefits programs, succession planning, and leadership development and diversity and inclusion.

Flowers aims to attract a qualified workforce through an inclusive and accessible recruiting process that utilizes online recruiting platforms, campus outreach, apprenticeships, internships, and job fairs. Flowers also seeks to retain team members by offering competitive wages, benefits, and training opportunities, as well as promoting a safe and healthy workplace.

Flowers supports and develops our employees through company-wide training and development programs intended to build and strengthen employees’ leadership and professional skills, including various management development programs, and provides career planning tools. Additionally, we regularly conduct anonymous surveys to seek feedback from our team members on a variety of topics, including, but not limited to, confidence in company leadership, competitiveness of our compensation and benefits package, career growth opportunities and how we can make our company an employer of choice. The results are shared with our team members and reviewed by senior leadership, who seek to analyze areas of opportunity and prioritize actions and activities in response to the feedback to drive meaningful change in our overall employee experience.

Diversity, Equity and Inclusion

At Flowers, we believe diversity broadens our perspective as a company and enriches our employees and partners, as well as the communities in which we live. To further develop our diversity, equity and inclusion strategy, Flowers has partnered with a nationally recognized consulting firm to aid in the development of a comprehensive strategy to ensure we are continuing to foster a work environment that values all people.

Health and Safety

The safety of our team members is a top priority. We strive to provide a safe working environment, and have policies, procedures, and training programs to ensure employees and associates understand and meet safety guidelines. We are currently developing a safety management system that will guide our teams towards a comprehensive, performance-based safety culture that is intended to provide the desired quality of life our employees, associates and their families strive for as we journey toward safety excellence.

Second Chance Employer

While Flowers’ hiring practices have never required job candidates to share criminal background information, since acquiring DKB in 2015, the company has been encouraging its subsidiaries to work with local agencies to find qualified individuals within this candidate pool. Currently, seven of our bakeries are active Second Chance Employers, including our DKB bakery in Milwaukie, Oregon. The Dave’s Killer Bread Foundation was established in 2015 to inspire other businesses to become Second Chance Employers. The majority of the directors serving on the foundation’s board are executives of DKB and Flowers Foods.

Total Rewards

We have a demonstrated history of investing in our workforce by providing competitive wages and benefits. Our benefits package includes:

• parental leave to all new parents for birth, adoption or foster placement;

• short-term disability to provide wage protection for up to six months;

• a tuition reimbursement program; and

• a 401(k) plan with generous company match.

Additionally, we believe that because employees drive our success, they should share in that success. In addition to competitive wages and benefits, when annual company goals are met, eligible team members at all levels are rewarded with a bonus. Furthermore, in Fiscal 2020, in recognition and support of our frontline workers, we paid a total of $12.3 million in appreciation bonuses to eligible hourly and non-exempt employees, leased labor, and contract workers. These appreciation bonuses are in addition to the company’s annual bonus program.

Sustainability

Sustainability is core to our strategy and how we connect with consumers and grow our company. Our leading brands and delicious bakery foods are made with a commitment to operating efficiently, reducing waste, and sourcing ingredients responsibly.

As part of that strategy, we recognize our responsibility to uphold the company’s founding values, which for more than 100 years, have centered on working ethically, responsibly, and with integrity. We also look for ways to make a positive difference at work and in our communities. By collaborating with stakeholders, including team members, business partners, suppliers, and customers, we are working to become a more sustainable company.

We integrate environmental, social and governance objectives into our decision making to deliver long-term value. In doing so, we consider guidance by our stakeholders and third-party frameworks, including the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board (SASB).

Other Available Information

Throughout this Form 10-K, we incorporate by reference information from parts of other documents filed with the SEC. The SEC allows us to disclose important information by referring to it in this manner, and you should review this information in addition to the information contained in this report.

Our annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and proxy statement for the annual shareholders’ meeting, as well as any amendments to those reports, are available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after we file them with the SEC. You can learn more about us by reviewing our SEC filings on our website at www.flowersfoods.com in the “REPORTS & FILINGS” section of the “INVESTORS” tab.The SEC also maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy statements and other information about SEC registrants, including the company. Except as otherwise expressly set forth herein, the information contained on our website is neither included nor incorporated by reference herein.

The following corporate governance documents may be obtained free of charge through our website in the “CORPORATE GOVERNANCE” section of the “INVESTORS” tab or by sending a written request to Flowers Foods, Inc., 1919 Flowers Circle, Thomasville, GA 31757, Attention: Investor Relations.

• Finance Committee Charter

• Audit Committee Charter

• Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee Charter

• Compensation Committee Charter

• Flowers Foods, Inc. Employee Code of Conduct

• Disclosure Policy

• Stock Ownership Guidelines

• Corporate Governance Guidelines

Item 1A. Risk Factors

You should carefully consider the risks described below, together with all of the other information included in this report, in considering our business and prospects. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones facing us. These risk factors are not listed in any order of significance. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us, or that we currently deem insignificant, may also impair our business operations. The occurrence of any of the following risks could harm our business, financial condition, liquidity, or results of operations.

Operational Risks

The extent to which the outbreak of the novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) and measures taken in response thereto impact our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and are difficult to predict.

COVID-19 has spread throughout the world, including the U.S., and has resulted in governmental and other regulatory authorities throughout the U.S. implementing numerous measures to try to contain the virus, such as travel bans and restrictions, quarantines, shelter-in-place orders, and shutdowns. These measures have impacted and may further impact the consumer, our workforce and operations, as well as the workforce, operations and financial prospects of our customers, vendors and suppliers. There is considerable uncertainty regarding such measures and potential future measures, such as restrictions on our access to our manufacturing facilities or on our support operations or workforce, or similar limitations for our customers, vendors and suppliers. The spread of COVID-19 has caused us to modify our business practices (including temporary bakery closures and restricting production at certain bakeries, restricting employee travel, developing social distancing plans for our employees, and cancelling physical participation in meetings, events and conferences), and we may take further actions as may be required by governmental and other regulatory authorities or as we determine are in the best interests of our employees, customers, vendors and suppliers. We can provide no assurance that such measures will be sufficient to mitigate the risks posed by the virus or will otherwise be satisfactory to governmental authorities.

COVID-19 has had, and will continue to have, a widespread and broad-reaching effect on the economy and our business. Some of the impacts our business has experienced, is experiencing or may experience as a result of COVID-19 include, but are not limited to, the following:

The extent to which the spread of COVID-19 impacts our business, results of operations and financial condition will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and are difficult to predict, including, but not limited to, the duration and spread of the outbreak, its severity, the actions to contain the virus or treat its impact, and how quickly and to what extent normal economic and operating conditions can resume. Even after the COVID-19 outbreak has subsided, we may continue to experience materially adverse impacts to our business as a result of the virus’s global economic impact, including the availability of credit, adverse impacts on our liquidity and any recession that has occurred or may occur in the future. Any of these events could exacerbate the other risks and uncertainties described herein, or in other reports filed with the SEC from time to time, and could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Economic conditions may negatively impact demand for our products, which could adversely impact our sales and operating profit.

The willingness of our customers and consumers to purchase our products may depend in part on economic conditions. Worsening economic conditions or future challenges to economic growth could have a negative impact on consumer demand, which could adversely affect our business. Deterioration of national and global economic conditions could cause consumers to shift purchases to more generic, lower-priced, or other value offerings, or consumers may forego certain purchases altogether during economic downturns and could result in decreased demand in the foodservice business. This economic uncertainty may increase pressure to reduce the prices of some of our products, limit our ability to increase or maintain prices, and reduce sales of higher margin products or shift our product mix to low-margin products.

In addition, changes in tax or interest rates, whether due to recession, financial and credit market disruptions or other reasons, could negatively impact us. In this regard, the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority announced on July 27, 2017 that it intends to stop persuading or compelling banks to submit rates for the calibration of the London Interbank Offered Rate (“LIBOR”) by the end of 2021. On November 30, 2020, ICE Benchmark Administration, the administrator of LIBOR, announced plans to cease publication of USD LIBOR on December 31, 2021 for only the one week and two-month tenors, and on June 30, 2023 for all other tenors. Certain of our variable rate debt and credit facility (as defined below) and hedging relationships use LIBOR as a benchmark for establishing interest rates. While we expect to have replaced or renegotiated these agreements by the end of 2021, we plan to incur additional indebtedness and/or negotiate new terms that will rely on alternative rates. The future of LIBOR is uncertain. Any legal or regulatory changes made in response to LIBOR’s future discontinuance may result in, among other things, a sudden or prolonged increase or decrease in LIBOR, a delay in or cessation of the publication of LIBOR, or changes in the rules or methodologies underpinning LIBOR. In addition, no consensus exists as to what rate or rates may become acceptable alternatives to LIBOR and any such rates may be impossible or impracticable to determine. The Alternative Reference Rates Committee, a group of market participants convened by the Federal Reserve Board and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, has identified the Secured Overnight Financing Rate (“SOFR”) as the recommend alternative to LIBOR. The selection of SOFR as the alternative reference rate, however, currently presents certain market concerns and its acceptance as a LIBOR alternative is uncertain. We are evaluating the potential impact of the transition from LIBOR. While we do not expect that the transition from LIBOR and risks related thereto will have a material adverse effect on our financing costs, the size and scope of its impact on our financing costs is still uncertain at this time. If any of these events occurs, or if economic conditions become unfavorable, our financing costs, sales and profitability could be adversely affected.

A disruption in the operation of our DSD distribution system could negatively affect our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

A material negative change in our relationship with the independent distributors, litigation or one or more adverse rulings by courts or regulatory or governmental bodies in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate regarding our independent distributorship model, including actions or decisions that could affect the independent contractor classifications of the independent distributors, or an adverse judgment against the company for actions taken by the independent distributors, could materially and negatively affect our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The costs of maintaining and enhancing the value and awareness of our brands are increasing, which could have an adverse impact on our revenues and profitability.

We rely on the success of our well-recognized brand names and we intend to maintain our strong brand recognition by continuing to devote resources to advertising, marketing and other brand building efforts. Brand value could diminish significantly due to several factors, including consumer perception that we have acted in an irresponsible manner, adverse publicity about our products (whether or not valid), our failure to maintain the quality of our products, the failure of our products to deliver consistently positive consumer experiences, or the products becoming unavailable to consumers. In addition, failure to comply with local or other laws and regulations could also hurt our reputation. Our marketing investments may not prove successful in maintaining or increasing our market share. If we are not able to successfully maintain our brand recognition or were to suffer damage to our reputation or loss of consumer confidence in our products for any of these reasons, our revenues and profitability could be adversely affected.

We rely on several large customers for a significant portion of sales and the loss of one of our large customers could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We have several large customers that account for a significant portion of sales, and the loss of one of our large customers could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our top ten customers accounted for 53.6% of sales during Fiscal 2020. Our largest customer, Walmart/Sam’s Club, accounted for 21.2% of sales during this period. These customers do not typically enter long-term sales contracts, and instead make purchase decisions based on a combination of price, product quality, consumer demand, and customer service performance. At any time, they may use more of their shelf space, including space currently used for our products, for store branded products or for products from other suppliers. Additionally, our customers may face financial or other difficulties that may impact their operations and their purchases from us. Disputes with significant suppliers could also adversely affect our ability to supply products to our customers. If our sales to one or more of these customers are reduced, this reduction may adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our inability to execute our business strategy could adversely affect our business.

We employ various operating strategies to maintain our position as one of the nation’s leading producers and marketers of bakery products available to customers through multiple channels of distribution. In particular, we initiated under Project Centennial, among other things, (i) the integration of acquisitions or the acquisition or disposition of assets at presently targeted values, (ii) the deployment of new systems and technology, and (iii) an enhanced organizational structure. Our focus on our long-term goals dedicated to the consumer and committed to growing our most profitable brands is dependent on our success in achieving our strategic priorities: (i) develop team; (ii) brands focus; (iii) prioritize margins; and (iv) smart M&A activity. These and related demands on our resources may divert the organization’s attention from other business issues. Our success is partly dependent upon properly executing, and realizing cost savings or other benefits from, these often-complex initiatives. Any failure to implement our initiatives could adversely affect our ability to grow margins. If we are unsuccessful in implementing or executing one or more of our business strategies, our business could be adversely affected.

We may be adversely impacted by the failure to successfully execute acquisitions and divestitures and integrate acquired operations.

From time to time, the company undertakes acquisitions or divestitures. The success of any acquisition or divestiture depends on the company’s ability to identify opportunities that help us meet our strategic objectives, consummate a transaction on favorable contractual terms, and achieve expected returns and other financial benefits.

Acquisitions, including future acquisitions, require us to efficiently integrate the acquired business or businesses, which involves a significant degree of difficulty, including the following:

Divestitures have operational risks that may include impairment charges. Divestitures also present unique financial and operational risks, including diverting management attention from the existing core business, separating personnel and financial data and other systems, and adversely affecting existing business relationships with suppliers and customers.

In situations where acquisitions or divestitures are not successfully implemented or completed, or the expected benefits of such acquisitions or divestitures are not otherwise realized, the company’s business or financial results could be negatively impacted.

Disruption in our supply chain or distribution capabilities from political instability, armed hostilities, incidents of terrorism, natural disasters, weather, inferior product or ingredient supply, or labor strikes could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our ability to make, move and sell products is critical to our success. Damage or disruption to our manufacturing or distribution capabilities, or the manufacturing or distribution capabilities of our suppliers, due to weather, natural disaster, fire or explosion, terrorism, pandemics, inferior product or ingredient supply, labor strikes or work stoppages, or adverse outcomes in litigation involving our independent distributor model, could impair our ability to make, move or sell our products. Moreover, terrorist activity, armed conflict, political instability or natural disasters that may occur within or outside the U.S. may disrupt manufacturing, labor, and other business operations. Failure to take adequate steps to mitigate the likelihood or potential impact of such events and disruption to our manufacturing or distribution capabilities, or to effectively manage such events if they occur, could adversely affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

The third-party vendor management processes may not be appropriately designed to reduce risks related to the delivery of goods, supplies and services.

As part of a concerted effort to achieve cost savings and efficiencies, we have entered into agreements with third-party vendors for the delivery of goods, supplies and services, including IT services. If we do not select quality vendors, appropriately review vendor contracts and monitor these vendors’ performance (including their ability to protect our customer, consumer or other confidential data), or if any of these third-parties do not perform according to the terms of the agreements, we may not be able to achieve the expected cost savings, we may have to incur additional costs to correct errors made by such third-party vendors or our reputation could be harmed by any failure to perform.

Increases in employee and employee-related costs could have adverse effects on our profitability.

Health care and workers’ compensation costs are increasing and will likely continue to do so. Any substantial increase in these costs may have an adverse impact on our profitability. The company records the liabilities related to its benefit plans based on actuarial valuations, which include key assumptions determined by management. Material changes in benefit plan liabilities may occur in the future due to changes in these assumptions. Future annual amounts could be impacted by various factors, such as changes in the number of plan participants, changes in the discount rate, changes in the expected long-term rate of return, changes in the level of contributions to the plan, and other factors. In addition, legislation or regulations involving labor and employment and employee benefit plans (including employee health care benefits and costs) may impact our operational results.

Technology Risks

We may be adversely impacted if our IT systems fail to perform adequately, including with respect to cybersecurity issues.

The efficient operation of our business depends on our IT systems. We rely on our IT systems to effectively manage our business data, communications, supply chain, order entry and fulfillment, and other business processes. The failure of our IT systems (including those provided to us by third-parties) to perform as we anticipate could disrupt our business and could result in billing, collecting and ordering errors, processing inefficiencies, and the loss of sales and customers, causing our business and results of operations to suffer.

In addition, our IT systems (including those provided to us by third parties) may be vulnerable to damage or interruption from circumstances beyond our control, including fire, natural disasters, systems failures, security breaches or intrusions (including theft of customer, consumer or other confidential data), and viruses. If we are unable to prevent physical and electronic break-ins, cyber-attacks and other information security breaches, we may suffer financial and reputational damage, be subject to litigation or incur remediation costs or penalties because of the unauthorized disclosure of confidential information belonging to us or to our partners, customers, suppliers or employees.

We may experience difficulties in designing and implementing our new ERP system.

We are in the midst of implementing a new ERP system, which will replace our existing financial and operating systems. The ERP system will be designed to accurately maintain our financial records, enhance our operational functionality and provide timely information to our management team related to the operations of the business. The design and implementation of this new ERP system requires an investment of significant personnel and financial resources, including substantial expenditures for outside consultants, system hardware and software in addition to other expenses in connection with the transformation of our organizational structure and financial and operating processes. We may not be able to implement the ERP system successfully without experiencing delays, increased costs and other difficulties, including potential design defects, miscalculations, testing requirements, and the diversion of management’s attention from day-to-day business operations. If we are unable to implement the new ERP system as planned, the

effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting could be adversely affected, our ability to assess those controls adequately could be delayed, and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows could be negatively impacted.

Industry Risks

Increases in costs and/or shortages of raw materials, fuels and utilities could adversely impact our profitability.

Raw materials, such as flour, sweeteners, shortening, yeast, and water, which are used in our bakery products, are subject to price fluctuations. The cost of these inputs may fluctuate widely due to foreign and domestic government policies and regulations, weather conditions, domestic and international demand, or other unforeseen circumstances. Any substantial change in the prices or availability of raw materials may have an adverse impact on our profitability. We enter into forward purchase agreements and other derivative financial instruments from time to time to manage the impact of such volatility in raw materials prices; however, these strategies may not be adequate to overcome increases in market prices or availability. Our failure to enter into hedging or fixed price arrangements or any decrease in the availability or increase in the cost of these agreements and instruments could increase the price of these raw materials and significantly affect our earnings.

In addition, we are dependent upon natural gas or propane for firing ovens. The independent distributors and third-party transportation companies are dependent upon gasoline and diesel for their vehicles. The cost of fuel may fluctuate widely due to economic and political conditions, government policy and regulation, war, or other unforeseen circumstances. Substantial future increases in prices for, or shortages of, these fuels could have a material adverse effect on our profitability, financial condition or results of operations. There can be no assurance that we can cover these potential cost increases through future pricing actions. Also, as a result of these pricing actions, consumers could purchase less or move from purchasing higher-margin products to lower-margin products.

Competition could adversely impact revenues and profitability.

The U.S. bakery industry is highly competitive. Our principal competitors in these categories all have substantial financial, marketing, and other resources. In most product categories, we compete not only with other widely advertised branded products, but also with store branded products that are generally sold at lower prices. Competition is based on product availability, product quality, price, effective promotions, and the ability to target changing consumer preferences. Substantial growth in e-commerce has encouraged the entry of new competitors and business models, intensifying competition by simplifying distribution and lowering barriers to entry. The expanding presence of e-commerce retailers has impacted, and may continue to impact, consumer preferences and market dynamics, which in turn may negatively affect our sales or profits. We experience price pressure from time to time due to competitors’ promotional activity and other pricing efforts. This pricing pressure is particularly strong during adverse economic periods. Increased competition could result in reduced sales, margins, profits and market share.

Product removals, damaged product or safety concerns could adversely impact our results of operations.

We may be required to recall certain of our products should they be mislabeled, contaminated, spoiled, tampered with or damaged. We may become involved in lawsuits and legal proceedings alleging that the consumption of any of our products causes or caused injury, illness or death. Any such product removal, damaged product or an adverse result in any litigation related to such a product removal or damaged product could have a material adverse effect on our operating and financial results in future periods, depending on the costs of the product removal from the market, the destruction of product inventory, diversion of management time and attention, contractual and other claims made by customers that we supply, loss of key customers, competitive reaction and consumer attitudes. Even if a product liability, consumer fraud or other claim is unsuccessful or without merit, the negative publicity surrounding such assertions regarding our products could adversely affect our reputation and brand image. We also could be adversely affected if our customers or consumers in our principal markets lose confidence in the safety and quality of our products.

During Fiscal 2018, 2019, and 2020, we have been required, and may be required in future periods, to remove certain of our products from the market should they be mislabeled, contaminated, spoiled, tampered with or damaged, including as a result of inferior ingredients provided by any of our suppliers.

Consolidation in the retail and foodservice industries could adversely affect our sales and profitability.

We expect consolidations among our retail and foodservice customers to continue. If this trend continues and our retail and foodservice customers continue to grow larger due to consolidation in their respective industries, they may demand lower pricing and increased promotional programs. In addition, these pressures may restrict our ability to increase prices, including in response to commodity and other cost increases. Our margins and profits could decrease if a reduction in prices or increased costs are not counterbalanced with increased sales volume.

Inability to anticipate or respond to changes in consumer preferences may result in decreased demand for our products, which could have an adverse impact on our future growth and operating results.

Our success depends in part on our ability to respond to current market trends and to anticipate the tastes and dietary habits of consumers, including concerns of consumers regarding health and wellness, obesity, product attributes, ingredients, and packaging. Similarly, demand for our products could be negatively affected by consumer concerns or perceptions regarding the health effects of specific ingredients such as, but not limited to, sodium, trans fats, sugar, processed wheat, or other product ingredients or attributes. Introduction of new products and product extensions requires significant development and marketing investment. If we fail to anticipate, identify, or react to changes in consumer preferences, or if we fail to introduce new and improved products on a timely basis, we could experience reduced demand for our products, which could cause our sales, profitability, and our operating results to suffer.

Our large customers may impose requirements on us that may adversely affect our results of operations.

From time to time, our large customers may re-evaluate or refine their business practices and impose new or revised requirements on us, the distributors, and the customers’ other suppliers. The growth of large mass merchandisers, supercenters and dollar stores, together with changes in consumer shopping patterns, have produced large, sophisticated customers with increased buying power and negotiating strength. Current trends among retailers and foodservice customers include fostering high levels of competition among suppliers, demanding new products or increased promotional programs, requiring suppliers to maintain or reduce product prices, reducing shelf space for our products, and requiring product delivery with shorter lead times. These business changes may involve inventory practices, logistics, or other aspects of the customer-supplier relationship. Compliance with requirements imposed by large customers may be costly and may have an adverse effect on our margins and profitability. However, if we fail to meet a large customer’s demands, we could lose that customer’s business, which also could adversely affect our sales and results of operations.

Legal and Regulatory Risks

Government regulation could adversely impact our results of operations and financial condition.

As a producer and marketer of food items, our production processes, product quality, packaging, labeling, storage, and distribution, and the safety of food products and the health and safety of our employees, are subject to regulation by various federal, state and local government entities and agencies. In addition, the marketing and labeling of food products has come under increased scrutiny in recent years, and the food industry has been subject to an increasing number of legal proceedings and claims relating to alleged false or deceptive marketing and labeling under federal, state or local laws or regulations. Uncertainty regarding labeling standards has led to customer confusions and legal challenges.

In addition, our operations are subject to extensive and increasingly stringent regulations administered by the Environmental Protection Agency related to the discharge of materials into the environment and the handling and disposition of wastes. Failure to comply with these regulations can have serious consequences, including civil and administrative penalties and negative publicity. Changes in applicable laws or regulations or evolving interpretations thereof, including increased government regulations to limit carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions as a result of concern over climate change, may result in increased compliance costs, capital expenditures, and other financial obligations for us, which could affect our profitability or impede the production or distribution of our products, and affect our sales.

Compliance with federal, state and local laws and regulations is costly and time consuming. Failure to comply with, or violations of, applicable laws and the regulatory requirements of one or more of these entities and agencies could subject us to civil remedies, including fines, injunctions, recalls or seizures, as well as potential criminal sanctions, any of which could result in increased operating costs and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. Legal proceedings or claims related to our marketing could damage our reputation and/or adversely affect our business or financial results.

Climate change, or legal, regulatory, or market measures to address climate change, may negatively affect our business and operations.

There is growing concern that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere may have an adverse impact on global temperatures, weather patterns, and the frequency and severity of extreme weather and natural disasters. In the event that such climate change has a negative effect on agricultural productivity, we may be subject to decreased availability or less favorable pricing for certain commodities that are necessary for our products, such as corn and wheat. Adverse weather conditions and natural disasters can reduce crop size and crop quality, which in turn could reduce our supplies of raw materials, lower recoveries of usable raw materials, increase the prices of our raw materials, increase our cost of transporting and storing raw materials, or disrupt our production schedules.

We may also be subjected to decreased availability or less favorable pricing for water as a result of such change, which could impact our production and distribution operations. In addition, natural disasters and extreme weather conditions may disrupt the productivity of our facilities or the operation of our supply chain. The increasing concern over climate change also may result in more regional, federal, and/or global legal and regulatory requirements to reduce or mitigate the effects of greenhouse gases. In the event that such regulation is enacted and is more aggressive than the sustainability measures that we are currently undertaking to monitor our emissions and improve our energy efficiency, we may experience significant increases in our costs of operation and delivery. In particular, increasing regulation of fuel emissions could substantially increase the distribution and supply chain costs associated with our products. As a result, climate change could negatively affect our business and operations.

We are subject to increasing legal complexity and could be party to litigation that may adversely affect our business.

Increasing legal complexity may continue to affect our operations and results in material ways. We are or could be subject to legal proceedings that may adversely affect our business, including class actions, administrative proceedings, government investigations, securities laws, employment and personal injury claims, disputes with current or former suppliers, claims by current or former distributors, and intellectual property claims (including claims that we infringed another party’s trademarks, copyrights, or patents). Inconsistent standards imposed by governmental authorities can adversely affect our business and increase our exposure to litigation. Litigation involving our independent distributor model and the independent contractor classification of the independent distributors, as well as litigation related to disclosure made by us in connection therewith, if determined adversely, could increase costs, negatively impact our business prospects and the business prospects of our distributors and subject us to incremental liability for their actions. We are also subject to the legal and compliance risks associated with privacy, data collection, protection and management, in particular as it relates to information we collect when we provide products to customers.

Executive Offices

The address and telephone number of our principal executive offices are 1919 Flowers Circle, Thomasville, Georgia 31757, (229) 226-9110.

Information about our Executive Officers

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the persons who currently serve as the executive officers of Flowers Foods.

EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

Name, Age and Office Business Experience

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

None

Item 2. Properties

The company currently operates 46 bakeries, of which 44 are owned and two are leased. We believe our properties are in good condition, well maintained, and sufficient for our present operations. Our production plant locations are:

State City State City

Alabama Birmingham Kentucky London

Alabama Montgomery Louisiana Baton Rouge

Alabama Tuscaloosa Louisiana Lafayette

Arizona Mesa Louisiana New Orleans

Arizona Phoenix Maine Lewiston (2 locations)

Arizona Tolleson Nevada Henderson

Arkansas Batesville North Carolina Goldsboro

Arkansas Texarkana North Carolina Jamestown

California Modesto (Leased) North Carolina Newton

Colorado Johnstown Oregon Milwaukie

Florida Bradenton Pennsylvania Oxford

Florida Jacksonville Pennsylvania Philadelphia (Leased)

Florida Lakeland Tennessee Cleveland

Florida Miami Tennessee Crossville

Georgia Atlanta Tennessee Knoxville

Georgia Savannah Texas Denton

Georgia Suwanee Texas El Paso

Georgia Thomasville Texas Houston (2 locations)

Georgia Tucker Texas San Antonio

Georgia Villa Rica Texas Tyler

Kansas Lenexa Virginia Lynchburg

Kentucky Bardstown Virginia Norfolk

In Thomasville, Georgia, the company leases properties that house shared services functions and our IT group and owns several properties for our corporate offices. The company also houses an additional shared services center at its Phoenix, Arizona bakery.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

For a description of all material pending legal proceedings, See Note 23, Commitments and Contingencies, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Not Applicable

PART II

Market Information

Shares of the company’s common stock are quoted on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”) under the symbol “FLO.”

Holders

As of February 18, 2021, there were approximately 3,385 holders of record of the company’s common stock.

Dividends

The payment of dividends is subject to the discretion of the company’s Board. The Board bases its decisions regarding dividends on, among other things, general business conditions, our financial results, contractual, legal and regulatory restrictions regarding dividend payments and any other factors the Board may consider relevant.

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

The following chart sets forth the amounts of securities authorized for issuance under the company’s compensation plans as of January 2, 2021.

Plan Category (a) (b) (c)

Equity compensation plans approved by security holders — $ — 4,231,031

Equity compensation plans not approved by security holders — — —

Under the company’s 2014 Omnibus Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (the “Omnibus Plan”), the Board is authorized to grant a variety of stock-based awards, including stock options, restricted stock and deferred stock, to its directors and certain of its employees. The number of securities set forth in column (c) above reflects securities available for issuance as stock options, restricted stock and deferred stock under the company’s compensation plans. The number of shares originally available under the Omnibus Plan is 8,000,000 shares. The Omnibus Plan replaced the Flowers Foods’ 2001 Equity and Performance Incentive Plan, as amended and restated as of April 1, 2009 (“EPIP”), the Stock Appreciation Rights Plan, and the Annual Executive Bonus Plan. As a result, no additional shares will be issued under the EPIP. See Note 19, Stock-Based Compensation, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for additional information on equity compensation plans.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer

The company did not purchase any shares of its common stock during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2020.

Stock Performance Graph

The chart below is a comparison of the cumulative total return (assuming the reinvestment of all dividends paid) of our common stock, Standard & Poor’s 500 Index, Standard & Poor’s 500 Packaged Foods and Meats Index, and Standard & Poor’s MidCap 400 Index for the period January 2, 2016 through January 2, 2021 the last day of our 2020 fiscal year.

Companies in the S&P 500 Index, the S&P 500 Packaged Foods and Meats Index, and the S&P MidCap 400 Index are weighted by market capitalization and indexed to $100 at January 2, 2016. Flowers Foods’ share price is also indexed to $100 at January 2, 2016.

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

The selected consolidated historical financial data presented below as of and for the fiscal years 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, and 2016 have been derived from the audited Consolidated Financial Statements of the company. The results of operations presented below are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for any future period and should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, and our Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K (amounts in thousands, except per share data).

For Fiscal Year

Statement of Income Data:

Balance Sheet Data:

Notes to the Selected Financial Data table for additional context

Loss on inferior ingredients $ — $ — $ — $ 107 $ 107 Note 4

(Recovery) loss on inferior ingredients $ (413 ) $ — $ — $ 376 $ (37 ) Note 4

The company adopted Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) No. 2016-02 Leases (ASC Topic 842, the “new standard”) that requires companies to recognize lease liabilities and a right-of-use asset for virtually all leases on the balance sheet. The company adopted this standard at the beginning of our Fiscal 2019 using the modified retrospective transition method. The impact at adoption was an increase to assets of $387.3 million and an increase to liabilities of $391.9 million.

Loss on inferior ingredients $ 3,212 Note 4

Restructuring and related impairment charges $ 9,767 Note 5

Multi-employer pension plan withdrawal costs $ 2,322 Note 21

Pension plan settlement loss $ 7,781 Note 21

Impairment of assets $ 5,999 Note 2

The company purchased Canyon Bakehouse, LLC (“Canyon”) on December 14, 2018. See Note 10, Acquisition, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K, for more detailed disclosures for the acquisition. Its results of operations for the period from December 14, 2018 through December 29, 2018 were excluded due to immateriality and were reported in the first quarter of Fiscal 2019.

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with Item 1., Business, and the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in this Form 10-K. The following information contains forward-looking statements which involve certain risks and uncertainties. See Forward-Looking Statements at the beginning of this Form 10-K.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is segregated into four sections, including:

MATTERS AFFECTING COMPARABILITY

Detailed below are expense (recovery) items affecting comparability that will provide additional context while reading this discussion:

53 weeks 52 weeks Disclosure

(Amounts in thousands)

Project Centennial consulting costs $ 15,548 $ 784 Note 5

ERP Road Mapping consulting costs 4,363 —

Restructuring and related impairment charges 35,483 23,524 Note 5

Loss (recovery) on inferior ingredients 107 (37 ) Note 4

Non-restructuring lease termination gain (4,066 ) — Note 2

Pension plan settlement and curtailment loss 108,757 — Note 21

Acquisition-related costs — 22 Note 10

Other pension plan termination costs 133 —

Executive retirement agreement — 763

Project Centennial consulting costs. During the second quarter of Fiscal 2016, we launched Project Centennial, an enterprise-wide business and operational review. Key initiatives of the project are outlined in Item 1., Business, of this Form 10-K. As of the end of Fiscal 2016, we had completed the diagnostic phase and as of the end of Fiscal 2020, we have completed the implementation phase of Project Centennial. Consulting costs associated with the project in Fiscal 2020 and 2019 were $15.5 million and $0.8 million, respectively. Costs incurred in Fiscal 2020 primarily related to further refining our organizational structure, portfolio and supply chain optimization initiatives, and improving our cake operations. In Fiscal 2019, costs were primarily related to the portfolio and supply chain network optimization initiatives. These consulting costs are reflected in the selling, distribution and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Consulting costs for planning the upgrade of our ERP platform and the broader digital strategy initiative. As discussed further in Item 1., Business, of this Form 10-K, we began planning for the upgrade of our ERP platform and other system related enhancements (the “ERP Road Mapping”) during the third quarter of Fiscal 2020. Consulting costs incurred in Fiscal 2020 associated with these activities were $4.4 million and are reflected in the selling, distribution and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income. We completed the initial road mapping activities in the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2020 and transitioned to the design phase of the project. We currently expect significant consulting and infrastructure costs related to this multi-year project although we cannot estimate these costs at this time.

Restructuring and related impairment charges associated with Project Centennial. The following table details charges recorded in Fiscal2020 and2019 (amounts in thousands):

(Amounts in thousands)

Employee termination benefits and other cash charges $ 7,779 $ 3,295

Lease termination and lease impairment charges 13,474 —

Brand rationalization impairments 7,120 15,399

Fiscal 2020 Charges

The company continues to evaluate its organizational structure in an effort to increase its focus on brand growth and product innovation and to improve underperforming bakeries, as discussed further in Item 1., Business, of this Form 10-K. The organizational structure changes resulted in employee termination benefits charges in Fiscal 2020 related to a voluntary employee separation plan (the “VSIP”) of $2.6 million and an involuntary reduction-in-force plan of $5.3 million. The VSIP and reduction-in-force plans together eliminated approximately 250 positions across different departments and job levels and all remaining payments related to the plans were paid in early Fiscal 2021.

During Fiscal 2020, the company sold three closed bakeries that were included in assets held for sale and certain idle equipment at other bakeries, resulting in the recognition of $5.7 million of impairment charges. Additionally, the company recognized property, plant, and equipment impairment charges of $0.6 million for manufacturing line and distribution depot closures and an office building the company has decided to sell, and $0.7 million for spare parts related to equipment the company no longer intends to use.

In order to optimize our distribution network, we vacated certain distribution depots during the third quarter, some of which are owned and others that are leased. These actions resulted in the recognition of lease termination charges and lease impairment charges totaling $13.5 million and are anticipated to reduce lease costs and generate overall efficiency savings.

Additionally, in order to optimize sales and production of our organic products, the company decided to cease using the Alpine Valley brand, a finite-lived trademark, resulting in a $4.6 million impairment charge in the second quarter. The company decided to cease using one of its regional brands and recognized a $1.3 million impairment charge in the fourth quarter. Additionally, ingredient and packaging impairments of $1.2 million were recognized as a result of brand rationalization initiatives.

Fiscal 2019 Charges

In Fiscal 2019, we closed our Opelika, Alabama bakery and recorded asset impairment charges with respect to the property, plant, equipment, and spare parts totaling $3.9 million and severance costs of $1.5 million. Additionally, we recorded $1.8 million of asset impairment charges for a closed bakery included in assets held for sale and for other manufacturing line closures, and severance and relocation costs of $1.8 million related to transitioning to the new organizational structure. Also, during Fiscal 2019, we recorded a gain on sale of $0.8 million related to a facility that had been previously impaired in a prior year. In the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2019, we completed a brand rationalization study which resulted in $15.4 million of impairment charges for certain trademarks that we either no longer intend to use or plan to use on a more limited basis.

Loss (recovery) on inferior ingredients. In Fiscal 2020, we incurred costs of $1.3 million related to receiving inferior ingredients used in the production of certain of our gluten-free products and an adjustment to previously recorded inferior yeast costs, and received a $1.2 million reimbursement for the direct costs associated with receiving inferior yeast in a prior year. We also received a reimbursement of $3.9 million for indirect losses associated with receiving inferior yeast in a prior year and this amount is included in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

In Fiscal 2019, we incurred costs of $1.8 million related to receiving inferior ingredients and co-manufactured products, and received reimbursements totaling $1.8 million for a portion of previously incurred costs.

Non-restructuring lease termination gain. In Fiscal 2020, due to a change in the contractual terms with a transportation entity that transports a significant portion of our fresh bakery products to allow for substitution of assets, among other changes to the terms, a reassessment of the embedded lease accounting treatment was triggered. Based our analysis, we determined the contracts associated with the transportation entity no longer qualify for embedded lease treatment and, in unwinding these leases, the company recognized a noncash gain of $4.1 million in the selling, distribution and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Pension plan settlement loss. On September 28, 2018, the Board approved a resolution to terminate the Flowers Foods, Inc. Retirement Plan No. 1 (“Plan No. 1”), effective December 31, 2018. In the first quarter of Fiscal 2020, the company distributed a portion of the pension plan assets to participants as lump sum payments and transferred the remaining obligations and assets to an insurance company in the form of a nonparticipating group annuity contract. No cash contributions were required in Fiscal 2020 to support this transaction. In Fiscal 2020, the company recognized $108.8 million of non-cash pension termination charges, comprised of a settlement charge of $104.5 million and a curtailment loss of $4.3 million, and an additional $0.1 million of cash charges for other pension termination charges in our Consolidated Statements of Income.

Legal settlements. In Fiscal 2020 and 2019, we reached agreements to settle distributor-related litigation in the aggregate amount of $7.3 million and $29.3 million, respectively, including plaintiffs’ attorney fees and the company’s FICA obligations. We recorded a benefit of $1.3 million in Fiscal 2019 related to an adjustment of a prior year settlement based on the final amount paid. All amounts related to legal settlements are recorded in the selling, distribution and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income. At January 2, 2021, $11.9 million of settlements were accrued, of which $8.7 million was paid in January of Fiscal 2021.

Executive retirement agreement. On February 15, 2019, Allen Shiver, president and chief executive officer of the company and member of the Board, notified the company he would be retiring from these positions effective May 23, 2019. In connection with Mr. Shiver’s retirement, the company and Mr. Shiver entered into a retirement agreement and general release, as a part of the agreement, Mr. Shiver was paid $1.3 million upon his retirement, which was expensed in the first quarter of Fiscal 2019. Additionally, upon his retirement in the second quarter of Fiscal 2019, we recognized a benefit of $0.6 million related to the forfeiture of his unvested long-term incentive stock awards. These amounts are reflected in the selling, distribution, and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Additional Items Impacting Comparability

Reporting Periods. The company operates on a 52-53 week fiscal year ending the Saturday nearest December 31. Fiscal 2020 consisted of 53 weeks and Fiscal 2019 consisted of 52 weeks. Fiscal 2021 will consist of 52 weeks.

COVID-19. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel strain of coronavirus (COVID-19) a global pandemic and recommended containment and mitigation measures worldwide, which has led to adverse impacts on the U.S. and global economies. Due to the drastic change in consumer buying patterns as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we experienced a favorable shift in sales mix to our branded retail products resulting in significant growth in income from operations in Fiscal 2020 as compared Fiscal 2019. For additional details on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic to our business operations and results of operations, see the “Executive Overview – Impact of COVID-19 on Our Business,” “Results of Operations” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” sections below.

Conversion of our Lynchburg, Virginia bakery to organic production —During Fiscal 2020, we converted our Lynchburg, Virginia bakery to an all-organic production facility. The converted facility increases production capacity for our DKB products, allowing the company to better serve east coast markets with fresher product and reduce distribution costs. We incurred start-up costs related to the conversion of approximately $5.1 million in Fiscal 2020 and these costs are included in materials, supplies, labor and other production costs in our Consolidated Statements of Income. The bakery resumed production at the end of the third quarter of Fiscal 2020.

Canyon Bakehouse LLC acquisition. On December 14, 2018, we completed the acquisition of Canyon, a privately held, gluten-free baking company in Johnstown, Colorado, for $205.2 million total consideration. Canyon operates one production facility in Johnstown, Colorado. The Canyon Bakehouse brand is the #1 gluten-free bread loaf brand in the U.S. We funded the purchase price of the Canyon acquisition with cash on hand and borrowings under our accounts receivable securitization facility (the “AR facility”) and incurred acquisition-related expenses of $4.5 million. Canyon’s results of operations for the period from December 14, 2018 through December 29, 2018 were excluded from our consolidated results for Fiscal 2018 due to immateriality and were reported in our first quarter of Fiscal 2019. Prior to the acquisition, Canyon’s sales were distributed frozen through natural, specialty, grocery, and mass retailers around the country and this has and will continue. In addition to frozen distribution, we began distributing fresh Canyon branded products via our DSD distribution system during the first quarter of Fiscal 2019. In January of Fiscal 2020, we paid $5.0 million to the prior owner related to the contingent consideration recorded as part of the acquisition.

Product recall.On July 9, 2019, we issued a voluntary product recall for certain hamburger and hot dog buns and other bakery products due to the potential presence of small pieces of hard plastic that may have been introduced during production. The products recalled were distributed to retail customers under a variety of brand names in 18 states. We are not currently aware of any confirmed injuries or illnesses. We incurred costs related to lost production time, scrapped inventory, and product removal, among other costs, of approximately $0.5 million and $0.3 million during the second and third quarters of Fiscal 2019, respectively.

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

We are the second-largest producer and marketer of packaged bakery foods in the U.S. with Fiscal 2020 sales of $4.4 billion. We operate in the highly competitive fresh bakery market and our product offerings include fresh breads, buns, rolls, snack cakes and tortillas, as well as frozen breads and rolls.

We operate 46 plants in 18 states that produce a wide range of breads, buns, rolls, snack cakes, and tortillas. See Item 1., Business, of this Form 10-K for information regarding our customers and brands, business strategies, strengths and core competencies, and competition and risks.

Impact of COVID-19 on Our Business:

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted our business operations and results of operations during Fiscal 2020, as further described under “Results of Operations” and “Liquidity and Capital Resources” below. The resulting dramatic changes in consumer buying patterns has led to a significant rise in demand for our branded retail products due to increases in at-home dining, but sales through our non-retail category, which includes foodservice, restaurant, institutional, vending, thrift stores, and contract manufacturing, have declined substantially during the pandemic. In recognition and support of our frontline workers, we paid $12.3 million in appreciation bonuses to eligible hourly and non-exempt employees, leased labor, and contract workers in Fiscal 2020. These appreciation bonuses are in addition to the company’s annual bonus program, in which all Flowers employees participate. Although sales of our branded retail products have moderated as the pandemic has continued, we cannot currently estimate when or if they will return to levels prior to the pandemic.

On April 14, 2020, we temporarily ceased production at our Tucker, Georgia bakery and on July 9, 2020, we temporarily ceased production at our Savannah, Georgia bakery. Both closures were due to an increase in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases at these bakeries and the related increase in number of workers self-quarantining. Production resumed at the Tucker bakery on April 27, 2020 and at the Savannah Bakery on July 17, 2020. While our other bakeries have been able to assist with meeting production needs in these instances, the closure of several of our bakeries across the country at one time or in close succession could negatively impact our ability to meet our production requirements in the future.

While the ultimate health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is highly uncertain, we expect that our business operations and results of operations, including our net sales, earnings and cash flows, will continue to be impacted by decreases in foodservice and other non-retail outlets sales. Foodservice sales are likely to remain under pressure until the restaurant industry returns to more normal operations. We cannot predict the timing and speed of the foodservice industry recovery, and any delay in the recovery could significantly impact our future results. We continue to actively monitor the collectability of our trade accounts receivables, including our foodservice customers in particular. We may incur losses in the future if these customers are forced into financial distress or bankruptcy and cannot pay us or their other suppliers on a timely basis or at all.

We continue to actively monitor the global outbreak and spread of COVID-19 and are taking steps to mitigate the potential risks to us posed by its spread and related circumstances and impacts. We are focused on navigating the challenges presented by the COVID-19 global pandemic through the implementation of additional procedures at each of our locations to comply with U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommendations. These procedures and actions include, but are not limited to, monitoring the symptoms of all team members and essential visitors entering our facilities requiring face coverings, maintaining (where possible) six feet of distance, conducting enhanced cleaning and sanitizing of common areas and frequently touched surfaces, performing additional decontamination of work areas and equipment if there is a confirmed or presumptive case of COVID-19 at a facility, and other considerations. Certain non-production employees have also been working remotely to mitigate contact between personnel. Non-essential travel and non-essential visitor bans also were implemented to reduce potential exposure. We are considering the options available to us under the FFCRA Act, the CARES Act, and the CCA Act. As of the beginning of the second quarter of Fiscal 2020, we began taking advantage of deferrals of certain payroll tax payments in accordance with the CARES Act. In addition, we continue to evaluate the impact of certain tax credits that are available under these Acts. We have also availed ourselves of the deferral of federal income tax payments made available under an emergency declaration on March 13, 2020. The evolving COVID-19 pandemic could continue to impact our results of operations and liquidity; the operations of our suppliers, vendors, and customers; and our employees as a result of health concerns, quarantines, facility closures, and travel and logistics restrictions.

Summary of Operating Results, Cash Flows and Financial Condition:

Sales increased 6.4% in Fiscal 2020 compared to Fiscal 2019 primarily due to a positive shift in mix resulting from much higher demand for our branded retail products due to increased at-home dining as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic combined with improved promotional efficiency, fewer product returns, and the benefit of the additional week. Partially offsetting the increase were substantial declines in our non-retail sales which have been negatively impacted by lower foodservice sales due to restaurant closings or limited capacity restrictions experienced by these customers during the ongoing pandemic, and to a lesser extent declines in our store branded retail sales.

Net income was $152.3 million for Fiscal 2020, a decrease of 7.4% as compared to the prior year, primarily due to recognizing non-cash pension plan settlement and curtailment charges of $108.8 million in connection with the termination of Plan No. 1, partially offset by a much more favorable sales mix, mainly resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, decreased ingredient and packaging costs and legal settlement charges, the reimbursement of prior year losses resulting from receipt of inferior ingredients, and the impact of the additional week. Increased workforce-related incentive costs, including appreciation bonuses paid to frontline workers, restructuring and related impairment charges, and consulting costs, combined with start-up costs for the Lynchburg, Virginia bakery conversion, also contributed to the decrease in net income year over year.

In Fiscal 2020, we generated net cash flows from operations of $454.5 million and invested $97.9 million in capital expenditures. Additionally, we paid $167.3 million in dividends to our shareholders and increased our total indebtedness by $92.5 million. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2020, we borrowed an additional amount under our senior unsecured revolving credit facility (the “credit facility”) in order to ensure future liquidity in response to the uncertainty caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on global financial markets and economies. Although we do not have any presently anticipated need for this additional liquidity, our cash and cash equivalents as of January 2, 2021 was $307.5 million. In Fiscal 2020, we amended the AR facility to extend the maturity date to September 27, 2022.

In Fiscal 2019, we generated net cash flows from operations of $367.0 million and invested $103.7 million in capital expenditures. We decreased our total indebtedness by $114.3 million and paid $160.0 million in dividends to our shareholders in Fiscal 2019.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The company’s discussion and analysis of its results of operations and financial condition are based upon the Consolidated Financial Statements of the company, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”). The preparation of these financial statements requires the company to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of the revenues, expenses, and cash flows during the reporting period. On an ongoing basis, the company evaluates its estimates, including those related to customer programs and incentives, bad debts, raw materials, inventories, long-lived assets, leased assets, intangible assets, income taxes, restructuring, pensions and other post-retirement benefits, and contingencies and litigation. The company bases its estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

The selection and disclosure of the company’s critical accounting estimates have been discussed with the company’s audit committee. Note 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K includes a summary of the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. The following table lists, in no particular order of importance, areas of critical assumptions and estimates used in the preparation of the Consolidated Financial Statements. Additional detail can be found in the following notes:

Critical Accounting Estimate Note

Revenue recognition —

Derivative financial instruments 11

Long-lived assets —

Goodwill and other intangible assets 9

Self-insurance reserves 23

Income tax expense (benefit) and accruals 22

Postretirement plans 21

Stock-based compensation 19

Commitments and contingencies 23

Revenue Recognition. Revenue is recognized when obligations under the terms of a contract with our customers are satisfied. Revenue is measured as the amount of consideration we expect to receive in exchange for transferring goods or providing services. The company records both direct and estimated reductions to gross revenue for customer programs and incentive offerings at the time the incentive is offered or at the time of revenue recognition for the underlying transaction that results in progress by the customer towards earning the incentive. These allowances include price promotion discounts, coupons, customer rebates, cooperative advertising, and product returns. Consideration payable to a customer is recognized at the time control transfers and is a reduction to revenue. The recognition of costs for promotion programs involves the use of judgment related to performance and redemption estimates. Estimates are made based on historical experience and other factors.Price promotion discount expense is recorded as a reduction to gross sales when the discounted product is sold to the customer.

Derivative Financial Instruments. The company’s cost of primary raw materials is highly correlated to certain commodities markets. Raw materials, such as our baking ingredients, experience price fluctuations. If actual market conditions become significantly different than those anticipated, raw material prices could increase significantly, adversely affecting our results of operations. We enter into forward purchase agreements and other derivative financial instruments qualifying for hedge accounting to manage the impact of volatility in raw material prices. The company measures the fair value of its derivative portfolio using fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in the principal market for that asset or liability. When quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities are not available, the company bases fair value on internally developed models that use current market observable inputs, such as exchange-quoted futures prices and yield curves.

Valuation of Long-Lived Assets, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets. The company records an impairment charge to property, plant and equipment, goodwill and intangible assets in accordance with applicable accounting standards when, based on certain indicators of impairment, it believes such assets have experienced a decline in value that is other than temporary. Future adverse changes in market conditions or poor operating results of these underlying assets could result in losses or an inability to recover the carrying value of the asset that may not be reflected in the asset’s current carrying value, thereby possibly requiring impairment charges in the future. Impairment charges recorded in Fiscal 2020 and 2019 are discussed above in the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section.

Flowers has concluded it has one operating segment based on the nature of products that Flowers sells, an intertwined production and distribution model, the internal management structure and information that is regularly reviewed by the CEO, who is the chief operating decision maker, for the purpose of assessing performance and allocating resources. The company also determined we have one reporting unit. We completed our transition to the current structure and began managing our business as one operating segment as of the beginning of Fiscal 2019.

The company evaluates the recoverability of the carrying value of its goodwill on an annual basis or at a time when events occur that indicate the carrying value of the goodwill may be impaired. As discussed above, beginning in Fiscal 2019, we changed to a single reporting unit and reassessed the recoverability of goodwill at that time and determined there was no impairment. We have elected not to perform the qualitative approach, but instead perform a quantitative analysis by comparing the fair value of the reporting unit with which the goodwill is associated to the carrying amount of the reporting unit. If the fair value is less than the carrying value, the goodwill is written down to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the fair value.

Our annual evaluation of goodwill impairment requires management judgment and the use of estimates and assumptions to determine the fair value of our reporting unit. Fair value is estimated using standard valuation methodologies incorporating market participant considerations and management’s assumptions on revenue, revenue growth rates, operating margins, discount rates, and EBITDA (defined as earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization). Our estimates can significantly affect the outcome

of the test. We perform the fair value assessment using the income and market approach. Changes in our forecasted operating results and other assumptions could materially affect these estimates. This test is performed in the fourth quarter of each fiscal year unless circumstances require this analysis to be completed sooner. The income approach is tested using a sensitivity analysis to changes in the discount rate and yield a sufficient buffer to significant variances in our estimates. The estimated fair value of our reporting unit exceeded its carrying value in excess of$4.0billion inFiscal 2020. Based on management’s evaluation, no impairment charges relating to goodwill were recorded for Fiscal2020 and2019.

In connection with acquisitions, the company has acquired trademarks, customer lists, and non-compete agreements, a portion of which are amortizable. The company evaluates these assets whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the asset may not be recoverable. The undiscounted future cash flows of each intangible asset are compared to the carrying amount, and if less than the carrying value, the intangible asset is written down to the extent the carrying amount exceeds the fair value. The fair value is computed using the same approach described above for goodwill and includes the same risks and estimates. The fair value of the trademarks could be less than our carrying value if any of our four material assumptions in our fair value analysis: (a) weighted average cost of capital; (b) long-term sales growth rates; (c) forecasted operating margins; and (d) market multiples do not meet our expectations, thereby requiring us to record an asset impairment. We use the multi-period excess earnings and relief from royalty methods to value these intangibles. The method used for impairment testing purposes is consistent with the valuation method employed at acquisition of the intangible asset. Impairment charges recorded in Fiscal 2020 and 2019 related to amortizable intangible assets totaled $5.9 million and $15.4 million, respectively, and are discussed above in the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section.

As of January 2, 2021, the company also owns a trademark acquired through an acquisition with a carrying value of $127.1 million that is an indefinite-lived intangible asset not subject to amortization. The company evaluates the recoverability of intangible assets not subject to amortization by comparing the fair value to the carrying value on an annual basis or at a time when events occur that indicate the carrying value may be impaired. In addition, the assets are evaluated to determine whether events and circumstances continue to support an indefinite life. The fair value is compared to the carrying value of the intangible asset, and if less than the carrying value, the intangible asset is written down to fair value. There are certain inherent risks included in our expectations about the performance of acquired trademarks and brands. If we are unable to implement our growth strategies for these acquired intangible assets as expected, it could adversely impact the carrying value of the brands. The fair value of the trademarks could be less than our carrying value if any of our four material assumptions in our fair value analysis: (a) weighted average cost of capital; (b) long-term sales growth rates; (c) forecasted operating margins; and (d) market multiples do not meet our expectations, thereby requiring us to record an asset impairment. As of the end of Fiscal 2019, the company determined a trademark with a carrying value of $79.5 million was no longer deemed to have an indefinite life and began amortizing this trademark in Fiscal 2020 over its remaining useful life of 33 years.

Leases. The company’s leases consist of the following types of assets: two bakeries, corporate office space, warehouses, bakery equipment, transportation, and IT equipment. The company uses the applicable incremental borrowing rate at lease commencement to perform the lease classification tests on lease components and to measure the lease liabilities and right-of-use assets in situations when discount rates implicit in leases cannot be readily determined.

Self-Insurance Reserves. We are self-insured for various levels of general liability, auto liability, workers’ compensation, and employee medical and dental coverage. Insurance reserves are calculated on a combination of an undiscounted basis based on actual claims data and estimates of incurred but not reported claims developed utilizing historical claims trends. Projected settlements of incurred but not reported claims are estimated based on pending claims, historical trends, industry trends related to expected losses and actual reported losses, and key assumptions, including loss development factors and expected loss rates. Though the company does not expect them to do so, actual settlements and claims could differ materially from those estimated. Material differences in actual settlements and claims could have an adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Income Tax Expense and Accruals. The annual tax rate is based on our income, statutory tax rates, and tax planning opportunities available to us in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. Changes in statutory rates and tax laws in jurisdictions in which we operate may have a material effect on the annual tax rate. The effect of these changes, if any, would be recognized as a discrete item upon enactment.

Deferred income taxes arise from temporary differences between the tax and financial statement recognition of revenues and expenses. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured based on the enacted tax rates that will apply in the years in which the temporary differences are expected to be recovered or paid.

Our income tax expense, deferred tax assets and liabilities, and reserve for uncertain tax benefits reflect our best assessment of future taxes to be paid in the jurisdictions in which we operate. The company records a valuation allowance to reduce its deferred tax assets if we believe it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred assets will not be realized. While the company considers future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax strategies in assessing the need for a valuation allowance, if these estimates and assumptions change in the future, the company may be required to adjust its valuation allowance, which could result in a charge to, or an increase in, income in the period such determination is made.

Periodically, we face audits from federal and state tax authorities, which can result in challenges regarding the timing and amount of income or deductions. We provide reserves for potential exposures when we consider it more likely than not that a taxing authority may take a sustainable position on a matter contrary to our position. We evaluate these reserves on a quarterly basis to ensure that they have been appropriately adjusted for events, including audit settlements that may impact the ultimate payment of such potential exposures. While the ultimate outcome of audits cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not currently believe that current or future audits will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition or results of operations. The company is no longer subject to federal examination for years prior to Fiscal 2017.

Postretirement Plans. The company records pension costs and benefit obligations related to its defined benefit plans based on actuarial valuations. These valuations reflect key assumptions determined by management, including the discount rate, expected long-term rate of return on plan assets and mortality. Material changes in pension costs and in benefit obligations may occur in the future due to experience that is different than assumed and changes in these assumptions.

The company sponsors an ongoing defined benefit pension plan for union employees (“Plan No. 2”) and a frozen nonqualified plan covering former Tasty executives.

We use a spot rate approach (“granular method”) to estimate the service cost and interest cost components of benefit cost by applying the specific spot rates along the yield curve to the relevant projected cash flows, as we believe this provides the best estimate of service and interest costs.

The pension plan’s investment committee, which consists of certain members of management, establishes investment guidelines and regularly monitors the performance of the plan’s assets. The investment committee is responsible for executing these strategies and investing the pension assets in accordance with ERISA and fiduciary standards. The investment objective of the pension plan is to preserve the plan’s capital and maximize investment earnings within acceptable levels of risk and volatility. The investment committee meets on a regular basis with its investment advisors to review the performance of the plan’s assets. Based upon performance and other measures and recommendations from its investment advisors, the investment committee rebalances the plan’s assets to the targeted allocation when considered appropriate. The asset allocation for Plan No. 2 as of December 31, 2020 is equal to 0-80% equity securities, 20-100% fixed-income securities, and 0-10% short-term investments and cash. For the details of our pension plan assets, see Note 21, Postretirement Plans, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K.

In developing the expected long-term rate of return on plan assets at each measurement date, the company considers the plan assets’ historical actual returns, targeted asset allocations, and the anticipated future economic environment and long-term performance of the individual asset classes, based on the company’s investment strategy. While appropriate consideration is given to recent and historical investment performance, the assumption represents management’s best estimate of the long-term prospective return. Further, pension costs do not include an explicit expense assumption, and therefore the return on assets rate reflects the long-term expected return, net of expenses. Based on these factors, the long-term rate of return assumption for Plan No. 2 was set at 7.1% for Fiscal 2020 and 5.7% for Fiscal 2021.

The company utilizes the Society of Actuaries’ (“SOA”) published mortality tables and improvement scales in developing their best estimates of mortality. In October 2019, the SOA published its final report on their “standard” mortality table (“Pri-2012”) and released its annual update to the mortality improvement scale (“MP-2020”). For purposes of measuring pension benefit obligations of Plan No. 2, the company used a blue color adjustment to the Pri-2012 base table and a projection scale of MP-2020. No other collar adjustments are applied for any other plans. In addition, contingent annuitant mortality rates are applied for surviving spouses after the death of the original retiree.

The company determines the fair value of substantially all of its plans’ assets utilizing market quotes rather than developing “smoothed” values, “market related” values, or other modeling techniques. Plan asset gains or losses in a given year are included with other actuarial gains and losses due to remeasurement of the plans’ projected benefit obligations (“PBO”). If the total unrecognized gain or loss exceeds 10% of the larger of (i) the PBO or (ii) the market value of plan assets, the excess of the total unrecognized gain or loss is amortized over the expected average remaining service period of active covered employees (or average future lifetime of participants if the plan is inactive or frozen). Prior service cost or credit, which represents the effect on plan liabilities due to plan amendments, is amortized over the average remaining service period of active covered employees (or average future lifetime if the plan is inactive or frozen).

In Fiscal 2021, the company does not expect to make any cash contributions to Plan No. 2 and expects to pay $0.3 million in nonqualified pension benefits from corporate assets.

Stock-based compensation. Stock-based compensation expense for all share-based payment awards granted is determined based on the grant date fair value. The company recognizes these compensation costs net of an estimated forfeiture rate, and

recognizes compensation cost only for those shares expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the award, which is generally the vesting term of the share-based payment award.

We grant performance stock awards that separately have a market and performance condition. The expense computed for the total shareholder return shares (“TSR”) is fixed and recognized on a straight-line basis over the vesting period. The expense computed for the return on invested capital (“ROIC”) shares can change depending on the expected attainment of performance condition goals. The expense for the ROIC shares can be within a range of 0% to 125% of the target. There is a possibility that this expense component will change in subsequent quarters depending on how the company performs relative to the ROIC target. Additionally, there are time-based stock awards that vest over a period of three years. See Note 19, Stock-Based Compensation, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for additional information. In early Fiscal 2021, the company granted stock awards to certain employees and stock-based compensation expense is expected to increase approximately $7.0 million to $9.0 million as compared to Fiscal 2020.

Commitments and contingencies. The company and its subsidiaries from time to time are parties to, or targets of, lawsuits, claims, investigations and proceedings, including personal injury, commercial, contract, environmental, antitrust, product liability, health and safety and employment matters, including lawsuits related to the independent distributors, which are being handled and defended in the ordinary course of business. Loss contingencies are recorded at the time it is probable an asset is impaired or a liability has been incurred and the amount can be reasonably estimated. For litigation claims, the company considers the degree of probability of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to make a reasonable estimate of the loss. Losses are recorded in selling, distribution and administrative expenses line item of the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Results of Operations

Consolidated Results - Fiscal 2020 compared to Fiscal 2019

The company’s results of operations, expressed as a percentage of sales, are set forth below for Fiscal 2020 and Fiscal 2019:

Percentage of Sales Increase (Decrease)

(Amounts in thousands, except percentages)

Loss (recovery) on inferior ingredients 107 (37 ) 0.0 (0.0 ) 144 NM

Pension plan settlement and curtailment loss 108,757 — 2.5 — 108,757 NM

NM – the computation is not meaningful

Percentages may not add due to rounding.

Sales (dollars in thousands)

$ % $ % % Change

(Amounts in thousands) (Amounts in thousands)

(The table above presents certain sales by category that have been reclassified from amounts previously reported.)

The change in sales was attributable to the following:

Percentage point change in sales attributed to: Favorable (Unfavorable)

Pricing/mix 7.5

Volume (2.9 )

Total percentage change in sales 6.4

Sales significantly increased year over year primarily due to a substantial rise in demand for our branded retail products as at-home dining has increased as a result of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic which began in the U.S. in mid-March of 2020. This increase resulted in a positive shift in mix from the non-retail and other sales and store branded retail sales categories to the branded retail sales category. Fiscal 2020 sales were also positively impacted by a reduction in product returns, improved promotional efficiency, and the benefit of the additional week. Considerable volume declines for non-retail and other sales partially offset the overall increase. We expect these trends to continue while the pandemic is ongoing, although branded retail sales growth could continue to moderate as away-from-home dining returns to more normal levels.

Branded retail sales increased significantly due to the increased demand caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In Fiscal 2020, sales of our leading brands, Nature’s Own, DKB, and Wonder, all achieved double-digit sales growth. Although not as impactful, sales of Canyon Bakehouse gluten-free products also experienced double-digit sales growth year over year. In order to quickly meet heightened customer and consumer demand for traditional branded loaf breads and buns at the start of the pandemic, we streamlined our product offerings and focused production on certain high-demand items. Although the panic-buying and stock-up shopping patterns we experienced in the first few months of the pandemic have abated, the shift to at-home consumption remained elevated through the end of Fiscal 2020 and continued to favorably impact sales of our branded retail products. Additionally, reduced product returns, growth from recently introduced products, improved promotional efficiency, and the benefit of the additional week in the current year contributed to the branded retail sales gains. We introduced Nature’s Own Perfectly Craftedbrioche breadand dinner rolls in Fiscal 2019 and brioche buns in Fiscal 2020 and DKB organic English muffins in Fiscal 2019 and organic buns in Fiscal 2020, among other newly introduced branded items.

Store branded retail sales decreased due to volume declines for store branded breads, buns, and rolls as consumers shifted to branded retail products. The increase in e-commerce sales contributed to the shift from store branded to branded retail sales. Additionally, lost store branded breakfast bread business in the second half of the prior year contributed to the decrease, partially offset by the benefit of the additional week in the current year.

As discussed above, significant volume losses drove the considerable decrease in non-retail and other sales, with our foodservice customers experiencing the greatest declines, partially offset by the benefit of the additional week. At the onset of the pandemic in the U.S., business was disrupted for most of our non-retail customers, most significantly foodservice customers, and many had to close or greatly reduce their operations. Although many of our foodservice customers have been able to reopen, they have been subject to capacity restrictions and other limiting factors, which has negatively impacted our non-retail sales. Additionally, sales through convenience stores, vending outlets, and schools and other institutions have experienced significant declines as a result of the pandemic. We expect these trends to continue while the pandemic is ongoing.

Materials, Supplies, Labor, and Other Production Costs (exclusive of depreciation and amortization shown separately; as a percent of sales)

Ingredients and packaging 27.4 29.3 (1.9 )

Overall, costs decreased considerably year over year as a percent of sales largely from the positive shift in mix from non-retail and store branded retail products to branded retail products caused mostly by the COVID-19 pandemic. Substantial declines in product returns also contributed to the lower costs. Partially offsetting these items were $8.2 million of appreciation bonuses paid to frontline workers and $5.1 million of start-up costs incurred for the conversion of our Lynchburg, Virginia plant to an organic bakery. The conversion began in the first quarter of Fiscal 2020 and the bakery resumed production at the end of the third quarter. Ingredient and packaging costs were significantly lower as percent of sales due to the positive shift in mix and the decrease in product returns, both discussed above, as well as lower production volumes in the current year. Also, lower prices for organic and non-organic flour, gluten, bread bags, and corrugated packaging contributed to the improvement, partially offset by higher yeast and sweetener prices and reduced outside purchases of product.

Raw materials, such as our baking ingredients, periodically experience price fluctuations. The cost of these inputs may fluctuate significantly due to government policy and regulation, weather conditions, domestic and international demand, or other unforeseen circumstances. We enter into forward purchase agreements and other derivative financial instruments in an effort to manage the impact of such volatility in raw material prices, but some organic and specialty ingredients do not offer the same hedging opportunities to reduce the impact of price volatility. Any decrease in the availability of these agreements could increase the effective price of these raw materials to us and significantly affect our earnings. We currently anticipate ingredient costs to be higher in Fiscal 2021 relative to Fiscal 2020.

Selling, Distribution and Administrative Expenses (as a percent of sales)

Distributor distribution fees 15.3 14.7 0.6

Workforce-related costs increased as a percent of sales compared to the prior year primarily due to higher workforce-related incentive costs, including $4.1 million of appreciation bonuses paid to frontline workers as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, partially offset by a more favorable sales mix. These appreciation bonuses are in addition to the company’s annual bonus program, in which all Flowers employees participate.

Distributor distribution fees increased considerably as a percent of sales due to the shift in sales mix, which resulted in a larger portion of our sales being made through IDPs.

Decreases in legal settlements, reduced transportation costs, a non-restructuring lease termination gain of $4.1 million, and a $3.9 million reimbursement of indirect losses associated with receiving inferior yeast in a prior year primarily resulted in the decrease in the Other line item in the table above. These items were partially offset by higher consulting costs associated with Project Centennial and the ERP Road Mapping initiatives and greater investments in marketing to support brand growth which are also included in the Other line item above. For additional details regarding the non-restructuring lease termination gain, the Project Centennial and ERP Road Mapping consulting costs, and the reimbursement related to inferior ingredients, see the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above.

Project Centennial consulting costs increased $14.8 million and the ERP Road Mapping consulting costs were $4.4 million in the current year. Project Centennial was completed in Fiscal 2020. For Fiscal 2021 and over the next several years, we anticipate incurring significant consulting costs associated with implementing the digital strategy initiative, which includes the upgrade of our ERP system, and is further discussed in Item 1., Business, of this Form 10-K. Legal settlements recorded in the current year were $7.3 million as compared to prior year settlements of $28.0 million (inclusive of a $1.3 million benefit related to an adjustment of a prior year settlement based on the final amount paid). See Note 23, Commitments and Contingencies, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for

additional information regarding legal settlements. Lower fuel costs, the shift in sales mix to more branded retail sales, and distribution optimization initiatives we have implemented contributed to the improvement in transportation costs.

Loss (Recovery) on Inferior Ingredients and Restructuring and Related Impairment Charges

Refer to the discussion in the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above regarding these items.

Depreciation and Amortization Expense

Depreciation and amortization expense decreased as a percent of sales primarily due to sales increases combined with assets becoming fully depreciated in the current year and fewer assets being placed into service.

Income from Operations

The growth in income from operations year over year as a percent of sales resulted largely from positive shifts in mix resulting from the increase in at-home dining caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and lower ingredient and packaging costs, partially offset by increased restructuring and related impairment charges in the current year as well as higher selling, distribution, and administrative expenses, as discussed above.

Pension Plan Settlement and Curtailment Loss

We recognized $108.8 million of non-cash pension plan settlement and curtailment charges in the current year composed of a settlement charge of $104.5 million and a curtailment loss of $4.3 million as discussed in the “Matters Affecting Comparability” section above.

Net Interest Expense

Net interest expense for the current year was relatively consistent with the prior year as a percent of sales.

Income Tax Expense

The effective tax rate for Fiscal 2020 was 24.1% compared to 22.4% in the prior year. The increase in the rate year over year was primarily due to state taxes, the reduced windfalls on the vesting of stock-based compensation awards in the current year and more executive compensation subject to the limitations of I.R.C. Section 162(m).

For the current year, the primary differences in the effective rate and statutory rate related to state income taxes. The CARES Act did not have a material impact on the effective tax rate for Fiscal 2020 and there is no anticipated material impact on the effective tax rate in future periods. The primary differences in the effective rate and statutory rate for the prior year were state income taxes and windfalls on stock-based compensation.

As discussed above, we have also availed ourselves of the deferral of federal income tax payments made available under an emergency declaration issued on March 13, 2020.

In 2019, the most significant difference in the effective rate and the statutory rate related to state income taxes.

Comprehensive Income

The increase in comprehensive income year over year resulted primarily from recognizing the pension plan settlement and curtailment loss in earnings in conjunction with the termination of Plan No. 1 and changes in the fair value of derivatives, net of the decrease in net earnings.

LIQUIDITY, CAPITAL RESOURCES AND FINANCIAL POSITION

Strategy

We believe our ability to consistently generate cash flows from operating activities to meet our liquidity needs is one of our key financial strengths. The COVID-19 pandemic may continue to significantly impact the economy and our ability to generate future cash flows. In particular, if the foodservice industry is slow to recover, our future cash flows could be negatively impacted.

We strive to maintain a conservative financial position as we believe it allows us flexibility to make investments and acquisitions and is a strategic competitive advantage. Currently, our liquidity needs arise primarily from working capital requirements, capital expenditures, and obligated debt repayments. We believe we currently have access to available funds and financing sources to meet our short and long-term capital requirements. The company’s strategy for use of its excess cash flows includes:

• paying dividends to our shareholders;

• maintaining a conservative financial position;

• making strategic acquisitions; and

• repurchasing shares of our common stock.

The situation surrounding COVID-19 remains fluid and its future impact on the company’s business, results of operations, liquidity or capital resources cannot be reasonably estimated with any degree of certainty. We believe the fundamentals of the company remain strong and that we have sufficient liquidity on hand to continue business operations during the pandemic. The company had total available liquidity of $808.2 million as of January 2, 2021 consisting of cash on hand and the available balances under our credit facility and AR facility.

In light of the potential risks associated with the pandemic, the company has taken actions to safeguard its capital position. During the first quarter of Fiscal 2020, we borrowed an additional $200.0 million under our credit facility. We borrowed this additional amount out of an abundance of caution to ensure future liquidity given the significant impact on global financial markets and economies as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak. If the company experienced a significant reduction in revenues, the company would have additional alternatives to maintain liquidity, including amounts available on our debt facilities, capital expenditure reductions, adjustments to its capital allocation policy, and cost reductions. Subsequent to the first quarter of Fiscal 2020, we made net debt repayments totaling $111.3 million. Although we do not currently anticipate a need, we also believe that we could access the capital markets to raise additional funds.

The company leases certain property and equipment under various financing and operating lease arrangements. Most of the operating leases provide the company with the option, after the initial lease term, to purchase the property at the then fair value, renew the lease at the then fair value, or return the property. The financing leases provide the company with the option to purchase the property at a fixed price at the end of the lease term. The company believes the use of leases as a financing alternative places the company in a more favorable position to fulfill its long-term strategy for the use of its cash flow. See Note 14, Leases, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K for detailed financial information regarding the company’s lease arrangements.

Key items impacting our liquidity, capital resources and financial position in Fiscal 2020 and 2019:

Fiscal 2020:

• We generated $454.5 million of net cash from operating activities.

• We paid dividends to our shareholders of $167.3 million.

• We increased our total debt outstanding $92.5 million.

• We invested in our business through capital expenditures of $97.9 million.

• We incurred ERP Road Mapping consulting costs of $4.4 million.

Fiscal 2019:

• We generated $367.0 million of net cash from operating activities.

• We paid dividends to our shareholders of $160.0 million.

• We decreased our total debt outstanding $114.3 million.

• We invested in our business through capital expenditures of $103.7 million.

Liquidity Discussion

Flowers Foods’ cash and cash equivalents were $307.5 million at January 2, 2021 and $11.0 million at December 28, 2019. The cash and cash equivalents were derived from the activities presented in the table below (amounts in thousands):

Cash flow component Fiscal 2020 Fiscal 2019

Cash flows provided by operating activities $ 454,464 $ 366,952

Cash disbursed for investing activities (73,992 ) (97,093 )

Cash disbursed for financing activities (84,040 ) (284,121 )

Cash Flows Provided by Operating Activities. Net cash provided by operating activities included the following items for non-cash adjustments to net income (amounts in thousands):

Restructuring and related impairment charges 23,627 21,062

Net cash for working capital requirements and pension contributions included the following items (amounts in thousands):

Changes in accounts receivable, net $ (25,021 ) $ (7,809 )

Changes in inventories, net (1,771 ) (4,774 )

Changes in other assets and accrued liabilities, net 53,250 17,557

Changes in accounts payable (5,772 ) (14,155 )

Qualified pension plan contributions (7,600 ) (2,500 )

Net changes in working capital and pension contributions $ 28,915 $ (1,392 )

Cash Flows Disbursed for Investing Activities. The table below presents net cash disbursed for investing activities for Fiscal 2020 and 2019 (amounts in thousands):

Purchase of property, plant, and equipment $ (97,929 ) $ (103,685 )

Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment 5,368 2,649

Net cash disbursed for investing activities $ (73,992 ) $ (97,093 )

Cash Flows Disbursed for Financing Activities. The table below presents net cash provided by (disbursed for) financing activities for Fiscal 2020 and 2019 (amounts in thousands):

Payment of contingent consideration (4,700 ) —

Payment of financing fees (206 ) (110 )

Payments on financing leases (6,715 ) (5,937 )

Net cash disbursed for financing activities $ (84,040 ) $ (284,121 )

Capital Structure

Long-term debt and right-of-use lease obligations and stockholders’ equity were as follows at January 2, 2021 and December 28, 2019. For a detailed description of our debt and right-of-use lease obligations and information regarding our distributor arrangements, deferred compensation, and guarantees and indemnification obligations, see Note 14, Leases, and Note 15, Debt and Other Commitments, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K:

Interest Rate at Final Balance at Fixed or

(Amounts in thousands)

Other notes payable — 3,730

Long-term debt and right-of-use lease obligations $ 1,253,957 $ 1,206,299

Total stockholders’ equity was as follows at January 2, 2021 and December 28, 2019:

Balance at

(Amounts in thousands)

The AR facility and credit facility are generally used for short term liquidity needs. The company has historically entered into amendments and extensions approximately one year prior to the maturity of the AR facility and the credit facility. The following table details the amounts available under the AR facility and credit facility and the highest and lowest balances outstanding under these arrangements during Fiscal 2020:

Amount Available Highest Lowest

for Withdrawal at Balance in Balance in

(Amounts in thousands)

Amounts outstanding under the credit facility can vary daily. Changes in the gross borrowings and repayments can be caused by cash flow activity from operations, capital expenditures, acquisitions, dividends, share repurchases, and tax payments, as well as derivative transactions which are part of the company’s overall risk management strategy as discussed in Note 11, Derivative Financial Instruments, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K. During Fiscal 2020, the company borrowed $272.6 million in revolving borrowings under the credit facility and repaid $264.4 million in revolving borrowings. The amount available under the credit facility is reduced by $8.4 million for letters of credit.

The AR facility and the credit facility are variable rate debt. In periods of rising interest rates, the cost of using the AR facility and the credit facility will become more expensive and increase our interest expense. Therefore, borrowings under these facilities provide us the greatest direct exposure to rising rates. In addition, if interest rates do increase, it will make the cost of funds more expensive.

Restrictive financial covenants for our borrowings include such ratios as a minimum interest coverage ratio and a maximum leverage ratio. Our debt may also contain certain customary representations and warranties, affirmative and negative covenants, and

events of default. The company believes that, given its current cash position, its cash flow from operating activities and its available credit capacity, it can comply with the current terms of the debt agreements and can meet its presently foreseeable financial requirements. As of January 2, 2021 andDecember 28, 2019, the company was in compliance with all restrictive covenants under our debt agreements.

Special Purpose Entities. At January 2, 2021 and December 28, 2019, the company did not have any relationships with unconsolidated entities or financial partnerships, such as entities often referred to as structured finance or special purpose entities, which are established to facilitate off-balance sheet arrangements or other contractually narrow or limited purposes.

Contractual Obligations and Commitments. The following table summarizes the company’s contractual obligations and commitments at January 2, 2021 and the effect such obligations are expected to have on its liquidity and cash flow in the indicated future periods:

Payments Due by Fiscal Year

(Amounts in thousands)

Contractual Obligations:

Amounts Expiring by Fiscal Year

(Amounts in thousands)

Total Less than 1 Year 1-3 Years 4-5 Years More than 5 Years

Commitments:

In the event the company ceases to utilize the independent distribution form of doing business or exits a geographic market, the company is contractually required to purchase the distribution rights from the independent distributor. These potential commitments are excluded from the table above because they cannot be known at this time.

Stock Repurchase Plan. The Board has approved a plan that currently authorizes share repurchases of up to 74.6 million shares of the company’s common stock. At the close of the company’s fourth quarter on January 2, 2021, 6.2 million shares remained under the existing authorization. Under the plan, the company may repurchase its common stock in open market or privately negotiated transactions or under an accelerated repurchase program at such times and at such prices as determined to be in the company’s best interest. These purchases may be commenced or suspended without prior notice depending on then-existing business or market conditions and other factors. During Fiscal 2020, 0.04 million shares of the company’s common stock were repurchased under the plan at a cost of $0.8 million and during Fiscal 2019, 0.3 million shares were repurchased under the plan at a cost of $7.1 million. From the inception of the plan through January 2, 2021, 68.4 million shares, at a cost of $643.4 million, have been repurchased. There were no repurchases of the company’s common stock during the fourth quarter of Fiscal 2020.

New Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

See Note 3, Recent Accounting Pronouncements, of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements of this Form 10-K regarding this information.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

The company uses derivative financial instruments as part of an overall strategy to manage market risk. The company uses forwards, futures, swaps, and option contracts to hedge existing or future exposure to changes in interest rates and commodity prices. The company does not enter into these derivative financial instruments for trading or speculative purposes. If actual market conditions are less favorable than those anticipated, interest rates and commodity prices could increase significantly, adversely affecting our interest costs and the margins from the sale of our products.

Commodity Price Risk

The company enters into commodity forward, futures, option, and swap contracts for wheat and, to a lesser extent, other commodities in an effort to provide a predictable and consistent commodity price and thereby reduce the impact of market volatility in its raw material and packaging prices. As of January 2, 2021, the company’s hedge portfolio contained commodity derivatives with a fair value of $17.3 million and is based on quoted market prices. Approximately $16.7 million relates to instruments that will be utilized in Fiscal 2021 and $0.6 million that will be utilized in Fiscal 2022.

A sensitivity analysis has been prepared to quantify the company’s potential exposure to commodity price risk with respect to its derivative portfolio. Based on the company’s derivative portfolio as of January 2, 2021, a hypothetical ten percent change in commodity prices would increase or decrease the fair value of the derivative portfolio by $10.1 million. The analysis disregards changes in the exposures inherent in the underlying hedged items; however, the company expects that any increase or decrease in the fair value of the portfolio would be substantially offset by increases or decreases in raw material and packaging prices.

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Refer to the Index to Consolidated Financial Statements and the Financial Statement Schedule for the required information.

None.

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

Management’s Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures:

We have established and maintain a system of disclosure controls and procedures that are designed to ensure that material information relating to the company, which is required to be timely disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), is accumulated and communicated to management in a timely fashion and is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified by the SEC’s rules and forms. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) was performed as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. This evaluation was performed under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our CEO and our CFO and CAO.

Based upon that evaluation, our CEO and our CFO and CAO have concluded that these disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this annual report.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting:

FLO US Equity

FLO · 10-K · period ended 2021-01-02

Item 1. Business

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Item 2. Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

FLO US Equity☆

FLO · 10-K · period ended 2021-01-02

Item 1. Business

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.

Item 2. Properties

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures

Item 6. Selected Financial Data

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

Item 9A. Controls and Procedures

FLO US Equity